Invasive Alien Species / Strains of Microbes in Fresh water ... Invasive Alien Insect species in Agricultural ecosystems. 24. 10. Invasive ..... Argemone mexicana L. ... Brown flowered ...... Symposium onTemperate Zone Fruits in the Tropics and Subtropics. .... Status of tomato leaf-curl virus disease and whitefly, Bemisia tabaci.
Citation : Sandilyan, S., Meenakumari, B., Babu, C.R. and Rupam Mandal. 2018. Invasive alien species of India, National Biodiversity Authority, Chennai.
Corresponding Author :
Sandilyan, S. Copyright @ National Biodiversity Authority, Chennai.
ISBN:
Published by : Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law [CEBPOL] National Biodiversity Authority, 5th Floor, TICEL Bio Park, CSIR Road, Taramani Chennai - 600 113 Phone : 044 2254 1075 / 2777 Url : www.nbaindia.nic.in / www.nbaindia.org
Design & Layout :
N.Singaram, IT-Executive, CEBPOL, NBA
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES OF INDIA
Compiled by
S.Sandilyan Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL)
National Biodiversity Authority, Ministry of Environment Forests and Climate Change Government of India th 5 Floor, TICEL BIOPARK, CSIR Road, Taramani, Chennai – 600 113.
BIODIVERSITY STARTS IN THE DISTANT PAST AND IT POINTS TOWARD THE FUTURE. Frans Lanting
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
1
2. Criteria adopted for designating an alien species as invasive
4
3. Terrestrial Invasive Alien Plant Species
9
4. Aquatic Invasive Alien Plant Species
15
5. Inland Invasive Alien Species of Fishes
16
6. Marine Invasive Alien Species
17
7. Invasive Alien Species / Strains of Microbes in Fresh water and Brackish water Ecosystems
19
8. Invasive Alien Spcies of Microboes / Strains (other than plants) in Agricultural Ecosystems
21
9. Invasive Alien Insect species in Agricultural ecosystems
24
10. Invasive Alien Species of Major Islands
26
Contributors NBA acknowledged the following researchers for their scientific contribution. Dr. C.R. Babu,
Dr. K.V. Sankaran,
Director of the Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems (CEMDE), Department of Environmental Studies,University of Delhi
Former Director, Kerala Forest Research Institute
Dr. AC. Anil,
Dr. Rm. Kathiresan,
Chief Scientist, National Institute of Oceanography,Goa
Professor, Department of Agronomy, Annamalai University
Dr. Anzar A. Khuroo,
Dr. Biju Kumar,
Department of Botany, University of Kashmir,Srinagar
HOD,Department of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, University of Kerala
Dr. Rajesh Singh, Professor, Institute of Agriculture sciences,
Dr. TV. Sajeev,
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
Scientist- E1, Department of Forest Entomology, KFRI, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala
Dr. T.T. Ajith Kumar,
Dr. A.N. Shylesha,
Senior Scientist & Scientist in Charge, NBFGR - ICAR - National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow
Principal Scientist, National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (NBAIR), Banglore
Dr. Suresh Kumar,
Dr. C. Sudhakar Reddy,
Central Arid Zone Research Institute (ICAR), Jodhpur
Forestry and Ecology Division, National Remote Sensing Agency, Balanagar, Hyderabad
Dr. S. Sundaramoorthy,
Dr. Karthikeyan Vasudevan,
Assistant Director (Plant Pathology), National Plant Protection Organization, Regional Plant Quarantine Station, Chennai.
CSIR – Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad
Sulagna Chattopadhyay,
Dr. B. Ramakrishnan,
Editor at IRIS Publication Pvt Ltd, Geography and You (G'nY), New Delhi.
Department of Zoology & Wildlife Biology, Government Arts College, Udhagamandalam
Mita Banerjee IFS,
Dr.Anwardeen IFS,
Chief Conservator of Forests (Research),Chennai
Conservator of Forests, Coimbatore Circle
Dr. A. K .Singh,
Dr. T. Selvamuthu Kumaran,
Former Director ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (DCFR), Anusandhan Bhawan, Industrial Area, Bhimtal
Asst. Prof. of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu
Dr. Prince prakash jeba kumar.J,
Dr. H, Abdual Jaffar Ali,
Scientist 'D', Coastal Environmental Engineering division, National Institute of Ocean technology, NIOT Campus, Chennai
Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechonology, Islamiah College (Autonomous), New Town, Vaniyambadi-
Dr. C. Raghunathan
Mr. Swapan Mehrra CEO- IORA- Ecological Solutions, Delhi. Dr A Rajasekaran
Senior Scientist, Zoological Survey of India.
Dr. Subhendu Kumar Otta. Principal Scientist, CIBA, Chennai
Scientist -E, National Project CoordinatorInvasive Alien Species, IFGTB,Coimbatore
Dr. Gopi Ramasamy
Dr. Goldin Quadros
Director, CABI India, New Delhi
Senior Scientist, SACON, Coimbatore
Dr. Sampath Kumar
Dr. S. Sandilyan,
Scientist, National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Fellow on IAS, CEBPOL, NBA, Chennai Resources (NBAIR), Banglore.
Acknowledgements
Recognizing the threat of invasive alien species to global biodiversity, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) asked the parties for urgent action through its Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (2011–2020). It also insisted the parties to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2020. Besides, the objectives of the strategic plan (Aichi Targets 9) clearly stated that, by 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment. Every parties needs certain additional effort to achieve Aichi Target 9. Considering the above facts NBA, has constituted an expert committee on invasive alien species to address the issues. The major objectives of the committee is to bring out a comprehensive list of invasive alien species of India and also develop and review the existing management strategies. The list of experts and the other contributors is placed in the annexure. CEBPOL and NBA acknowledges all the contributors. CEBPOL and NBA acknowledges Dr. D. Narasimhan. Dr. Vidhyadhar Atkore, Mr. Nitya Prakash Mohanty and Mr. S. Vinothkumar for their comments. We specially thank our Norwegian partners and MoEF&CC for their support.
1. Introduction Globally, invasive alien species have been considered as a grave threat to the biodiversity, ecosystem services and functions, human livelihoods and health and regional economy. Studies, in the recent past, have confirmed that the invasive species also have the potential to significantly alter the regional and global climate. For example, several invasive plants accelerate the nitrogen and CO2 deposition, and thereby increase their levels in earth systems which in turn contribute to “global” warming, which changes the regional and global precipitation patterns (Michunas and Lauenroth1995; Dukes and Mooney, 1999; Asner et al., 2006; Field et al., 2007). Besides, researchers identified that one-sixth of the global land surface is highly vulnerable to bio-invasion (Early et al., 2016). On the other hand, increasing globalization facilitates more alien introductions in several parts of the world. Recent reports highlighted that international trade is a primary source of new introductions of invasive alien spices as stowaways or contaminants in goods and packing materials.. Especially, pet animals and ornamental plants trade through online is one of
the
major
sources
of
exotic
plant
and
animal
introductions.
This
uncontrolled/unnoticed online trade leads to frequent escape or release of invasive alien species into wild (Early et al., 2016). Ironically, most of the countries, especially developing countries, have limited capacity to act against such alien introductions (Early et al., 2016). Ecological modelling studies on biological invasions have predicted that, in the coming days, developing countries will face more threats rather than the developed countries. Studies also highlighted that developing countries must prepare for a new suite of invasive species, as climate change disturbs resident ecosystems (Early et al., 2016). Besides, it is a fact that most of the countries do not have a comprehensive list of invasive alien species reported in their respective territories. Considering the large-scale negative impacts of invasive alien species on global biodiversity, Aichi Target 9 states ‘By the year 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment.’ Keeping this in view most of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) signatory countries initiated steps for identification and prioritization of some aggressive and wide spread invasive flora and fauna that are 1
threatening the regional biodiversity, human health and agriculture (Early et al., 2016). Indian Scenario In India, many research organizations (government and non-government), state and central universities and colleges have initiated to document invasive alien species and their impacts on different ecosystems. Many studies have also been focusing on alien plants in different ecosystems. Indian researchers adopted numerous methodologies and approaches to study the alien flora during the last two decades. These include floristic and faunistic surveys and documentation, mapping, ethnobiological information and ecological experiments, ecophysiological and genetical studies (Adhikari et al., 2015). However, most of these investigations were conducted at the local scale and are often species specific, and hence of little value for working on a pan-Indian status of invasive alien species (Adhikari et al., 2015). Taking into account the high taxonomic diversity and large geographical area, number of researchers working on invasive alien species in india is extremely low and far less than the number of researchers working in other much smaller countries having less biodiversity (Adhikari et al., 2015). Unfortunetly, India does not have a comprehensive list of invasive alien species. For an effective invasive alien species research, prioritization and management, certain specific data including details of invasive species, pathways of invasion and also the information about the sites that are most sensitive and prone for further invasion are essential (McGeochet al., 2016). In light of the above-mentioned facts, the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) constituted an 18-member expert committee on invasive alien species under Subsection (2) of Section 13 of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 read with Rule 11 of Biological Rules, 2004. The objective of the committee is to advise NBA on issues related to the preparation of consolidated list of invasive alien species reported in India. Further, the committee also provides inputs on reports and other materials including brochures, handouts, booklets, research and review articles developed by NBA. Besides, the committee also needs to review the current management and policy-related matters and other aspects of biological invasions.
2
The first meeting of the expert committee (EC) on invasive alien species was held on 12 January 2017 at the NBA. Members discussed the importance of developing a national list of invasive alien species during deliberation. The chairperson of the NBA mentioned that the Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL) NBA has already started compiling the listing of invasive alien species of different ecosystems and assured that it will be placed in the second EC meeting for comments. A draft list of invasive alien species in different ecosystems [terrestrial aquatic (inland and marine) and agro ecosystems] was placed in the second EC meeting held on 29 June 2017at the NBA. During deliberations, members expressed that the proposed draft list of invasive alien species requires minor revisions. Chairperson of NBA and chairman of the EC stated that the list would be shared with EC members and subject experts in order to fine-tune it. After a series of discussions with EC members and different experts through mail, over phone and personal discussion, the draft list of invasive alien species of different ecosystems was prepared and the same was placed in the third meeting of the EC for finalization. The third EC meeting was held from 6 to 7 February 2018 at the NBA, Chennai, under the chairmanship of Dr. C.R. Babu. Apart from the EC members, NBA invited the members/representatives and researchers from various institutions identified by the National Biodiversity Action Plan, viz., SACON, Forest department, DoS, Wetland International, South Asia, WII, CAS in Marine biology, ICRF (forest invasive species cell), CABI South Asia (NBAP 2014). After the series of two-day discussion, the final list of invasive species has been prepared. The details of the deliberation and the participation list are placed in annexure 1. The committee also insisted on NBA for the periodical updation of the list based on the various studies published by the researchers.
3
2. Criteria adopted for designating an alien species as invasive Invasive alien species research is relatively a young discipline in biology and has a shallow root / base with few thousand research papers published during the last 25 years (Richardson et al 2011). Consequently, there are differences in the usage of terminology and definitions relating to invasive alien species in different countries and also from time to time. The use of terms for different taxonomic groups also varies in different ecosystems. Developing a uniform and widely acceptable terminology and definitions are the need of the hour. Researchers also advocated the need for developing regional terminologies and definitions for better understanding of the issue of biological invasions (Richardson et al 2011). Further, there are no prescribed guidelines available on how to identify and differentiate between naturalized species and invasive alien species present in a country. Obviously, robust criteria need to be developed for designating an alien species as invasive in an ecosystem. In India, the subject of biological invasions is still in its infancy and did not attract the attention of stakeholders, managers, policy makers, researchers and the common public. For instance, only about 150 studies on invasive alien species were carried out till 2000. After 2000, there has been increase in the number of studies on invasive alien species, as evident from the number of publications. Interestingly, 60% of the studies have been done only after 2000 (Hiremath and Sundaram, 2013). However, a comprehensive list of invasive alien species and uniformly accepted terminology are not available in India so far. Globally, a number of terminologies and definitions are available on invasive species. Especially individual researchers and national-level research organizations have evolved their own descriptions; however, in most of the cases the definitions and terminologies failed to refelected the core and led to ambiguity. On the other hand, most of the countries wisely adopted the CBD and IUCN definitions and terminology for documentation and in research studies. As a signatory of CBD, NBA has also adopted the CBD terminology and definitions and the same is followed in the present documentation. The adopted definitions for the current documentation are provided in the box for reference.
3
Alien Species An alien species is a species, subspecies or lower taxon introduced outside its natural past or present distribution, which includes any part, gametes, seeds, eggs or propagules of such species that might survive and subsequently reproduce (CBD, 2002). Invasive Alien Species An invasive alien species refers to an alien species whose introduction and/or spread threatens the biological diversity of the region/habitat (CBD, 2002). Naturalized Species Naturalized species are alien species that sustain self-replacing populations for several life cycles or a given period (10 years is advocated for plants) without direct intervention by people or despite human intervention (Richardson et al. 2011).
Role of CEBPOL and NBA CEBPOL, NBA collected the readily available ecosystem-wise literature of invasive alien species and thoroughly analyzed the reported species. During the consolidation, we found that there were lots of confusions, wrong citations, biased definitions and information in most of the published lists of invasive alien species. For instance, some of the lists declare the naturalized species as invasive, and conversely some lists declare the invasive species as naturalized alien species. Besides, the accepted name and the synonym of a species were simultaneously reported in the same list and mentioned as different species. In a worst-case scenario, the native species has also been reported as invasive alien species. CEBPOL, NBA realized the need for avoiding this kind of ambiguity and at the same time felt the necessity for criteria to be adopted for declaring a species as invasive alien species. As a first step, we compiled an ecosystem-wise major invasive taxa (terrestrial and aquatic invasive alien plants, inland invasive alien fish species, marine invasive alien species, invasive alien species/strains of microbes in freshwater and brackish water ecosystems, invasive alien species of microbes/strains (other than plants) in agricultural ecosystems, invasive alien insect species in agricultural ecosystems and invasive alien species of major islands). After assorting the ecosystem-wise list, it was primarily screened to confirm the alien status and invasiveness of the species based on a simple methodology developed by CEBPOL (details of the methodology are provided in Figure 1). After the initial filtration/confirmation, the confirmed list was placed in the NBA’s invasive species expert committee for scrutiny (held on 29 June 2017 and 6 to 7 February 2018 at NBA).
4
Figure I. Flow chart devised to identify whether a given species can be considered as invasive or not Has the species been introduced from outside the political boundary of India? (i.e. non-native/alien)
If
No
Yes Has the species established a reproductive population within the political boundary of India?
If
No
Yes Has the species been reported as an invasive alien species in scientific studies conducted in India?
If
No
Yes Has the species been well-recognised for its negative impacts on biodiversity/ecosystem functions and services/economy, health, social, and cultural system?
If
No
Yes The species warrants to be declared as invasive alien species in India
The species does not fall under the category of invasive alien species in India
5
The committee deliberated on the lists compiled by CEBPOL, NBA and suggested to include the invasive attributes on a graded scale for confirmation of the invasiveness of the species in India. After reviewing the available literature, the committee has suggested to adopt the important invasive attributes viz., invasiveness, impacts, range of extension and others to designate the alien species as invasive in India (Table 1). Besides, the committee also took into account the personal experiences of the researchers and their view in declaring a species as invasive if there is non-availability/inadequate literature. Based on the aforesaid criteria, the committee finalized a list of 169 invasive alien species in different ecosystems (Table 2). The committee also felt the list might further be expanded. For example, when some species are designated as invasive based upon the specific criteria, there may be many more invasive species which may satisfy the above criteria, but due to lack of adequate information of the concerned species it is not included in the present lists. Keeping this aspect in view, the committee requested the NBA to host the lists on its website for public access and comments. Once adequate information is available on the new invasive species in Indian provinces, it may be included in the lists in the near future after due consultation with the expert committee. Table 1. Invasive attributes used to confirm the invasive status of the species reported in Indian ecosystems. S. No Invasive attributes Invasiveness 1.
IE – Invasive Elsewhere
2.
RMS – Rapid Multiplication and Spread in different ecosystems
3.
MMR – Multiple Modes of Reproduction
4.
MMD – Multiple Modes of Dispersion
Impacts 1.
B1 – Affecting ecosystem functions and services
2.
B2 – Biodiversity loss
3.
B3 – Economic loss and health hazard
Invasion areas (Continues spread) 1.
RE – Range Extension
6
Table 2. Differences among the published lists of invasive alien species by various researchers and organizations and NBA’s list. S. No
Ecosystem/Habitat
Overall species number based on the published list 339
Species which fulfil the invasive criteria adopted by NBA 53
1.
Terrestrial Plants
2.
Aquatic plants
68
7
3.
Inland fishes
22
14
4.
Marine Invasive
71
19
5.
Invasive Alien Species / 15 Strains of Microbes in Fresh water and Brackish water 6. Invasive Alien Spcies of 53 Microbes / Strains (other than plants) in Agricultural Ecosystems 7. Invasive Alien Insect species 144 in Agricultural ecosystems 8. Invasive Alien Species of 112 Major Islands Note: red color digits indicate the lack/insufficient data
7
15
Difference in % 15.63 (84.37) 10.29(89.71) 63.63(36.37) 26.76(73.73) 100
25
47.16(52.84)
22
15.27(84.73) 12.5(87.5)
14
References Adhikari, D., Tiwary, R and Barik, SK. 2015. Modelling Hotspots for Invasive Alien Plants in India. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0134665. doi:10.1371/journal. Asner, G.P., Martin, R., Carlson, K., Rascher, U and Vitousek, P. 2006. Vegetation-climate interactions among native and invasive species in Hawaiian rainforest. Ecosystems 9, 1106– 1117. CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity), 2002. Decision VI/23 (Annex, footnote):Alien species that threaten ecosystems, habitats and species. Document UNEP/CBD/COP/6/23. Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat, Montreal, Canada. Available from https://www.cbd.int/decision/cop/?id=7197, (accessed 11.01.15). Dukes, J.S and Mooney, H.A. 1999. Does global change increase the success of biological invaders?. Trend. Ecol. Evol. 14, 135–139. Early, R., et al. 2016. Global threats from invasive alien species in the twenty first century and national response capacities. Nature Communication. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12485. Field, C.B., Lobell, D.B., Peters, H.A and Chiariello, N.R. 2007. Feedbacks of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change. A. Rev. Environ. Resour. 32, 1–29. Hiremath, A.J. and Sundaram, B. 2013. Invasive Plant Species in Indian Protected Areas: Conserving Biodiversity in Cultural Landscapes. L.C. Foxcroft et al. (eds.), Plant Invasions in Protected Areas: Patterns, Problems and Challenges, Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology 7, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7750-7_12, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 IUCN. 2017. Consultation document. IUCN standard classification of the impact of invasive alien taxa. Version 1 May 2017. McGeoch, M.A. et al.2016. Prioritizing species, pathways, and sites to achieve conservation targets for biological invasion. Bio Invasions; 18:299–314. DOI 10.1007/s10530-015-1013-1. Michunas, D.G and Lauenroth, W.K. 1995. Inertia in plant community structure: state changes after cessation of nutrient enrichment stress. Ecol. Appl. 5, 452–458. Richardson, DM., Pysˇek, P and Carlton, J.T. 2011. A Compendium of Essential Concepts and Terminology in Invasion Ecology. in The Legacy of Charles Elton (Edt) Richardson, D..M. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. available at: www.wiley.com/go/richardson/invasionecology.
Terrestrial Invasive Alien Plant Species
Prosopis juliflora
Invasive alien plants are the massive threat to the ecological functioning of natural systems and to the productive use of land – Thoko Didiza
Terrestrial Invasive Alien Plant Species S. No
Name of taxa
English Name
Invasiveness IE
RMS
1.
Abutilon crispum (L,) Brizicky
Bladder Mallow
2.
Acacia auriculiformis L. New name Racosperma auriculiformis (L) Benth.
Northern black wattle
3.
Acacia dealbata Link
Silver wattle
4.
Acacia mearsnii De Willd.
Back wattle
5.
Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.)King & H. Rob.
Crofton weed or sticky snakeroot
MMR
Impacts MMD
B1
B2
B3
RE
6.
Ageratina riparia (Regel)R. M.King & Creeping H. Rob. croftonweed
7.
Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regel) G. Nichols
Red Calico plant
8.
Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze
Brazilian joy weed
9.
Alternanthera ficoidea P. Beauv.
Joseph's coat
References Inderjit et al., 2018; Based on field observation by experts Based on field observation by experts
Sekar 2012; Based on field observation by experts
Sankaran et al., 2013; Khuroo et al., 2012; Sekar 2012; Reddy et al., 2008. Muniappan and Viraktamath1993; Based on field observation by experts Based on field observation by experts
Sankaran et al., 2013; Based on field observation by experts
Sankaran et al., 2013; Based on field observation by experts Khuroo et al., 2012;Based on field observation by experts
9
S. No 10.
Name of taxa Alternanthera paronychioides St. Hil.
English Name
Invasiveness IE
Smooth joy weed
RMS
MMR
Impacts MMD
B1
B2
B3
RE
References Khuroo et al., 2012; Sekar 2012; Based on field observation by experts
11.
Alternanthera pungens Kunth.
Khaki weed
12.
Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn.
Coral vine
13.
Argemone mexicana L.
Mexican poppy
14.
Bidens pilosa L.
Black Jack
15.
Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray
Carolina fanwort,
16.
Cannabis sativa L.
Hemp/ Marijuna
17.
Centrosema molle Benth.
Butterfly-pea
18.
Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl
Orange cestrum
19.
Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robin.
Khuroo et al., 2012; Naithani et al., 2017; Sekar 2012; Sekar 2012; Based on field observation by experts
Khuroo et al., 2012; Sankaran et al., 2013; Naithani et al 2017; Khuroo et al., 2012; Muniappan and Viraktamath1993; Sekar,2012; Based on field observation by experts
Khuroo et al., 2012; Based on field observation by experts Sankaran et al., 2013; Based on field observation by experts
Sankaran et al., 2013;
Based on field observation by experts
Khuroo et al., 2012; Siam weed
Mahajan and Azeez2001.
Sankaran et al., 2013; Naithani et al ., 2017 10
S. No
Name of taxa
20.
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.
21.
English Name
Invasiveness
Impacts
References
IE
RMS
MMR
MMD
B1
B2
Canada thistle
Coronopus didymus Sm.
Lesser swinecress
22.
Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br.
Rubber vine
23.
Cuscuta chinensis Lam.
Dodder
24.
Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link
Scotch broom
Naithani et al 2017; Sekar 2012; Reddyet al.,, 2008; Naithani et al., 2017; Sekar 2012; Naithani et al., 2017
25.
Dactylandra welwitschii Hook. f.
Badi Aankh Phootani bel
Based on field observation by experts
26.
Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panz.
Viper grass
Naithani et al., 2017; Sekar, 2012;
27.
Diplachne fusca (L.) P.Beauv.
Brown flowered swamp grass
Based on field observation by experts
28.
Dysphania ambrosioides Mosyakin & Clemants
Mexican tea
29.
Erigeron bonariensis L.,
Horseweed / Butterweed
30.
Erigeron canadensis L.
31.
Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L.
Canadian horseweed Round leaf Bindweed
32.
Hyptis suaveolens Poit.
Pig nut
33.
Ipomoea eriocarpa R. Br.
Purple morning glory
B3
RE
Based on field observation by experts Based on field observation by experts
Sekar, 2012; Based on field observation by experts Inderjit et al., 2018; Based on field observation by experts Based on field observation by experts
Naithani et al 2017; Sekar 2012; Sankaran et al., 2013; Sekar 2012; Naithani et al., 2017; Sekar 2012; Reddy 2008.
11
S. No 34.
35.
Name of taxa Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. ex Choisy
Lantana camara L.
English Name
Invasiveness IE
Bush Morning Glory/ Shrub Ipomoea Lantana
RMS
36.
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
False/Horse tamarind
37.
Maesopsis eminii Engl.
Umbrella-tree
38.
Mikania micrantha Kunth
Mile-a-minute
39.
Mimosa diplotricha C. Wight ex Sauvalle var.
Giant sensitive plant
MMR
Impacts MMD
B1
B2
Sankaran et al., 2013
41.
Muntingia calabura L.
Jamaican cherry
43.
Opuntia elatior Miller
Prickly pear
Chandrasekaran and Swamy 2001; Love et al 2009; Sundaram and Hiremath 2012. Sankaran et al.,
Cat claw mimosa
Prickly pear
Based on field observation by experts
Mimosa pigra L.
Opuntia dillenii Haw.
References
2013; Sankaran et al 2013; Naithani et al 2017;
40.
42.
B3
RE
Gogoi 2001; Sankaran andSrinivasan2001;Lahkar et al.,2011. Based on field observation by experts
Khuroo et al., 2012 : Naithani et al., 2017; Reddy 2008.
Based on field observation by experts
Khuroo et al., 2012; Muniappan and Viraktamath1993; Sekar 2012; Sekar, 2012; Based on field
observation by experts
12
S. No
Name of taxa
English Name
Invasiveness IE
RMS
MMR
Impacts MMD
B1
B2
B3
Aneja, 1991; Gunaseelan,1998; Singh and Kaur, 1997; Sankaran et al 2013; Naithani et al 2017; Sekar 2012; Dayal, 2007; Anoop, 2010; Kauret al.,2012; Reddy 2008..
Parthenium hysterophorus L.
Congress weed
45.
Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.
Elephant grass
46.
Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.
Mesquite
47.
Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Sanjappa & Pradeep
Kudzu
48.
Senna spectabilis (DC.) Irwin & Barneby
Calceolaria shower
49.
Solanum elaeagnifolium Cavanilles
Silverleaf nightshade
Based on field observation by experts Based on field observation by experts
50.
Solanum mauritianum Scop.
Bugweed
Based on field observation by experts
51.
Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski
Singapore daisy
References
44.
RE
Based on field observation by experts
Sankaran et al., 2013;
Sankaran et al., 2013; Based on field observation by experts
Sekar 2012; Naithani et al., 2017; Inderjit et al., 2018; Khuroo et al., 2012; Reddy 53. Ulex europeus L. Common gorse 2008. Note: Categories and Criteria adopted for listing terrestrial invasive plants of India- IE - Invasive Elsewhere; RMS – Rapid Multiplication and Spread in different ecosystems; MMR – Multiple Modes of ReproductionMMD – Multiple Modes of Dispersion; Impacts (B1- affecting ecosystem functions and services;B2-Biodiversity loss; B3- Economic loss and health hazard (human and wildlife)RE - Range Extension (Continues spread of the alien species) 52.
Typha angustifolia L.
Lesser bulrush
13
References Aneja, K.R. 1991. Deadly weed Parthenium hysterophorus and its control-a review. Botanical Researches in India, pp.258–269, Himanshu Publications, Udaipur, India. Anoop, KR. 2010.Progress of Prosopis juliflora eradication work in Keoladeo National Park. Unpublished Report, Rajasthan Forest Department. Chandrashekara UM. 2001. Lantana camara in Chinnar Wildlife Sactuary, Kerala, India. In: Sankaran KV, Murphy ST, Evans HC (eds) Alien weeds in moist tropical zones: banes andbenefits. KFRI/CABI Bioscience, Kerala/Ascot, pp 56–63. Dayal, V. 2007. Social diversity and ecological complexity: how an invasive tree could affect diverse agents in the land of the tiger. Environ Dev Econ 12:1–19. Gogoi AK 2001. Status of Mikania micrantha infestation in Northeastern India: managementoptions and future research thrust. In: Sankaran KV, Murphy ST, Evans HC (eds) Alien weedsin moist tropical zones: banes and benefits. KFRI/CABI Bioscience, Kerala/Ascot, pp 77–79. Gunaseelan, N.V.1998. Impact of anaerobic digestion on inhibition potential of Parthenium solids, Biomass and Bioenergy; 4(2); 179–184. Inderjit et al., 2018 Naturalized alien flora of the Indian States: biogeographic patterns, taxonomic structure and drivers of species richness. Biol Invasion 20;1625-1638 Kaur R, Gonza´les WL, Llambi LD et al. 2012. Community impacts of Prosopis juliflora invasion: biogeographic and congeneric comparisons. PLoS One 7:e44966. Khuroo AA, Reshi ZA, Malik AH, Weber E, Rashid I, Dar GH. 2012. Alien flora of India: taxonomic composition, invasion status and biogeographic affiliations. Biol Invasions 14:99– 113. Lahkar BP, Talukdar BK, Sarma P. 2011. Invasive species in grassland habitat: an ecologicalthreat to the greater one-horned rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis). Pachyderm 49:33–39. Love, A, Babu, S and Babu C. R. 2009. Management of Lantana, an invasive alien weed, in forest ecosystems of India. Current Science,97 (10);1421-1429. Mahajan M, Azeez PA.2001. Distribution of selected exotic weeds in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.In: Sankaran KV, Murphy ST, Evans HC (eds) Alien weeds in moist tropical zones: banes andbenefits. KFRI, India & CABI Bioscience, UK, pp 46–55. Muniappan, R. and Viraktamath, C.A. 1993. Invasive alien plants in the Western Ghats. Current Science 64(8): 655-657. Naithani, H.B., Shah, R and Rasaily, S.S. 2017. Study on qualitative and quantitative survey of invasive species in Dehradun district. Published by Uttarkhand Biodiversity Board, 108, PhaseII, Vasant Vihar, Dehradun. Reddy, C.S. 2008. Catlalouge of Invasive alien flora of India. Life science Journal,5(2);84-89
Sankaran KV, Srinivasan MA. 2001. Status of Mikaniainfestation in the Western Ghats. In:Sankaran KV, Murphy ST, Evans HC (eds) Alien weeds in moist tropical zones: banes andbenefits. KFRI/CABI Bioscience, Kerala/Ascot, pp 67–76. Sankaran, KV, Suresh, TA and Sanjeev, TV. 2013. Handbook on Invasive plants of Kerala. By Kerala biodiversity Board. Sekar, K.C. 2012. Invasive alien plants of Indian Himalayan region. Diversity and implications. American Journal of Plant Sciences 3: 177-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2012.32021 Singh K and Kaur K. 1997. Parthenium menace in Jammu and Kashmir and its possible control measures. 16-19. In: First International Conference on Parthenium Management held at Dharwad (Karnataka),6-8 October 1997, (Eds. M. Mahadevappa and V .C. Patil), Volume II : 16-19. Sundaram B, Hiremath AJ .2012. Lantana camara invasion in a heterogeneous landscape: patterns of spread and correlation with changes in native vegetation. Biol Invasion14:1127– 1141.
Aquatic Invasive Alien Plant Species
Myriophyllum aquaticum in Manasbal Lake of Srinagar, Kashmir
Aquatic invasive species are destroying the environment, damaging the fisheries, and costing taxpayers billions of dollars annually John M. Mc Hugh
Aquatic Invasive Alien Plant Species S. No
Name of the Species
English Name
Invasiveness
Impacts
IE
RMS
MMR
MMD
B1
B2
B3
RE
Reference
1.
Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.
Alligator weed
√
√
√
√
√
√
2.
Eichhorniacrassipes (Mart.) Solms
Water hyacinth
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Masoodi,and Khan, 2012; Masoodi, et al., .2013;Chatterjee, and Dewanji, 2012. Kathiresan, 2000; Narayanan et al 2007; Patel, 2012
3.
Ipomoea carnea Jacq.
Pink morning glory
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Chaudhuri et al 1994; Laxmappa. 2013; Laxmappa et al., 2014
4.
Lemnaperpusilla Torr.
Minute duckweed
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
5.
Marsilea quadrifolia
Common Water Clover
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Khuroo,et al 2007; Lolu,A.J. et al.2016
6.
Myriophyllum aquaticum(Vell.) Verdc.
Parrot’s feather
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Arshid, et al.2011; Shah, et al., 2014.
7.
Salvinia auriculata Aubl (syn. S. molesta )
Butterfly fern
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Nair, and Pai, 1973; Thomas1979; Jayanth, 1987.
√
Gopal , 1990. Khuroo,et al 2007
Note: Categories and Criteria adopted for listing aquatic invasive plants of India-: IE - Invasive Elsewhere; RMS – Rapid Multiplication and Spread in different ecosystems; MMR – Multiple Mode of Reproduction MMD – Multiple Mode of Dispersion; Impacts (B1- affecting ecosystem functions and services; B2-Biodiversity loss; B3- Economic loss and health hazard (human and wildlife)RE - Range Extension (Continues spread of the species)
15
References Arshid, S. et al.2011. On correct identification, range expansion and management implications of Myriophyllum aquaticum in Kashmir Himalaya, India. Check List;7(3);299-302. Chatterjee, A and Dewanji, A.2012. Peroxidase as a metric of stress tolerance and invasive potential of alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) growing in aquatic habitats. Management of Biological Invasions; 3(2): 65–76. Chaudhuri H, Ramaprabhu T and Ramachandran, V. 1994. Ipomoea carnea Jaq a new aquatic weed problem in India. J Aquat Plant Manage; 32:37-38. Gopal B, 1990. Aquatic weed problems and management in Asia. In: Pieterse AH, Murphy KJ, eds. Aquatic Weeds: the Ecology and Management of Nuisance Aquatic Vegetation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 318-340. Jayanth, K. P. 1987., Biological Control of the water Fern Salvinia molesta infesting a lily pond in Bangalore, India by Cyrtobagous salviniae. Entomophaga 32(2): 163-166. Kathiresan, R. M. 2000. Allelopathic potential of native plants on water hyacinth. Crop Protec. 19 : 705-708. Khuroo, A. A., Rashid, I., Reshi, Z. Dar G. H. and Wafai, B. A. 2007. The alien flora of Kashmir Himalaya. Biological Invasions 9: 269-292. Laxmappa B. 2013. Ipomoea weed infestation in tanks and its effects on fish culture in A.P. Aqua Tech Monthly; 129(9):73-74. Laxmappa B., Srinivasulu, P and Mahender, J. 2014. Status of Ipomoea carnea weed infestation in Inland Water bodies and its effects on Fisheries in Mahabubnagar district, A.P, India. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies; 1(6): 12-19. Lolu,A.J. et al.2016.Study on Phytosociology and Biomass changes (above-ground and belowground) of Emergent macrophytes in Hokersar wetland of Kashmir Himalaya. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology; 10(11); 20-24. Masoodi,A. and Khan, A.F. 2012. Invasion of alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) in Wular Lake, Kashmir, India. Aquatic Invasions; 7(1): 143–146. Masoodi, A. et al., .2013. Predicting the spread of alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) in Wular Lake, India: A mathematical approach. Ecological Modelling; 263;119-125. Nair, A. K. and Pai, T. R. 1973. Kakki Reservoir, Environmental effect of water-weeds and their control. Hydro Power, Kerala State Electricity Board, Trivandrum, pp. 13–16. Narayanan, S.P., Anitha, K. and Prasad, S.N. S. Narendra .2007. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) management of an Invasive weed, the Indian scenario. Sarovar Saurabh; 3(4).4-7. Patel, S. 2012. Threats, management and envisaged utilizations of aquatic weed Eichhornia crassipes: an overview. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 11: 249–259. DOI 10.1007/s11157-0129289-4. Shah, M.A.et al., 2014. Delimiting invasive Myriophyllum aquaticum in Kashmir Himalaya using a molecular phylogenetic approach. Genetics and Molecular Research 13 (3): 75647570. Thomas, K. 1979. The Extent of Salvinia Infestation in Kerala (S. India): Its Impact and Suggested Methods of Control. Environmental Conservation, 6(1), 63-69. doi:10.1017/S0376892900002253.
Inland Invasive Alien Species of Fishes
Suckermouth catfish (Pterygoplichthys sps)
People still do not understand that a live fish is more valuable than a dead one- Sylvia Earle
Inland Invasive Alien Species of Fishes S. Name of the Species English Name No
Invasiveness
Impacts
IE
RMS
MMR
MMD
B1
B2
B3
RE
Reference Krishnakumar et al. 2009, 2011, Laxmappa et al. 2015, Singh et.al. 2012; 2014; 2014a; 2015. Singh et al. 2010; 2011; 2013, 2014; 2014a.
1.
Clarias gariepinus
African catfish
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
2.
Cyprinus carpio
Common carp
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
3.
Gambusia affinis
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Singh et al. 2011; 2013, 2014.
4. 5.
Gambusia holbrooki
Western Mosquito fish/ Topminnow Eastern Mosquito fish
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Singh et al. 2011; 2013, 2014.
Mylopharyngodon piceus
Black carp
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
6.
Oreochromis mossambicus
Mozambique tilapia
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Singh et al. 2013a. Biju Kumar 2000: Laxmappa et al. 2015;, Singh et al. 2011; 2013, 2014;2014a
7.
Oreochromis niloticus
Nile tilapia
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
8.
Poecillia reticulata
Guppy
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
9.
Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus
Vermiculated sailfin catfish
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
10.
Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus
Sucker mouth armored cat fish
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
11.
Pterygoplichthys pardalis
Amazon sailfin catfish
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
12.
Pterygoplichthys anisitsi
Paraná Sailfin Catfish
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Singh et al 2013a.
13.
Pygocentrus nattereri
Red bellied Piranha
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Singh et al 2013a.
14.
Aristichthys nobilis
Bighead carp
√
√
√
√
√ √
√ √
Laxmappa et al. 2015; Singh et al. 2013, 2014; 2014a Biju Kumar, 2000; Singh an Lakra 2011; Singh et al. 2013b Singh et al 2013 Biju Kumar et al. 2015 Krishnakumar et al. 2009; Singh et al 2013a. Singh et al 2013a; Biju Kumar et al. 2015.
Singh and Lakra, 2011. Based on field
observation by experts
Note: Categories and Criteria adopted for listing Invasive alien Fishes in Inland Water - IE - Invasive Elsewhere; RMS – Rapid Multiplication and Spread in different ecosystems; MMR – Multiple Mode of Reproduction MMD – Multiple Mode of Dispersion; Impacts (B1- affecting ecosystem functions and services; B2-Biodiversity loss; B3- Economic loss and health hazard (human and wildlife) RE - Range Extension (Continues spread of the species). 16
References Biju Kumar, A. 2000. Exotic fishes and freshwater fish diversity. Zoos’ Print Journal, 15(11): 363-367. Bijukumar, A., Smrithy, R. Sureshkumar, U and George, S. 2015. Invasion of South American suckermouth armoured catfishes Pterygoplichthys spp. (Loricariidae) in Kerala, India - a case study. Jornal of Threatened Taxa 7(3): 6987–6995; Krishnakumar, K., Ali, A., Pereira, B. and Raghavan, R. 2011. Unregulated aquaculture and invasive alien species: a case study of the African Catfish Clarias gariepinus in Vembanad Lake (Ramsar Wetland), Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 3(5): 1737–1744. Krishnakumar, K., Rajeev Raghavan, Prasad, G., Bijukumar, A., Mini Sekharan, Benno Pereira and AnvarAli. 2009. When pets become pests – exotic aquarium fishes and biological invasions in Kerala, India. Current Science, 97 (4): 474-476. Laxmappa, B., Bakshi, R.R. and Vazeer, M. 2015. Invasion and impact of feral population of Tilapia (Oreochromis sp) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in irrigational tanks of Mahabubnagar District, Telangana, India. International Journal of Research in Fisheries and Aquaculture 2015; 5(2): 48-53. Singh A K., Pankaj Verma, Sharad C Srivastava and Madhu Tripathi 2014. Invasion, biology and impact of feral population of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Linn.) in the Ganga River, India. Asia Pacific Journal of Research Vol 1 Issue XIV, Feb 2014 p151-163. ISSN 2320-5504. Singh, A.K., Ansari, A., Srivastava, S.C., Verma, P.A. and Pathak, A.K. 2014a. Impacts of invasive fishes on fishery dynamics of the Yamuna River, IndiaAgricultural Sciences, 5: 813821. Singh A. K., Abubakar Ansari, Sharad C. Srivastava and Vinoy Kumar Shrivastava. 2015. An Appraisal of Introduced African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) in India: Invasion and Risks. Annual Research & Review in Biology 6(1): 41-58, ISSN: 2347-565X. Singh A. K., Dinesh Kumar, Sharad C Srivastava, Abubakar Ansari, J. K. Jena and U. K. Sarkar 2013. Invasion and Impacts of Alien Fish Species in the Ganga River, India. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 16(4):408–414. DOI 10.1080/14634988.2013.857974. Singh A. K., Dinesh Kumar, Sharad C. Srivastava and Abubakar Ansari. 2013a. Exotic ornamental fishes in India: Perspectives and Problems. Chapter 13 In: Animal Diversity, Natural History and Conservation-Vol. 3 Eds Dr Vijay Gupta and A.K.Verma. Daya Publishing House of Division of Astral International Pvt Ltd. New Delhi pp 177-214. Singh A.K. Dinesh Kumar, Sharad C Srivastava, S.M.Srivastava, Abubakar Ansari and A.K.Pathak.2013b. Invasive Fish Species in Uttar Pradesh. National Bureau of fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India 19 pp. Singh A. K., Pathak AK, Lakra WS .2010. Invasion of an exotic fish- common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in the Ganga River, India and its impacts. Acta Ichthyologica 40(1):11-19. Singh A.K. and Lakra, W. S. 2011. Risk and benefit assessment of alien fish species of the aquaculture and aquarium trade into India. Reviews in Aquaculture 3, 3–18. Singh A.K., Sharad C Srivastava, Abubakar Ansari, Dinesh Kumar and Ruchi Singh. 2012. Environmental Monitoring and Risk Assessment of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) cultured in Rural Ponds, India. Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol. Springer. 89: 1142-1147 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0860-z.
Marine Invasive Alien Species
Kappaphycus alvareziiin Gulf of Mannar, Tamilnadu. Photo by S. Chandrasekaran
Invasive species are not inherently bad. They are just in the wrong place David Lodge
Marine Invasive Alien Species S. Name of the Species No Algae 1. Kappaphycus alvarezii
Elkhorn sea moss
√
2.
Seaweed.
√
Monostorma oxyspermum
English Name IE
Invasiveness RMS MMR MMD
B1
√
Impacts B2 B3 √
RE
Reference
√
Chandrasekaran et al. 2008; Kamalakannan et al. 2014 Untawale, et al 1980; Based on field
√
observation by experts
Scyphozoa 1.
Phyllorhiza punctata (Lendenfield 1884) 2. Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskal, 1775) Anthozoa
Phyllorhiza puncta Lendenfield, 1884 Pelagia noctiluca Forsskal, 1775
1.
Snowflake coral / Branched pipe coral Orange soft coral
2.
Carijoa riisei
Tubastrea coccinea (Lesson, 1829) Ctenophora 1. Beroe ovata (Bruguiere, 1789) 2. Beroe cucumis (Fabricius, 1780) 3. Vallicula multiformis (Rankin, 1956) Bivalve 1. Mytiloposis sallei (Recluz, 1849) 2. Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758)
Caribbean false mussel
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Saravanan, et al , 2016. Based on field observation by experts Kramp, 1961; Based on field observation by experts
Raghunathan, et al ., 2013; Based on √
√
field observation by experts
√
√
Pillai, and Patel, 1988 Based on field
√
√
√
Chopra, 1960.; Based on field
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
observation by experts
observation by experts Robin et al ., 2009; Based on field observation by experts Prasade, et al 2016; Based on field observation by experts
Ganapati et al 1971; Based on field observation by experts
Kesavan, et al 2009; Based on field observation by experts
17
Hydrozoa 1. Ectoplura crocea (Agassiz, 1862) Polycheates 1. Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel, 1923) 2. Lumrineris japonica (Marenzeller, 1879) Amphipods
Pink-mouth hydroid
Australian tube worm
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Mammen, 1963; Based on field observation by experts
Chandramohan, and Aruna, 1994; √
√
√
√
√
Based on field observation by experts
√
√
√
√
√
Gaonkar, et al 2010; Based on field
Jassa marmorata Holemes, 1905 Decapods
√
√
√
√
Anil, et al 2003; Based on field
1.
√
√
√
√
Dev Roy, 2007; Based on field
√
√
√
√
√
√
1.
Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931 Bryozoa 1. Membranipora membranacea (Linnaeus, 1767) Ascidian 1. Microcosmuscurvus (Tokioka, 1954) 2. Didemnum candidum Savigny, 1816
√
√
Coffin box
Scaly tunicate
observation by experts
observation by experts
observation by experts
Shrinivaasu, et al., 2015; Based on √
√
√
√
√
field observation by experts
√
√
√
√
Meenakshi,1997;Abdul Jaffar Ali et al,2009; Tamilselvi, et al., 2011. Meenakshi, 2003; Abdul Jaffar Ali and Sivakumar, 2007; Abdul Jaffar Ali et al 2009 and 2014
Categories and Criteria adopted for listing Invasive alien Marine species IE - Invasive Elsewhere; RMS – Rapid Multiplication and Spread in different ecosystems; MMR – Multiple Mode of Reproduction MMD – Multiple Mode of Dispersion; Impacts (B1- affecting ecosystem functions and services; B2-Biodiversity loss; B3- Economic loss and health hazard (human and wildlife) RE - Range Extension (Continues spread of the species) 18
References Abdul Jaffar Ali H.A., and Sivakumar, V. 2007. Occurrence and distribution of ascidians in Vizhinjam Bay (south west coast of India). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 342, pp189-190. Abdul Jaffar Ali H, Sivakumar V, Tamilselvi M. 2009. Distribution of alien and cryptogenic ascidians along the southern coasts of Indian peninsula. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 1(4):305-312. Abdul Jaffar Ali H, Tamilselvi M, Sivakumar V. 2014. Non indigenous ascidians in VO Chidambaranar port, Thoothukudi, India. Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences. 43(11). Anil, A. C., Clarke, C., Hayes, T., Hilliard, R. and Joshi, G., 2003. Ballast water risk assessment: Ports of Mumbai and Jawaharlal Nehru, India, October 2003: Final Report. IMO GloBallast Monograph Series 11: 1–63. IMO, London. Chandramohan, P. and Aruna, Ch., 1994. Recent Development in Biofouling Control (eds Thompson, M. F., R. Sarojini and R. Nagabhushan), Oxford and IBH, New Delhi. Chandrasekaran,S.,Nagendran,N.A.,Pandiaraja,D.,Krishnankutty, N. and Kamalakannan B.2008. Bioinvasion of Kappaphycus alvarezii on corals in the Gulf of Mannar, India. Current Science, 94, 1167–1172. Chopra, S., 1960. A note on the sudden outburst of ctenophores and medusae in the waters of Bombay. Current Science, 29: 392-393. Dev Roy, M. K. 2007. Problems and prospects of White leg shrimp culture in India. SEBA Newsletter, 4(1): 15. Ganapati, P. N., Lakshman Rao, M.V and Varghese, A.G. 1971. On Congeria sallei Recluz, a fouling bivalve mollusk in the Visakhapatnam harbour. Current Science, 40: 409–410. Gaonkar, C. A., Sawant, S.S., Anil, A.C., Venkat, K. and Harkantra, S.N., 2010. Mumbai harbour, India: gateway for introduction of marine organisms. Environ. Monit. Assess., 163:583–589. Jaffar Ali, A.H., Sivakumar, V. and Tamilselvi, M., 2009. Distribution of Alien and Cryptogenic Ascidians along the Southern Coasts of Indian Peninsula. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, 1(4): 305-312, ISSN 1992-0083. Kamalakannan, B.,Joyson Joe Jeevamani, J., Nagendran, AN., et al. 2014. Impact of removal of invasive species Kappaphycus alvarezii from coral reef ecosystem in Gulf of Mannar, India. Current Science, 106(10);1401-1408. Kesavan, K., Palpandi, C. and Shanmugam, A. 2009. A checklist of malacofauna of the Vellar Estuarine Mangroves, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 1(7): 382-384. Kramp, P.L., 1961. Synopsis of the Medusae of the World. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40: 7-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400007347. Mammen, T.A., 1963. On a collection of hydroids from South India. I. Suborder Athecata. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 5(1): 27–61. Meenakshi V K. 1997. Biology of a few chosen ascidians. Ph.D Dissertation, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, India.
Meenakshi VK. 2003. Marine biodiversity – Taxonomy of Indian ascidians. Final Technical Report submitted to the Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi. pp. 1-103 Pillai, C.S.G. and Patel, M.I., 1988. Scleractinian corals from the Gulf of Kachchh. Journal of Marine Biological Association, India, 30(1&2): 54-74. Prasade, A., Nagale, P. and Apte, D., 2016. Cassiopea andromeda (Forsskal, 1775) in the Gulf of Kutch, India: initial discovery of the scyphistoma, and a record of the medusa in nearly a century. Marine Biodiversity Records, 9:36. Raghunathan, C., Venkataraman, K., Satyanarayana, Ch. and Rajkumar, R., 2013. An Invasion of Snowflake Coral Carijoa riisei (Duchassaing and Michelotti 1860) in Indian Seas: Threats to Coral Reef Ecosystem. In: Venkataraman, K., Sivaperuman, C. and Raghunathan, C. (eds.), Ecology and Conservation of Tropical Marine Faunal Communities, Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 381–393. Robin, R. S., Srinivasan, M. and Chandrasekar, K. 2009. Distribution of Zooplankton from Arabian Sea, along Southern Kerala (Southwest Coast of India) During the Cruise. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 1(3): 155-159. Saravanan, R., Ranjith, L., Joshi, K.K., Jasmine, S., Abdul Nazar, A.K., Syed Sadiq I. and Jose Kingsly, K., 2016. Scyphozoan Jelly fish Diversity in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk bay with an account on the Invasive Jelly fish Phyllorhiza punctata. Quarantine, Biosafety and Biosecurity: Invasive alien species: threat assessment and management Issues. Shrinivaasu, S., Venkatraman, C., Rajkumar Rajan and Venkataraman, K. 2015. Marine Bryozoans of India. In: Venkatraman, K., Raghunathan, C., Tamal Mondal, and Raghuraman, R. (eds.), Lesser Known marine animals of India: 1-550 (Published by Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). Tamilselvi, M., Sivakumar, V., Jaffar Ali, H.A. and Thilaga, R.D., 2011. Distribution of Alien Tunicates (Ascidians) in Tuticorin Coast, India. World Journal of Zoology, 6(2): 164-172. ISSN 1817-3098. Untawale, A.G., Agadi, V.V. and Dhargalkar, V.K., 1980. Occurrence of Monostroma (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) from Ratnagiri (Maharashtra). Mahasagar—Bulletin of National Institute of Oceanography, 13: 179-181.
Invasive Alien Species / Strains of Microbes in Fresh water and brackish water ecosystems
God in His wisdom made the fly and then forgot to tell us why. - Ogden Nash
Invasive Alien Species / Strains of Microbes in Fresh water and brackish water ecosystems S. No
Name of the Species
English Name
IE
Invasiveness RMS MMR MMD
B1
Impacts B2 B3
R E
References
Fungus 1. 2.
Aphanomyces invedans Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei
√
Mohan and Shankar 1995; Based on field
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Sahoo et al 2000; Based on field
√
√
√
Verma and Rathore 2015; Based on field
√
√
√
Karunasagar et al 1997; Based on field
√
√
√
√
√
√
Mohan et al 1998; Based on field
√
√
√
Sahul Hameed, et al.,2017; Based on
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
observation by experts
Rajendran, et al, 2016; Based on field observation by experts
Bacteria 1. 2.
Eswardsiella tarda Flavobacterium Sp
observation by experts observation by experts
Virus 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
White spot syndrome Virus (WSSV) Infectious Hypodermal Haematopoetic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV) Yellow head virus (YHV Infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) MonodonBaculovirus (MBV) Hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) Laem Singh Virus
observation by experts Sheela et al 1998; Based on field observation by experts
observation by experts field observation by experts Vijayan et al 1995; Based on field observation by experts Manivannan, et al 2002; Based on field observation by experts Prakasha et al 2007; Based on field observation by experts
19
10.
Carp edema virus
√
√
√
Raja Swaminathan, et al 2016; Based on field observation by experts
11.
Cyprinid herpes virus 2
√
√
√
12.
Ranavirus
√
√
√
13.
Tilapia Lake virus
√
√
√
Sahoo, et al 2016; Based on field observation by experts
George et al. 2014; Based on field observation by experts Behera,et al. 2018; Based on field observation by experts
The details of Categories and Criteria adopted for listing Invasive alien Microorganisms reported in Indian aquatic system IE - Invasive Elsewhere; RMS – Rapid Multiplication and Spread in different ecosystems; MMR – Multiple Mode of ReproductionMMD – Multiple Mode of Dispersion; Impacts (B1- affecting ecosystem functions and services; B2-Biodiversity loss; B3- Economic loss and health hazard (human and wildlife)RE Range Extension (Continues spread of the species).
20
References Behera, B.K, et al. 2018. Emergence of Tilapia Lake Virus associated with mortalities of farmed Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) in India. Aquaculture, 484: 168-174. George MR, John KR, Mansoor MM, Saravanakumar R, Sundar P, Pradeep V. 2014. Isolation and characterization of a ranavirus from koi, (Cyprinus carpio L.), experiencing mass mortalities in India. Journal of Fish Diseases. 1-15. Karunasagar, I., Otta, S.K. and Karunasagar, I. 1997. Histopathological and Bacteriological study of white spot syndrome of Penaeus monodon along west coast of India. Aquaculture 153: 9-13. Manivannan, S., Otta, S.K., Karunasagar, I. and Karunasagar, I. 2002. Multiple viral infection in Penaeusmonodon shrimp postlarvae in an Indian hatchery. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 48 : 233236. Mohan CV, Shankar KM 1995. Role of fungus in epizootic ulcerative syndrome of fresh- and brackishwater fishes of India: a histopathological assessment. In: Shariff M, Arthur JR, Subasinghe RP (eds) Diseases in Asian Aquaculture II, Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, pp 299– 305. Mohan CV, Shankar KM, Kulkani S, Sudha PM.1998. Histopathology of cultured shrimp showing gross signs of yellow head syndrome and white spot syndrome during 1994 Indian epizootics. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 34: 9–12. Prakasha BK, Ramakrishna RP, Karunasagar I, Karunasagar I. 2007. Detection of Laem-Singh virus (LSNV) in cultured Penaeus monodon from India. Dis Aquat Org.77:83–86. Swaminathan, TR.. et al. 2016. Emergence of carp edema virus in cultured ornamental koi carp, Cyprinus carpio koi, in India. Journal of general virology, 97, 3392–3399. Rajendran, K., Shivam, S., Praveena, P.E., Rajan, J.J.S., Kumar, T.S., Avunje, S., Jagadeesan, V., Babu, S.P., Pande, A., Krishnan, A.N., 2016. Emergence of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) in farmed Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei in India. Aquaculture 454, 272–280. Sahoo, P.K et al. 2016. Detection of goldfish haematopoietic necrosis herpes virus (Cyprinid herpesvirus-2) with multi-drug resistant Aeromonas hydrophila infection in goldfish: First evidence of any viral disease outbreak in ornamental freshwater aquaculture farms in India. Acta Tropica, 2016, 161: 8-17. Sahoo, P.K. Swain, P., Sahoo, S.K., MukherjeE, S.C. and Sahu, A.K., 2000. Pathology Caused by the Bacterium Edwardsiella tarda in Anabas testudineus (Bloch). Asian Fisheries Science 13: 357-362. Sahul Hameed, et al. 2017. Studies on the occurrence of infectious myonecrosis virus in pondreared Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in India. Journal of fish diseases, 40 (12): 1823-1830. Sheela RR, Muralimanohar B, Sundarraj A, Selvaraj D, ChidambaramP, Mohan AC, Ravishankar B. 1998. Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) in cultured Penaeusmonodon in Tamil Nadu. India Ind J Fish. 45:183–6. Verma Dk and Rathore G, 2015. New host record of five Flavobacterium species associated with tropical fresh water farmed fishes from North India. Braz J Microbiol. 46(4): 969–976. Vijayan KK, Alavandi SV, Rajendran KV, Alagarswami K.1995. Prevalence and histopathology of monodon baculovirus (MBV) infection on Penaeus monodon and P. indicus in shrimp farms in the south-east coast of India. Asian Fisheries Science 8: 267–272.
Invasive Alien Spcies of Microboes / strains (other than plants) in Agriculture Ecosystems
Hemileia vastatrix – Coffee rust
If conservation of natural resources goes wrong, nothing else will go right - M.S. Swaminathan
Invasive Alien Species of Microboes /strains (other than plants) in Agriculture Ecosystems. Common Name
S. No
Species Name
Invasiveness IE RMS MMR MMD
Impacts B B B 1 2 3
Reference RE
Fungus Kushalappa and Eskes 1989; 1.
√
√
√
Based on field observation by experts
Butler 1918; Based on field
Hemileia vastatrix
Coffee rust
2.
Phytophthora infestans
Late blight of potato
√
√
√
3.
Urocystis tritici
Flag smut of wheat
√
√
√
4.
Puccinia carthami
Rust of chrysanthemum
√
√
√
5.
Venturia inequalis
Apple Scab
√
√
√
6.
Plasmopara viticola
Downey mildew of grapes
√
√
√
7.
Sclerospora phillipinensis
Downey mildew of maize
√
√
√
8.
Pyricularia grisea
Blast of paddy
√
√
√
9.
Fusarium moniliforme
Foot rot of Rice
√
√
√
10.
Phyllachora sorghi
Leaf spot of sorghum
√
√
√
observation by experts
Sydow and Butler, 1906; Based on field observation by experts
Sydow and Butler, 1906; Based on field observation by experts Rajak et al., 1974; Based on field observation by experts CMI, 1988; Based on field observation by experts
Payak, and Renfro 1967; Based on field observation by experts Padmanabhan, 1965; Based on field observation by experts
Padmanabhan, 1959; Based on field observation by experts
Ramakrishnan, and Sundaram 1953; Based on field observation by experts
21
11.
Oidium heavea
Powdery mildew of rubber
√
√
√
12.
Phytophthora nicotianae var. nicotianae
Tobacco black shank
√
√
√
13.
Sphaeropsis spp.
Canker of apple
√
√
√
Mitra M, Mehta PR. 1938; Ramakrishnan and Radhakrishna Pillay 1963. Govindarao and Koteswararao 1956.. Mundkur.; Kheshwala. 1943; Based on field observation by experts
Ganguly and Paul. 1953; 14.
Synchytrium endobioticum
Potato wart
√
√
√
Based on field observation by experts
15.
Fusariumoxysporum f.sp cubense (TR4)
Fusarium wilt of Banana
√
√
√
Uma, et al, 2017; Based on
16.
Plasmopara halstedii
Downey mildew of sunflower
√
√
√
Mayee and Patil, 1986; Based
√
Sundaramoorthy and Manickam, 2016; Based on field observation by experts at West Bengal Patel et al 1949; Based on
√ 17.
Magnaporthe oryzae sub.sp. triticum (MoT)
Bacteria Xanthomonas campestris p.v. 1. campestris
√
Blast of Wheat
Black rot of crucifers
√
√
√
2.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Crown gall of apple/pear
√
√
√
3.
Agrobacterium rhizogenes
Hairy root of apple/pear
√
√
√
field observation by experts on field observation by experts
field observation by experts Sharma, et al 2002; Based on field observation by experts Singh 1943; Based on field observation by experts
22
Papdiwal.; Deshpande. 1978; 4.
Erwinia amylovora
Fire blight of pear
5.
Xanthomonas oryzae p.v. oryzae
Bacterial leaf blight of paddy
1.
Banana Bunchy Top Virus (Babu virus)
2. 3.
√
√
√
Based on field observation by experts
Srivastava and Rao, 1964; √
√
√
Based on field observation by experts
Banana bunchy top
√
√
√
Verghese, 1945; Based on
Sunflower necrosis illar virus
Sunflower necrosis
√
√
√
Peanut stripe virus
Bud necrosis
√
√
√
Virus field observation by experts
Prasada Rao et al 2000; Based on field observation by experts Singh, et al 1993; Based on field observation by experts
Nematode 1.
Globoderarostochiensis
Potato golden nematode
√
√
Jones, 1961; Based on field observation by experts
The details of Categories and Criteria adopted for listing Invasive alien Microorganisms reported in Indian Agricultural System IE - Invasive Elsewhere; RMS – Rapid Multiplication and Spread in different ecosystems; MMR – Multiple Mode of Reproduction. MMD – Multiple Mode of Dispersion; Impacts (B1- affecting ecosystem functions and services; B2-Biodiversity loss; B3- Economic loss/health hazard (human and wildlife) RE Range Extension (Continues spread of the species)
23
References Butler, E.J. 1918. Fungi and Diseases in Plants, Thacker Spink and Co, Calcutta. CMI, 1988. Distribution Maps of Plant Disease, No. 221, edition 4. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Ganguly, A. and Paul, D.N. 1953. Wart disease of potato, Science and Culture, 18, 605. Govindarao, P. and Koteswararao, D. 1956. Seedling blight of tobacco caused by Phytophathora parasitica var. Nicotianae (Van breda de Haan) Tucker, Indian Phytopath., 9, 145. Jones, F.G.W. 1961. The potato eel worm Heteroderarostochiensis Woll. in India, Curr. Sci., 30, 187. Kushalappa, A. and Eskes, A.B. 1989. Advances in coffee rust research, Ann. Rev. Phytopathol., 28, 139. Mayee, C.D. and Patil, M.A., 1986. Downy mildew of sunflower. Indian Phytopath. 39: 314. Mitra M, Mehta PR. 1938. Some leaf diseases of Hevea brasiliensisnew to India. Indian J Agric Sci 8:185–188. Mundkur, B.B.; Kheshwala, K.F. 1943. A canker of apple trees in Mysore. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 13 (4): 397-398, pl. 16. Padmanabhan, S.Y. 1959. The present position and control of rice Diseases in india, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Section BVolume 49, Issue 5, pp 349–362. Padmanabhan, S.Y. 1965. Breeding for blast resistance in India, in Rice Blast Disease, Proc. Sym. at IRRI, Los Banos, Phillipines, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 343. Papdiwal, P.B.; Deshpande, K.B. 1978. New records of bacterial diseases from India. Proceedingsof the National Academy of Sciences, India, B 48, 1-4. Patel, M.K., Abhyankar S.G. and Kulkarni. Y.S. 1949. Black rot of cabbage. Indian Phytopath. 2: 58-61. Payak, M.M. and Renfro, B.L. 1967. A new downy mildew disease of maize, Phytopath. 57, 39. Prasada Rao RDVJ, Reddy AS, Chander Rao S, Varaprasad KS, Thirumalaevi K, Nagaraju, Muniyappa V, Reddy DVR, 2000.Tobacco streak ilarvirus as causal agent of sunflower necrosis disease in India, Journal of Oilseeds Research, 2000, 17, 400-401. Rajak, R.; Midha, S.; Pathak, V., 1974: Apple scab epidemic in Kashmir. Ramakrishnan TS, Radhakrishna Pillay PN .1963. Jatropha curcas L. a collateral host for Oidium heveae Stein. Curr Sci 32:428. Ramakrishnan, T. S and Sundaram, N. V. 1953. Notes on some fungi from South India-I, Indian Phytopathology, 5(2 )110-115 pp. Sharma, R.C., B. Kamal and A.K. Gupta, 2002. Occurance of crown gall of stone fruits in warmerareas of India and Its management. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 662: VII International Symposium onTemperate Zone Fruits in the Tropics and Subtropics.
Singh U B. 1943. MisceIIaneous Bulletin of Indian Council of Agricultural Research 51: 5 & 11. Singh, V., Ghewande, M.P., and Reddy, P.S. 1993. Peanut stripe virus disease-percent status and its management, International J. Pest Mgt., 39, 422. Srivastava, D.N. and Rao, Y.P. 1964. Seed transmission and epidemiology of bacterial blight disease of rice in North India, Indian Phytopathol, 17: 77-78. Sundaramoorthy, S and Manickam, P. 2016. Note on Pest Alert; Wheat Blast / Brusone (Magnaporthe oryzae sub.sp. triticum (MoT)), Regional Plant Quarantine Station, DPPQ&S, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Sydow, H. and Butler, E. 1906. Fungi Indiae orientalis. Annals of Mycology 4, 424–445. Uma, S. et al, 2017. ICAR-NRCB Proceedings on TR4 = Fusarial wilt of Banana, 21stDecember. Verghese, 1945. M.K. Bunchy top disease of plantations. Indian Fmg., 6, 239.
Invasie Alien Insect species in Agricultural ecosystems
Paracoccus marginatus papaya mealybug
“Happiness and bacteria have one thing in common; they multiply by dividing!” ― Rutvik Oza
Invasie Alien Insect species in Agricultural ecosystems S. No 1. 2. 3.
4.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Name of the Species Aceria guerreroronisKeifer Aleurodicus dispersus Russell Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin Bemisia argentifolii Bellows andPerring Bemisia tabaci Biotype B / M|EAM Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) Heteropsylla cubanaCrawford Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari Icerya purchasi Maskell Leptocybe invasa(Fisher and Lasalle)
10.
Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)
11.
Orthezia insignisBrowne
12. 13.
Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink Phenacoccus madeirensis
English Name
Invasiveness √
√
√
√
√
Spiralling white fly
√
√
√
√
√
Rugose spiraling whitefly
√
√
√
√
√
Silver leaf whitefly
√
√
√
√
√
Woolly apple aphid
√
√
√
√
√
Thakur and Dogra. 2009.
Subabul psyllid
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Singh et al. 1989; Veeresh, 1990. Kumar et al. 1990; Vijayalakshmi et al. 2013 Rao , 1951.
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Lantana bug
√
√
Papaya mealybug
√
√
√
√
Madeira mealybug
√
√
√
√
√
B1
B2
√
√
√
B3
Reference
Coconut eriophyid mite
√
MMD
RE
RMS
Coffee berry borer beetle Cottony cushion scale Eucalyptus gall wasp/ Blue gum chalcid American serpentine leaf miner
MMR
Impacts
IE
√
√
Jacob et al. 2007; Senthilkumar et al 2013 Virakthamath et al 1993; Hore, Garima et al 2017. NBAIR, 2017; Nanjappa et al. 2005. Mani et al 2012; Krishnan et al 2016
√
√
Shylesha and Joshi 2012
√ √
√
Navia et al. 2005; Desai et al. 2009Sarkar, 2011; Srinivasa et al 1999; Mani, 2010. Sundararaj and Selvaraj, 2017. De Barro et al. 2005; Reddy et al 2006.;Sujay Yet al . 2010.
24
14.
Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley
Cotton mealybug
√
√
15.
Plutella xylostellaLinnaeus
Diamond back moth
√
√
16.
Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller
Banana mealybug
√
17.
Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Constock)
San Jose scale
√
√
18.
Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim
Erythrina gall wasp
√
19.
Spodoptera frugiperda
Fall armyworm
20.
Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)
21.
Pineus pini (Macquart) Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)
22.
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Tomato Pinworm
√
√
√
√
Pine woolly aphid
√
√
Potato tuber moth
√
√
√
√ √
√
Vennila et al. 2010; Maruthadurai, and Singh, 2015 Fletcher, 1914; Sujay et al 2010. Mani et al. 2013 Fotedar, R. 1941; Rawat, and Pawar,., 1991; Rawat, Sangal, et al., 1993. Faizal, et al 2006. Ganiger et al 2018; Internet reference and personal observation of the expert Sridhar et al. 2014; Sharma and Omkar Gavkare.2017 FAO, 2005; Sujay et al 2010. Lefroy, 1907; Chandel, et al 2005.
Categories and Criteria adopted for listing Invasive alien Insects reported in Indian Agricultural System IE - Invasive Elsewhere; RMS – Rapid Multiplication and Spread in different ecosystems; MMR – Multiple Mode of Reproduction MMD – Multiple Mode of Dispersion; Impacts (B1- affecting ecosystem services and functions; B2-Biodiversity loss; B3- Economic loss and health hazard (human and wildlife)RE - Range Extension (Continues spread of the species)
25
References Chandel, R.S., Chandla, V.K., Singh, B.P. 2005. Potato tuber moth – Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller). Tech. Bull. (No. 65) CPRI, Shimla, India. De Barro1, P.J., Trueman, J.W.H. and Frohlich. D.R. 2005. Bemisia argentifolii is a race of B. tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): the molecular genetic differentiation of B. tabaci populations around the world. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 95, 193–203. Desai, V.S., Desai, S.D., Mayekar A. J. and More, V.G. 2009. Infestation of coconut eriophyid mite, Aceria guerreronis Keifer in Konkan region of Maharashtra. The Journal of Plant Protection Sciences, 1(1): 76-79. Faizal, M.H., Prathapan, K.D., Anith, K.N., Mary, C.A., Lekha, M. & Rini, C.R. 2006. Erythrina gall wasp Quadrastichus erythrinae, yet another invasive pest new to India. Current Science, 90(8): 1061-1062. FAO. 2005. Global Forest Resources Assessment. 2005. India, Country Report. Forestry Department, Forest Resources Assessment 2005, Country Report 001, 128 pp. Fletcher, T. B. 1914. Some South Indian Insects. Superintendent Government Press, Madras. 565 pp. Ganiger, P.C., Yeshwanth, H.M.., Muralimohan, K., et al.2018. Occurrence of the new invasive pest, fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in the maize fields of Karnataka, India Current Science, 115(4); 621-623. Fotedar, R. 1941. San Jose scale and its control in Kashmir. Indian Farming 5 : 234-237 Hore, Garima and Chakraborty, Abesh and Banerjee, Dhriti. 2017. Liriomyzatrifolii (Insecta: Diptera: Agromyzidae) – the invasive alien agricultural pest species of India. ENVIS News Letter. 23. 12-15. Jacob, J.P., Devaraj, R. and Natarajan, R. 2007. Outbreak of the invasive gall inducing wasp Leptocybe invasa on eucalypts in India. Invasives, 8: 4. Krishnan, J.U., Meera George, Ajesh, G., Jithine, J.R., Lekshmi, N.R. and Deepasree, M.I. 2016. A review on Paracoccus marginatus Williams, papaya mealy bug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 4(1): 528-533. Kumar, P.K.V., Prakasan, C.B. and Vijayalakshmi, C.K. 1990. Coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae): First record from India. J. Coffee Res 20 (2): 161-164. Lefroy, H.M. 1907. The potato tuber moth. Indian Agricultural Journal 2:294-295. Mani M., Shivaraju C and. Shylesha. A. N. 2012. Paracoccus marginatus, an invasive mealybug of papaya and its biological control; An overview, Journal of Biological Control, 26 (3): 201–216. Mani, M., Joshi, S. et al. 2013. A new invasive jack beard sley mealybug, pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (hemiptera: pseudococcidae) on papaya in India. Florida entomologist 96(1). 242-245. Mani, M. 2010. Origin, introduction, distribution and management of the invasive spiralling whitefly Aleurodicusdispersus Russell in India, Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 23(1): 59-75. Maruthadurai, R. and Singh, N.P. 2015. First report of invasive mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley infesting cashew from Goa, India, Phytoparasitica. 43: 121.
NBAIR, 2017. http://www.nbair.res.in/Featured_insects/Teleonemia-scrupulosa.php. Accessed on 5th April, 2018.
Nanjappa H.V., Saravanane, P. and Ramachandrappa B.K. 2005. Biology and management of Lantana camara L. A review, Agric. Rev., 26 (4): 272 – 280. Navia, D., DeMoraes, GJ, Roderick, G, Navajas, M. 2005.The invasive coconut mite Aceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae): origin and invasion sources inferred from mitochondrial (16S) and nuclear (ITS) sequences. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 95(6):505-16. Rao VP, 1951. Iceryine scale insects recorded from the Orient. Indian Journal of Entomology, 12:39-66, 127-158. Rawat, U.S. and Pawar, A.D., 1991, Records of natural enemies of San Jose scale Quadraspidiotusperniciousus (Constock) from Himachal Pradesh, J. Biol. Control, 5: 119-120. Rawat, U.S., Sangal, S.K. and Pawar, A.D., 1993, Seasonal activity of Chilocorus bijugus Mulsant on San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotusperniciousus (Constock) in apple ecosystem. J. Biol. Control, 7: 40-43. Reddy MCG; Shankararappa KS; Raghavindra N; Govindappa MR; Muniyyapa V; Rangaswamy KT, 2006. Status of tomato leaf-curl virus disease and whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), B-biotype, in some parts of southern Karnataka growing open pollinated varieties of tomato. Pest Management and Economic Zoology, 14(1/2):67-71. Sarkar, P.K. 2011.,Invasive coconut perianth mite, Aceria guerreroronis Keifer and their sustainable management, Journal of Crop and Weed 7(2): 184-190. Senthilkumar, N., Thangapandian, K., Murugesan, S., Jacob, J. P. and Krishnakumar, N. 2013. Invasive Alien Eucalyptus gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa (Fisher and Lasalle): A Threat to Eucalyptus Plantations in Tamilnadu (India) Academic Journal of Entomology 6 (3): 146-152. Sharma, P. L and Omkar Gavkare.2017. New Distributional Record of Invasive Pest Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in North-Western Himalayan Region of India Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett. (May– June 2017) 40(3):217–220. Shylesha, A.N. and Joshi, S 2012. Occurrence of Madeira mealybug, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on cotton in India and record of associated parasitoids. Journal of Biological Control, 26 (3): 272–273. Singh, P. and Bhandari, R. S. 1989. Further Spread of Leucaena Psyllid, Heteropsylla cubana in India. Indian Forester. 303-309. Sridhar, V., A.K. Chakravarthy and R. Asokan. 2014. New record of the invasive South American tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in India. Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystem, 20(2); 148-154. Srinivasa, M.V., Viraktamath, C.A. and Reddy, C. 1999. A new parasitoid of the spiralling whitefly Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in South India, Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems, 5(1): 59-61. Sujay Y. H., Sattagi H.N. and Patil R. K. 2010. Invasive alien insects and their impact on agroecosystem, Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 23(1) : 26-34. Sundararaj, R. and Selvaraj, K. 2017. Invasion of rugose spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): a potential threat to coconut in India. Phytoparasitica, DOI: 10.1007/s12600-017- 0567-0.
Thakur J. R. and Dogra, G. S. 2009. Woolly Apple Aphid, Eriosomalanigerum, Research in India, Tropical Pest Management, 26:1, 8-12, DOI: 10.1080/09670878009414276. Veeresh GK, 1990. The status of leucaena psyllid, Heteropsyllacubana Crawford, in India. In: Napompeth B, MacDicken KG, eds. Leucaena Psyllid: Problems and Management. Bangkok, Thailand: Funny Publishing Limited Partnership, 14-16. Vennila, S et al. 2018. “Biology of the Mealybug, Phenacoccus Solenopsis on Cotton in the Laboratory.” Journal of Insect Science 10: 115. Vijayalakshmi, C. K., Tintumol, K.and Saibu, U. 2013. Coffee Berry Borer, Hypothenemus Hampei (Ferrari): A Review International Journal of Innovative Research & Development. 2(13); 358-361. Viraktamath, C.A., Tiwari, G.C., Srinivasan, K. and Gupta, M., 1993. American serpentine leaf miner is a new threat to crops. Indian Farming. 10: 12.
Internet reference http://www.nbair.res.in/recent_events/Pest%20Alert%2030th%20July%202018-new1.pdf https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/fall-armyworm-in-maizespreads-to-tn-karnataka-takes-steps-to-curb-menace/article24698092.ece
Invasive Alien Species of Major Islands
Hoplobatrachus tigerinus Indian bullfrog reported as an invasive in Andaman group of Islands
We should preserve every scrap of biodiversity as priceless while we learn to use it and come to understand what it means to humanity. E. O. Wilson
Invasive Alien Species of Major Islands S. Species Name No Insects 1. Citripestis eutraphera 2. Anoplolepis gracilipes Cnidaria 1.
Carijoa riisei
Common Name IE
Invasiveness RMS MMR
Mango borer yellow crazy ant
√ √
√ √
Snowflake coral
√
√
Giant African Snail
√
Mozambique tilapia
MMD
B1
Impacts B2 B3
Reference
RE
√
√ √
Soumyaet al. 2016. Bharti et al 2016; Sardar and Ghorai 2017.
√
√
Raghunathan, et al 2013; Venkataraman et al 2016
√
√
√
Mohanty et al 2018.
√
√
√
√
Rajan et al 2018.
Asian stinging catfish
√
√
√
Indian bullfrog
√
√
√
Garden lizard
√
√
√
Common Myna House sparrow
√ √
√ √
Chital/Spotted deer Indian Hog deer Indian muntjac Asian elephant
√ √ √ √
√ √ √ √
√
Mollusca Achatina fulica 1. Fishes Oreochromis mossambiscus 1. Heteropneustes fossilis 2.
Rajan et al 2018.
Amphibian 1.
Hoplobatrachus tigerinus
Reptile 1. Calotes versicolor Birds 1 Acridotheoes tristis 2. Passer domesticus Mammals 1 2. 3. 4.
Axis axis Axis porcinus Muntiacus muntjak Elephas maximus
√
√
√ √ √ √
√
Harikrishnan and Vasudevan. 2013; Mohanty et al 2018a
√
Harikrishnan and Vasudevan. 2013
√ √
Rajan, and Pramod, 2013; Mohanty et al 2018. Rajan, and Pramod, 2013; Mohanty et al 2018.
√
Ali and Pelkey 2013; Mohanty et al 2016. Ali, R. 2004. Ali, R. 2004. Ali, R. 2004
Categories and Criteria adopted for listing Island invasive species Note: IE - Invasive Elsewhere; RMS – Rapid Multiplication and Spread in different ecosystems; MMR – Multiple Mode of Reproduction MMD – Multiple Mode of Dispersion; Impacts (B1- affecting ecosystem services and functions; B2-Biodiversity loss; B3- Economic loss and health hazard (human and wildlife) RE - Range Extension (Continues spread of the species). 26
References Ali, R. 2004. The effect of introduced herbivores on vegetation in the Andaman Islands Current Science, 86(8); 1103-1112. Bharti H, Guénard B, Bharti M, Economo EP. 2016. An updated checklist of the ants of India with their specific distributions in Indian states (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). ZooKeys 551: 1– 83. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.551.6767 Harikrishnan, S. and Vasudevan. K. 2013. Recent introduction and spread of Indian bullfrog Hoplobatrachustigerinus (Daudin, 1802) into the Andaman Island. Aliens 33: 42-43. Mohanty, N.P., Sachin, A., Gayathri S, Vasudevan. K. 2018. Using public surveys to reliably and rapidly estimate the distributions of multiple invasive species on the Andaman archipelago. Biotropica 50(2): 197-201. Mohanty NP, Measey J. 2018a. What’s for dinner? Diet and trophic impact of an invasive anuran Hoplobatrachustigerinus on the Andaman archipelago. PeerJ Preprints 6:e26544v1 https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.26544v1. Raghunathan, C., Venkataraman, K., Satyanarayana, Ch. and Rajkumar, R. 2013. An Invasion of Snowflake Coral Carijoariisei (Duchassaing and Michelotti 1860) in Indian Seas: Threats to Coral Reef Ecosystem. In: Venkataraman, K., Sivaperuman, C. and Raghunathan, C. (eds.), Ecology and Conservation of Tropical Marine Faunal Communities, Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 381–393. Rajan, P., and Pramod, P., 2013. Introduced birds of the Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India. Indian Birds 8 (3): 71-72. Rajan, P.T., P. Vijay, and JayasimhanPraveenraj 2018. Diversity, Distribution and Conservation of Freshwater Fishes in Andaman and Nicobar Islands 127 - 138. In C. Sivaperuman, K. Venkataraman (eds.), Indian Hotspots, Vertebrate Faunal Diversity, Conservation and Management Volume 1, Springer,Singaprehttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-98110-6605-4_1. Sardar, N and Ghorai, N. 2017. Some invasive ants of India and their impact to environment. ENVIS News Letter; 23(2) Pp2-4. Soumya1, B.R.,Verghese, A et al,.2016. Need to strengthen quarantine between Andaman and Nicobar Islands and mainland India. Current Science 111(11); 1753-1756. Venkataraman, K et al. 2016. Snowflake coral, CarijoariiseiI in Indian seas: Threat to Coral Reef Ecosystem. Indian Journal of Geo Marine Science; 45(11);1403-1408.
Details of the Invasive Alien species reported in India S.NO Details of the Species and Ecosystem Terrestrial Ecosystem 1. Terrestrial plants Total Aquatic Ecosystem 1. Microorganism reported in freshwater and brackish water 2. Aquatic plants (inland) 3. Fishes 4. Marine invasive species Total Agriculture Ecosystem 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Fungus Bacteria Virus Nematode Invasive Insects Total Major Island Ecosystem 1. Insects 2. Cnidaria 3. Mollusca 4. Fishes 5. Amphibian 6. Reptile 7. Birds 8. Mammals Total Terrestrial plants Aquatic Ecosystem Agriculture Ecosystem Island Ecosystem Overall Indian IAS species
Total 53 53 15 7 14 19 55 16 5 3 1 22 47 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 14 53 55 47 14 169
Annexure 1
NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY CHENNAI
IAS
3 Proceedings THIRD MEETING OF THE EXPERT COMMITTEE ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES Date: 6-7thFebruary, 2018
Venue
National Biodiversity Authority 5th Floor, TICEL Biopark, CSIR Road, Taramani, Chennai
PROCEEDINGS OF THIRD MEETING OF THE EXPERT COMMITTEE ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES (IAS) Venue: NBA, Chennai
Date: 6-7/02/18
Time: 10am-5:30pm
The third meeting of the Expert Committee (EC) on Invasive Alien species (EC on IAS) was held on 6-7thFebruary, 2018 at the National Biodiversity Authority, Chennai, under the chairmanship of Dr. C.R. Babu. The list of participants is placed in Annex-1. Chairperson, NBA extended a warm welcome to the Chairman of the committee, members, special invitees and representatives from various institutions and explained to the house about the progress made so far. She emphasized the necessity for bringing out a comprehensive list(s) of invasive alien species reported from different ecosystems and taxonomic groups. Shesaidthat Ministry has also shown interest to disseminate the information on IAS to different stakeholders including State Biodiversity Boards (SBB). She expressed her views on holding hands with Vigyan Prasar to disseminate the knowledge on invasive alien species to public and policy makers. Secretary, NBA extended a warm welcome to the participants. He reiterated the views of the Chairperson, NBA and expressed that MOEF & CC is keen to havethe comprehensive list of invasive species. He also emphasized the need of criteria for identifying the invasive species and prioritizing the same. Chairman EC,Dr. C.R. Babu emphasized the necessity of studies on ecology and biology of invasive species for their management. He mentioned the importance of protecting the pristine ecosystems and the need for effective control/management strategies of invasive species in protected areas.Chairman highlighted that the comprehensive list of invasive alien species in India may sensitise the researchers, policy makers, stakeholders and the common public about the menace caused by invasive species. He also appreciated NBA’s attempts to promote education and awareness on the menace caused by invasive species.He requested the members and special invitees to provide their inputs on the species listed as invasive alien species so that a final authentic list will be made.
The special invitees made presentations on various topics in their respective areas of work done on invasive alien species in India (Annex-2). The presentations emphasized the importance of high resolution data in mapping invasive plant species in forest ecosystems and theirinstitutional role in the management of IAS.
Discussion points EC discussed in detail on the generic criteria to be adopted for listing the species as IAS. Realizing that there are diverse opinions what constitute a invasive alien species, the house decided that the important invasive attributes such as invasiveness, impacts and ability to spread in the neighborhood, as major criteria for designating a species as an IAS. The participants debated on the inclusion of commercially important alien/exotic species, particularly fish species and fast growing trees. Invasive Alien Fishes Members deliberated on the occurrence of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Pangus) and rainbow trout in the important stream habitats of Western Ghats region. The committee also discussed the presence ofCyprinus carpiosubspecies(Grass crap, Mirror carp and Common carp) in Indian rivers, and other water bodies and suggested to treat all three subspecies together. Committee also discussed on the impacts of bighead Aristichthys nobilis in aquatic system. Members also discussed the invasion potential of all Pterygoplichthys species. Marine Invasive species Members attempted to rectify the list of invasive Ascidians by way of knowing their native range of distribution and realized on the necessity for further collection of more data on their distribution range and origin. Committee also pointed out that a number of ascidians are Indo-Pacific as their distribution range and hence careful scrutiny of their native distribution is desirable before declaring them as invasive species in India. EC also debated on the invasive nature of the marinesea snailEualetes tulipa and Bryozoan Amathia verticillata. Representatives from NIOT and ZSI underscored their distribution range and fouling potential of both the speciesand suggested that they should be designated as invasive species. Invasive species in Agriculture ecosystem The EC discussed about the difficulties in identifying the native distribution ranges of pathogens i.e. microbes and pest insects reported from India. Members also expressed concernon the lack of adequate data and competent taxonomists in the area of insect pests. Invasive Microorganisms The EC discussed at length theimportance of the data on the distribution ranges, first recorded reports and epidemics, mode of spread and the impacts on Indian agriculture and associated ecosystems which are critical in designating microorganisms as invasive alien species. Members also debated on major invasive aquatic microorganisms and discussed the
list prepared by CIBA.The EC also suggested to include the invasive microorganisms reported from wild animals and poultry. Invasive Insects The representative from ZSI, special invitees and the EC members discussed on the advantages of having a comprehensive list of invasive insects reported inmajor ecosystems of India. Members also discussed oninvasive insect pollinators and introduced biological control agents. The EC strongly advocated to designate all the insect species for which native distribution ranges and their impacts on ecosystems are well-established as invasive species. Invasive plants and animals in islands The EC discussed the impacts of Pomacea canaliculata (Golden apple snail), Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Indian bullfrog) and Anoplolepis gracilipes (yellow crazy ant) in the island ecosystems of India and these species have to be designated as invasive alien animal species.. The Committee discussed in detail on the list of insular invasive alien plantspecies. It was mentioned that a number of plants might haveintroduced from the main land and the invasiveness of most of the species listed are to be debated and ascertained. The committee also suggested that the list of species prepared may be got verified by the BSI (Botanical Survey of India), Port Blair. Invasive Terrestrial plants Members of EC discussed in detail on globally accepted rules, facts and criteria to designate plants as invasive alien plant species. EC also expressedits concern in having a long list of invasive alien plant species of more than 300. It may be mentioned that the source list, which was adopted by different workers, also included naturalized alien plant species in India and not a list of invasive alien species. The committee also took note on theAcacia species, designated as invasive alien species,especially the invasion of Acacia auriculiformisin several protected areas. Committee discussed thoroughly on the exclusion of the native, food, and fodder yielding cultivated plants, and naturalized species from the list. Invasive aquatic plants EC discussed the list of aquatic plantsdesignated as invasive alien species based on secondary source. Members expressed their concern about the inadequateinformationon the native distribution range and the extent of invasion in India. Based on the available literature, theCommittee identified eight aquatic plant species as invasive alien species. Members also suggested that periodical updating of the lists finalized is a must. The Chairperson of NBA and Chairman of the EC insisted the membersto develop pictorial guides/illustrated booklet/posters and protocols for invasive alien species management.
Chairperson NBA also expressed her views on handholding of NBA with Vigyan Prasar to disseminate information on the menaceof invasive species to common public. Dr. Venkateswaran, Division Head, Science Communication and Training, Vigyan Prasar, explained the role of Vigyan Prasar on communicating the science to common public. He also explained the recent approaches adopted in bringing science and technology discoveries to the news media by Vigyan Prasar and mentioned the impacts of “India Science Wire” program on spreading the current Indian Scientific Research to common public and researchers. Mr. Swapan Mehrra, CEO-IORA (Delhi) expressed that his Institution can also contribute to the mapping of the extent of invasion of invasive alien species. Dr. Gopi Ramasamy of CABI, India, spoke on CABI’s efforts in managing invasive alien species and expressed that CABI would also contribute to address the issues of invasive alien species.
Recommendation Based on the deliberations, the Expert Committee made the following recommendations: 1. The EC on IAS endorsed that the following criteria to be used, as far as possible, to designate an alien species as invasive species in India. a) Invasiveness: •IE - Invasive Elsewhere; •RMS – Rapid Multiplication and Spread to different ecosystems; •MMR – Multiple Mode of Reproduction, •MMD – Multiple Mode of Dispersion. b) Impacts: •B1- affecting ecosystem services and functions; •B2-Biodiversity loss; •B3- Economic loss and health hazard to human and wildlife. c) Range Extension: Continuesto spreadoutside the initial introduced to other areas/ecosystems. These criteria have to be mentioned before listing the invasive alien species. 2. As some of invasive species have been introduced purposefully for commercial cultivation/production, views from stakeholders should be taken into account before designate them as invasive alien species. To elicit views from stakeholders, workshops may be organized by NBA. 3. Data on the naturalized populations of Pangas Pangasius hypophthalmus and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss need be generated and the adverse impacts to be ascertained/scored. 4. All the reported subspecies of Cyprinus to be treated as Common carp. Different species of suckermouth catfish such asPterygoplichthys multiradiatus, Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus,and Pterygoplichthys pardalis to be designatedas invasive alien species.
5. The native distribution ranges of Ascidians should be assessedcarefully before designateing them as invasive alien species. The visible impacts of Bryozoa,Amathia verticillat, andGastropod Eualetes tulipa and other Ascidians speciesshould be studied before including them in the list of marine invasive alien species. 6. Since most of the microorganisms are cryptogenic in nature, the history of introductions into India, details on their impacts and range extension should be consideredbefore declaring them as invasive alien species. The list of aquatic invasive microorganism shared by CIBA may be included in the list. 7. All the invasive alien insect species reported in different ecosystems to be included in the list. Based on the impact studies carried out in India, even the insect pollinators may be included in the invasive list if they exhibit any invasive attributes. 8. Yellow crazy ant, Golden apple snail, Indian bullfrog and Mozambique tilapia be included in the list of invasive alien species of Islands in India. 9. The list of invasive alien plant species reported for Indian islands be further examined critically by BSI – Port Blair and also by members of EC. 10. The list of invasive alien species for different taxonomic groups and ecosystems may be communicated to all the participants for their corrections/additions/comments 11. The eight aquatic plant species approved by EC be designated as invasive alien aquatic plant species of India.Information on the native range of distribution be collected from secondary source. 12. The draft list to be hosted on NBA website and once the list is notified it may be updated periodically. 13. Pictorial guides, illustrated booklets/posters and protocols be prepared by the members, and their publication and distribution to stakeholders be facilitated by NBA. 14. Handholding with Vigyan Prasar for effective utilization of “India Science Wire” programme to sensitise different stakeholders and public on invasive alien species to be explored. 15. NBA may take support of CABI for promoting awareness on the adverse impacts of invasive alien species to different ecosystem through publications and IORA – Ecological Solutions (Delhi) for mapping the extent of biological invasions.
Annex-1. List of Participants List of the EC Members attended 1. Dr. C.R. Babu 2. Dr. Suresh Kumar 3. Dr. AC. Anil 4. Dr. B. Ramakrishnan 5. Dr. Biju Kumar 6. Dr. Rm. Kathiresan 7. Dr. Karthikeyan Vasudevan 8. Sulagna Chattopadhyay 9. Mita Banerjee IFS 10. Dr. Sundaramuurthi (as nominee from regional plant quarantine station Chennai) 11. Dr. Sampath Kumar(as nominee from ICAR- NBAIR, Bangalore) List of the Members from NBA 1. Dr. B. Meenakumari (Chairperson, NBA) 2. Mr. T. Rabikumar, IFS (Secretary, NBA) 3. Dr. S. Sandilyan, Fellow on IAS, CEBPOL, NBA (Co-ordinator of the EC) List of the Special Invitees 1. Dr. A. K .Singh
Former Director, ICAR-Former Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (DCFR), 2. Dr. Prince Prakash Jeba kumar.J,
Scientist 'D', Coastal Environmental Engineering division, NIOT, Chennai. 3. Dr. H, Abdual Jaffar Ali
Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechonology, Islamiah College,Vaniyambadi. 4. Dr. T. Selvamuthu Kumaran
Asst. Prof. of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University. 5. Dr. C. Raghunathan Senior Scientist, Zoological Survey of India.
6. Dr. T.V. Venkateswaran Division Head: Science Communication Training, Vigayan Prasar, Delhi. 7. Mr. Swapan Mehrra CEO- IORA- Ecological Solutions, Delhi. 8. Dr. Subhendu Kumar Otta. Principal Scientist, CIBA, Chennai. List of the Invitees from NBAP Identified Institution
1. Dr. Gopi Ramasamy Director,CABI 2. Dr. Goldin Quadros Senior Scientist, SACON, Coimbatore. 3. Dr A Rajasekaran Scientist -E, National Project Coordinator- Invasive Alien Species, IFGTB, Coimbatore.
Presentations S. No 1. 2.
Name of the EC Member Dr. Gopi Ramasamy Director,CABI Mr. Swapan Mehrra CEO- IORA- Ecological Solutions, Delhi
Title of the Presentation CABI's global action on Invasives Use of a Very High Resolution Data Mapping Species Expansion in India
Marsilea quadrifolia – Common water clover
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
Centre for Biodiversity Policy and Law (CEBPOL)
