Table 7. Summary of Organic Gas Emissions for Selected Compounds for LPG Vehicles. 2000. 1999. 1992. Ford. Ford. Chevy. F150. F250. S10. LPG. LPG. LPG.
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT
SCAQMD Contract 99131, Final Report
Final Report
Investigation of Emission Rates of Ammonia and Other Toxic and Low-Level Compounds Using FTIR Contract No. 99131 Submitted to: South Coast Air Quality Management District Technology Advancement Office 21865 East Copley Drive Diamond Bar, CA 91765 September, 2001
Thomas D. Durbin Joseph M. Norbeck Tao Huai Center for Environmental Research and Technology College of Engineering University of California Riverside, CA 92521 (909) 781-5791 (909) 781-5790 fax
01-VE-20903-001-FR
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT
SCAQMD Contract 99131, Final Report
Disclaimer The statements and conclusions in this report are those of the University of California, Riverside, College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) and not necessarily those of the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD). The mention of commercial products, their source, or their use in connection with the material reported herein is not to be construed as actual or implied endorsement of such products.
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT
SCAQMD Contract 99131, Final Report
Table of Contents Executive Summary .........................................................................................................iii 1.0
Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1
2.0
Experimental Procedures ..................................................................................... 3 2.1 Vehicle Recruitment.................................................................................... 3 2.2 Test Fuels .................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Protocol for Vehicle Testing ....................................................................... 5
3.0
Emissions Test Results ....................................................................................... 8 3.1 Regulated Emissions, NH3, and N2O Results ............................................. 8 3.2 Organic Gas Speciation Results ................................................................ 14
4.0
Summary and Conclusions................................................................................. 21
5.0
References ............................................................................................................ 23
Appendix A: Fuel Properties for California Phase 2 Reformulated Gasoline Appendix B: LPG Fuel Analyses Appendix C: CNG Fuel Sample Appendix D: Emissions Summary for FTP Criteria Pollutants Appendix E: FTIR Results for Individual Vehicles Appendix F: Detailed Organic Gas Phase Speciation Results
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT
SCAQMD Contract 99131, Final Report
Tables 1. Vehicle Descriptions for Test Fleet............................................................................... 4 2. Compound List and Detection Limits for the FTIR ...................................................... 6 3. Summary of FTP Emissions Results for the Test Fleet................................................. 9 4. Summary of Organic Gas Emissions for Compound Classes for CNG Vehicles ....... 15 5. Summary of Organic Gas Emissions for Selected Compounds for CNG Vehicles .... 16 6. Summary of Organic Gas Emissions for Compound Classes for LPG Vehicles ........ 17 7. Summary of Organic Gas Emissions for Selected Compounds for LPG Vehicles ..... 18 8. Summary of Organic Gas Emissions for Compound Classes for M85 Vehicles ........ 19 9. Summary of Organic Gas Emissions for Selected Compounds for M85 Vehicles ..... 20
Figures 1
1994 CNG Dodge Ram Van.................................................................................. 11
2
2000 LPG Ford F150............................................................................................. 12
3
1992 Dodge Spirit FFV on M85 ........................................................................... 13
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT
SCAQMD Contract 99131, Final Report
Executive Summary The contribution of unregulated compounds is becoming increasingly important in understanding the overall impact of vehicle emissions on air quality. Recently, experimental work has shown that ammonia (NH3) emissions from vehicles may be more significant than previously thought. This could contribution to increased levels of secondary particulate matter. Nitrous Oxide (N2O) levels are also being investigated since N2O is a potent greenhouse gas. The objective of this study is to evaluate and fully characterize the exhaust emissions of a fleet of 10 alternative-fueled vehicles (AFVs). For this test program, 5 compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles, 3 liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) vehicles and two 85% methanol/15% California Phase 2 gasoline (M85) vehicles were tested over the FTP. In addition to the standard measurements of regulated pollutants, the primary focus of this work was on the measurement of NH3 and N2O emissions using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Additional measurements were conducted to obtain detailed speciation analyses of the hydrocarbons, carbonyls and alcohols. The regulated bag emissions showed some trends with respect to fuel type. The CNG vehicles and the two newest LPG vehicles all had relatively low NMOG emissions. One LPG vehicle had NMHC emissions above its certification level. The two M85 vehicles had the highest CO emissions in the fleet. NH3 emissions for the vehicle fleet averaged 0.124 g/mi for the vehicle fleet with a range from
