Energy Education Science and Technology Part A: Energy Science and Research 2011 Volume (issues) 28(1): 417-426
Investigation on photosynthetic pigments content of lotic systems (Blacksea River Basin, Ordu-Turkey) Beyhan Tas, Ozgen Can, Zeynep Koloren Ordu University, Science and Arts Faculty, Department of Biology, Cumhuriyet Campus, 52200, Ordu, Turkey
Received: 07 January 2011; accepted: 08 March 2011
Abstract In this study, 43 river samples from Province Ordu in the Blacksea River Basin were examined for photosynthetic pigments content (chlorophyll-a, -b, -c and total carotenoid). The values of algal pigments were recorded between 0.051-3.86 µg L-1, 0-4.545 µg L-1, 0.066-11.902 µg L-1, 0.05-3.35 µg L-1 for chlorophyll-a, -b, -c and total carotenoid respectively. When the trophic levels of 43 flowing water according to OECD (1982) criterias are compared, they have character about 72% ultraoligotrophic, 7% oligotrophic (Akpinar, Elekci, Tabakhane and Lahna Streams), 9.3% mesotrophic (Bolaman, Tavara-Eskidir, Kavaklar, Keslek Streams). Keywords: Blacksea River Basin; Flowing water; Algal pigments; Chlorophyll; Energy potential
©Sila Science. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Ordu, found in transition location between the part of the Middle and Eastern Black Sea Region, is quite rich regarding lotic systems. There are about 57 large and small flowing waters in the city. Although there is not too much water amount, the energy potentials of these streams are very high due to their bed slopes. In order to make advantage of this energy is made dams and regulators on the streams. In recent years, there is an important increase in the number of these projects planned on the flowing waters in the Eastern Black Sea Region. The flowing waters in the region are used as drinking water, power generation, irrigation, aquaculture, recreational fishing, trekking and recreational areas. But, they are under pressure from environment pollution. The sewage systems of the residential areas depend on the streams. Wastes are released into the streams with inadequate storage technique. Owing to ______________ * Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-452-234-5010; Fax: +90-452-233-9149. E-mail address:
[email protected] or
[email protected] (B. Tas).
418
B. Tas et al. / EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research
28
(2011)
417-426
intensive hazelnuts farming, excessive fertilizers and pesticides combine with surface and underground waters in the region. Certain changes occurred in the stream beds and basins because of global climate variations by means of increasing or decreasing of water amount. In seasons with low precipitation, eutrophication event is observed in the down basin of small streams. All of these effects have a negative effect on aquatic flora-fauna and on trophic structure [1-10]. Despite rivers have a very small share of fresh water by 0.003%, they have a rich biodiversity and a significant position in the hydrological cycle on the world [11]. The most important group within the biotic components of aquatic ecosystems is algae. Algae have a great ecological significance owing to the fact that they comprise the major portion of primary producers in the aquatic environment. Primary production in waters starts from algae. Therefore, they have a vital role in energy flow, matter cycle and O2/CO2 cycle. Therefore, they are one of the most valuable ecological groups in aquatic organisms [12]. In order to determine the trophic structure and biological production potential of rivers are benefit from density of algae and their photosynthetic pigment concentration in the water. One of the best indicators of phytoplankton density in aquatic ecosystems is the amount of chlorophyll-a [13]. As known, chlorophyll-a is main photosynthetic pigment found in all species of algae, including eukaryothic (algae) and prokaryotic organisms (Cyanobacteria). It is a reliable and common pigment for the calculation of phytoplankton biomass [14]. Therefore chl-a concentration and/or phytoplankton biomass are important parameters. It is used in limnological studies, and proposed by European Union (EU) legislation to classify lake-water quality [15]. When algal chlorophyll is extracted from pigments in the cells, pigment concentrations can measured by analyzing, and determine amount. Trophic level of waters determines quantity of algal chlorophyll [16, 17]. Differences in content and distribution of chlorophyll are one of the main clues to detect of phytoplankton groups. But in some cases, pigment analysis can also be compared with only the direct examination of the of phytoplankton population [18]. There are three major classes of photosynthetic pigments within algae: chlorophylls, carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls) and phycobilins. The pigments are characteristic for certain algal groups. Major accessory pigments of algae divisions are given in Table 1 [19]. The photosynthetic pigment contents (chl-a, -b and -c and the total carotenoid) in important flowing waters (43) were investigated and aimed to determinate the trophic levels of these streams in terms of chl-a pigment contents index of OECD (Table 2) [20]. Table 1. Pigment composition of several algal groups [8]. Division Chlorophyta Charophyta Euglenophyta Phaeophyta Chrysophyta Pyrrhophyta Cryptophyta Rhodophyta Cyanophyta
Common name Green algae Charophytes Euglenoids Brown algae Yellow-brown or golden-brown algae Dinoflagellates Cryptomonads Red algae Blue-green algae
Major accessory pigment chlorophyll b chlorophyll b chlorophyll b chlorophyll c1 + c2, fucoxanthin chlorophyll c1 + c2, fucoxanthin chlorophyll c2, peridinin chlorophyll c2, phycobilins phycoerythrin, phycocyanin phycocyanin, phycoerythrin
2. Material and method Study area: Ordu city is located on the Black Sea River Basin. Its coordinates is 40 ° 18 '41 ° 08' N and 36 ° 52' - 38 ° 12 E. The region has an area by 5963 km². The Black Sea Basin
B. Tas et al. / EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research
28
(2011)
419
417-426
Table 2. Chlorophyll-a values in the determining of different trophic levels [20]. Trophic levels Ultraoligotrophic
Chlorophyll-a concentration Average max ≤1
≤ 2.5
Oligotropic
≤ 2.5
≤8
Mezotrophic
2.5 - 8
8 - 25
Eutrophic
8 - 25
25 - 75
Hipereutrophic
≥ 25
≥ 75
is largest basin among river basins in Turkey (Fig. 1) and a significant part of rivers in Turkey flow into the Black Sea. Streams have an irregular regime due to the fact that its water is provided by precipitations. Ordu generally has a temperate climate and each season is rainy (Fig. 2). Ordu is quite rich as to running waters. There are running waters such as stream, flowing water and river in all the canyons. It’s the important running flowers are Bolaman, Turnasuyu and Elekci Rivers. Most of running waters originate from the northern slopes of the Black Sea Mountains. They are streams with short distance reached to marine. The main material of the research constitutes total 43 flowing waters found in Ordu and its districts (Fig. 1, Table 3). In these streams, some physico-chemical measurements (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, conductivity, TDS) were made in situ in autumn season of 2009 year. HACH 40d multi parameter device were used in situ measurements. The contents of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll-a,-b,-c and total carotenoids) were also investigated in the laboratory.
Fig. 1. Map of the sampling stations.
420
B. Tas et al. / EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research
28
(2011)
417-426
Fig. 2. Temperature-precipitation distribution. In order to determine the chlorophyll pigments and carotenoids, water samples taken from the streams was transferred to laboratory according to standard procedure. They were stored and preserved over there [21]. The water samples were filtered through a millipore filter paper (Whatman GF/C) and one or two drops of magnesium carbonate suspension was added as an aid to retention. Pigments were extracted from the filtrate by using 90% acetone and the optical density of the solution was determined spectrophotometric method using Schimadzu UV-1800 model UV-visible spectrophotometer. Calculations followed the equation recommended in Parson and Strickland [22]. The results of the pigment content were performed cluster analysis by using the program BioDiversity Pro 2.0 statistic. 3. Result and discussion In autumn season of 2009 year, some physico-chemical parameters in situ on the streams in Ordu were given in Table 3. The streams temperature varied between 7.6 -21.5 °C. Average temperature of all the streams was 15.37 °C in the study period. Minimum temperature was measured in Akpinar Stream and also the highest temperature was measured in Sazlik Stream. Because of high flowing and mixing water, temperature decreases in the upper basin of Akpinar Stream (rhitron region). Sampling point was the down basin in Sazlık Stream. There was a stable water body owing to low slope and slow water movement in potamon region. This is the reason for the increase of water temperature. Water temperature is a quite effective component on biotic factor in aquatic ecosystems. It is important in reproductive, nutritional and metabolic activities. It increases the speed of biological activity, and reduces oxygen saturation. Temperature affects the distribution of the organisms in waters. Because, temperature is important physiologic effects on all vital activities of aquatic organisms [23]. The investigated streams have the first class water quality according to Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation (WPCR) [24]. The pH value of the streams was recorded between 5.7-8.6. The average pH of the stream waters is 7.5, and shows a neutral feature. Turnasuyu River is acidic (5.71) and Durali Stream is alkaline (8.6). pH is an indicator showing the acidic feature of the waters, and a significant factors affecting life of aquatic organisms. In general, living things show a good growth at within a pH range of 6.5-8.5. pH value is closely related to CO2 melted in water. Phytoplankton consume CO2, and increase pH in aquatic environments because of photosynthesis [25]. pH values of streams in general have the first and second class water quality. Whereas, Turnasuyu River has the fourth class water quality [26]. The stream waters of the study area have high flow throughout the year especially during the spring due to the steep topography and high slope of the region. This also leads to drift potamoplankton.
B. Tas et al. / EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research
28
(2011)
417-426
421
Table 3. Some physico-chemical characteristics of the streams Station Name
Temperature (°C)
pH
O2 sat. (%)
DO (mg L-1)
EC (μS cm-1)
TDS (mg L-1)
Akcaova Stream
10.0
6.85
88.2
8.65
158.7
Akpinar Stream (Ulubey)
15.0
6.29
42.2
5.21
42.5
79.6 21.7
Akpinar Stream (Mesudiye)
7.6
7.37
68.1
7.44
257.0
131.0
Aybasti Stream
17.7
8.33
70.9
7.32
83.7
41.8
Batari Stream
17.1
8.47
72.0
7.06
180.5
90.3
Belicesu Stream
10.5
7.09
89.6
9.06
101.4
50.7
Bolaman River
20.5
8.35
98.2
9.13
332.0
166.0
Bulbul Stream
14.0
6.85
83.1
8.76
169.0
84.4
Buyukagiz Stream
10.2
7.46
79.0
8.34
86.9
43.4
Cevizdere Stream
20.2
7.8
71.1
6.47
311.0
152.0
Caka Stream
10.0
7.35
88,2
8.86
160.3
80.1
Calislar Stream
10.3
7.55
79.0
7.39
97.9
48.8
Catak Stream
19.0
8.52
70.9
7.26
325.0
162.0
Degirmendere Stream
14.6
7.16
84.5
8.51
60.0
30.2
Divani Stream
14.7
7.21
84.9
8.69
63.8
32.0
Dogulu Stream
17.7
7.98
71.3
6.94
367.0
184.0
Durali Stream
17.7
8.6
71.6
6.95
174.2
87.4
Efirli Stream
10.0
7.23
91.3
9.21
147.7
73.9
Elekçi River
20.0
8.13
90.7
8.34
360.0
182.0
Golkoy Stream
8.0
6.7
71.2
7.74
309.0
148.0
Ilica Stream
20.5
7.83
82.2
7.73
306.0
145.0
Karakoyun Stream
19.6
8.3
73.6
7.07
350.0
175.0
Kavaklar Stream
20.5
8.26
89.4
8.15
340.0
168.0
Kerali Stream
8.0
7.26
65.6
6.89
230.0
155.0
Keşlek Stream
18.0
8.46
70.7
6.94
114.2
57.4
Kışla Stream
11.0
7.35
80.0
7.9
700.0
351.0
Kumrulu Stream
17.4
7.16
59.3
6.01
64.8
32.6
Kursuncali Stream
15.0
7.23
57.2
5.65
58.0
29.6
Kurtulus Stream
10.5
7.42
85.1
8,69
164.1
82.1
Lahna Stream
20.7
7.12
73.6
6.72
516.0
260.0
Melet River
14.0
6.74
86.7
8.48
159.1
80.7
Orencik Stream
19.0
8.0
60.3
6.12
279.0
140.0
Sapdere Stream
19.4
8.19
77.3
7.43
245.0
124.0
Sazlik Stream
21.5
7.8
86.3
7.85
422
212
Sicaksu Stream
20.0
6.21
77.3
6.97
381
183
Serefiye Stream
21.0
7.43
60.6
6.26
694
352
Tabakhane Stream
20.0
6.74
62.8
5.24
457
229
Tavara-Eskidir Stream
8.8
7.02
66.8
7.7
380
196
Topal Stream
11.0
7.48
73.8
7.38
131.3
65.7
Turnasuyu River
14.1
5.71
84.0
8.51
0.37
0.18
Uzunmahmut Stream
19.3
8.4
70.0
7.01
243
122
Yakacik Stream
18.4
8.13
71.7
6.93
269
134
Yalikoy Stream
10.0
7.42
84.5
8.35
94.8
47.4
Dissolved oxygen (DO) and oxygen saturation were recorded between 5.21-9.21 mg L-1 (42.2%-98.2%) and average value was 7.50 mg L-1 (75.67%). Dissolved oxygen was recorded as the least amount (42.2%, 21.5 mg L-1) in Akpinar Stream (Ulubey). Maximum oxygen content was determined in Bolaman River (98.2%, 13.9 mg L-1) and Efirli Stream (91.3%, 21.9 mg L-1). The value of dissolved oxygen has a vital importance for aquatic organisms. It shows difference in terms of rate of photosynthesis of plants and trophic level of water in
422
B. Tas et al. / EEST Part A: Energy Science and Research
28
(2011)
417-426
addition to the temperature. As to dissolved oxygen value, 34.88% of the streams have the first class water quality (very clean water), 58.14% have the second class water quality (clean water) and also 7% of their have the third class water quality (less polluted water) [27]. Polluted streams according to dissolved oxygen are Akpinar, Kursuncali and Tabakhane Streams (Tablo 3). When Civil Stream and Kacali Stream were investigated in the same place at past, dissolved oxygen and oxygen saturation values of Civil Stream and Kacali Stream were 4.76 mg L-1, 56.70% and 7.23 mg L-1, 84.70%, respectively [28]. Electrical Conductivity (EC) were recorded between 0.37-700 µS cm-1. Minimum EC value was determined at Turnasuyu Stream. Minimum and maximum EC values were measured sequentially in Turnasuyu and Kisla Stream. The average EC value was 246.37 µS cm-1. EC is an indication for the amount of total dissolved solids in waters. EC varies depending on geological structure and the amount of precipitation. Total dissolved substances (TDS) value was recorded between 0.18-352 mg L-1. This value was recorded as the highest Turnasuyu River. It was the lowest in Serefiye Stream. Average TDS was 124.07 mg L-1. TDS results from natural sources, agricultural areas, domestic and industrial waste waters. Major ions contributed on TDS amount are carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium and so on. In addition, silt, clay, organic structure of small particles, inorganic substances, soluble organic compounds, plankton and other microscopic organisms constitute TDS. Pigment analysis values (chlorophyll-a, b, c and total carotenoids) in the streams were given in Table 4. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) is one of the important water quality parameters levels concerning indicator of primary production and eutrophication. Chl-a amount in the streams changed in the range of 0.051-3.86 µg L-1. Chl-a content was recorded as the highest in Yakacik Stream, and the lowest in Kavaklar Stream. The average chl-a content of the streams was 0.816 µg L-1. Chl-b content of the streams changed from 0-4.545 µg L-1. Chl-b was not present in Kurtulus Stream. However, maximum chl-b was determined in Elekci River. Average chl-b content was 0.623 µg L-1. Chl-b was measured as minimum Kumrulu Stream, and maximum in Tabakhane Stream. Chl-c content changed between 0.066-11.902 µg L-1. The average content of the chl-c was 1.951 µg L-1. If the chl-a content of the streams is (mg/m3)
