This article was downloaded by: [Erciyes University], [Sevil Albayrak] On: 27 December 2013, At: 05:07 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/teop20
Essential Oil Compositions and Bioactivities of Thymus revolutus and Cyclotrichium origanifolium a
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R. Suleyman Gokturk , Osman Sagdic , Gulcan Ozkan , Orhan Unal , Ahmet Aksoy , Sevil d
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Albayrak , Muhammet Arici & M. Zeki Durak a
Akdeniz University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 07058 Antalya-Turkey
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Yildiz Technical University, Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Faculty, Department of Food Engineering, 34210 Istanbul-Turkey c
Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, 32260 Isparta-Turkey d
Erciyes University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 38039 Kayseri-Turkey Published online: 24 Dec 2013.
To cite this article: R. Suleyman Gokturk, Osman Sagdic, Gulcan Ozkan, Orhan Unal, Ahmet Aksoy, Sevil Albayrak, Muhammet Arici & M. Zeki Durak (2013) Essential Oil Compositions and Bioactivities of Thymus revolutus and Cyclotrichium origanifolium, Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 16:6, 795-805, DOI: 10.1080/0972060X.2013.813208 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2013.813208
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TEOP 16 (6) 2013 pp 795 - 805
795 ISSN Print: 0972-060X ISSN Online: 0976-5026
Essential Oil Compositions and Bioactivities of Thymus revolutus and Cyclotrichium origanifolium
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R. Suleyman Gokturk 1, Osman Sagdic 2*, Gulcan Ozkan 3, OrhanUnal 1, Ahmet Aksoy 1, Sevil Albayrak 4, Muhammet Arici 2 and M. Zeki Durak 2 1
Akdeniz University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 07058 Antalya-Turkey 2 Yildiz Technical University, Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Faculty, Department of Food Engineering, 34210 Istanbul-Turkey 3 Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, 32260 Isparta-Turkey 4 Erciyes University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 38039 Kayseri-Turkey Received 24 August 2012; accepted in revised form 29 December 2012
Abstract: Thymus revolutus Celak (Lamiaceae) is an endemic species in Turkey. Cyclotrichium origanifolium (Labill.) Manden & Scheng (Lamiaceae) has been widely used as a flavoring agent in soups and salads, and herbal tea in Turkey. The essential oil (EO) components, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the extracts and EOs of T. revolutus and C. origanifolium were examined. The EO compositions were analyzed by GC-MS. Total phenolic contents, flavanols, flavonols and antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by spectrophotometer. Antimicrobial activity was investigated against 15 microorganisms by agar diffusion method. Carvacrol, thymol, p-cimene and borneol were predominantly found in T. revolutus EO. The C. origanifolium EO contained bicyclo[3.1.l]hepten-3-one, 2,6,6-trimethyl-,(l.α, 2.β, 5.α), pulegone and 2cylohexen-1-ol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl),-cis as main constituents. The levels of total phenolic contents, flavanols, and flavonols of T. revolutus and C. origanifolium extracts were 38.68±2.5 and 78.57±0.6 mg gallic acid equivalent/g; 2250.06±328.0 and 610.84±13.3 mg catechin equivalent/100 g; and 1287.35±91.1 and 2712.36±20.9 mg rutin equivalent/100 g, respectively. Antioxidant activities of T. revolutus and C. origanifolium were 48.91±0.2 % and 74.86±0.3 % at 0.1 mg/mL concentration, respectively in the DPPH assay. C. origanifolium EO sat 2 % and 1 % concentrations showed antibacterial activity against tested Gram (+) bacteria but not Mycobacterium smegmatis. Both of the EOs had no inhibitory effects at 0.2 and 0.5 % concentrationson on the 15 tested microorganisms. Gram (+) bacteria found to be more sensitive to the EOs and extracts than Gram (-) bacteria in this study. The EOs and the extracts of T. revolutus and C. origanifolium could be used as natural products in many areas such as food, pharmaceutical, alternative medicine and natural therapy. Key words: Thymus revolutus; Cyclotrichium origanifolium; essential oil composition; antimicrobial activity; antioxidant activity. Introduction Free radicals are often generated by oxidation product of biological reactions or exogenous factors. It is well known that reactive oxygen species induce some oxidative damage to bio*Corresponding author (Osman Sagdic) E-mail: <
[email protected],
[email protected] >
molecules like lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, amines, deoxyribonucleic acid, and carbohydrates. Its damage causes ageing, cancer, and many other diseases 22. There is an increasing interest in antioxidants, particularly in those © 2013, Har Krishan Bhalla & Sons
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R. Suleyman Gokturk et al., / TEOP 16 (6) 2013 795 - 805 intended to prevent the presumed deleterious effects of free radicals in the human body, and prevent the deterioration of fats and other constituents of food stuffs. Consumers prefer antioxidants from natural sources rather than synthetic sources 7. Because, the commonly used synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) are suspected to have some toxic and carcinogenic effects in living organisms 29. Plant phenolics are considered to be multifunctional antioxidants and they might act as singlet oxygen quencher, reducing agents, and hydrogen donors. They also have transition metal chelating properties. These multiple potential mechanisms of antioxidant action make the diverse group of phenolic compounds an interesting target in the search of health beneficial phytochemicals, and also offer a possibility to use phenolic compounds or extracts in lipid rich foods in order to extend their shelf life 13. Thymus revolutus Celak (Lamiaceae) is an endemic species in Turkey that grows on open rocky and gravelly ground. The plant is a dwarf shrub with leaves that are lanceolate-falcate with revolute margins, and the inflorescence is a compact conical head with purple corolla 10. The oil of the plant was reported to have antimicrobial, antioxidant, spasmolytic, carminative, and expectorant activities. In addition to their numerous traditional uses, the plant (herb) and its EO have found diverse applications in pharmaceutical and medicine 15. Even though antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of some Thymus species have been thoroughly studied by some researchers 16,1,19,24,29, the biological activities of T. revolutus extract do not seem to have been reported before. The Cyclotrichium genus is represented in Turkish flora by 5 species of which two are endemic 10. Cyclotrichium origanifolium (Labill.) Manden & Scheng (Lamiaceae) has been widely used as flavoring agent in soups, salads and herbal tea in Turkey 6. To the best of our knowledge, there is a limited number of biological reports on Cyclotrichium species 3,4,5,12. Apart from these studies, the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of EO and various extracts of C.
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origanifolium have recently been reported 30. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine total phenolics, flavanols, flavonols, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and EO compositions of T. revolutus and C. origanifolium in an attempt to contribute the use of these alternative ingredients and folk medicine in oxidative and microbial control for food preservation and human health. Materials and methods Plant materials The flowering aerial parts of Thymus revolutus Celak (Lamiaceae) were collected from Turkey, C3 Antalya, Akdeniz University Campus, disturbed macchie, about 32 m above sea level at the end of May 2005. A voucher specimen has been deposited at AKDU (Herbarium of the Biology Department of Akdeniz University) as Unal 1564 by Dr. Orhan Unal. T. revolutus is an endemic plant of Turkey. Cyclotrichium origanifolium (Labill.) Manden & Scheng (Lamiaceae) was collected from Nigde, Ulukisla, Turkey in July 2006 (1850-1900 m). Plants were collected during their flowering season. They were identified by senior taxonomist Dr. Ahmet Aksoy from the Department of Biology, Erciyes University, Turkey. A voucher specimen has been deposited at the Herbarium of the Department of Biology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey (Voucher no.: A. Aksoy 2019). Isolation of essential oil Air dried T. revolutus and C. origanifolium samples (200 g) were subjected to steam distillation for 3 h using Clevenger-type apparatus. The essential oils were dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate to remove any traces of water and, after filtration, stored at -20°C until tested and analyzed. The extraction yields were found as 0.6 % and 1.7 % (v/w) in T. revolutus and C. origanifolium, respectively. Preparation of the extracts Herb leaves were dried at room temperature and grounded to a fine powder with a grinder. Then, the powdered samples (15 g) of T. revolutus were extracted in a Soxhlet extractor with 200
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R. Suleyman Gokturk et al., / TEOP 16 (6) 2013 795 - 805 mL mixture of methanol:acetone:water:acetic acid (90:90:18:2) at 60°C for 6 h. The powdered samples (15 g) of C. origanifolium were extracted in a Soxhlet extractor with methanol at 60°C for 6 h. The extracts were concentrated by a rotary evaporator (Rotary Evaporator R 200 (Buchi, Switzerland), T
