cultivars: Domino, Elvira, and Daguan and took place in southern Spain. (Almería) ... Italy (Santamaria et al., 1996) and Spain, no nitrate legislation was applied.
This article was downloaded by: [Miguel Urrestarazu] On: 02 October 2014, At: 12:58 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Journal of Plant Nutrition Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/lpla20
Nitrate accumulation reduction using chloride in the nutrient solution on lettuce growing by NFT in semiarid climate conditions a
a
Miguel Urrestarazu , Adela Postigo , a
a
Maricarmen Salas , Agustín Sánchez & Gilda Carrasco
b
a
Department of Vegetal Production , University of Almería , Almería, E‐04120, Spain b
Departamento de Horticultura , Universidad de Talca , Talca, Chile Published online: 21 Nov 2008.
To cite this article: Miguel Urrestarazu , Adela Postigo , Maricarmen Salas , Agustín Sánchez & Gilda Carrasco (1998) Nitrate accumulation reduction using chloride in the nutrient solution on lettuce growing by NFT in semiarid climate conditions, Journal of Plant Nutrition, 21:8, 1705-1714, DOI: 10.1080/01904169809365515 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904169809365515
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JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION, 21(8), 1705-1714 (1998)
Nitrate Accumulation Reduction Using Chloride in the Nutrient Solution on Lettuce Growing by NFT in Semiarid Climate Conditions Miguel Urrestarazu,a Adela Postigo,a Maricarmen Salas,a Agustín Sánchez,a and Gilda Carrascob a
Department of Vegetal Production, University of Almería, Almería E-04120, Spain b Departamento de Horticultura, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
ABSTRACT Nitrate accumulation in vegetable represents a serious threat to man's health. Different methods have been reported to reduce the nitrate accumulation in lettuce and other leafy vegetables with or without variation in the yield. The aim of this experiment was to show the different behavior of some cultivars of lettuce using the replacement of N-NO3 for chloride in the nutrient solution during last week before harvest. The trial was carried out with three lettuce cultivars: Domino, Elvira, and Daguan and took place in southern Spain (Almería) under greenhouse by NFT. The results indicated a correct method to decrease nitrate content in leafy vegetables and perhaps sulphate could be an anion to study their effect in this way.
1705 Copyright © 1998 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
www.dekker.com
1706
URRESTARAZU ET AL.
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ESTRODUCnON Nitrate accumulation in leafy vegetables have been reported as a problem by many authors due to serious threat to human health (Walker, 1990; Santamaria et al., 1996). At the moment, leafy vegetable growers belonging to EU are being regulated by a common law which regulates a maxim content of nitrate in theses (Official Journal of UE, Feb. 97, L-31). A few years ago, this law was carried out in some North European countries, such as Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, and Austria (Siegwart, 1988). However, in other countries such as Italy (Santamaria et al., 1996) and Spain, no nitrate legislation was applied. Nitrate is an ion which is taken up by specific permeases and then reduced to nitrite by the activity of nitrate reductase enzyme. After that, it is reduced to ammonium by nitrite-reductase located in leaf chloroplast and root proplastid. Finally, the ammonium is assimilated by different metabolic pathways. When the nitrate uptake exceeds assimilation, nitric ions can be stocked in the cells, specifically in the vacuoles (Granstedt and Huffaker, 1982). Nitrate accumulation is affected by different metabolic factors and Blom-Zandstra (1989) concluded that plants using more carbohydrates and nitrate ions are used as an osmotic regulator. Different methods were reported to reduce nitrate contents in lettuce and other leafy vegetables with or without yield variation. Some of them use negative correlation between NO3 and radiation (Calvin and Atkins, 1974; Steingroveretal., 1993), or temperature (Santamaria et al., 1996). Other methods are related to nutrient solution changes, for example the use of biofertilizers (Giines et al., 1994), or changes in the ratio NH,:NO3 (Boon et al., 1990; Santamaria et al., 1996), and reducing the use of NNO3 before harvest (Alt and Strbwer, 1982; Boon et al., 1990; Marlogio, 1995; Carrasco, 1992). Also, other authors have introduced the chloride ion in the nutrient solution balance (Steingro'veretal., 1993: Santamaria etal., 1996). The aimof this trial is to show the different behavior of some cultivars of lettuce using the replacement of all nitrate by chloride during the last week before harvest. MATERIALS AND METHODS The trial was carried out with three cultivars of lettuce plant: Domino, Elvira, and Daguan. The seeds were sown in rockwool block 4x4x4 cm on 20 March 1997. The experiment took place in southern Spain (Almeria) under greenhouse conditions. On day 11 the seedlings were transplanted in system NFT (Carrasco and Izquierdo, 1996). On the 55th day, half of each cultivar was changed to a nutrient solution without N-NO3 (Tl), which was exchanged for chloride (Table 1); the rest of the plants continued with the original nutrient solution (TO). The nitrates, sulphates, and chlorides in the plant were determined essentially as described by Novozamsky et al. (1983) and measured by ionic chromatography (de Carrasco et al., 1994). The N-Kjeldahl was determined according to Wolf (1982).
NITRATE ACCUMULATION REDUCTION USING CHLORIDE
1707
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TABLE 1. Nutrient solution of treatment with nitrates (TO) and with the substitution of chloride (mg L'1). Fertilizer Calcium nitrate Calcium chloride Potassium nitrate Potassium chloride Potassium sulphate Magnesium sulphate Monopotassium phosphate Micronutrients (as commercial product)
TO
Tl
1642
. 3066 -
554 . 1132
•
24
24 960 608 80
960 608 80
TABLE 2. Mean values, standard error (SE), and LSD at 95% significance for different parameters of foliar content of 61-day-old lettuce plants of three cultivars with (TO) and without (Tl) nitrate in the nutrient solution during the last week before harvest. Dry weight
TO
Variety Domino X
SE Elvira
X
Daguan
X
SE SE
—
LSDo.os Tl
Domino X
SE Elvira
X
Daguan
X
SE SE LSDO.OJ
cr
40.37 5.27 36.90 5.91 29.01 1.62
60.42 5.78 59.86 4.18 39.91 1.39 10,3
meq 100 RNO,' SO*2" 34.03 76.29 7.55 18.72 18.26 65.64 12.75 1.74 18.68 78.39 4.70 15.52 — —
H2PO/ 15.19 4.77 20.31 3.27 21.96 13.31 —
42.71 5.87 21.87 1.47 25.14 2.29 9.6
16.24 2.26 21.91 0.36 17.59 1.31 4.1
36.63 7.07 42.90 1.82 40.48 10.59
—
% N% 5.78 0.01 5.93 0.01 5.57 0.02
— 5.56 0.02 5.31 0.O4 4.98 0.02
—
Fresh weight «HR kg"' Nitrate 2669
473 2279
189 2631
443 — 1825
439 1646
64 1410
329 —
URRESTARAZU ET AL.
1708
mgNO,tglrMli«MigN 3.100-
IRQ NO|* kg frMti might
DOMINO
2400-
j
Y= -2851 + 91x tf= 0.9904 T p= 0.0626
2.700-
uoo-
^
—
M00-
Y= 5032 - 50x 1^= 0.2324 p = 0.6798
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24002.1001400-
TO
^^
DOMINO
T
«7
U
Tl 6S
M
«1
mg NCV kg * M h mlgM
ELVIRA
2.700-
1400
,
ELVIRA
2.200-
2.MO2.S00-
2.000-
^^
T
2.100-
-456 + 48x 0.1768 P= 0.7237
1.1001.7001.UO54
65
C7
M
»
l
1.6001.400-
TO
Y= 5350 - 58x R"= 0.9778 p = 0.0952
Tl
D«y« afM •mm
2.800
DAGUAN
2.MO-
Y= -2629 + 87x tf= 0.9796 p= 0.0911
2.1001400-
TO
1.7001.600 M
57
1J001/4001J00-
Y=8643-117x 1^= 0.7999 p= 0.2951 S7 Dayii
FIGURE 1. Evolution of nitrate content in three cultivars of lettuce plants with (TO) and without (Tl) nitrate in the nutrient solution during the last week before harvest.
NITRATE ACCUMULATION REDUCTION USING CHLORIDE
1709
Day 55
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mg NO,- kg-' Ireah Wight
TO Treatment
Tl Treatment Day 58 3.000
1 3.000 mg NO,-kg- «ra«h weight
2.500
2.500
2.000-
2.000
2.000
1.SO0-
1.500
1.500-
1.000
1.000-
3.000 mg NO,-kg-'troll tmlght
T
2.500-
1.000soo-
0
500
Domlna
EMra
Daguan
T
I
1500 1.000
500
500
0
0
cv
mg NO,- kg-' »».h might
mg NO,- kg-' trash weight 3.500
3.500
T
T
2.000-
2300
3.000 2.0002,500
2J00
X
2.000
T
2,000
1AW
1£O0 -1.000
1.000-
1.000
1.000
5000
0
Domino
Day 61 2.500-
•2.500 •2.000
cv
3.000-
9.000
LSD.,
500 EMra
CV
D«ou«n
0
600
5000
Daguan
0
cv
FIGURE 2. Mean values, standard error, and LSD at 95% significance for nitrate content in three cultivars of lettuce plants with (TO) and without (Tl) nitrate in the nutrient solution during the last week before harvest.
1710
URRESTARAZU ET AL. TABLE 3. Comparison of means and standard error (SE) for the concentration in different cultivars of lettuce plants (mg Kg-1 fresh weight) with (TO) and without (Tl) nitrate in the nutrient solution during the last week before harvest. Day sampled
Mean
SE
Difference
P
Significance level
2444 2447 2671 1774 2436 2065
237 98 30 215
-3
0.4958
NS
897
0.0010
• •
371
0.0127
*
844
0.0696
NS
632
0.0111
*
1221
0.0093
**
58 Domino
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Elvira Daguan
TO Tl TO Tl TO Tl
1697
5
61 Domino Elvira Daguan
TO 2670 Tl 1825 TO 2279 Tl 1646 TO 2631 Tl 1411
473 439 189 64 443 330
*, *, NS=p
