Bali cattle production systems in collective housing system in Lombok .... Duck. 0. 2. ) 5. 10. Total. 43. 211. JlJ. 28s. 852. Table2.Collective housing units ...
Volume : 2 (21 (Desember 200g)
ISSN:1412-6990
JURNAL ILMT' DAN TEKNOLOGI PETERNAKAN (JoURNAL 0F ANTMAL S0IENCE AND TECHNoL0GY) {.
Early feeding regimen on differents strains of broiler chickens Oleh : BUD! |NDARSIH......... ..................... 491
2. Bali cattle production systems in collective housing system in Lombok
oleh:ffirHERMANSYAHdanHAPPYPoERWoTo.......'.........5o2
3. Analisis kemiskinan partisipatif pada peternak sapi di kawasan pinggiran Hutan Lombok Tengah Oleh : HASNIAT!dan MOH. TAQIUDDIN .....................
S11
4. Pertambahan bobot badan
dan kecernaan zat gizi pada Babi keturunan Saddleback dan Landrace yang beri bahan pakan lokal Oleh : K.c. WRYAWAN ............... .............. SZz
5. Penambahan Polen Aren sebagai sumber protein untuk meningkatkan berat lahir dan bobot Koloni Lebah Oleh:ERWAN................. ........
530
6. Penomena perubahan jenis Ternak besar yang diusahakan warga Kecamatan Ropang Sumbawa, NTB Oleh : HERMANSYAH dan HAPPY POERWOTO ............... ............
S37
7. lsolation of aspartate transcabamylase (ATCase) from Mutant Baby Hamster kidney cell line culture Oleh : SULAIMAN N DEPAMEDE............. ................... S44 8. uji kelayakan investasi Agribisnis sapi Potong di Nusa Tenggara Barat Oleh : MUHAMAD MUHZI .......
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Jurnal llmu dan Teknologi Peternakan Volume 2 (2) Desenb*
BALI CATTLE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS TN COLLECTIVE HOUSING SYSTEM IN LOMBOK Dahlanuddin, Hermansyah and Happy Poerwoto Faculty ofAnimal Science University of Mataram
ABSTRACT
Loffi
io identify the number distribrrtion ancl profiles of cattle collective pens in Island has been canied outbetween Octoberto November 2005. A"snowballing" technique was employed to start collecting collective pen data from village office followed by tracing the next collective pens based on previous information. Resula study showthatthere are 788 collectivepens distributed all overthe Island, 486 focusing on calf production (breeding), 76 focusing on fattening and the rest are mixd breeding and fattening. Almost 50 To,ofthe breeding groups do not have bulls and rln'*b postulated to be an important factor contributing to the low calving rate and long calving interval in Bali cattle in Lombok. The primary motivation to establish the collactirc pens was to collectively secure the cattle from theft (security purpose) and to imprcwc village sanitation. The distribution andprofile ofthe collective pens obtained fromdft study are usefirl data for dissemination ofnew technolory in Bali cattle development the collective systems allow for more intensive and effective interaction and coordinainn
A
str-rdy
ofb ofttn
ire-
Lffi
between farmers.
ABSTRACT Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetehui jumlah, distribusi dan profll kandry I di Pulau Lombok telah dilaksanakan padabulan Oktober danNopember2tru5. dilaksanakan dengan metode survey dengan teknik "bola salju 'yakni informasi dikumpulkan daripetugas des4 kernudian dilanjutkandenganpenelusuran sesuai dengan informasi yang
diperoleh dari satu kandang ke kandang lain dan seterusnya. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkanbahwaterdapat 788 kandang kolektifyangtersebar di seluruhPulau Lombok. Sebanyak 486 kelompok diantaranya fokus pada produksi pedet (pembibitan),76 kelompok khusus melakukan penggemukan dan sisanya merupakan kelompok campuran pembibitan dan penggemukan. Hampir sepamh dari kelompok pembibitan tidak memiliki pejantan sehingga didugamenjadi faktor utamapenyebab panjangnyajarak beranak dan rendahnya angka kelahiran sapi Bali. Tujuan awal pembentukan kandang kolektif adalah untuk menjaga keamanan secara kolektif dan urtuk memperbaiki sanitasi lingkungan desa. Petalokasi danprofil kandangkolektifyang dihasilkandari penelitianini sangatbermanfaat bagi upaya penyebaran informasi dan teknologi pengembangan sapi Bali, karena memugkinkan interaksi dan koordinasi antar petemak secara lebih efektif dan efisien.
502
r
Jurnal llmu cian Teknologi Peternakan Volume 2 (2) Desember 2008
Lamp INTRODUCTION
including collective cattle housing system, livestock market, abattoir,
ofBali
holding gound and quarantine.
cattle development in Lombok is the role of collective housing system, which is
MATERIALSAND METHODS
One ofthe imporlant aspects
urique to Lombck. This systerrr is as an excellent entry point for technology adoption but has not been erplored intensively. Forthis reason, it is necessary to map the existing collective system as a baseline for further deve'lopment. There has been a preliminary survey (Dahlanuddin et al 2004,unpublished) onthe profile ofcollective housing system
The study was carried out during October and November 2005, covering all areas of Lombok Island. To identifr the number and location of existing cattle collective
housing, the survey team gathered ffirmation by direct count (census) based on information from viliage or sub-village
offices, wherever available, or otherwise
in Lombok but the results are not suffi cient to drarv a location map and it did not cotrnt
byusing"snowballing"
the total number of all existing housing
the previous survey (Dahlanuddin et al
system. Report on the numbcr of the
2004) were used as the starting point. Simple questionnaires were used as aguideline forthe survey. Some interviews
housing system has been variable. Puspadi
al
(2003) suggested that the number on Lombok is 477 while some officials quote a number of up to more than 1000. A further survey was thus carried out et
simultaneously on this aspect for verification. The objectives ofthis study are:
1.
To identifu the current number,
location and profile of the collective system
2. To update available information on Bali
3.
other cattle
production on Lombok To incorporate more details from results of previous survey on
technique. The data obtained from ,
with relevant authorities, extension qpecialist and some extension officers were
also carried out to gather specific infonnation related to existence and role of the collective housing systems. Data were tabulated descriptively and nonscaled maps showing the number and location of extension officers, cattle collective housing, livestock market and other relevant infrastructure such as government service centers such as abattoir, were drawn based on the survey results.
RESULTS
collective housing system conducted in2004,especially in relation to the use ofthe system
1.
for capacity building
Farmers group is often considered the same as the collective housing system while they are in fact different. Collective housing system may be part of a farmers group but some may be run or organized independently. This iswhythere has been
and
technologytransfer.
4.
To establish a map showing
locations of infrastructure
available for Bali cattle development on Lombok,
Farmergroups
503
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Jurnal llmu dan Teknologi Peternakan volume 2 (2) Desember 2008
quoted number [ome inconsistency inthe of existing collective housing system on than 500 [.ombok. Some quoted less 1000' than while others estimatedmore
Tabte
The number of farmer grodg's.fQr each "
pommodity registered 6Y Dinas Peternakan NTB is Pres'ented in Table
1.
i. Nurnber ofregistered fimer gloup Mataram
CommoditY
West Lombok
by district
Central
i1Lombok.
East
Lombok Lombok
Total 280 l1
104
28
48
100
Forage
0
7
4
Cattle
15
136
Buffalo
0
10
142 t44 7724
Goats
0
8
55
27
0
2
)
5
10
JlJ
28s
852
Villaee chicken
Duck Total
43
They are classified into
Pe
211
mula @egSnn'ers,
Lanj ut (pre-intermediate, Mady a (intermediat e, 6 .7 Yo) ar'd
59 .4o/o), 3 2 .7
o/o),
[Jtama (advanced, 1.2%). However, no study has been carried out to evaluate
whetherall ofthem are still active ornot'
2. Collective housing
437 90
90% of the collective housing units for cattle have been identified.
a, Number, classification
and
geographic distribution
The number and geograPhic dishibution of collective housing system in Lombok is presented by district in Thble 2 and by sub-district in map 1. Database on
sYstem
In addition of the 303 collective housing system surveyed in 2004, this
profi.le ofall collectivehousingunits arestored
survey identified another 475 unis making the total number of 778 units distributed in most sub-districts on Lombok. Due to some difficulties to locate units in some
Size ofthe group (numberofmember) varies
widely from 5 to more than 61 but the majority is intherange of 10-30 members
start
define that a group should have at least 10
from, there may be a small number of collective housing were not identified'
members but for future develoPment consideration, groups with at least 5
However, the team is confidentthat at least
members werc identified in ttris survey.
remote areas or
lackofffirmationto
inexcelfiles.
(see Table 2). Dinas Petemakan
ffirmally
Table2.Collective housing units according to number of members in Lombok
Dstrict
Number of member 60 5
5 3
13
Total 324
210 220 754
Jurnal limu dqn Teknologi Peternakan Volume 2 (2) Desember 2008
intomainlyfauening,mainlybreedingand of production, the mix of breeding and fattening. collectivehousingunitscanbeclassified Based oir purpose
Table 3. Number of collective housing system based on purpose of production in Lombok
t
\ilest
I
I
otai number
Lombok
I
Centrai Lombok t94
I o^t l,ombok
I
Lcmboh
t27
Mainlv breeding Mainlv fattenins
165
27
IO
39
76
N4ix (breeding and fattening)
t32
22
62
216
Total
324
226
228
778
the numberofcattle may change in
b. Profiles The profiles of collectiv6 housing
systen'i according
486
to
purpose of
production are presented in Tables 4 and
5. Some groups, especially
those
specialized in fattening, are very dymamic,
avery short time due to a quick turn-over of cattle in the groups. This may be due to selling of finished fattening bulls or necessity to sell any cattle for emergency, both for the owner's or the keeper's immediate needs.
Table 4. Profile of collective housing with fattening as the main business East
I-ombok
Central Lombok
Averap.e number of member
21.2
19.5
l0.l
r6.9
Average number of bulls
22.7
43.0
14.1
26.6
Average number of young bulls
5.5
19.6
3.1
).4
Average total number of cattle Avera e ownership per farmer
29.8
6.1
17.8
)7.9
1.4
3.4
1.8
7".2
Fattening as the main business
West
Lombok
Lombok
Table 5. Profile of collective housing with breeding as the main business
Breeding as the main business Total srouos with no bulls Average number of member Average number of bulls Average number of cows Averase number of heifers Averase number of vouns bulls Average number of male calves Average number of female calves Averase total number of cattle Averase ownershin oer farmer
East
s9
Central Lombok )0
t1
200
19.9
19.7
14.4
18.0
1.3
1.0
1.2
1.1
22.s
tt.2
16.6
20.1
5.4
{.0
3.8
4.4
3.5
1.5
1.6
2.5
4 .8
5.0
3.4
4 .4
5.5
6.9
3.8
5.4
42.9
N0.4
29.8
37.7
z.t
2.1
West
[,ombok
2.2
I
Lombok
Lombok
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Jurnal llmu dan Teknologi Peternakan volume 2 (2) Desember 2008
units by sub-districts in Lombok Figure l. Distribution of cattle collective housing
tr^
t A
\A
\ \)^r \\
AA A
:Y:tr
"1"
a
]qunnrim @
troruia 3ruurl
Q $
o*o"n
A
t-i"er,*r Catdc
m*u
Fcst l-5 sils ff bs\l
AA A A
-a
inLombok Figure 2. Distribution of cattle populationby sub'districts
s\
W%
ilx
50ff)
hd,
Ap1nlt lrxJo h8d!
A?Ftr $O had! I
ApF
rx $o hedt
\b"1-\F$
?ss: *qis
",T-un
506
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Jurnal llmu dan Teknologi Peternakan Volume 2 (2) Desember 2008
c.
Role of collective housing system
security and sanitation (Table 6), even
on Bali cattle developnaent
though a limited number of groups are also use the system to facilitate group
In the previous survey covering 303
coordination. This group coordination
coiiective housing units in Lonrbok (Dahlanuddtn et al .,2004), it w'as
is mainly for scheduling night guarding
collective effort to maintain sanitary
identified that the purpose of establishing
condition.
collective pens are mairly for maintaining Table 6. The purpose of establishing the collective housing system in Lombok
Purpose
Resnonse
'
Yes
No
Total
215
28
303
237
66
303
To facilitate livestock stu"veiil ance/ observation
53
250
303
To foster togethemess
9
294
303
To follow village custom/rule
8
295
303
To promote compos production Due to govemment recommendati oruassistance
8
295
303
7
296
303
To facilitate ffoup boordination
5
298
303
'f o r:r,aintain
s
ecurifi,
l'o improve sanitation
Only few activiti-es in the coilective
used as a base
for improving
housing system are directedto improving
knowledge and skills of the farmers on
fatmers' awareness to improve productirrity
Bali cattle production. Some groups
for example ttrrough technology adoption.
have received external assistance from
Only 4 groups carry out regular meeting
some relevant
and only 4 are active in composting. These
government departments, especially Dinas
collective housing systems have not been
Peternakan (Table 7),
507
Jurnal llmu dan Teknologi Peternakan Volume 2 (2) Desember 2008
have S}o/oofthe calves andthe other 50%
group. [s revolvedto other member ofthe In central Lombok, a different scheme is [ppfied. The selected farmer is entitled to leceive the first weaned calf, and then the corv (once pregnant) should be revolved
another member of the group. In this scherre, the farmer pays a small amount of fee which will be used as operational
lto
fi.rnds and group saving.
DISCUSSION The oollective housing units diStributed aroturd all areas of Lombck island but do not always closely related to the number of cattle (compare map 1 and map 2). For
example, Pujut sub-district in central Lombok has thehighest cattle population, but number of collective housing unit is among the smallest. This is probably related to the avaiiability of 'gazing' areas and long distance between households in this area that make it difficult to interact with each other inthe collective system. On the other hand, Praya Tengah subdistrict (Central Lombok) has only about 4000 cattle but in this relatively small sub-
district, the number of collective housing units is the highest. This indicates the necessity to collectively house the cattle due to pressure on sectrity (cattle stealing) and limited land area for tethering in this sub-district. The collective housing qysterns have long been established based on common
interest by farmers to maintain security against cattle stealing and to maintain village sanitation. Govemment intervention
to improve this excellent communitydeveloped production system so far is still limited to provision of shared cattle e.g. the BLM scheme (direct community loan
assistance). With the increasing pressure
on land use and security problem, the collective housing system will most likely to be a solution for sma'llholders in Lombok and otherareas in Indonesia. Tnis suecessfirl communif initiative has not been communicated and interpreted sufficiently to poiicy makers to form a profitable and sustainable development program to improve Bali qattle production in Lombok. A Re s e arc h
- Program Training
Triangle
interaction described by Beaudry 0999) is recommended to make use of existing knowledge (e.g. ACIAR integrated management system demonstrated in Kelebuh) to improve the system and to develop additional knowledge to improve the impact ofprogram onthe community wellbeing. Inthe BLM scheme, the goverrunent provides technical assistance only in the first year to the selected group receiving BLM. The performance ofthe group from the second year onward may be affected due to lack oftechnical assistance. To
overcome this problem, available extension officers should be ftrther fained
on Bali cattle production system and deployed to the BLM groups to do regular extension and group empowernent. This will ensure the success and sustainability ofthe scheme. A significant number of collective breeding groups (200 groups) have no bulls. Farmers are reluctantto keep bulls, especially in dry areas where breeding is more prevalence, because it is less profitable than keeping cows. This is most
likely to affect reproductive effrciency of the cows because farmers rely from bulls from other groups or even from other village for mating. The goups rnay benefit
509
2008 Jurnal llmu dan Tbknologi Peternakan I'blume 2 (2) Desember
of selected fiom AI service but provision will ensure high calf lbulls to these groups crop as has been demonstrated in the' fielebuh site of ACIAR 103 Project (Poppi ei al ..2A0q.The selected bull in this group is kePt bY a member who receives payment for every mating both from cows within and outside the group' It is recommended that the government provide seleci.ed bulls to these groups through a revolving fund prdjects such as BPLMproject.
Acknowledgement
4
This survey was firnded by theAustralia:i
Center for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). The authors thank Dinas Petemakan and BPTP NTB for the support and facilitation during the implementation of the survey.
References 999). Oppornrnities for the Summil Improving the practice of public nutrition. ln Scaling UP
Beaudry, Micheline
Scaling Down
510
(I
-
Overcoming
Malnutrition in
DeveloPing
Countrie s .Thomas J. Machione (Ed)'
Overseas Publishers Association. Netherland s. P P. 243 -267 Dahlanuddrn, I{uzani, A., Lia Hadiar'vati and Bulu, J.G (2004). Current profiles ofcollective housing systems for Bali cattle production in Lombok and Sumbawa. ACIAR AS2l2000l 103 project lePort. Dinas Peternakan NTB (2005). Laporan Perkembangan BPLM.
Poppi, D.P,Fordyce, G, Panjaitan, T, Dahlariuddin, Mashur andA. Muzani
(2004). Develcping an integrated development package for bali cattle in eastern isiand of Indonesia.
ACAR
ASZl200Al 1 03 Final RePort.
Puspadi, K., Muzani, A dan Bulu. J.G (2003). Dinamika dan Pemtrerdayaan Kelembagaan Tani
Merrunjang Usaha Agribisnis Berkerakyatan Kasus di Pulau Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Unpublished
