3/12/2008. 1. KONTRAK BELAJAR. Kehadiran minimal 80%. Datang tepat waktu
09.00 toleransi 15 menit. TLTG. 1. Berpakaian rapi dan tidak memakai sandal.
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KONTRAK BELAJAR
Perkuliahan • UTS : Close book (40%) • UAS : Open book (50%) • TUGAS : email dan hardcopy (10%)
Kehadiran minimal 80%
Datang tepat waktu 09.00 toleransi 15 menit
Berpakaian rapi dan tidak memakai sandal
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Tidak mengganggu proses belajar dan mengajar
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– Mingguan : browsing internet dan sumber lain – Satu semester dimulai dari setelah UTS sampai sebelum UAS – Persentasi
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Pustaka • Bank Dunia, Modul PAB & S, 1981‐1990 • Duncan Mara, Water, Waste and Health in Hot Climate. y , pp p • University of Oklahoma, Appropriate methods of Treating Water and Wastewater in Developing Countries. • Website • Modul Ditjen Cipta Karya Dept. PU TLTG • dll
Pendahuluan
TLTG
Dr. Tresna Dermawan Kunaefi Suharyanto, ST. MT. Suphia Rahmawati, MT.
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Definisi TLTG
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Definisi TLTG
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Technology that is appropriate to the environmental, cultural and economic situation it is intended for.
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An appropriate technology, in this sense, typically requires less resources, which means lower cost and less impact on the environment. 6
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Definisi TLTG
Ciri‐ciri TLTG Efektif (melayani sepanjang tahun
Labor‐intensive solutions are usually preferred to capital‐intensive ones, although labor‐saving devices are also important where this does not mean high capital or maintenance cost mean high capital or maintenance cost.
Menyenangkan Dapat diterima pemakai Menggunakan bahan lokal
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In practice, it is often something that might be described as using the simplest and most benign level of technology that can effectively achieve the intended purpose in a particular location.
Mudah dirawat Dapat ditingkatkan
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Harga terjangkau
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Latar Belakang
Tujuan
Berbagai aktivitas menghasilkan berbagai macam limbah yang apabila tidak ditangani dengan baik akan membahayakan lingkungan maupun kesehatan. kesehatan
Membuat sistem penyediaan air bersih dan sanitasi yang aman, tepat sasaran dan digunakan masyarakat
ANCAMAN KESEHATAN Dampak limbah padat: Estetik, bau, attracting hewan, lindi, penyumbatan saluran drainase
Meningkatkan derajat kesehatan masyarakat TLTG 1 9
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Low‐cost water supply & sanitation
Teknologi Lingkungan Tepat Guna Why important? TEKNIS (Rekayasa vs Manajemen
INSTITUSI, KEUANGAN (Finansial vs Ekonomi)
PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT
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Low‐cost water supply & sanitation
Water supply and sanitation (WHO, 1996)
Water Supply Vs Sanitation
5 Popullation (billion)
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1990
SAFE WATER?
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PROPER SANITATION
1994 2000
4 3 2 1
1990 1994 2000
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The negative (economic) impact of inadequate sanitation Health aspects: • Diseases • Mortality
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Economic aspects: • Loss of fish life (BOD, COD>>) • Loss of recreational f l /touristic potential • Fall in land value • Eutrophication • Increased water treatment costs (>90%... Highly expensive)
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Recognition of the disadvantages of conventional systems
Barriers to sanitation improvements • • • • • • • • •
Lack of political will Low prestige and recognition Poor institutional framework Inadequate and poorly used resources Inappropriate approaches (local needs? Socio‐eco context? Urban vs rural? Recognition of the disadvantages of conventional system Neglect of consumer preferences Ineffective community communication Selection of the wrong target groups
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The collection and transport of human excreta (conventional sewerage) has been usefully employed in many parts) Nevertheless, disadvantages: unit cost, volume of water for carriage, energy needs to treat (Physico‐chemical biological aerobic/anaerobic treatment) aerobic/anaerobic treatment). Conventional sewerage is often considered a non‐sustainable technology because of the high‐energy costs involved for transportation and treatment, substantial loss of valuable nutrients for agricultural irrigation or aquaculture.
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On‐site and offsite facilities
Dry and Wet sanitation systems URBAN
• On‐site facilities
WET OFF‐SITE SANITATION
DRY OFF‐SITE SANITATION
– most cost effective (+), density>>(‐) – Increased water supply: water put to waste >> might exceed the local infiltration potential of pits, or create substantial groundwater pollution with nitrates and/or coliforms – Groundwater pollution by on‐site sanitation? • Hand dug wells: 140 mg/l nitrate concentration • Piezometres: 200 mg/l • Auger holes: 40 mg/l
DRY ON‐SITE SANITATION
• Offsite treatment facilities
WET ON‐SITE SANITATION
RURAL
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WELL
HAND PUMP
STAND POST
HOUSE CONECTION
SPECIFIC WATER CONSUMPTION 19
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Sustainable sanitation • • • • •
Sustainable sanitation
the production of waste flows: ? the recycling, reuse or recovery, of resources: ? the transportation of waste flows: ? mixing various waste streams together:? mixing various waste streams together:? local resources and avoid reliance on import: ?
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• the production of waste flows: Prevent! • the recycling, reuse or recovery, of resources: Maximize! the transportation of waste flows: Minimize! • the transportation of waste flows: Minimize! • mixing various waste streams together: Avoid! • local resources and avoid reliance on import: Use! TLTG 1
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Selection of sanitation technology Sanitation system:
Selection of sanitation technology
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Pit latrines Pour‐flush toilets Sewered pour‐flush toilets Vault toilets and vacuum trucks p y Septic tanks and soakaways Conventional sewerage
Urban Application 1/2 (?) 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 / 1/2 1: suitable 2: not suitable
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Selection of sanitation technology
Selection of sanitation technology Sanitation system: • • • • • •
Rural Application
Pit latrines Pour‐flush toilets Sewered pour‐flush toilets Vault toilets and vacuum trucks Septic tanks and soakaways Conventional sewerage Conventional sewerage
Sanitation system:
? ? ? ? ? ?
• • • • • •
1: not in high‐density areas 2: suitable 3: suitable where vehicle access and maintenance available 4: suitable in low‐density areas 5: suitable where affordable
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Water requirement
Pit latrines Pour‐flush toilets Sewered pour‐flush toilets Vault toilets and vacuum trucks p y Septic tanks and soakaways Conventional sewerage
? ? ? ? ? ?
1: None 2: Water near toilet 3: Water piped to house 4: Water piped to toilet
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Pemilihan Teknologi Sanitasi
Selection of sanitation technology Sanitation system:
(Untuk pelayanan air bersih dengan sambungan langsung)
Soil conditions required
Apakah saluran air buangan berdiameter SALURAN AIR kecil lebih murah BUANGAN daripada perpipaan BERDIAMETER YA konvensional? KECIL
TIDAK
• • • • • •
Pit latrines Pour‐flush toilets Sewered pour‐flush toilets Vault toilets and vacuum trucks p y Septic tanks and soakaways Conventional sewerage
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Apakah tanah cukup porus untuk menjamin berfungsinya tangki septik dan bidang resapan?
TIDAK TIDAK
Dapatkah konsumsi air dikurangi i dik i sehingga sanitasi setempat dapat dibangun?
? ?
TIDAK
PERPIPAAN KONVENSIONAL
YA
YA TIDAK
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Apakah lahancukup luas untuk tangki septik dan bidang resapan
YA
Apakah tangki septik dan bidang resapan lebih murahdaripada saluran air buangan berdiameter kecil?
TANGKI SEPTIK DAN BIDANG RESAPAN
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TUGAS ONSITE SANITATION
OFFSITE SANITATION
KEUNTUNGAN KERUGIAN
1. Buat 1 B t dalam d l satu t lembar l b 2. Pemaparan singkat (poin‐poinnya saja) 3. Dikirimkan ke alamat email
[email protected]
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