Kriang clause structure: Active (dynamic) events

6 February 2018 Kriang Clauses

Kriang Stative/nonDynamic Clauses and Standard Negation Thomas M. Tehan Payap University Research Symposium February 2018 (10 minute version)

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Kriang Clauses

• Kriang language [ISO 639-3 code: ngt] • Austroasiatic, Katuic. • Located in 25 villages in primarily in Xekong province, scattered communities elsewhere. • A 2005 census reports a population of 12,900, with 9,030 monolinguals. • Both Lao and Latin scripts / orthography. • EGIDS status of language vitality is 6a ‘vigorous’

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Kriang is a language of Laos

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Wikipedia Lao Provinces

Kriang Clauses

S/Xekong province https://en.wiki pedia.org/wiki /Laos

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ເຊກອງ

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Kriang Clauses

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Kriang Clauses

• the order is AVP/SV (SVO), • fixed argument position • In general SVO languages have prepositions, as does Kriang. • Most AA languages exhibit this basic word order, although there is some variation

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Word order determines grammatical functions

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• Negation

• Simple non-dynamic clauses • Attributive • Equative • Locative • Existential • Possessive

Kriang Clauses

• Simple dynamic/event clauses review

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Outline

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Kriang Clauses

• 1. Intransitive Clause: [SUB V ( NPLoc) ]S . • (1) cɛ̆ʔ koːɲ kʰɐmlăŋ pĭ̤ʔ • child male CONT lie • Free: The boy is sleeping.

• (2) cɐkɛː tɐrti̤ːc

tɐrriːŋ edge

• dog run • Free: The dog ran to the forest.

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Kriang Intransitive clause

tɐrrɨ̆m forest

• Sometimes LOC is a PP and sometimes an NP.

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• The VP is the transitive Verb kɔ̆h ‘chop’.

• (10) koːɲ kɔ̆h ndɔːŋ • male cut,chop wood • Free: The man chops wood.

Kriang Clauses

• 2. Transitive Clause: [SUB V OBJ (Prep NP)PPLOC]S

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Transitive clause

• first argument, the Subject (Agent) is the N koːɲ ‘man’, and • the second argument, the Object (Patient) of the transitive clause, is N ndɔːŋ ‘wood’. 8

(1)

DSA:6

ɲĕ̤ʔ

jɨ̤̆h

not

heal, get better

Kriang Clauses

• Simple event clauses are negated with the particle ɲĕ̤ʔ ‘not’ preceding the verb. Example 1 below illustrates the negation of an intransitive clause.

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Negating an intransitive clause

• Free: ‘She did not get better.’

• [SUB (NEG) V ( NPLoc) ]S

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• : [SUB (NEG) V OBJ (Prep NP)PPLOC]S ( 2 )

GE II: 14 4

kăw ɲĕ̤ʔ kɔ̆ʔ I

nɨ̆ŋ dŏ̤ŋ dɔ̆ŋ ʔaː krĭ̤h kəːt any not extend more house CAUS it big able

• Free: ‘I'm not going to build an addition onto my house anymore.’ (he changed his mind) • Simple event clauses are negated with the particle ɲĕ̤ ʔ ‘not’ preceding the verb.

Kriang Clauses

• Example (2) is a negation of a transitive clause.

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Negating a transitive clause

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Kriang Clauses

• The most basic attributive clause in Kriang consists of subject followed by an attributive predicate. • 1. Attributive Clause: [NPSUB AdjPred]S , • where the NP can be a simple modified NP or a Pronoun.

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Attributive clause

(4)

GE1:6

cɐnnăk cɛ̆ʔ tŏʔ body child hot

• Free: ‘The boy's body is hot.’

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ʔɔː 3S

nṳ̆m young

• Free: ‘He is young.’

(6)

GE2:46

pɐrlɔ̆h door

ʔaː tɐrpɛ̆h 3sg open

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GE1:41

Kriang Clauses

(5)

• Free: ‘The door, it is open.’ 12

(13)

GE2:84

ŋi̤ːn wind

pră̤h sky

ɲĕ̤ʔ not

pĕ̤h strong

• Free: ‘The wind is not strong.’ (14)

GE2:74

kɐllŏŋ ndɔːŋ vegetables

Kriang Clauses

• Example (13) could be paraphrased as ‘The wind blows gently’. However, the structure is a NP subject ŋi̤ːn pră̤h ‘wind’ and a negated attributive predicate ɲĕ̤ʔ pĕ̤h ‘not strong’.

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Negation of Attributive Clause

ɲĕ̤ʔ ka̤ː pəːŋ not expensive at all

• Free: ‘Vegetables are not expensive at all.’ • An example of a negated attributive clause with a quantifier

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Kriang Clauses

• In Kriang simple attributive clauses • [(ADVTIME) NPSUB (NEG) AdjPred (ADVDEGREE) (PART)ASPECT]S, • adjectival-like element as the attributive predicate and • no copula is required. • The negative precedes the adjective.

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Attributive clauses

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• an equative clause predicate has a “nounish” quality, often expressed as a NP. • 2. Equative clause: [NPSUB COP1 NPOBJ]S . GE1:44

ʔɔː 3S

kəːt be

kʰuː teacher

Kriang Clauses

(15)

• Free: ’He/she is a teacher.’ (16) GE1:46

nno̤ː friend

tɐrhɔːp close

• Free: ‘My closest friend is Achiuq.’

kəːt ʔɐciwˀ be Achiuq

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Equative clause

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(19)

GE2:9 9

kɐjɨ̆k husband

kăw ʔɔː I 3S

dĕ̤n this

• Free: ‘This is my husband.’ (20)

GE2:100

ʔɔː 3S

• Free: ‘This is my wife.’

dĕ̤n this

Kriang Clauses

• For demonstratives, no copula appears to be needed, and the order of the first NP and the second NP does not affect grammaticality.

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Equative clauses with demonstratives as one of the arguments

kɐdi̤al kăw wife I 16

(18)

GE2:6

hɐmaː bat

ɲĕ̤ʔ kəːt not be

ciːm bird

• Free: ‘A bat is not a bird.’ • equative clause closely resembles the SVO structure of transitive event clauses [NP COP1 NPOBJ ]S. • However, equative clauses with a demonstrative argument resemble attributive clauses in not having a copula. • An equative clause is negated by placing ɲĕ̤ʔ ‘not’ before the copula. [NP (NEG) COP1 NPOBJ ]S

Kriang Clauses

• An equative clause is negated by placing ɲĕ̤ʔ ‘not’ before the copula ‘is’, as in example 18.

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Negated equative clause

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(24)

GE1:38

ʔi̤ːk ʔăt

pig

kɐllṳ̆ŋ suan

be.at in

Kriang Clauses

• A locative clause in Kriang uses a different copula than attributive clauses as in the schema below. • 3. Locative Clause: [NPSUB COP2 PPLOC]S .

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Locative clause

garden

• Free: ‘The pig is in the garden.’ • Example (24) has the subject ʔi̤ːk ‘the pig’ connected to the location kɐllṳ̆ŋ suan ‘in the garden’ by the locative copula ʔăt ‘be.at’.

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• 2. contrast between a copula and no overt linking term, i.e. a “zero copula”, (e.g. Micronesian and Papuan languages) and • 3. a contrast between a verbal (copular) pattern for locatives and a nonverbal pattern where the predicate nominal functions as a verb (e.g. some Philippine languages).

Kriang Clauses

• a share-language = the same encoding strategy for locational predications is (or can be) used for nominal predications, and • a split-language = the encoding strategies for the two constructions must be different. • the SEAsia and East Asia regions usually split-languages. • Different types of split are possible: • 1. different lexical verbs for the two types (e.g. Chinese),

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Patterns in equative and locative clauses – comparison to other languages.

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• Kriang is a split language of the first type, • different copula for equative (kəːt ‘be’) and • locative (ʔăt ‘be.at) clauses. • In addition, Kriang uses a different copula for existential clauses (existential wi̤ː ‘be, exist’). Stassen

Kriang Clauses

• a split-language = the encoding strategies for the two constructions must be differen”. • Different types of split: 1. different lexical verbs for the two types (e.g. Chinese, Spanish, Irish), …

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Kriang is a split language of the first type.

(1997, 2013b).

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(26)

GE1:32

wi̤ː kruːŋ mə̤ːjˀ taːŋ exist forest one CLF for land

• Free: ’There is a forest.’ • In example (26), kruːŋ mə̤ːjˀ taːŋ ‘a forest’ is posited to exist with the existential copula wi̤ː ‘be, exist’. • Also the classifier phrase here implies raising a new topic in this sentence—useful for presentational sentences.

Kriang Clauses

• An existential clause in Kriang consists of the copula wi̤ː ‘exist, have’ plus a NP indicating the main argument. • 4. Existential clause: [COP3 NPSUB]S .

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Existential clause

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(27)

GE1:3 7

ʔɔː 3S

be̤ːn prăʔ (ŋʔɔː) măj get money POSS 2S

• Free: ‘He gets/has your money.’ • In example (27), the main verb is be̤ːn ‘get’, is not the typical verb for unmarked possessive clauses.

Kriang Clauses

• Possession can also be expressed in a possessive NP. • Kriang possessive NPs have optional dependent marking using the word ŋʔɔː, as in example (27). • Kriang does not use affixes to indicate possession. A grammaticalized function of ŋʔɔː, 3S = ‘his/hers/its’.

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Possession (NP poss. first)

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(2 8)

GE1: 36

cṳ̆m

ŋaːj wi̤ː

cɛ̆ʔ

səːŋ năʔ

Kriang Clauses

• A possessive clause in Kriang essentially uses the same SOV structure as a transitive clause. It typically uses the same COP wi̤ː ‘have’ as does an existential clause. A Kriang possessive clause consists of: • 5. Possessive Clause: [NPSUB COP3 NPOBJ]S , where the COP3 is wi̤ː ‘have’.

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Possessive clause

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group they have child five CLF • Free: ‘They have five children.’ 23

(2 9)

GE1:1 09

ci̤ː / hɛː ɲĕ̤ʔ cɨ̆k cɛ̆ʔ we (excl) we (incl) not there is child

• Free: ‘We have no children.’ • The predicate consists of the negative particle ɲĕ̤ʔ ‘not’ plus the negative existential copula cɨk̆ ‘there is/are’.

Kriang Clauses

• However, to negate the proposition ‘we have a child’, an existential construction is negated with a word-for-word gloss of ‘(to) us—there is not a child’. The typical negative ɲĕ̤ʔ ‘not’ and a different existential negative copula cɨ̆k ‘there is/are’ is used than the positive existential clause.

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Negated possession (existential) clauses

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(30)

GE2 :67

ɲĕ̤ʔ cɨ̆k

ʔɐmɛ̆h

ʔaː

not there is something it

krăj

cheap

Kriang Clauses

• The predicate consists of the negative particle ɲĕ̤ʔ ‘not’ plus the negative existential copula cɨk̆ ‘there is/are’. The same structure is used for negated existential clauses, as in the next example.

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Negated existential clauses

• Free: ‘There is not something (that is) cheap. / Nothing is cheap. • Example (30) is a negated existential clause, so there is no possessor as in example 29. Instead the non-existence of something is posited. The predicate consists of the negative particle ɲĕ̤ʔ ‘not’ plus the negative existential copula cɨk̆ ‘there is/are’. 25

Kriang Clauses

• Kriang employs a typical negation structure to negate clauses and sentences. • Typical: the contextually free elements of the clause are negated, and • the negator is placed before those contextually free elements at the boundary with the contextually bound elements (Payne 1985, pp. 198-200, 206). • Kriang places an invariant negative particle before the verb as is common with SVO (i.e. SV, AVP) languages (Payne 1985, pp. 222, 224, 228).

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Summary: some generalizations

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6 February 2018 Kriang Clauses

• Only one negator ɲe̤ ʔ ‘not’ has been identified so far. • Event clauses can be negated with the particle ɲe̤ʔ ‘not’ -- structures S NEG V and A NEG V P. • The Kriang attributive clause -- structure S Attrib; • no copula, negator before the predicate. • The Kriang equative, locative and existential clauses each use different copulas, kəːt ‘be’, ʔăt ‘be.at’ and wi̤ː ‘exist’. • Existential clauses and possessive clauses use the same copula (or verb) kəːt. • Negator immediately before the copula. • Negative existential and possessive clauses use a different verb than their positive counterparts.

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Kriang Clauses

• Gehrmann, Ryan. 2015. Vowel Height and Register Assignment in Katuic. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 8. 56-70. http://pacling.anu.edu.au/series/SEALSPDFs/gehrmann2015vowel.pdf • Gehrmann, Ryan. 2017. The historical phonology of Kriang, a Katuic language. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 10.1. 114-139. https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/52402/1/08_Gehrmann2017histo rical.pdf • Gehrmann, Ryan & Johanna Conver. 2015. Katuic phonological features. Mon-Khmer Studies 44: lv-lxvii. • Payne, John R. (1985). Negation. In Language typology and syntactic description. Vol 1. Clause structure, ed. Timothy Shopen. 197-242. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. • Stassen, Leon. 2006. Nonverbal predication. Nijmegen: University of Nijmegen Press • Stassen, Leon. 2013a. Predicative Adjectives. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/118 , Accessed on 2017-08-31.) • Stassen, Leon. 2013b. Nominal and Locational Predication. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/119 , Accessed on 2017-08-31.) • Tehan, Thomas M. (2017). “Kriang clause structure: Active (dynamic) events.” Proceedings of the Payap University Research Symposium 2017, Chiang Mai, 10 February 2017, Payap University: Research and Academic Service Affairs, 593-607. https://ic.payap.ac.th/international-graduate/linguistics-ma/symposium/

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References

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