Calcite crystals covered with Ti rod or Au film is hold in a crystal cell and set in a crystal sonde. The crystal ... and acts as a cap rock for the geothermal reservoir.
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
(QHUJ\ 3URFHGLD
(QHUJ\3URFHGLD ± Energy Procedia 1 (2009) 3669–3674
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia ZZZHOVHYLHUFRPORFDWH;;;
*+*7
/DERUDWRU\DQGILHOGWHVWVRI&2ZDWHULQMHFWLRQ LQWRWKH2JDFKLKRWGU\URFNVLWH-DSDQ $NLUD8HGDD @ 8HGDHWDO>@ ,QULYHUZDWHUVKDGEHHQFRQWLQXRXVO\LQMHFWHG /PLQ03D LQWR DQLQMHFWLRQZHOO 2*& DQGSURGXFHG /PLQ IURPDSURGFXWLRQZHOO 2*& GXULQJWKHH[SHULPHQW ZHHNV $IWHUWKHIOXLGIORZUDWHEHFDPHFRQVWDQW&2GLVVROYHGZDWHU ZW ZDVLQMHFWHGZLWKWUDFHUV ., NJ/DQGXUDQLQH JP 7KHIOXLGVIURP2*&ZHUHJHRFKHPLFDOO\PRQLWRUHGIRUWKHLULVRWRSHDQG FKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQV7KHILQDORXWSXWWHPSHUDWXUHDWWKH2*&ZHOOVLWHLV͠,QWKLVILHOGH[SHULPHQW ZHFRXOGQRWGLVFXVVWKHIL[DWLRQUDWHRI&2DVFDUERQDWHGXHWRWKHKLJKGLOXWLRQUDWHZLWKUHVHUYRLUIOXLGVDV PHQWLRQHGODWHU ,Q&2GLVVROYHGZDWHU ULYHUZDWHUZLWKGU\LFH ZDVGLUHFWO\LQMHFWHGLQWR2*& )LJ 5XQ IURP 6HSWHPEHUQGWR WK DQG5XQ IURP6HSWHPEHUWKWRWK 6HYHUDOWUDFHUVZHUHDOVRLQMHFWHGDWWKHVDPH WLPH:DWHUVDPSOHVDUHFROOHFWHGDWWKHGHSWKRIFDPE\DVDPSOHU POLQYROXPH DQGPRQLWRUHGIRUWKHLU FKHPLFDODQGLVRWRSLFFRPSRVLWLRQV Ǭ'Ǭ2Ǭ&&2 'XULQJWKH5XQH[SHULPHQWULYHUZDWHUZDVLQMHFWHG LQWR2*&DWGD\VDIWHULQMHFWLRQRI&2ZDWHULQWR2*& 'XULQJWKHILHOGH[SHULPHQWVGLVVROXWLRQRUSUHFLSLWDWLRQUDWHVRIFDOFLWHZHUHGHWHUPLQHGE\XVLQJDWHFKQLTXH RI³LQVLWHDQDO\VHV´ 6DWRKHWDO>@ &DOFLWHFU\VWDOVFRYHUHGZLWK7LURGRU$XILOPLVKROGLQDFU\VWDOFHOODQG VHWLQDFU\VWDOVRQGH7KHFU\VWDOVRQGHLVWKHQSXWLQWR2*&DQGZDWHUVDPSOHVDWWKHFHUWDLQGHSWKLVLQWURGXFHG LQWRWKHVRQGH$IWHUKRXUWKHVRQGHLVUHFRYHUHGDQGWKHFDOFLWHFU\VWDOLVREVHUYHGE\DQHZO\GHYHORSHGSKDVH VKLIWLQWHUIHURPHWHU 8HGDHWDO>@ 6DWRKHWDO>@ WRDQDO\]HWKHGLVVROXWLRQRUSUHFLSLWDWLRQUDWHVRIFDOFLWHIURP WKHUHVHUYRLUIOXLGV
3672
A. Ueda et al. / Energy Procedia 1 (2009) 3669–3674 $XWKRUQDPH(QHUJ\3URFHGLD ±
㪠㫅㫁㪼㫏㪺㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫆㪽㩷㪚㪦㪉㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㫉㫀㫍㪼㫉㩷㫎㪸㫋㪼㫉
㪩㫀㫍㪼㫉㩷㫎㪸㫋㪼㫉㩷 㩿㪍㫄㪊㪀
&DVLQJ
P
㪩㫆㪺㫂㪆㫎㪸㫋㪼㫉㩷 㫀㫅㫋㪼㫉㪸㪺㫋㫀㫆㫅
㪚㪦㪉䋫㪩㫀㫍㪼㫉㩷 㫎㪸㫋㪼㫉㩷㩿㪌㫄㪊㪀
㪚㪸 &2 ZW P
)LJ&2ZDWHULQMHFWLRQWHVWDW2*&LQ 5HVXOWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQ 7HVWLQ 'XULQJWKHH[SHULPHQWVLQ IORZWHVW PDMRUFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQVRIIOXLGVFROOHFWHGDWWKHZHOOVLWHRI 2*&DUHPRQLWRUHG7KHWUDFHUVDUHILUVWGHWHFWHGDWKRXUVDIWHUWKHLQMHFWLRQDQGVKRZHGWKHPD[LPXP FRQFHQWUDWLRQDWKRXUV7KHGLOXWLRQUDWHVRIWKHREVHUYHGWRLQMHFWHGFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRIWZRWUDFHUV .,DQG XUDQLQH DUHFDOFXODWHGWREHîDQGîUHVSHFWLYHO\&2FRQFHQWUDWLRQVLQWKHIOXLGVYDULHGIURPWR PJ/ZLWKWLPHDQGVKRZHGQRFRUUHODWLRQZLWKWKRVHRIWKHWUDFHUV7KLVLVGXHWRWKHKLJKGLOXWLRQUDWHZLWK UHVHUYRLUIOXLGV,QWKLVILHOGH[SHULPHQWZHFRXOGQRWGLVFXVVWKHIL[DWLRQUDWHRI&2DVFDUERQDWH 7HVWLQ $IWHULQMHFWLRQRI&2ZDWHUWKHWUDFHUFRQFHQWUDWLRQVGHFUHDVHZLWKWKHHODSVHGWLPH )LJ ,WLVQRWHGWKDWWKH EHKDYLRURIQDWXUDOWUDFHUVVXFKDV&OǬ'DQGǬ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ǴJ/ZLWKWKHHODSVHGWLPH)URP)LJWKHIUDFWLRQRIWKHLQMHFWHG&2ZDWHU ZW&2 LVDOPRVW]HUR7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHLQMHFWHGZDWHUZDVFRPSOHWHO\GLOXWHGZLWKWKHUHVHUYRLUIOXLG7KH FDOFXODWHG&2FRQFHQWUDWLRQVYDU\IURP WRPJ/ )LJ )URPWKHFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQVRIZDWHUVDPSOHVWKHVDWXUDWLRQLQGH[RIFDOFLWHLVFDOFXODWHGDVIROORZV 6, 6DWXUDWLRQ,QGH[ /RJ 4. ZKHUH4DQG.DUHDFWLYLW\DQGVROXELOLW\SURGXFWVRIFDOFLWH &D &2 UHVSHFWLYHO\,I6,!WKHIOXLGLV VDWXUDWHGZLWKUHVSHFWWRFDOFLWH FDOFLWHSUHFLSLWDWLRQ
3673
A. Ueda et al. / Energy Procedia 1 (2009) 3669–3674
$XWKRUQDPH(QHUJ\3URFHGLD ±
㪈㪇㪇㪇
㪠 㪙㫉 㪽㫃㫌㫆㫉㪼㫊㪺㪼㫉
㪏㪇
㪚㪦㪉㩷㩿㫄㪾㪆㪣㪀䋬䇭㪠㩷㩿㫄㪾㪆㪣㪀
㪝㫉㪸㪺㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫆㪽㩷㫀㫅㫁㪼㪺㫋㪼㪻㩷㪚㪦㪉㪄㫎㪸㫋㪼㫉 䋨㩼 䋩
㪈㪇㪇
㪚㫃㩿㩼㪀 㱐㪛㩿㩼㪀 㱐㪈㪊㪚㩿㩼㪀
㪍㪇
㪋㪇
㪉㪇
㪏㪇㪇
㪍㪇㪇
㪋㪇㪇
㪇 㪇
㪉㪇
㪋㪇
㪍㪇
㪠㩷㩿㱘㪾㪆㪣㪀 㪚㪦㪉㩷㩿㫄㪾㪆㪣㪀
㪉㪇㪇
㪇
㪏㪇
㪐㪆㪈㪉
㪜㫃㪸㫇㫊㪼㪻㩷㫋㫀㫄㪼㩷㪸㪽㫋㪼㫉㩷㪚㪦㪉㩷㫀㫅㫁㪼㪺㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㩿㪿㫆㫌㫉㫊㪀
㪐㪆㪈㪊
㪐㪆㪈㪋
㪐㪆㪈㪌
㪐㪆㪈㪍
㪤㫆㫅㫋㪿㪆㪛㪸㫐 )LJWUDFHUFRQFHQWUDWLRQVDIWHU&2LQMHFWLRQ)LJ&RQFHQWUDWLRQVRILRGLQHDQG&2
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ǴPWKLFNQHVVRIWKHJUDQLWLFURFNVLV HQRXJKWRUHDFWZLWKWKH&2ZDWHUWRSUHFLSLWDWHDVFDUERQDWHPLQHUDOV,QWKHSUHYLRXVILHOGH[SHULPHQWVLQ DQG&DFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQWKHZDWHUVDPSOHVLQFUHDVHGIURPWRPJ/ZLWKGD\DQGTXLFNO\GHFUHDVHGWR WKHEDFNJURXQG7KHVHUHVXOWVDOVRVXSSRUWWKHYLHZWKDW&2LQMHFWHGLVSUHFLSLWDWHGDVFDUERQDWHVZLWKIHZGD\V 㪉
㪋 㪅㪇㪜㪄 㪇㪈
㪉 㪅㪇㪜㪄 㪇㪈 㪈 㪅㪇㪜㪄 㪇㪈
㪇
㪇 㪅㪇㪜㪂 㪇㪇
㪭 㫅 㫆 㫉 㫄 㩷㩿㫅㫄㪆㫊㪀
㪪㪅㪠㪅㩷㫆㪽㩷㪚㪸㫃㪺㫀㫋㪼
㪊 㪅㪇㪜㪄 㪇㪈 㪈
㪄 㪈㪅㪇㪜㪄㪇㪈 㪄㪈
㪪㪠㩷㩿㪚㪸㫊㪼㪈㪀 㪪㪠㩷㩿㪚㪸㫊㪼㪉㪀
㪄 㪉㪅㪇㪜㪄㪇㪈
㪭㫅㫆㫉㫄
㪄 㪊㪅㪇㪜㪄㪇㪈
㪄㪉
㪄 㪋㪅㪇㪜㪄㪇㪈 㪇
㪉㪇
㪋㪇
㪍㪇
㪜㫃㪸㫇㫊㪼㪻㩷㫋㫀㫄㪼㩷㪸㪽㫋㪼㫉㩷㪚㪦㪉㩷㫀㫅㫁㪼㪺㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㩿㪿㫆㫌㫉㫊㪀 )LJ6DWXUDWLRQLQGH[RIFDOFLWH
㪏㪇
&RQFOXVLRQV 7KHLQMHFWHG&2ZDWHULVGLOXWHGZLWKWKHUHVHUYRLUIOXLGZLWKLQGD\V0RVW&2LQWKHPPLJKWEHGHSRVLWHGDV FDOFLWHE\LQWHUDFWLRQZLWKJUDQLWLFURFNV&DFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQWKHZDWHUVDPSOHVLQFUHDVHGIURPWRPJ/ZLWK GD\DQGTXLFNO\GHFUHDVHGWRWKHEDFNJURXQG7KHVHUHVXOWVDOVRVXSSRUWWKHYLHZWKDW&2LQMHFWHGLVSUHFLSLWDWHG DVFDUERQDWHVZLWKLQIHZGD\V $FNQRZOHGJHPHQW 7KLV UHVHDUFK LV SDUWO\ VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH JUDQWV RI WKH 3URJUDPPHG 5HVHDUFK ³'HYHORSPHQW RI HYDOXDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\IRUWKH&2LQWKHH[KDXVWJDVVHTXHVWUDWLRQLQWRJHRWKHUPDOILHOGV³RI5,7(XQGHUWKHIXQGIURP0(7, 0LQLVWU\RI(FRQRP\7UDGHDQG,QGXVWU\ :HWKDQN2GDVKLPD7RNXPDUXDQGRWKHUPHPEHUVDW2JDFKLIRUWKHLU
3674
A. Ueda et al. / Energy Procedia 1 (2009) 3669–3674 $XWKRUQDPH(QHUJ\3URFHGLD ±
NLQGKHOSVGXULQJODERUDWRU\DQGILHOGH[SHULPHQWV 5HIHUHQFHV >@+ROORZD\6HG -28&7 S >@*XQWHU:':LZFKDU%DQG3HUNLQV(+ $XWRFODYHH[SHULPHQWVDQGJHRFKHPLFDOPRGHOLQJ$TXLIHU GLVSRVDORIFDUERQGLR[LGH +LWFKRQ%HG >@3HUNLQV(+DQG*XQWHU:' 0LQHUDOWUDSVIRUFDUERQGLR[LGH$TXLIHUGLVSRVDORIFDUERQGLR[LGH +LWFKRQ%HG >@6RUDL02KVXPL7DQG,VKLNDZD0 3URFFHGWK,QWHU6\PSRQ&2IL[DWLRQDQGHIILFLHQW 8WLOL]DWLRQRIHQHUJ\ >@*DOHV&DQG6KDQH+ =HQOW*HRO0LQ3DOLVDQW >@8HGD$$MLPD6DQG@2KVXPL7
