occupational suffix); xadgoni 'monotonous' < xadone + gaven~gon'colour' ti .... Comparative studies of Hebrew and other Semitic languages prove that each of ...
I
LanguageAcquisition& LanguageDisorders T h i ss e r i e si s a f < r n r r nf < l rr c s e a r c h i n t l c v c l o p l n c r r t apl5 y ( . 1 1 1 ) l i l t g r r i sVtri cl tsr r. r r c s i n t h e s e r i e sa i r r tt o c o n t r i b t r t et o t h c o r i e so I l a n g u a r c a c r l u i s i l i o nb, o t h c h i l c l a n d a d u l t . P r i n c i p a l f < t c t r si s o n l a n g u a g et l c v c l o l ' r r n e r rl ta, n g t r r r q a e1riti61, l a n g u a g ed i s o r d e r sa, n d l a r . r g u a gl ccar n l b i Ii l y .
SeriesEditors Harald Clahscn University of Flsscx
LanguageProcessingand Acquisition in Languages of Semitic,Root-Based, Morphology
L y c l i aW h i t c l r l c (i i l l I l r r i v c r s i l y
Erlitadby Editorial Boartl MelissaF. Rowernran
Ltrigi I{iz.zi
M a x P l a n c kI n s t i t u t l i r r I ' s r r h o l i r A r i s t i [ , N i i r r r L . g r . n
l , r r t r t ' r s i t l 'o I S i t ' r r r r
Katherinel)emrrth
l l o l t r r i el ) . S c h w a r t z
Brown University
I l n i v c r s i t yo l - l I a r v a iri l N l a r r r r r
WolfgangU. I)resslcr
A r r l o n e l l :Sr o r a c c
Universitet Wien
I L r i v c r s i t yo f l : < l i r r l r r r r g h
Nina Hyams
Karin Strolrrswoltl
U n i v e r s i t yo f O a l i f o r n i aa t l . o s A r r g c l e s
I { u l u c r sl l r r i v c sr i t ;
liirgen M. Meisel
I i i r g c r rW c i s s e l t b o r n
Universitiit [{a rnbrrrg
( I n i v c rs i l i i l l ) o t s < l r r n r
WilliamO'(irady
I r r a n kW i j n c r r
University of llarvaii
I I t r c r h tU l r i v c r s i l y
JoscphShirnron U n i v c r s i t yo f F l a i f a
Mabel Ricc University of Kansas
Volume28 Language Processing andAct;rrisition in L a l r g t r a g c so l ' S l i t r i t i c , I k r o t - I l i r s c t l , Morphology Editedby losephShinrrorr
fohn BenjaminsPublishingCompany A r n s t e r d a m / P h i l a d e l p h) {i ,a: L
CHnprpn 8
Opacity in Hebrewword morphology Ora (l{odriguc)Schwarzwald
r.
Introduction
W i a ls u f f i x , a s i 1 t i l e f o n - t c l c l i i r r i - t c l c f i n (i t c l e p h o r r c - o f . t h cp h o n c - l r y p h o r r c ) , o r a f c n r i n i n e i n f l e c , t i o n a l s t r f f i xa s i n f , r l r r < ' r u- kr a r r r t ' o r r(irt r r i s c rI n r . - 1 l.) , r t c i t r i - r t t . i l i t ( s c r i o r r sI l t r . - f .l ; cf. (l lc)). ( b ) P a r t o f t h c c l c r i v a t i o n ap l a t t c r n i n c l u c l c sa s y l l a b l ca { i c r t h c r o o t s l o t , r v i t h t h i s s y l l a b l cl r c i n go f t h c s a l n ep h o r r c t i cs t n r c t u r cr r st h c i n fl c c t i o n i r ls u l l j x , a s i r r ( 1 2 ) . (12)
Opacityin Hebrewword nrorphology r5l
S l r r r a ( g u a r d c d I f . l ) { i a t t t r t r( g u a r c l c t)l + . s t r f f i x+ r r ( f . ) (reservation) z- inrr + O()r()o ( p5i k r t ) + s L r f l l x+ c t ( f . ) t a y e s e(t p i l o t l f . l ) ( t o l r r t 1 ( s q t r a d r o r r )( t y 5 ' 1 ( ) o C ( O c l
T h o u g h t h e c x a n r p l e sg i v e n i n ( l l ) a r r d ( 1 2 ) a r c r r o r n i l r a ll o r n r s ,t h c s a n r ch o k l s t r u e f o r v c r b c o n j u g a t i o n si t r c c r t i r i t tc o n d i t i o n s ,a s i r r ( I l ) . I n t l r e s ec a s c s l,r o l h t l t c n o u n a n d t l r e v c r b a r e t l c r i v c c lb y n r o t a n d P n 1 1 s 1 (; 1 b i t 4 , a 1 i1l r t h c v c r b , r r r i j l r r /i n
I Ic:
w i l l d c c i < l c( f . ) y o u ( f . ) ' Y o t r( 1 . ) dccide!' -l'hc w o l r l . 1 , r r iii.rsi n t r o d r r c e idn ( l 3 c ) , a n d i t s h u m o r o u su s ei s p r e s e n t e idn ( 1 4 ) . 'flrc wrrrtl trrrlit in (15), spelled(tklyt) or (tal.rlit)in its various meanings,is diffelcnt from trrklitpr-esented in (l3a). The noun to-xlitisderiveclfrorn !fr/.1,and pattcfn ta()()5,t, wherca.s tl.reverb taxlitis derivedfrom trh/f with hif ilpirttcnr ir) tlrc futtrrc tcrrscwith tlre personprefix t*. z.z.z I rrdcltcrrtlcrrt dcrivationnl processes 'l his categolyincludcsmany words that are derivedby root-basednrorphokrgy. F{owcvcr,cithcr tlrc ro()tsor the patternsare different,as in the self-explanatory r r o r n i r r aclx a r n p l c isr r ( 1 6 ) a n d t h e v e r b a lo n e si n ( 1 7 ) . (lfi)
ir. lr.
(17) ir.
b.
l h e n o t r r r )c o r r r b i n a l i o n .
( 1 3 ) a . ta(./it(rec
( l5)
l l a - ' o t o b t r sy a i i r ? t h e - b t r s < l i r e c(t a l s o :l h c b u s w i l l s i r r g ) 'ls t h i sa d i r c c t( n o n - s t o pb) u s ? ' ( a l s o : ' W itlllr cb r r ss i n g ? ' ) 'ata Bus driver: Kcn, rocc ie-hu garnyirkod? y c s , y ( ) u( r n . )r v a n tt h a t - l r ca l s o r v i l lr l a n c e ? 'Ycs, d o y o u w a l t t i t t o d a r r c et o o ? ' S l r e :V e - t a x l i t ? a n d - p u r p s 5(sa l s oa: r r dy o u I n r . l w i l l c l e c i d e ) A n c lh o w a b o u t ( p r a c t i c a lp) u r p o s ei,. c . ,r r r a r r i a g c ? '
' l a x l i t i' a t !
(partition) > 'orri 'cxtor, 'ttrti 'ixlot, (like 'atal lri tixkt,v, 'arrnxrtrrttixlor, Ivorr/shc will > write,wc'll writcl) >' arri(y)ixtov
Consequently, the firrrns yoyo and (y)irtov (l/hc'll conrc, writc) refbr to both lirst a n d t h i r d P e r s ( ) ni n t h c f t r t t r r ct e r r s e . - l ' h iksi r r d o I h o l r r o r r y n r yi s a l r v a y st l i s a r n b i g t r a t e d d u e t o t l t e u c c g f t h c p c r s o l a l p 1 6 1 1 1 y 1a1s1i1' , ( 3 4 ) . (34)
' ( l'll come) ani yn1,11 'atri ( y ) i x t o v1 l ' l l w r i t c )
lrtt yttvo ( he'll cornc) h u ( y ) i x t t t r(' l r c ' l lw r i t c )
Morphophorretic sporadic firctorsapply to jur.rctrrrcsas wcll."' In collor;uiirl l lcbrcw sentencesare freqttently arnlrigtrous for this rc.rson.'l'hc f i n d i c a t e o r t h o g r a p h y ; ! l r r e c c c l c s t indicates a morpheme boundary. Hebrew orthography is
a corrsorrantalrool; antl
s i n r p l i 6 c di r n d t r a n s c r i b e ci ln t h i s m a n n e r : ' - g l o t t a l s t o p ; c = l s , y = l P A j ( a s i n E n g l i s h , t r r l l ) : p , l r , a n d k a r c r c l r c s e n t c c lo n l y p h o n e m i c a l l y ; p h o n e t i c a l l y t h e y a r e r e a l i z e d a s p l [ , l t l v , a n < l l/-t, rcspcctivcly; /r is l'lebrew IJet (pharyngeal unvoiced continuant), realizcrl lry nros( slreakersas vefirr or uvular :q ' is llebrew Ayin (pharyngeal voiced continuant), realizcd by '; nrost speakers as ri is biblical Qarrats, a low back rounded vowel; 4, w, s and I appear only in trarrsliteratiorr of Hebrew orthography for Qof, Waw, Tsadi and Tet. r n r : ' a r t ' ll e r n ' o i c r b e ' r f l e f( l w i s h y o u h a p p i n e s s I a l s o r i c h n e s s ] w i t h a n A / r ' 1 r l r , i.e., happincss),ltun knr'u'et lnsfarim bddyin (They tore falso read] the books rvith rrn z l y i r r ,i . e . ,t o l c t l r c n r ) . r. As in'nni
. 1 . M o r c c x a t t t l . l c 5c a t t b c f t r t r t t t l i n S a r f a t t i ( 1 9 7 8 :1 0 0 - 2 ) . 4 . M a n y t t r o t c c x i t r t t l ' l c st l f t h i s t y l t e c a n b e f o u n d i n S a r f a t t i ( 1 9 8 3 , 1 9 8 4 ) . 5 . l l r t h i s c i r s c , i l s i n n r a r r y o t h c r c a s e so f w e a k r o o t s i n . H e b r e w , t h e r e a l e c o r n p l i c a t t ' t l n r o r p h e p h l l n q n r i c p r o c e s s e st l r a t a c c o r . r n ft o r t h e p h o n e t i c c h a n g e s .A g o o d a c c o r r n t f o r t h c h i s t o r i c a l P r o c e s s c si s g i v c n i n l l a u e r & L e a n d e r ( 1 9 6 5 ) . 6 . I l i s t o r i c a l l y , r r r v a sa d c l c d b e f o r e s u f f i x e d v o w e l s t o p r e v e n t h i a t u s , e . g . , * ' a s a + i ( r l a d c r n r e ) > ' r r . s r u r i-; i l / o +i ( S h i l o { p l a c e n a n r e l + g e n t i l i c e n d i n g + i ) > I i l o n i ( a p e r s o n f r o n r S h i l o ) . T h i s r r w a s l i r l e r a d d e d i n o t h c r c a s e sf o r n o a p p a r e n t p h o n e t i c r e a s o n . S o n r e r e s e a r c h t - r s .
162 Ora (Rodrigue) Schwarz-wald
therefore,viewthcnrorplrenrc/tilashavirrgscvcralall,rrnorphs,[+il,llrll.ltoli],etc., s e eN i r ( 1 9 9 3 : 7 3 - 9 ) l O r n a n ( 1 9 9 7 : l { t ) . 7 . H o l l o w r o o t s a r e r o o l s w i t h r n c d i a l r r , ( ) r) / w h i c b a r c n o t r c a l i z c dp h o n c t i c a l l y ' i r ra l l t h e c o n j u g a t i o n s , e . g . , ! k r . r , r ni n k r r r ( h c g o t u p ) , V i l , r i n , 1 , a . i i r ( h c r v i l l s i n g ) . ( i c r n i n a t c s a r c t h c r o o t s i n w l r i c h t h c s c c o n d a t r d t h i r d r a d i c a l a r c i d e n t i c a l , c . g . , V - s l / r i r r l a - s r r v( i t w a s involved), ^lxyy in,tny (he livcd). 8 . . . T h e c o a l e s c e n c eo f t h i r d a n t l f i r s t 1 ' s 1 5 o 1p. 1 rcfixcd folrns irr the futurc tcrrsc(c.g., ltrro w i l l w i l l c o r n e ] ) b c t l i s c u s s c d i n S e c t i o r r L [heil 9., The examples are takcn frorn lJarkai& I Iorvatlr ( 197{t). 1 0 . J u n c t u r e r e f e r s " l o t h c p h o n c t i c h o u n t l a r y f c a l u r c s r v h i c h r r r a y < l c r n a r c a t cg r a n . r r r r a t i c a l u n i t s s u c h a s n t o r p h e n r c , w o r c l o r c l a u s c . "( O r y s t a l I 9 9 I : I 8 t t ) . I t i s e x t c n s i v c l y i n v c s t i g a t c r l in auditory and aconstic plronctics. 11. It should be notecl tlrat thc discussion irrvolvcclolrly lirrguistic critcria. Wcll knowrr e x a m p l e s o f a n a p h o r i c a n d p r n g 1 1 n 1 1c6a s c sh a v c b c c n i g n o r c t l , f < r r i r r s t a n c e , r i t n , c n p a l n i 'et l e v i b e v e y t o( R e u b e n m e t L e v y a t l r i s h o n r c I i n w l r o s e h o r r r e ? ] ) , S , t , v r t l u l r n l n i s i t n ( t l ' r t t a x e s w i l l b e c a t r c e l e dI a w i s l r o r s t a t c n r c n t ] ( N i r 1 9 9 l ) . r u . B o l o z k y a n d S c h w a r z . w a l d( t 9 9 2 ) c l i s c r r s st h c s c i s s u c s r c g ; r r t l i n g I r { f i l } o l ( ) z k y ( 1 9 9 9 ) b r i n g s e x t e n s i v ed a t a a n d a r g u m c n l s r c g a l d i n g t l r c r o l c o f r v o r c l s t r u c t u r c i n t l c t c r r n i r r i n g meaning. 1 3 . T h e r o o t h a s s o n r e p s y c h o l o g i c rael a l i t y a s s h o w l r , f < r r i n s t a r r c c , i n l l c r r r r a r r ( l 9 9 9 a n d c i , t a t i o n s t h e r c ; t h i s v o l u n r e ) , I i p h r a t t ' s ( 19 9 7 ) I L a v i d ( t h i s v o l u n r e ) i r r r d S c h w u l z w a l d ( 19 8 0 ) , h o w e v e r ,a s p r o v e n i n S c h w a r z w a l
