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Changhsingian radiolarian fauna from this section. In order to provide more paleontological evidence for this candidate stratotype section and push the research.
Journal of Earth Science, Vol. 20, No. 5, p. 797–810, October 2009 Printed in China DOI: 10.1007/s12583-009-0069-1

ISSN 1674-487X

Late Changhsingian (Latest Permian) Radiolarians from Chaohu, Anhui Gui Biwen (桂碧雯), Feng Qinglai* (冯庆来), Yuan Aihua (袁爱华) Key Laboratory of Geobiology and Environmental Geology of the Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China ABSTRACT: This article reports a radiolarian fauna from the upper Dalong (大隆) Formation, Pingdingshan (平顶山), Chaohu (巢湖), Anhui (安徽) Province, which includes 15 genera and 23 species. One new species, Copicyntra tongi Gui and Feng n. sp., is described. Comparison of the fauna, lithology and biotic associations with those from Meishan (煤山) D and Dongpan (东攀) sections shows that the Dalong Formation in the Pingdingshan Section is deposited in a deep-water shelf basin, about 60–200 m in depth. On the basis of the biotic composition, diversity and morphology, the microfossil fauna from the Pingdingshan Section can be divided into three sedimentary assemblages and the extinction processes of the assemblages are discussed. KEY WORDS: radiolarian, sedimentary environment, extinction, upper Dalong Formation, Chaohu.

INTRODUCTION Pingdingshan Section is one of the candidate stratotype sections for the Induan-Olenekian boundary (Tong et al., 2004, 2003; Zakharov, 2004). The Lower Triassic intervals in the Pingdingshan Section had been investigated in detail and received much attention (Tong et al., 2005, 2004, 2003, 2001; Zhao et al., 2005, 2004; Tong and Zakharov, 2004; Zakharov, 2004; Zuo et al., 2004; Tong, 1997; Li and Ding, 1981; Guo and Xu, 1980). However, the Changhsingian Dalong Formation has been studied relatively little, especially because there have been few reports on the Changhsingian radiolarian fauna from this section. In order to provide more paleontological evidence for this candidate stratotype section and push the research

on the radiolarian of the Dalong Formation in South China forward, this article deals with the radiolarian fauna from the Pingdingshan Section in detail. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND STRATIGRAPHY The Pingdingshan Section, about 5 km northwest of Chaohu City (Fig. 1), Anhui Province, can be

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 40839903 and 40621002) and the 111 Project (No. B08030). *Corresponding author: [email protected] Manuscript received December 20, 2008. Manuscript accepted March 3, 2009.

Figure 1. Locality map of the studied area.

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reached by railway or by highway from Hefei City, the capital of Anhui Province, within an hour. In the section, only the upper part of the Dalong Formation can be explored and is conformably overlain by the Lower Triassic Yinkeng Formation (Fig. 2). The Dalong Formation consists of gray to grayish black thin-bedded siliceous mudstone interbedded with mudstone and contains radiolarians, foraminiferas, os-

Gui Biwen, Feng Qinglai and Yuan Aihua

tracods, sponge spicules, small bivalves and small brachiopod; and the Yinkeng Formation consists of yellow calcareous mudstone and marl with conodonts. The Permian–Triassic boundary is set within Bed 12 in the section (Zhao et al., 2007). Twenty-four samples for radiolarian research were collected from the grayish black, thin-bedded siliceous mudstone of the upper Dalong Formation of Pingdingshan Section (Fig. 2).

Figure 2. Columnar section showing the stratigraphic distribution of the radiolarians described in this article. MATERIALS AND METHODS The fragments of all rock samples were etched in a 3%–5% solution of HF for 8–12 h at room temperature. The acid residues were subsequently removed

into other containers which were filled with water until neutralized. The containers holding samples were refilled with new 3%–5% HF solution. After repeating the whole process by more than 40 times, adequate

Late Changxingian (Latest Permian) Radiolarians from Chaohu, Anhui

residues were sieved through a sieve with a mesh diameter of 0.054 mm and dried. Radiolarians were searched from the dry residues under a stereoscopic microscope and picked up with a hairbrush. The best-preserved tests were later mounted on stubs and photographed with a scanning electronic microscope (SEM) for more precise determination. For this study, about 892 radiolarian specimens were recovered and over 300 specimens photographed with an SEM. Twenty-three species were identified from the 20 samples (Fig. 2). RADIOLARIAN PALEOECOLOGY AND ITS SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT SIGNIFICANCE Radiolarians are a useful indicator of water depth and have been used to determine the bathymetry and sea level fluctuations in the Permian (e.g., He, 2006; Feng and Ye, 2000; Fang and Feng, 1996; Kozur, 1993). The radiolarian fauna from the upper Changxing Formation, Meishan D Section, Zhejiang, contains 4 Spumellaria forms, 6 Entactinaria forms and 3 Latentifistularia forms, and the ratio of Spumullaria, Entactinaria and Latentifistularia is 0.308 : 0.461 : 0.231 in species diversity (He et al., 2005a). The radiolarian fauna from the Dalong Formation, Dongpan Section, Guangxi, contains 137 species in 50 genera, including 15 Albaillellaria forms, 42 Latentifistularia forms, 44 Entactinaria forms and 36 Spumellarian forms, and the ratio of Spumullaria, Entactinaria, Latentifistularia, and Albaillellaria is 0.26 : 0.32 : 0.31 : 0.11 in species diversity (Feng et al., 2007). The radiolarian fauna from the upper Dalong Formation, in the Pingdingshan Section, Chaohu, contains 15 genera and 23 species. In the fauna, Order Latentifistularia has 5 species: Ishigaum sp. cf. I. trifustis De Wever and Caridroit, Ishigaum? sp., Ormistonella sp., Shangella sp. and Quadricaulis inflata (Sashida and Tonish). Order Entactinaria includes 10 species: Hegleria mammilla (Sheng and Wang), Hegleria sp., Uberinterna virgispinosum Sashida and Tonishi, Palaeolithocyclia platta Feng, Klaengspongus formosus Feng, Klaengspongus spinosus Sashida, Klaengspongus sp., Paracopicyntra akikawaensis (Sashida and Tonishi), Paracopicyntra ziyunensis

799

(Feng and Gu) and Spongentactinia sp., Order Spumellaria contains at least 8 species: Copiellintra? sp., Copicyntroides spp., Tetrapaurinella nanjingensis (Zhang, Wu and Liu), Tetraspongodiscus stauracanthus Feng, Tetraspongodiscus tetragonius Feng, Tetrapaurinella sp., Copicyntra tongi Gui and Feng n. sp. and Copicyntra sp.. No form belonging to Order Albaillellaria was discovered in the section. The ratio of Spumullaria, Entactinaria, and Latentifistularia is 0.348 : 0.435 : 0.217 in species diversity. The fauna from the upper Changxing Formation of Meishan D Section mainly contains abundant foraminiferas and conodonts, associated with ammonoids, brachiopods, and bivalves (Yin et al., 1996). Research of microfacies based on rock thin section recorded that the ratio of benthos to planktons in this section is 0.58–0.63 in individual numbers (Zhang et al., 2005). This fauna is characterized by abundance of benthos, in association with numerous planktons, suggesting a setting of oxygenic shallow marine, or a setting of 10–60 m water depth (Zhang et al., 2005; Yin et al., 1995). The fauna from the Dalong Formation of Dongpan is dominated by radiolarians, associated with a few small and thin-shelled bivalves, antitropical brachiopods (deep and cool water elements, He et al., 2005b), small foraminiferas, ostracods, and ammonoids. This fauna is characterized by planktons, associated with a few small benthos from anoxic, deep and cool water, suggesting a setting of bathyal or deeper than 200 m. As mentioned above, the radiolarian fauna from the Pingdingshan Section is similar to Meishan D Section. It is dominated by Entactinaria and Spumullaria in association with a few Latentifistularia. But it is different from the Dongpan Section in lacking Albaillellaria and having a low diversity of Latentifistularia. Lithologically, the Dalong Formation in the Pingdingshan and Dongpan sections are both characterized by siliceous mudstone and siliceous rocks (He et al., 2005b). However, the Changxing Formation in Meishan D Section is characterized by limestone intercalated with siliceous limestone (He et al., 2005a). In terms of biotic associations, the fauna from the Dalong Formation of the Pingdingshan Section, similar to the Dongpan Section, contains thin-shelled

Gui Biwen, Feng Qinglai and Yuan Aihua

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brachiopods, ammonoids, bivalves, foraminiferas, ostracods and sponge spicules. The fauna from the Changxing Formation of Meishan D Section mainly contains thick-shelled brachiopods, ammonoids, and bivalves, associated with fusulinids and corals, suggesting a setting of shallow marine. Therefore, the sedimentary environment of the Dalong Formation in Pingdingshan is shallower than that in Dongpan, but deeper than that of the Changxing Formation in Meishan. It is estimated to be about 60–200 m in depth. EVOLUTION OF FAUNA AND ITS EXTINCTION PROCESS From the biotic composition, diversity and morphology, the fauna of the Pingdingshan Section can be divided into three sedimentary assemblages.

Assemblage 1: this assemblage, from the samples L-1-1-0 to L-4-3-2, is characterized by abundant radiolarians, a few foraminiferas and very few ostracods and sponge spicules (Fig. 3). The radiolarians have a higher diversity, including Latentifistularia, Spumellaria and Entactinaria. Radiolarian tests occupy 75% of all microfossils. The foraminiferas have a low diversity, only moniliform and discal in morphology. Radiolarian fauna in this assemblage is dominated by the species of spherical Spumellaria and Entactinaria, and is with a few numbers of Latentifistularia, without any number of Alballellaria. It can be compared with the Stauraxon polystine assemblage of Fang and Feng (1996), which is interpreted to represent outer continent shelf environment, with about 100–200 m in depth. Assemblage 2: this assemblage, from samples

Figure 3. Map showing the changes in microfossil composition. T. Triassic.

Late Changxingian (Latest Permian) Radiolarians from Chaohu, Anhui

L-4-3-1 to L-4-1-1, is characterized by abundant foraminiferas and a few radiolarians, ostracods and sponge spicules. Foraminifera tests occupy 60% of all microfossils (Fig. 3). In the assemblage, the foraminiferas have a higher diversity and include uniserial, biserial and rectilinear tests in morphology, which are similar to the foraminiferal fauna from the deep-water sequence in Dongpan Section (Gu et al., 2007). The radiolarians have a low diversity, only including Spumellaria and Entactinaria, and their morphology is characterized by spherical test. Sedimentary environment indicated by this assemblage is shallower than the one represented by Assemblage 1, but possibly still belongs to the outer continent shelf environment. Assemblage 3: this assemblage, from the samples L-8-4 to L-8-3, is characterized by the presence of radiolarians and foraminiferas, and the abundance and diversity of this assemblage decrease very obviously (Fig. 3). The morphology of foraminiferas is characterized by uniserial and biserial. The radiolarians are characterized by spherical shapes with spines. Although the assemblage is lower than Assemblage 1 in abundance and diversity, it possibly still represents outer continent shelf environment because they are similar in paleoecological elements. In short, the microfossil changes are very obvious in the Pingdingshan Section. Firstly, the microfossils decrease gradually in abundance and diversity from the lower to the upper in the section. In microfossil composition, the abundance and diversity of radiolarians decrease gradually, from 75% to 20%, but these foraminiferas increase gradually, from an original value of 18% to 80%. In radiolarian taxonomy, Latentifistularia disappears first and then Entactinaria and Spumullaria follow in disappearance. The evolutional processes are similar with one of the microfossil fauna in the Dongpan Section described by Feng et al. (2007). Secondly, the volcanism represented by two claystone beds strongly affected the microfossil fauna changes in the section. Above the first claystone bed (Bed 5), no microzoolite is discovered in Bed 6 and Bed 7, but micropaleobotany fossil is very abundant in the two beds. Similar phenomenon took place after the second volcanism. Only micropaleobotany fossil is

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found in Bed 11, above the second claystone. SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY All specimens described in this article are deposited in the Geological Museum of China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, the People’s Republic of China. Definitions of families and systematics are based on De Wever et al. (2001). Order Latentifistularia Caridroit, De Wever, and Dumitrica, 1999 Family Latentifistulidae Nazarov and Ormiston, 1983 Genus Shangella Feng in Feng et al., 2006b Type species: Shangella longa Feng in Feng et al., 2006b Shangella sp. Plate 1, Fig. 14 Remarks: In present material, only the central part of the test is preserved. Its assignment to the genus is based on the triangular central part. Occurrence: Upper Permian Dalong Formation; Chaohu, South China. Genus Ishigaum De Wever and Caridroit, 1984 Type species: Ishigaum trifustis De Wever and Caridroit, 1984. Ishigaum sp. cf. I. trifustis De Wever and Caridroit, 1984 Plate 1, Figs. 9–11 cf. 1984 Ishigaum trifustis De Wever and Caeridroit, p. 99–100, pl. 1, Figs. 10–13, 16. cf. 1986 Ishigaum trifustis Caeridroit and De Wever, p. 80–81, pl. 3, Figs. 3–5. Remarks: Our specimens are poorly preserved. Usually one of three coplanar arms is intact and proximal tubes of other arms can be seen. They are similar to Ishigaum trifustis De Wever and Caeridroit in their outline. Occurrence: Middle and Upper Permian; Japan, South and Southwest China, USA, and Thailand. Ishigaum sp. Plate 1, Fig. 12 Remarks: In the present material, only one arm is preserved. The assignment to the genus is based on its outline. Occurrence: Upper Permian Dalong Formation; Chaohu, South China. Family Ormistonellidae De Wever and Caridroit, 1984; emend. De Wever et al., 2001

Gui Biwen, Feng Qinglai and Yuan Aihua

802 Genus Ormistonella De Wever and Caridroit, 1984

spherical cortical shell and small medullary shell. It is similar

Type species: Ormistonella robusta De Wever and Caridroit,

to genus Hegleria Nazarov and Ormiston. But they differ from

1984.

the genus because of lacking conical mammae on surface.

Ormistonella sp.

Occurrence: Upper Permian Dalong Formation; Chaohu, South

Plate 1, Fig. 13

China.

Remarks: Shell with four arms disposed on a tetrahedral structure. The central part was small and arm gutter-shaped in

Genus Paracopicyntra Feng in Feng et al., 2006a

cross-section. Therefore, it is assigned to Ormistonella De

Type species: Paracopicyntra ziyunensis (Feng and Gu, 2002)

Wever and Caridroit.

in Feng et al., 2006a

Occurrence: Upper Permian Dalong Formation; Chaohu, South

Paracopicyntra ziyunensis (Feng and Gu, 2002)

China.

Plate 1, Figs. 21–23 Copicyntra ziyunensis Feng and Gu, 2002, p. 803, Figs. 5.1–5.2,

Genus Quadricaulis Caridroit and De Wever, 1986

5.4–5.7.

Type species : Quadricaulis femoris Caridroit and De Wever,

Paracopicyntra ziyunensis (Feng and Gu); Feng et al., 2006a, p.

1986.

25. pl. 1, Figs. 15–17; pl. 2, Figs. 8–14.

Quadricaulis inflata (Sashida and Tonishi, 1986)

Occurrence: upper Changhsingian of southern China.

Plate 1, Fig. 15 Nazarovella inflata Sashida and Tonishi, 1986, p. 10, pl. 4, Figs.

Paracopicyntra akikawaensis (Sashida and Tonishi, 1988)

1–6, 10–12.

Plate 1, Figs. 17–20

Quadricaulis inflata (Sashida and Tonishi, 1986); Feng et al.,

Copicyntra akikawaensis Sashida and Tonishi, 1988, p.

2006b, p. 846, Figs. 12.1–12.12.

530–531, Figs. 7.14–7.17.

Remarks: This species is characterized by a tetrahedral central

Paracopicyntra akikawaensis (Sashida and Tonishi); Feng et al.,

shell and four cylindrical arms. Our specimen can well be

2006a, p. 25–26, pl. 2, Figs. 1–7.

compared with it.

Occurrence: Lopingian Series; Japan, South and Southwest

Occurrence: Middle and Upper Permian; Japan, South and

China, and eastern Thailand.

Southwest China, Thailand, and Sicily of Italy. Genus Uberinterna Sashida and Tonishi, 1988 Order Entactinaria Kozur and Mostler, 1982

Type species: Uberinterna virgispinosum Sashida and Tonishi,

Family Entactiniidae Riedel, 1967

1988

Genus Hegleria Nazarov and Ormiston, 1985

Uberinterna virgispinosum Sashida and Tonishi, 1988

Type species: Hegleria mammifera Nazarov and Ormiston,

Plate 2, Figs. 1–3

1985

Uberinterna virgispinosum Sashida and Tonishi, 1988, p.

Hegleria mammilla (Sheng and Wang, 1985)

531–532, Figs. 8.7–12.

Plate 1, Figs. 1–6

Remarks: Our specimens have a spherical cortical shell and

Phaenicosphaera mammilla Sheng and Wang, 1985, p.

small medullary shell. There are six three-bladed beams be-

179–180, pl. 3, Figs. 1–8.

tween the cortical shell and the external medullary shell. They

Hegleria mammifera Nazarov and Ormiston, 1985, p. 22, pl. 6,

can well be compared with Uberinterna virgispinosum Sashida

Figs. 3–5.

and Tonishi.

Hegleria mammilla (Sheng and Wang); Blome and Reed, 1992,

Occurrence: Upper Permian, Japan and South China.

p. 369, pl. 11, Figs. 10, 12, 13. Occurrence: Middle and Upper Permian; South and Southwest

Family Spongentactiniidae Nazarov, 1975

China, North America, Thailand and Sicily.

Genus Spongentactinia Nazarov, 1975

Hegleria? sp.

Spongentactinia? sp.

Plate 1, Figs. 7–8

Plate 1, Fig. 24

Remarks: Our material is characterized by having a thick

Description: Test is small, spherical, with 6 main spines. Outer

Type species: Spongentactinia fungosa Nazarov, 1975

Late Changxingian (Latest Permian) Radiolarians from Chaohu, Anhui shell is spongy, with very small, oval pores. The main spines

803

Occurrence: Upper Permian, South China.

are uniform; they are very short, three-bladed and conical. Remarks: The specimens reported herein are tentatively as-

Klaengspongus sp.

signed to the genus Spongentactinia Nazarov because their in-

Plate 2, Fig. 20

ner structure is unknown.

Remarks: Our specimen is similar to Klaengspongus formosus

Occurrence: Upper Permian Dalong Formation; Chaohu, South

Feng in having flat test and narrow peripheral ring, but differs

China.

in having more massive spines. Occurrence: Upper Permian Dalong Formation; Chaohu, South

Family Palaeolithocycliidae Kozur and Mostler, 1989

China.

Genus Palaeolithocyclia Kozur and Mostler, 1972 Type species. Lithocyclia macrococcus Rüst, 1892

Order Spumellaria Ehrenberg, 1875, emend. De Wever et al.,

Palaeoastrocyclia Kozur and Mostler, 1972; Eostylodictya

2001

Ormiston and Lane, 1976; Sphaerodiscus Won, 1983

Family Archaeospongoprunidae Pessagno, 1973

Palaeolithocyclia platta Feng in Feng et al., 2009

Genus Copiellintra Nazarov and Ormiston, 1985

Plate 2, Fig. 7

Type species: Copiellintra diploacantha Nazarov and Ormiston,

Palaeolithocyclia platta Feng in Feng et al., 2009, p. 143–145,

1985

pl. 1, Figs. 10–15.

Copiellintra? sp.

Remarks: Our specimen is characterized by large, discoidal test

Plate 1, Fig. 16

without spines and the same with Palaeolithocyclia platta Feng.

Remarks: This specimen is characterized by elongated-elliptical

It differs from all species of genus Klaengspongus Sashida in

test without any spine. It is tentatively assigned to the genus

lacking obvious division between the central skeleton sphere

Copiellintra Nazarov and Ormiston.

and peripheral ring.

Occurrence: Upper Permian Dalong Formation; Chaohu, South

Occurrence: Upper Permian, South China.

China.

Genus Klaengspongus Sashida in Sashida et al., 2000, emand.

Family Pyramispongiidae Kozur and Mostler, 1978, emend.

Feng and Gu, 2002

Dumitrica in De Wever et al., 2001

Type species: Klaengspongus spinosus Sashida in Sashida et al.,

Genus Tetrapaurinella Kozur and Mostler, 1994

2000

Type species: Tetrapaurinella discoidalis Kozur and Mostler,

Klaengspongus spinosus Sashida in Sashida et al., 2000

1994

Plate 2, Figs. 13–19

Tetrapaurinella nanjingensis (Zhang et al., 1992)

2000 Klaengspongus spinosus Sashida in Sashida et al., p. 256,

Plate 3, Figs. 1–3

pl. 3, Figs. 7, 8.

Stauroplegma nanjingensis Zhang et al., 1992, p. 299, pl. 3,

Klaengspongus spinosus Sashida; Feng and Gu, 2002, p. 805,

Figs. 1, 4.

Figs. 6.1–6.14, 8.1–8.7, 9.1–9.4.

Tetrapaurinella nanjingensis (Zhang, Wu and Liu), Feng et al.,

Occurrence: Upper Permian, South China and Thailand.

2006a, p. 27–29, pl. 3, Figs. 18–20. Remarks: Our specimens are characterized by lenticular shell

Klaengspongus formosus Feng in Feng et al., 2009

with 4 unequal coplanar needle-like spines arranged crosswise

Plate 2, Figs. 8–12

and well compared with Tetrapaurinella nanjingensis (Zhang,

Klaengspongus formosus Feng in Feng et al., 2009, p. 147, pl. 2,

Wu and Liu).

Figs. 6–11.

Occurrence: Guadalupian and Lopingian Series of South China

Remarks: Our specimens can be assigned to Klaengspongus

as well as Lopingian Series of Japan and Thailand.

formosus Feng because they have discoidal test composed of a central sphere and a peripheral ring. They are also similar to

Tetrapaurinella sp.

Klaengspongus spinosus Sashida in side-view, but differ in

Plate 3, Fig. 19

having a much flatter test, smaller central sphere and wider pe-

Remarks: The specimen is similar to Tetrapaurinella nanjin-

ripheral ring.

gensis (Zhang, Wu and Liu), but differs from the latter in hav-

Gui Biwen, Feng Qinglai and Yuan Aihua

804 ing shorter spines.

Remarks: Our specimen is poorly preserved. They are charac-

Occurrence: Upper Permian Dalong Formation; Chaohu, South

terized by discoidal test with some spines on the periphery and

China.

possibly including some species of the genus Copicyntroides according to size and shape of the equatorial spines.

Genus Copicyntra Nazarov and Ormiston, 1985

Occurrence: Upper Permian Dalong Formation; Chaohu, South

Type species: Copicyntra cuspidata Nazarov and Ormiston,

China.

1985 Copicyntra tongi Gui and Feng n. sp.

Genus Tetraspongodiscus Kozur and Mostler, 1979

Plate 3, Figs. 12–17

Type species: Tetraspongodiscus longispinosus Kozur and

Description: Test spherical, composed of dense spherical con-

Mostler, 1979

centric shells. The outer shell is spongy, with small or big

Tetraspongodiscus stauracanthus Feng in Feng et al., 2006a

conical mammae, with or without spines on the mammaes.

Plate 3, Figs. 4–8

Spines are short, three-bladed or rod-like. Pores are small and

Tetraspongodiscus stauracanthus Feng in Feng et al., 2006a, p.

subcircular. Shells thin, close to each other and connected by

39–41, pl. 9, Figs. 5–16.

fine radial beams. The inner structure is unclear because of re-

Remarks: Our specimens are characterized by small, flat

crystallization.

spherical shell with 4 coplanar three-bladed spines arranged

Remarks: This new species differs from other species of Copi-

crosswise. They can be well compared with Tetraspongodiscus

cyntra in having small pores and conical mammae on the outer

stauracanthus Feng.

shell. It is similar to Hegleria mammilla (Sheng & Wang) in the

Occurrence: upper Changhsingian of South China and Japan.

outer shell, but differs from it by having less and bigger mammaes.

Tetraspongodiscus tetragonius Feng in Feng et al., 2006a

Etymology: This species is named for Prof. Tong Jinnan of

Plate 3, Figs. 9–11

China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) in honor of his con-

Tetraspongodiscus tetragonius Feng in Feng et al., 2006a, p. 41,

tributions to the study of the Pingdingshan Section.

pl. 9, Figs. 1–4.

Measurements (µm): based on 6 specimens. Diameter of outer

Remarks: Our specimens are small, flat quadrangular, spongy

sphere, 140–190 (average 166, holotype 167).

shells with 4 spines. The four spines are three-bladed, massive,

Holotype: plate 3, Fig. 12, sample CH6-4-5, catalog number

in cross-like arrangement and situated in an equatorial plane.

005.

They can be well compared with Tetraspongodiscus tetragonius

Occurrence: Upper Permian Dalong Formation; Chaohu, South

Feng.

China.

Occurrence: upper Changhsingian of South China and Japan.

Copicyntra sp.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 40839903, 40621002) and the 111 Project (No. B08030). Special thanks are due to Drs. He Weihong and Gu Songzhu for their scientific supports and exciting discussion.

Plate 3, Fig. 18 Remarks: Our specimen is similar to Copicyntra sp. 3 (Feng et al., 2006a) in having spherical spongy outer shell, but has smaller pores on the outer shell. Occurrence: Upper Permian Dalong Formation; Chaohu, South China.

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Caridroit, M., De Wever, P., 1986. Some Late Permian Radio-

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(Hyogo

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PDS3-4-5/052

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15.

inflata

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Quadricaulis

PDS3-4-6/046 (Sashida

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PDS3-4-5/048

Conodonts from the Dalong Formation at Hushan of Nan-

16. Copiellintra? sp. PDS3-4-5/028

jing and Their Facieological Significance. Earth Sci-

17–20. Paracopicyntra akikawaensis (Sashida and Tonishi,

ence—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 17(3):

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17. PDS3-4-4/016; 18. PDS3-4-4/065; 19. PDS3-4-4/101; 20.

Zhao, L. S., Orchard, M. J., Tong, J. N., 2004. Lower Triassic

PDS3-4-5/133

Conodont Biostratigraphy and Speciation of Neospathodus

21–23. Paracopicyntra ziyunensis (Feng and Gu, 2002)

waageni around the Induan-Olenekian Boundary of

21. PDS3-4-4/005; 22. PDS3-4-4/075; 23. PDS-3-4- 5/061

Chaohu, Anhui Province, China. Albertiana, 29: 41–43

24. Spongentactinia sp.

PDS3-4-4/097

Zhao, L. S., Orchard, M. J., Tong, J. N., 2005. Conodont Sequences and Its Global Correlation of the Induan-

Plate 2

Olenekian Boundary in West Pingdingshan Section,

1–3. Uberinterna virgispinosum Sashida and Tonishi, 1988

Chaohu, Anhui Province. Albertiana, 33: 108–110

1. PDS3-4-4/054; 2. PDS3-4-4/056, magnification of 1; 3.

Zhao, L. S., Orchard, M. J., Tong, J. N., et al., 2007. Lower

PDS3-4-4/085

Triassic Conodont Sequence in Chaohu, Anhui Province,

4–6. Copicyntroides spp.

China and Its Global Correlation. Palaeogeography, Pa-

4. PDS3-4-4/128; 5. PDS3-4-5/021; 6. PDS3-4-5/126

laeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 252(1–2): 24–38

7. Palaeolithocyclia platta Feng, 2009, PDS3-4-4/010

Zuo, J. X., Tong, J. N., Qiu, H. O., et al., 2004. Carbon and

8–12. Klaengspongus formosus Feng, 2009

Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy of the Lower Triassic at

8. PDS3-4-4/117; 9. PDS3-4-5/070; 10. PDS3-4-5/125; 11.

Northern Pingdingshan Section of Chaohu, Anhui Prov-

PDS3-4-5/128; 12. PDS3-4-4/110

ince, China. Journal of Stratigraphy, 28(1): 35–40, 47 (in

13–19. Klaengspongus spinosus Sashida, 2000

Chinese with English Abstract)

13. PDS3-4-4/104; 14. PDS3-4-4/119; 15. PDS3-4-4/121; 16. PDS3-4-4/129; 17. PDS3-4-4/076; 18. PDS3-4-5/143; 19,

EXPLANATION OF PLATES All figures are the late Changhsingian radiolarians from

PDS3-4-5/147 20. Klaengspongus sp. PDS3-4-4/051

the Dalong Formation, Pingdingshan, Chaohu, China. The sample numbers and SEM photo numbers are given for every

Plate 3

illustration. Scale bar equals 50 μm (PDS3-4-4/082—PDS. the

1–3. Tetrapaurinella nanjingensis (Zhang et al., 1992)

Pingdingshan Section in Chaohu; 3-4-4. bed number; 082. pic-

1. PDS3-4-4/040; 2. PDS3-4-4/058; 3. PDS3-4-5/060

ture number).

4–8. Tetraspongodiscus stauracanthus Feng, 2006 4. PDS3-4-4/044; 5. PDS3-4-4/043; 6. PDS3-4-5/051; 7.

Plate 1

PDS3-4-4/045; 8. PDS3-4-4/132

1–6. Hegleria mammilla (Sheng and Wang, 1985)

9–11. Tetraspongodiscus tetragonius Feng, 2006

1. PDS3-4-4/082; 2. PDS3-4-5/006; 3. PDS3-4-5/083; 4.

9. PDS3-4-4/127; 10. PDS3-4-4/134; 11. PDS3-4-5/040

PDS3-4-5/099; 5. PDS3-4-5/035; 6. PDS3-4-5/093

12–17. Copicyntra tongi Gui and Feng n. sp.

7–8. Hegleria sp.

12. PDS3-4-5/005; 13. PDS3-4-5/010; 14. PDS3-4-5/026; 15.

7. PDS3-4-4/123; 8. PDS3-4-5/170

PDS3-4-5/031; 16. PDS3-4-5/080; 17. PDS3-4-5/123

9–11. Ishigaum sp. cf. I. trifustis De Wever and Caridroit, 1984 9. PDS3-4-4/133; 10. PDS3-4-5/055; 11. PDS-3-4-4/038 12. Ishigaum? sp. PDS3-4-4/081

18. Copicyntra sp. PDS3-4-5/038 19. Tetrapaurinella sp. 20. spongy spicule

PDS3-4-5/069

PDS3-4-5/053

Gui Biwen, Feng Qinglai and Yuan Aihua

808 Plate 1

Late Changxingian (Latest Permian) Radiolarians from Chaohu, Anhui Plate 2

809

810 Plate 3

Gui Biwen, Feng Qinglai and Yuan Aihua