Apr 1, 2015 ... Meanwhile, Honda launched the CNG-powered Amaze at Rs. 653,000. ....
653.000. Harga ini sudah termasuk Rs 599.000 untuk mobil.
April 2015
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Number 98 April 2015
Latest product releases in the cylinder market
China Government policy to promote clean-fuelled vehicles
Uzbekistan SamAuto’s 20,000th jubilee vehicle with CNG
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April 2015
April 2015
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Summary 2
NGV growth projection and projects
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CNG cylinder makers expand product assortments
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CNG association and Sindh Court want to eliminate substandard cylinders
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Favourable policy for owners of “clean” cars in Beijing
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ADNOC Distribution opens Al Qurm service station in Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah
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NGV market conditions in the UAE, Philippine and China
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Fifty CNG stations are the target for Jakarta
USA
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Uzbek SamAuto produced its 20,000th vehicle with CNG system
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The Global CNG market is expected to reach USD 126.19 billion in 2020
1001 Texas Ave., Suite 1400 - PMB 174, Houston, TX 77002, USA Tel: +1 713-490-5780 Fax: +1 713-490-6781
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GAZ Group supplies LIAZ CNG buses to Samara
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Honda drives ‘hydrogen energy society’ with FCV Concept
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Shell Eco-Marathon Asia 2015 finishes with five new mileage records in the street circuit challenge
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Asian NGV Statistics
Asian NGV Communications is a publication of NGV Communications Group, publishing house and fairs-conferences organizer: www.ngvjournal.com The company produces various NGV magazines across the globe: Asian NGV Communications (for Greater Asia), The Gas Vehicles Report (Europe and more), Prensa Vehicular (Argentina), Prensa Vehicular Peru, and US NGV Journal (for North American markets). It also created an International NGV Guide: www.ngvguide.com More info: www.ngvgroup.com The signed articles are exclusive responsibility of the authors, as well as advertising companies and agencies are responsible for the published ads. is member of the ANGVA (Asia Pacific NGV Association)
KOREA 300-5, Changchon-Ri, Namsan-Myun Chuncheon-Si, Kangwon-Do, 200-911 Phone +82 33 260 3456 Fax +82 33 260 3459
[email protected] / www.ngvjournal.com ITALY Vicolo Gonzaga 13 46045 Marmirolo (Mn) Phone +39 0376 294055
[email protected] www.ngvjournal.com ARGENTINA Uspallata 711 CP 1268 Capital Federal Phone/Fax: +54 11 43074559 /5201/ 43006137
[email protected] www.ngvjournal.com Printed: NGV Impresores • Rosales 4288, Villa Lynch Buenos Aires - Argentina
Copies distribution We print and mail to 24 Asian countries around 4,000 hard copies addressed to conversion centres, Oil & Gas companies, OEM NGVs, governmental related offices, filling station owners, equipment suppliers, related associations and industries. In addition, the electronic version of the magazine is sent to more than 15,000 global NGV contacts in 94 countries. This e-version is also available for free download to all visitors of www.ngvjournal.com. Below is the list of hard copy receivers. Armenia
Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh China Egypt India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Kazakhstan Korea Malaysia Myanmar (Burma) New Zealand Pakistan The Philippines Russia
Singapore Taiwan Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Vietnam If your NGV business is in Asia, the Pacific, and the Middle East, advertise with us! Asian NGV Communications 300-5, Changchon –Ri, Namsan-Myun, Chuncheon-Si, Gangwon-Do, 200-911 South Korea Tel. +82 33 260 3456 Email:
[email protected] www.asiangv.com, www.ngvjournal.com
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April 2015
NGV growth projection and projects The Global CNG vehicle market is expected to reach USD 126.19 billion in 2020, according to a report by Transparency Market Research. The report findings show a projection of the fleet growth from USD 56.32 billion in 2013 to USD 126.19 billion in 2020, expanding at a CAGR of 12.3 percent from 2014 to 2020. The projection is made by including all types of CNG vehicles, from Light-Duty (including three-wheelers) to Heavy-Duty. The LD vehicle segment occupied the maximum market share in 2013 in terms of both vehicle units and CNG consumption. The LD vehicle segment-which account for the majority of the global NGV fleet- is likely to retain its position as the fastest growing market across all regions during the forecast period. Significant initiatives have been taken to convert buses and trucks to CNG; however, these are limited to certain regions. Regarding the fuel supply, unconventional gas is likely to be one of the fastest growing markets for CNG production in the near future. This is likely to happen thanks to the shale gas boom in the U.S. coupled with imminent shale gas production in China towards the end of 2016. Other factors such as the expansion of the Panama Canal are anticipated to throw open trade routes between North America and Asia-Pacific. This is estimated to put downward pressure on natural gas prices.
Russia Gazprom Transgaz Ekaterinburg recently advanced new technology to allow vehicles running on CNG and LNG, saving companies four times the expenses for traditional fuel. Implementing these natural gas resources would be part of a program in several Russian regions. Gazprom is discussing implementation of LNG and CNG throughout the country. Gazprom’s Deputy Chairman of the Management Committee of Gazprom Valery Golubev said that current priority was set to create an infrastructure for LNG production. “We have a vast system of pipelines, but natural gas cannot flow at as high of a rate of pressure as it can in liquefied or compressed forms,” said Golubev. The O&G giant will allocate USD1.62 billion through 2020 to promote the use of motor fuel. Of it, around USD950 million will be spent to subsidize the purchase of vehicles for budgetary purposes, working on motor fuel, as well as the creation of service and refueling infrastructure.
Valery Golubev, the Deputy Chairman of the Management Committee of Gazprom
India One of the famous CNG vehicles makers, India, launched six new cars in the local market. Two of those, are powered by alternative fuels. BMW India launched the i8 hybrid electric supercar at Rs 22.9 million ex-showroom, across India. The car is built on an eco-friendly platform and gives a fuel efficiency of 48kmpl (kilometre per liter) on the EU driving cycle. Meanwhile, Honda launched the CNG-powered Amaze at Rs 653,000. The break-up of the cost is Rs 599,000 for the car and Rs 54,315 for the CNG kit. Honda will be levying extra charges for the CNG endorsement on the RC (registration certificate) book. Meanwhile, in the 2015 budget, the government is eyeing to advance the country’s “clean” fuelled fleet. Railway Minister Suresh Prabhu proposed some measures to make the country’s largest public transporter more environ-
April 2015
ment-friendly. Apart from allocating resources for infrastructure development, Prabhu outlined proposals to establish and maintain an environment-friendly railway system. Addressing the railways measures to diversify its fuel consumption, the minister said CNG-based DEMUs (diesel-electric multiple unit) have been introduced on the Northern Railway. At least 100 DEMUs are proposed to be converted to dual fuel CNG/diesel. Meanwhile, locomotives running on LNG are also currently under development.
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mix to biogas. In Bengaluru, South India’s first plant producing CNG from waste from hotels and poultry farms has completed its first year of operations. The plant, called Maltose Agri Products Private Ltd. (MAPPL), is supplying 600 kg of CNG to the Bengaluru’s restaurants every day. The “cleaner” gas is also cheaper. While LPG fuel is sold at Rs.60 per kg, MAPPL’s CNG has Rs.40/ kg price tag. Nevertheless, gas generated from this plant is not yet to be allocated to the vehicle segment, for the moment.
Pakistan
Meanwhile, CNG infrastructure expansion is on the way. Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) has invited bids for issuing licences for retailing CNG and piped cooking gas in 20 cities like Haridwar and Aligarh.
The National Assembly of Pakistan recently was informed that LNG would be deregulated and supplied to CNG stations across the country, to ensure availability of cheap fuel to consumers.
The PNGRB said that April 23 is the last date of bidding for development of city gas distribution networks in East Godavari, West Godavari, Belgaum, Ahmadnagar, Krishna, Muzaffarnagar, Badaun, Aligarh, Bulandshahr, Banaskantha, Tumkur, Latur, Dhar, Dahod, Shivpuri Haridwar, Dharwad, Bidar, Osmanabd and Udham Singh Nagar. On the renewable fuel segment, India expands its alternative fuel
Minister for Petroleum and Natural Resources Shahid Khaqan Abbasi said that the government would not regulate the LNG sector and its price would also be determined by the private sector. “The LNG price would be around 30 percent less than the petroleum products’ prices but this will be determined on the basis of supply and demand by the private sector,” he said.
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April 2015
Proyeksi pertumbuhan dan proyek-proyek di sektor NGV Pasar kendaraan dunia CNG diperkirakan akan mencapai USD 126.190.000.000 pada tahun 2020, menurut laporan Transparency Market Research. Temuan laporan ini menunjukkan proyeksi pertumbuhan armada NGV dari USD 563.200.000.00 di tahun 2013 menjadi USD 126.190.000.000 tahun 2020; meningkat dengan CAGR sebesar 12,3 persen dari tahun 2014 sampai 2020. Proyeksi ini dibuat dengan mengikutsertakan semua jenis kendaraan CNG, dari kendaraan ringan (Light-Duty, termasuk kendaraan tiga roda) ke Heavy-Duty. Kendaraan LD memiliki pangsa pasar terbesar di segmen NGV di tahun 2013, baik dari segi jumlah kendaraan maupun konsumsi bahan bakar CNGnya. Segmen kendaraan LD yang mencakup sebagian besar NGV fleet dunia kemungkinan besar akan mempertahankan posisinya sebagai pangsa pasar dengan pertumbuhan tercepat di seluruh regio di dunia selama periode proyeksi ini (tahun 2020). Inisiatif penting telah diambil untuk mengkonversi bus dan truk ke sistem CNG; namun, hal ini hanya dilakukan di daerah-daerah tertentu. Mengenai pasokan bahan bakar, gas konvensional cenderung menjadi salah satu pasar dengan pertumbuhan tercepat untuk produksi CNG dalam waktu dekat. Hal ini mungkin terjadi berkat booming shale gas di Amerika Serikat ditambah dengan produksi gas shale di Cina menjelang akhir 2016. Faktor-faktor lain seperti perluasan Terusan Panama diantisipasi untuk membuka rute perdagangan antara Amerika Utara dan Asia -Pacific. Hal ini diperkirakan akan memberi tekanan (menurunkan) pada harga gas alam.
Rusia Gazprom TRANSGAZ Ekaterinburg mengadopsi teknologi baru yang memungkinkan kendaraan melaju dengan CNG dan LNG, sehingga mengurangi biaya bahan bakar armada perusahaan sebanyak empat kali lipat jika dibanding dengan penggunaan bahan bakar tradisional. Penggunaan sumber daya gas alam akan menjadi bagian dari program di beberapa wilayah Rusia. Gazprom membahas pelaksanaan LNG dan CNG di seluruh negeri. Wakil Ketua Gazprom Komite Manajemen Gazprom Valery Golubev mengatakan bahwa prioritas saat ini ditetapkan untuk menciptakan infrastruktur untuk produksi LNG. “Kami memiliki sistem jalur pipa gas yang luas; tetapi gas alam tidak dapat mengalir di tingkat tekanan setinggi tingkat tekanan gas dalam bentuk cair maupun terkompressi,” kata Golubev. Perusahaan minyak dan gas raksasa ini akan mengalokasikan USD1.62 miliar di tahun 2020 untuk mempromosikan penggunaan gas alam di sektor transport. Dari jumlah tersebut, sekitar USD950 juta akan dihabiskan untuk mensubsidi pembelian kendaraan untuk tujuan anggaran, konversi, serta pengadaan layanan dan infrastruktur pengisian bahan bakar (SPBG).
India Salah satu pusat produsen kendaraan CNG yang terkenal, India, meluncurkan enam mobil baru di pasar lokal. Dua dari model-model ini didukung oleh bahan bakar alternatif. BMW India meluncurkan supercar elektrik hybrid i8 di Rs 22,9
April 2015
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April 2015
BMW i8 hybrid electric
juta ex-showroom, di seluruh India. Mobil ini dibangun dengan teknologi ramah lingkungan dan memberikan efisiensi bahan bakar 48km per liter menurut siklus mengemudi di Uni Eropa. Sementara itu, Honda meluncurkan Amaze CNG seharga Rs 653.000. Harga ini sudah termasuk Rs 599.000 untuk mobil dan Rs 54.315 untuk kit CNG. Honda akan menerapkan biaya tambahan untuk model CNG di sertifikat registrasinya. Sementara itu, dalam anggaran 2015, pemerintah mengincar untuk memajukan armada “bersih” negara. Menteri Kereta Api Suresh Prabhu mengusulkan beberapa langkah agar kendaraan umum terbesar di negara ini menjadi lebih ramah lingkungan. Selain mengalokasikan sumber daya untuk pembangunan infrastruktur, Prabhu diuraikan proposal untuk
Amaze CNG was launched for the Indian market
membangun dan memelihara sistem kereta api ramah lingkungan. Mengatasi langkah institusi kereta api untuk diversifikasi konsumsi bahan bakar, menteri mengatakan CNG berbasis DEMU (multiple Unit Diesel-listrik) telah diperkenalkan pada dinas kereta api regio Utara. Setidaknya 100 DEMU diusulkan untuk dikonversi untuk beroperasi dengan bahan bakar ganda CNG /
April 2015
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diesel (sistem dual fuel). Sementara itu, lokomotif dengan sistem teknologi LNG juga sedang dikembangkan. Sementara itu, ekspansi infrastruktur CNG sedang dalam proses. Badan Pengatur Minyak dan Gas Bumi (PNGRB) telah mengundang perusahaan-perusahaan untuk ikut tender pengeluaran izin untuk ritel CNG dan pipa gas masak di 20 kota, misalnya di Haridwar dan Aligarh. The PNGRB mengatakan bahwa tanggal 23 April merupakan tanggal terakhir penawaran untuk pengembangan jaringan distribusi gas kota di Timur Godavari, West Godavari, Belgaum, Ahmadnagar, Krishna, Muzaffarnagar, Badaun, Aligarh, Bulandshahr, Banaskantha, Tumkur, Latur, Dhar, Dahod, Shivpuri Haridwar, Dharwad, Bidar, Osmanabd dan Udham Singh Nagar. Pada segmen bahan bakar berkesinambungan, India mengikutsertakan bahan bakar alternatif biogas di energi mix-nya. Di Bengaluru, pabrik pertama India Selatan yang memproduksi CNG dari limbah dari hotel dan peternakan unggas telah menyelesaikan operasi tahun pertamanya. Pabrik, yang disebut Maltose Agri Produk Private Ltd. (MAPPL), memasok 600 kg CNG ke restoran di Bengaluru setiap harinya. Gas “bersih” ini juga lebih murah. Sementara bahan bakar LPG dijual seharga Rs.60 per kg, MAPPL menjual Bio-CNG seharga Rs.40 / kg harga. Namun demikian, gas yang dihasilkan dari tanaman ini belum dapat dialokasikan untuk segmen kendaraan, untuk saat ini.
Pakistan Majelis Nasional Pakistan baru-baru ini diberitahu bahwa LNG akan diregulasi dan dipasok ke stasiun CNG di seluruh negeri, untuk menjamin ketersediaan bahan bakar murah bagi konsumen. Menteri Perminyakan dan Sumber Daya Alam Shahid Khaqan Abbasi mengatakan, pemerintah tidak akan mengatur sektor LNG dan harganya juga akan ditentukan oleh sektor swasta. “Harga LNG akan menjadi sekitar 30 persen kurang dari harga produk minyak bumi ‘tapi ini akan ditentukan berdasarkan penawaran dan permintaan oleh sektor swasta,” katanya.
Alternative mobility
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April 2015
NGV 성장 프로젝션 및 프로젝트 글로벌 CNG 차량 시장은 투명성 시작 조사의 보고서에 따르면, 2020년 1,261.9억 USD에 도달할 것으로 예상된다. 보고서 결과는 2014년에서 2020년까지 12.3%의 CAGR로 확대되어 2013년 563.2 억 USD에서 202년에 1,261.9억 USD로 차량 성장의 프로젝션을 보 여준다. 프로젝션은 LD(삼륜차 포함)에서 HD의 모든 타입의 CNG 차 량을 포함하여 구성된다. LD 차량 세그먼트는 차량과 CNG 소비량 모두에서 2013년에 최대 시장 점유율을 차지했다. 글로벌 NGV 함대의 대부분을 차지하는 LD 차량 세그먼트는 예측 기 간 도안 모든 지역에서 가장 빠르게 성장하는 시장으로 그 위치를 유 지할 가능성이 높다. 중요한 계획은 버스와 트럭을 CNG로 개조하는 것에 있다. 그러나 이것은 특정 영역에 한정된다. 연료 공급에 관해서는, 전통적 가스는 가까운 미래에 CNG 생산을 위한 가장 빠르게 성장하고 있는 시장 중 하나가 될 것으로 예상된 다. 이것은 2016년 말 중국의 급박한 셰일가스 생산과 함께 미국의 셰일 가스 붐 덕분에 일어날 가능성이 있다. 이러한 파나마 운하의 확 장과 같은 다른 요인은 북미와 아시아 태평양 사이의 열린 무역로를 통과할 것으로 예상된다. 이는 천연가스 가격 하락 압력을 가할 것으 로 예상된다. 러시아 가스프롬의 Transgaz Ekaterinburg는 최근에 회사들이 전통적인 연 료의 4배를 절약하는 CNG나 LNG로 운행하는 자동차에 실행되는 새로운 기술을 진행했다. 이러한 천연 가스 자원을 구현하는 것은 여러 러시아 지역에서 프로 그램의 일부가 될 것이다. 가스프롬은 전국 LNG와 CNG의 구현을 논 의하고 있다. Gazprom Valery Golubev 의 관리위원회의 가스프롬의 부회장은 현 재 우선 순위가 LNG 생산을 위한 인프라를 구축하기 위해 설정하는 것이라고 말했다. “ 우리는 파이프라인의 광대한 시스템을 가지고 있 지만, 천연가스는 액화 또는 압축된 형태가 가능한 압력의 비율의 높 게 흐를 수 없다.”고 Golubev가 말했다. O&G 자이언트는 모터 연료의 사용을 촉진하기 위해 2020년 16.2억 USD 를 할당할 것이다. 그 중, 약 9억5천 USD는 서비스 및 연료 보급 인프라의 생성뿐만 아 니라 모터 연료로 움직이는 예산의 목적을 위한 차량의 구입 보조금 으로 지출될 것이다. 인도 유명한 CNG 차량 제조 업체 중 하나는, 인도, 현지 시장에 6개의 새 로운 차를 출시했다. 그 중 2개는 대체 연료에 의해 구동된다. BMW 인도는 인도 전 지역의 전시장에 i-8 하이브리드 전기 수퍼카 를 2,290만루피로 런칭했다. 자동차는 환경 친화적인 플랫폼을 기반 으로 하고, EU 운전 주기에 48kmpl의 연료 효율을 제공한다. 한편, 혼다는 CNG로 구동하는 653,000루피의 Amaze를 런칭했다. 비용을 나누면 차량이 599,000 루피이고, CNG Kit이 54,315루피이 다. 혼다는 RC 북의 CNG 홍보를 위한 추가 금액이 부가할 것이다. 한편, 2015년 예산에서, 정부는 국가의 “깨끗한” 연료 차량을 먼저 주 시하고 있다. 철도장관 Suresh Prabhu는 더 환경친화적인 국가의 최 대 공공 수송 차량을 만드는 것에 어떤 조치를 제안했다. 인프라 개발 을 위한 할당된 리소스의 부분에서, Prabhu는 친환경 철도 시스템을 설정하고 유지하기 위한 절차의 제안을 설명했다. 그것의 연료 소비를 다각화 하기 위하여 철도 조치의 어드레싱 장관
은 CNG기반의 DEMUs (디젤-전기 멀티플 유닛)가 북부철도에 도입 되었다고 말했다. 적어도 100 DEMUs는 이중연료 CNG/디젤로 개조 되어질 것으로 제안되었다. 한편, LNG로 운행되는 기관차도 현재 개 발 중에 있다. 한편, CNG 인프라 확장은 진행 중에 있다. 석유 및 천연가스 규제위 원회 (PNGRB)는 Haridwar와 Aligarh와 같은 20개의 도시에 CNG 소매업과 파이프로 된 가스를 위한 라이센스 발행을 위한 입찰이 되 어졌다. PNGRB는 4월 23일이 East Godavari, West Godavari, Belgaum, Ahmadnagar, Krishna, Muzaffarnagar, Badaun, Aligarh, Bulandshahr, Banaskantha, Tumkur, Latur, Dhar, Dahod, Shivpuri Haridwar, Dharwad, Bidar, Osmanabd 와Udham Singh Nagar의 도시 가 스 유통 네트워크의 개발을 위한 입찰의 마지막 날짜라고 말했다. 신 재생 연료부문에서 인도는 바이오 가스로의 대체 연료 혼합을 확장한다. Bengaluru에서, 호텔 및 가금류 농장에서 폐기물 CNG 를 생산하는 남인도의 첫번째 공장은 작업의 첫번째 해를 완료했 다. Maltose Agri Products Private Ltd. (MAPPL)로 불리는 그 공장은 Bengaluru의 레스토랑에 매일 CNG의 600kg을 공급하고 있다. “더 깨끗한” 가스가 더 싸다. LPG 연료가 kg당 60루피에 판매되는 동안, MAPPL의 CNG는 kg당 40루피 가격 태크를 가지고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 이 공장에서 생성된 가스는 현재는 아직까지 차량 세그먼 트로 할당되어지지 않는다. 파키스탄 파키스탄의 국회는 최근 LNG는 규제 완화와 소비자에게 싼 연료의 가용성을 보장하기 위해 전국 CNG 충전소에 공급될 것이라고 통보 했다. 석유 및 천연 자원의 장관 Shahid Khaqan Abbasi는 정부가 LNG 부 문을 규제하지 않을 것이며, 그 가격 또한 민간 부문에 의해 결정될 것이라고 말했다. “ LNG 가격이 석유 제품의 가격보다 약 30% 적을 것이나, 이것은 민간 부문의 수요와 공급에 기초하여 결정될 것이다” 라고 말했다.
April 2015
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CNG cylinder makers expand product assortments Less than a year after the joint venture with Agility Fuel Systems was announced, Hexagon Composites’ wholly owned subsidiary, Hexagon Lincoln, has produced its largest capacity and lightest weight vehicle tank to date. The new 27 in / 673 mm diameter tank is featured in Agility’s state-of-the-art 160 DGE Behind-the-Cab compressed natural gas (CNG) system. “Working together to bring product innovations to the market is a top objective of our joint venture and this new cylinder represents the first fruit of these efforts,” said Chet Dawes, Vice President of CNG Automotive Products. “We are committed to continued innovation and highly-engineered solutions for the marketplace.” Hexagon Lincoln has received orders valued at approximately USD 7 million (approx. NOK 53 million) for the new tank and has begun delivery for fuel system orders for several Class 8 truck fleets.
Meanwhile last year, Luxfer Gas Cylinders introduced its G-Stor® Go line of type 4 carbon composite alternative fuel cylinders. Available in multiple capacities, its 22-inch diameter G-Stor Go cylinders are built around a purpose-engineered lightweight boss and high-density polymer-liner interface designed to ensure the highest levels of performance and gas retention. Offering an optimal balance between weight and durability, G-Stor Go cylinders feature high-strength carbon-fiber and epoxy-mix overwraps
instead of hybrid carbon-and-fiberglass overwraps often used in competing products. The G-Stor Go product range to include 26-inch-diameter cylinders and accessories for the rapidly growing Class 8 heavy-duty truck market.
Cylinder mounting system Meanwhile, Quantum Technologies announced its next-generation back-of-cab, frame-mount CNG systems, the Quantum Q-Cab and Q-Rail, which will be available in July 2015. The Q-Cab Gen II is a back-of-cab system featuring 123 diesel gallon equivalent (DGE) storage and features a lightweight design and increased durability. A hook-and-hang mounting mechanism makes installation easy, Quantum said. Multiple mounting hole options increases is flexibility. The system, which also features filter and service components located above the frame rails for easy maintenance access, is equipped with three Q-Lite tanks. The addition of two Q-Rail frame modules will increase the vehicle’s capacity to 216.6 DGE. The Q-Rail Gen II system is available in 30.2, 41.2, or 46.5 DGE configurations. It includes one Q-Lite tank and includes configurable stepping bars in either full, partial length or delete configuration. Both systems come with a 2-year, 200,000-miles warranty, and so far available in the North American market.
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April 2015
CNG association and Sindh Court want to eliminate substandard cylinders The All Pakistan CNG Association (APCNGA) has called for implementation of measures to suppliers of substandard CNG cylinders. APCNGA has urged related authorities to take strict action against the sellers of faulty CNG cylinders to save precious human lives. Claiming that APCNGA had heavily invested in workshops, training and introducing safety technologies viz a viz promotion of CNG as a cost effective as well as hazard free fuel, they alleged that sections with vested interests have frustrated the efforts. They regretted that not only a sluggish attitude was adopted towards unscrupulous elements engaged in the sale of substandard cylinders but that regular checking of CNG kits and cylinders was also never adopted among the top priorities by the concerned authorities. Meanwhile, recently the Sindh High Court (SHC) issued notice to Deputy Inspector General Traffic Police and Motorway Police Officer to explain what measures have been taken for removal of substandard gas cylinders from public transport vehicles.
It directed provincial transport authorities and DIG traffic to take measures in this regard and submit compliance report within one month.
A division bench headed by Justice Aqeel Ahmed Abassi had taken up a petition filed by United Human Rights Commission of Pakistan seeking removal of substandard gas cylinders and CNG kits from public and private transport.
Twenty eight proposed laws prepared for upcoming transport policy: Component Manager Component Implementation Unit (CIU) Sindh Yar Mohammed said 28 proposed laws have been prepared by holding several consultative workshops by transport and mass transit department, which would be presented for formation of Sindh Urban Transport Policy.
Earlier, bench had observed time and again it had issued directives for removal of substandard gas cylinders and CNG kits but no positive steps appeared to have been taken by the provincial authorities.
By following rules and bylaws the transportation safety and security could be improved in current scenario, he said addressing 3rd Consultative Workshop on Principle Guidelines on Sindh Urban Transport Policy.
Campaign against substandard vehicles With the February 25th, 2015 deadline for the implementation of safety standards in public transport vehicles ended a, Karachi city administration has re-started a campaign against transporters who have not yet conformed to the prescribed criteria.
ward any public transport vehicle owners. Failure to comply to the safety standard will result in getting their licences revoked and their vehicles impounded. Ali said that a strict crackdown was being initiated with the help of the traffic police.
The latest campaign will cover school vans, inter and intra-city buses, as well as private taxis and rickshaws. The vehicles will be inspected for substandard CNG cylinders, fitness certificates, driving licences, fire extinguishers and emergency exit doors.
Not everyone is convinced, however, about the success of the campaign. “Similar campaigns were conducted in the wake of the Gujrat school van incident and the Kathore link road accident, but then things returned to where they were,” said the director of the Urban Resource Centre, Zahid Farooq. “They will have to take this issue seriously otherwise it will just end up as another media campaign.”
Manshad Ali, the secretary of the Regional Transport Authority (RTA), said that the authority will no longer show leniency to-
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Favourable policy for owners of “clean” cars in Beijing The Chinese capital Beijing is struggling with pollution and with a highly congested road network. In order to curb the problem, the city administration is trying to reduce car ownership. The new regulation is stricter; people will not get a new license plate so easily like in the past. Instead, the license plates are raffled. One must win the “plate lottery” to get a new license. However, people who bought clean car are more likely to get the plates. Besides having more chance to get the license plate, Beijing residents with a “clean” car pay less toll and parking fees. The city administration include cars with various eco-friendly technology.
The Vehicles that fall into this “clean” car category include electric cars, hybrids and hydrogen cars, and those powered by biofuels. This year’s probability to get a license plate for a “dirty” carsi.e., petrol or diesel vehicles-is brought down. While owners of clean car are twice as likely to get the plate: there are 20,000 badges available for this year. Beijing residents nevertheless are not yet clamoring to buy a clean car. At the first phase lottery, only 2,100 owners of eco-friendly cars joined the license raffle. At present, more than 5.5 million cars registered in Beijing.
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April 2015
NGV market conditions in the UAE, Philippine and China The 3rd CNG-NGV ANGVA Forum 2015 was successfully held in Dubai. Various presentations were made during the forum. Below are the highlights of some of the presentations. ADNOC Distribution reported that they were operating 16 CNG stations comprising of 5 daughter stations and 11 online stations in Abu Dhabi (12 stations), Al Ain (3 stations) and WR (1 station). 4 stations were being constructed in Sharjah. The online stations included 1 mother station and 1 dedicated station for buses and trucks station. There were 12 CNG bulk transport trailers to supply to daughter stations and 1 Mobile station. 5 conversion centers were in operation and a total of 3400 petrol vehicles had been converted to CNG. Besides this, 47 OEM CNG buses were also put into operation and 3 buses were under evaluation using the Diesel Dual Fuel system. ADNOC was also exploring the option of constructing LNG/LCNG stations. ADNOC planned to construct additional 50 NGV stations by the year 2020. EMGAS touched on the availability of 35,000 scmd of natural gas to supply to the transport sector in Dubai and surrounding areas. 5,000 scmd of this will come from ADNOC, 15,000 scmd from Dubai Natural Gas Company Plant (Dusup), and 15,000 scmd from biomethane upgraded from sewage biogas plant. Due to unavailability of piped natural gas, EMGAS will concentrate on installing daughter stations at dedicated fleet owner premises in Dubai. EMGAS had also introduced the concept and design of mini daughter station. Currently 2 CNG stations (1 mother station and 1 mobile filling unit) are owned and operated by EMGAS/ENOC. Around 300 natural gas vehicles were in operation in Dubai.
Hesham Ali Mustafa, Senior Director – ENOC Gas Marketing and General Manager – Emirates Gas LLC and ANGVA President
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testing of these CNG cylinders would introduced much risk (and cost) with little, if any, gain”. Many other interesting topics were covered by various speakers during the Forum. There were also some interesting points raised and discussed during questions and answers period and also during the Roundtable Discussion. ANGVA has also attended the 2nd LNG Supply, Transport & Storage Philippines conference held by AEG. According to the ANGVA report, currently only limited domestic supplies of natural gas were available in the Philippines. The biggest gas field in the country, the Malampaya gas field, supplied 99 percent of its production (~131 bcf/day) to three power plants (total of 2700 MW) with the remaining 1 percent to the refinery and transport. Besides local exploration for oil & gas, projects were in the pipeline to import LNG to secure long-term supply of natural gas to the country power and other sectors. For the transport sector, PNOC will continue with its programme of natural gas as fuel for public buses in Luzon and aspires to have 100 buses in operation once supply of natural gas can be secured.
Emirates Transport, a fully government owned entity, reported that they operated NGV Centers in various part of UAE providing NGV vehicle conversion services, repair and maintenance services, and consultancy service. As of 31st Dec 2014, Emirates Transport had converted 4029 vehicles*.
This year, ANGVA will hold its 6th Biennial International Conference & Exhibition (ANGVA2015) on November 4th- 6th , in Chengdu City, China. The ANGVA 2015 Chengdu theme is “Natural Gas for Vehicles A Realistic Choice of Clean Transportation”. China is heading towards being the leading NGV market and industry in the Asia Pacific region. The rapid growth and expansion of NGVs population, both in the form of CNG and LNG, and the rapid development and growth of related and supporting NGV and LNG industries are making China a force to be reckoned with in the world of natural gas vehicles development and propagation.
TUV, which had provided the expertise and experiences in the development and implementation of “UAE Regulation Natural Gas Vehicles” together with ESMA and ADNOC, was also involved in the current revision of the UAE Regulation and the development of Diesel Dual Fuel Roadmap and Regulations. TUV informed that under current UAE Regulations “Cylinders for using compressed natural gas (CNG) in the propulsion system of a road vehicle shall be re-inspected after 36 months (to be amended to 48 months in the revision of the UAE Regulation) of use as follows based on ISO 19078 requirements : 1. External (visual) inspection by Executer/Executer nominated Third Party Inspector (TPI) 2. Internal (visual) inspection by Executer/Executer nominated TPI 3. Volumetric expansion test by Executer/Executer nominated TPI However, TUV pointed out that the volumetric expansion test only applies for a number of 10 percent of randomly chosen cylinders out of the field, or if evidence is given which requires this test.” The TUV speaker, commenting on the requirement for Hydrostatic Testing of CNG cylinders made to ECE R110, stated that based on his experiences and “taking into account various factors, it would appear that requiring an internal inspection or hydrostatic
Note: *Emirates Transport does conversion to CNG all over UAE including Abu Dhabi and Dubai. Thus, the number of vehicles above-reported separately by Adnoc, EMGAS and Emirates Transport-could be the same vehicles. The total number of NGVs in the United Emirate Arab by February 2015 was around 4,179 units From the ANGVA reports and website
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Uzbek SamAuto produced its 20,000th vehicle with CNG system Samarkand Automobile Factory LLC (SamAuto) recently manufactured its 20,000th motor vehicle in its plant in Uzbekistan. To celebrate this, SamAuto hosted a ceremony of the production of the automobile on 20 February 2015. The jubilee automobile is a commercial vehicle ISUZU NPR82, powered by CNG technology. Representatives of ISUZU Motors, Itochu Corporation and Uzavtosanoat participated in the ceremony. Itochu Corporation has long term relationship with many Uzbek organizations and companies, such as SamAuto, etc. Executive Vice President of ISUZU Motors Ltd. Takanobu Furuta said that it is great honour to participate in the event. He was pleased that the celebrated product became a model vehicle, powered by natural gas-a new generation of ecologic transport, which meets high European standards. SamAuto started to produce vehicles with CNG engines in 2011, following Uzbek government’s policy. Within the implemented project, as approved by the governmental resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers on 3 December 2013, SamAuto received an order to produce more than 1,000 garbage trucks powered by CNG during the period of 2014-2015. The factory also produces similar vehicles with CNG system with three more models/body types- van, board
and truck. Once the project completed the sanitary cleaning services fleet will expand drastically. While the company produced its 10,000th vehicle- SAN NP37 bus- on 30 May 2012, it plans to produce the 30,000th automobile by the end 2016. SamAuto manufactures commercial automobile (trucks and buses on the bases of ISUZU chassis) in Samarkand City in Uzbekistan. Its founders are Uzavtosanoat, Asaka Bank and Japan’s Itochu Corporation.
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GAZ Group supplies LIAZ CNG buses to Samara GAZ Group, a member of Basic Element, a Russian largest diversified industrial group, supplied 49 semi-low-floor LiAZ CNG city buses to Samara City in Russia. Within the framework of the city fleet upgrade before the FIFA World Cup 2018, other 33 environmentally friendly LiAZ buses was scheduled to be shipped to Samara by late March. GAZ Group supplied 49 LiAZ-529370 CNG buses to Samara within the framework of the city fleet upgrade before the FIFA World Cup 2018. All in all, 82 environmentally friendly LiAZ buses will be shipped to Samara. Pursuant to the FIFA requirements, the buses have low floor, passenger capacity of minimum 85 seats, and special equipment for wheel-chaired person transportation. Large LiAZ-529370 is used for transportations within a city. It can carry 100 passengers at a time, has 24 seats and special equipment for wheel-chaired person transportation. LiAZ-529370 is equipped with E4 Cummins engine with the capacity of 255 h.p. The bus is outfitted with automatic gearbox and mechanical ramp for easy wheelchair access. Low floor of the front and medium doors accelerates the access to and from the bus. All passengers feel comfortable due to the presence of wheelchair area and vandal-proof seats. LiAZ vehicles have been used for many significant sports events. As a bus supplier of the Olympic Games in Sochi GAZ Group produced 30 LiAZ-529230 buses for the Olympics 2014. Since completion of the Olympics, such buses have been used in Saint Petersburg. Also 709 tourist buses made by GAZ Group were used for transportation during the Olympics and now are used in the Moscow Region. Oleg Fursov, Chief of the City Administration of Samara said,“For the
Russia-based GAZ Group’s CNG bus
first time in 20 years, our city has received such a large bus batch. In the light of significant wear and tear of the Samara bus fleet, 82 new LiAZ buses are a great solution of some transportation problems of the city. We want to increase comfort of our citizens by further bus fleet upgrade”. Nikolay Merkushin, Governor of the Samara Region, said, “Bus fleet upgrade in Samara is long-term program. We want to buy new buses on a yearly basis. In 2018, Samara will host some FIFA games, and we need upgrade our fleet to make it meet the Organising Committee requirements”. From the press release of GAZ Group
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April 2015
Shell Eco-Marathon Asia 2015 finishes with five new mileage records in the street circuit challenge LH – Gold Energy of Lac Hong University, Vietnam who won the UrbanConcept Alternative Fuel category with 164 km/l on ethanol, and Prototype Battery Electric champion Team NSTRU Eco-Racing from Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University Thailand with a mileage of 451km/kWh. Team UiTM Eco-Sprint from Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) Shah Alam Malaysia bettered their own winning result last year to champion the Prototype Hydrogen Fuel Cell category again with a record mileage of 315 km/m3. “We are very happy to be the first Vietnamese team ever to win at a Shell Eco-marathon Asia event. We are honoured to represent Vietnam and proud that we are bringing our university to a regional competition,” said Le Phuong Long, Team Leader of LH – Gold Energy from Lac Hong University, Vietnam. “The team has learned a lot and done our best to achieve the best possible fuel efficiency, and we dedicate this win to Vietnam.” Students from Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa have conquered the streets of Luneta Park, Manila to set five new mileage records at Shell Eco-marathon Asia. Clean Diesel Team from Hyogo Prefectural Tajima Technical Institute, Japan clinched first place in the Prototype Shell FuelSave Diesel category with a new record mileage of 1,245 km/l at the street circuit, more than double last year’s winning score. Also doubling last year’s result was ITS Team 2 from Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Indonesia, who recorded 153 km/l in the UrbanConcept Shell FuelSave Diesel category. Three other teams achieving new mileage records include Team
Thailand has emerged overall victor for the second year running at the Shell Eco-marathon Asia street circuit event. Apart from Team NSTRU Eco-Racing in the Prototype Battery Electric Category, the contingent won two other on-track titles including Team ATE.1 from Kong Thabbok Upatham Changkol Kho So Tho Bo School who clinched the Prototype Shell FuelSave Gasoline award with a mileage of 1,490 km/l. Team Virgin of Sakonnakhon Technical College Thailand, winner of 2014’s Prototype Shell FuelSave Gasoline category, clocked the highest mileage of the competition in a different category this year with 1,572 km on a litre of ethanol – the approximate equivalent distance between Manila and Ho Chi Minh City.
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“The team wanted to challenge itself with a new type of engine this year and decided to build a new vehicle with a carbon fibre body which makes the car lighter,” said Sakonnakhon Technical College’s Team Advisor Mr. Pramuan Ronyut. “I’m very proud of the team’s performance in an international arena like this – it is a great platform for students interested in this field to compete against and learn from other country teams.” This year’s winners bested over 120 student teams from 17 countries across Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa – including new entrants from Australia, Bangladesh, Oman and Saudi Arabia. Teams submitted vehicle entries in either the UrbanConcept or Prototype category in any of the seven different energy types. Results are measured on who can drive the furthest on the equivalent of 1 kWh of electricity, 1 m3 of hydrogen or 1 litre of fuel. “I’m proud to see more teams and nations than ever joining the Shell Eco-marathon family this year. It’s very impressive that new starters from countries like Australia, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Bangladesh have made successful runs and recorded results in their first year, and I look forward to welcoming more newcomers in the next edition,” said Norman Koch, Shell Eco-marathon Technical Director.
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“It’s not all about the competition, but about the shared knowledge as well,” said Abdulmoshin Albabtain, Team Alfaisal’s driver and team leader. “Several teams came to help us as we experienced challenges along the way. It was all for one and one for all.” Team Nanyang E Drive from Nanyang Technological University Singapore won two off-track awards in Safety and Technical Innovation. For the latter award, the team impressed the judges from Southwest Research Institute with the application of a novel steering mechanism which included stepper motor control. As a result, the vehicle was able to lean when turning corners to maintain its speed.
AFS
Alternative Fuel Systems
Valves for CNG Filling-Stations.
Six Off-Track Awards Presented to Outstanding Student Teams In addition to the 10 On-Track awards, teams also competed for six Off-Track Awards that tested their technical and creative skills, as well as their approach to safety and sustainability. A panel of experts from various fields judged the students on a variety of categories that covered Safety, Communications, Technical Innovation, Vehicle Design, Perseverance and Spirit of the Event and Tribology. The Shell Helix Tribology Award is an off-track award that recognises student teams that demonstrate the use of lubrication engineering principles to improve the fuel efficiency result of their vehicles. The “Perseverance and Spirit of the Event” award went to Team Alfaisal from Alfaisal University of Saudi Arabia, for showing great resilience despite a delay in receiving their car onsite. The precious time lost did not stop them from sharing their materials and resources with neighbouring teams. They donated their spare engine to a competing Philippine team who faced sudden challenges with their engine.
Single valves, dispenser blocks, priority panels Modular product portfolio Standard and customized solutions Used in CNG-stations worldwide For further information please visit www.seitz.ch
Eugen Seitz AG Spitalstrasse 204 8623 Wetzikon Switzerland
seitz.ch
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“Shell Eco-marathon is about inspiring the youth to come up with solutions for the future. This innovation will help us look at smarter mobility, and explore new types of fuel which can be more sustainable,” said Edgar Chua, Country Chairman of the Shell companies in the Philippines.
Off-Track Awards Winners: Communications Anubis, Team CUT Eco-Racing UC Cairo University Faculty of Engineering, Egypt Team CUT Eco-Racing UC understood the strategic value of media engagement and was able to get to the heart of it by approaching the Egypt Prime Minister to support their initiative. They organised the country’s biggest engineering festival and succeeded in getting not only the Prime Minister but also six other ministers to attend the event. They also participated in other publicity events and made the news in broadcast and print. This jumpstarted their story to take a life of its own. Their campaign caught the attention of six sponsors who helped them raise a total of almost USD 230,000 which will be used to fund future engineering projects.
Vehicle Design CD04-evo, Clean Diesel Team Hyogo Prefectural Tajima Technical Institute, Japan Clean Diesel Team won for their ingenious vehicle design that
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April 2015
successfully integrated ergonomic, aesthetic, material, technical and eco-friendly elements. The vehicle design allows sufficient space for the driver’s comfort, is aerodynamically optimised and visually pleasing. The team efficiently used a structure made of carbon fibre of just the right thickness, turned a conventional approach into creative implementation with their power train and engine management system to improve overall driving efficiency, and utilised recyclable materials reducing the car’s environmental footprint.
Technical Innovation Nanyang Venture IX, Team Nanyang E Drive Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore Team Nanyang E Drive impressed with the application of a novel steering mechanism which included stepper motor control. As a result, the vehicle was able to lean when turning corners to maintain its speed. An electronic control circuit was designed to determine the optimum leaning angle as a function of vehicle speed and corner radius. The same team is also the winner of this year’s Safety award.
Perseverance and Spirit of the Event Team Alfaisal Alfaisal University, Saudi Arabia Team Alfaisal showed great resilience despite a delay in receiving their car onsite. They remained positive and chose to move for-
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ward amidst challenges, and focused on preparing whatever they could in advance for when their car was delivered to their garage. Despite precious time lost, it did not stop them from sharing their materials and resources to neighbouring teams. They donated their spare engine to a competing Philippines team which faced sudden challenges with their engine. The team has demonstrated that the event is not about winning, but is about reaching a common goal – driving innovation to achieve sustainable mobility.
Safety Nanyang Venture IX, Team Nanyang E Drive Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Team Nanyang E Drive wins the Safety award alongside the Technical Innovation award for displaying strong awareness of potential hazards, and for putting in control checks and measures to ensure that such incidents are prevented. Each team member has consistently displayed adherence to safety practices—a good sign that safety is truly ingrained and embedded in the hearts and minds of the entire team.
Shell Helix Tribology Symmetry V3.0, Team TIP Mileage Proto Technological Institute of the Philippines Team TIP Mileage Proto from the Technological Institute of the Philippines diligently thought about quantifying the effect of lubricants on friction, and used lubricants with varying viscosity
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April 2015
to minimise fuel consumption. By testing different oils available in the market, they were able to understand its effects on fuel economy and took advantage of the benefits of low viscosity synthetic oils. The team also thought about lubricants in all parts of the engine. They incorporated a chain drive lubricated with a brush type oil dispenser with an automatic timer that also kept the chain clean. Lastly, they looked at the impact of different materials and used wheel bearings with a plastic retainer to improve energy efficiency. Shell Eco-marathon Asia 2015 is held in partnership with the Philippine Government, especially the Department of Tourism, Department of Energy and the City of Manila. Its global Partners include HP (Official Global Information Technology (IT) Partner), Michelin (Official Global Paddock Partner and Tyre Supplier), The Linde Group (Official Global Paddock Partner) and Southwest Research Institute (Official Global Paddock Partner). Local private sector partners are Unilever Philippines, Solane, Coca-Cola, Globe and Hyundai. For more information about the winners, visit: www.shell.com/global/environment-society/ecomarathon/events/asia/press-centre/shell-eco-marathon-asia2015-finishes-today.html
About Shell Eco-marathon Shell Eco-marathon began in 1939 at a Shell research laboratory in the United States as a friendly wager between scientists to
see who could get the most miles per gallon from their vehicle. The winner of that contest barely achieved 50 mpg (21 km/l), and from these humble origins, a more organized competition evolved. In 1985 in France, Shell Eco-marathon as we know it today was born. In April 2007, the Shell Eco-marathon Americas event was launched in the United States, and in 2010, the inaugural Shell Eco-marathon Asia was held in Malaysia. Malaysia hosted Shell Eco-Marathon Asia until 2013. Since 2014, the event is being held in Manila, Philippines, which will continue to host the event until 2016. From the press release of Shell Global
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ADNOC Distribution opens Al Qurm service station in Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah ADNOC Distribution opened a new service station at Al Qurm in Ras Al Khaimah, located on Khuzam Road adjacent to the RAK Mall and ahead of the Ras Al Khaimah golf course. His Highness Sheikh Faisal Bin Saqr Al Qasimi, Chairman of the Board, Ras Al Khaimah Julphar (Gulf Pharmaceutical Industries), and Abdulla Salem Al Dhaheri, CEO of ADNOC Distribution, inaugurated the Al Qurm service station in the presence of senior officials from ADNOC Distribution as well as high profile guests from allied sectors. Al Qurm service station leverages ADNOC Distribution’s experience and capabilities to provide best-in-class facilities and services to customers in the Northern Emirates. The facility comprises six dispensers in addition to two dedicatedfor Natural Gas Vehicles (NGV), which are set to be operational in the near future. As part of ADNOC Distribution’s network of service stations, Al Qurm service station provides petroleum and allied services round-the-clock, in addition to retail services through the ADNOC Oasis store that also includes a bakery. Oil change services and the distribution of a wide range of lubricants, an LPG cylinders depot and a fast food restaurant are added facilities at the new service station. Abdulla Salem Al Dhaheri, CEO of ADNOC Distribution, said: “We are delighted to launch Al Qurm service station as part of our expansion plans that seek to grow our network of service stations in the Northern Emirates. These efforts are designed to cope with the increasing demand for the company’s products and services following the rapid urbanisation and expansion of cities within the UAE.” Al Dhaheri added: “At ADNOC Distribution, we are keen to enhance our operational and administrative capabilities to establish more such world-class facilities across the UAE. We are
particularly focused on meeting our customers’ requirements for service stations and vehicle maintenance facilities in the vicinity of their residences and places of work.” ADNOC Distribution’s expansion strategy seeks to increase the total number of service stations operated by the company to 507 as part of the business plan for 2015-2016. The plan includes the inauguration of the first floating service station in the Arab world and the introduction of smart service station facilities across the entire network.
About ADNOC Distribution ADNOC Distribution Company was established in 1973 as the first company owned by Abu Dhabi government specialized in the marketing and distribution of petroleum products in the United Arab Emirates. ADNOC Distribution operates a vast network of service stations and convenience stores. These stations are equipped with the most advanced technology for fuel, automated car wash and vacuuming, lube bay and tire repair. In addition, aviation refueling services, ships bunkering along with production of a range of ADNOC lubricants are marketed locally, as well as, being exported across the GCC markets, Middle East, the Far East, Africa and Europe. Moreover, ADNOC Distribution had adopted a pioneer project and an ambitious plan to introduce Natural Gas as an alternative fuel for Vehicles in the UAE. The initiative comes as a part of its efforts to support sustainable development. ADNOC Service Stations provide Natural Gas fuel, petroleum products and conversion service for a cleaner and safer environment. From the press release of Adnoc Distribution
His Highness Sheikh Faisal Bin Saqr Al Qasimi, Chairman of the Board, Ras Al Khaimah Julphar (Gulf Pharmaceutical Industries), and Abdulla Salem Al Dhaheri, CEO of ADNOC Distribution, inaugurating Al Qurm ser vice station in the presence of senior of ficials from ADNOC Distribution.
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Fifty CNG stations are the target for Jakarta
Indonesia state-owned PT Perusahaan Gas Negara (PGN) plans to build CNG stations in bus stations in Jakarta City and lays gas pipes in low-cost apartments in the city. The city administration would provide its land plots in bus terminals for the stations and push the company to also install gas pipes in low-cost apartments, said Governor Basuki “Ahok” Tjahaja Purnama said after meeting with PGN officials.
The Governor said the administration had not specified which terminals would have CNG stations. Jakarta Industry and Energy Agency head, M. Haris Pindratno, said the first four CNG stations to be built by PGN would be in Pulo Gebang and Cililitan in East Jakarta; Ancol in North Jakarta; and Rawa Buaya in West Jakarta.
Some Transjakarta buses and around half of the city’s three wheelers are already operate on this eco-friendly gas.
Pindratno is optimistic that the fuelling network would significantly increase within this year as other firms like state’s O&G firm Pertamina had also promised to build 49 of such stations around the city. “There are 402 fuel stations whose land plots can also be used for CNG stations,” he said. Pindratno expect to see 50 CNG stations built or operate in Jakarta, this year. This could encourage public transportation owners to switch to CNG.
In this country, natural gas costs Rp 3,100 per liter, compared to Pertamina’s premium petrol price of Rp 7,600 a liter and diesel at Rp 6,600.
Furthermore, city-owned developer company PT Jakarta Propertindo (Jakpro) is also requested to build 10 CNG stations and 10 mobile refueling units.
However, not so many vehicles converted to CNG system yet due to lack of sufficient refuelling network. Jakarta has only seven CNG stations so far, which often have long queues of vehicles waiting for refuelling.
Jakpro finance director Erlan Hidayat previously said that the company was in the process of acquiring three inactive CNG stations in Kramat Jati, Tanah Merdeka and Kampung Rambutan in East Jakarta.
The Governor is confident that the presence of CNG filling facilities in the terminals will encourage more public transport operators to switch to gas.
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23
The Global CNG market is expected to reach USD 126.19 billion in 2020 Transparency Market Research added new report “Compressed Natural Gas Market (By End-Use - Light Duty (LD) Vehicles, Medium Duty/Heavy Duty (MD/HD) Buses, Medium Duty/Heavy Duty (MD/HD) Trucks) - Global CNG Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2014 - 2020” to their data store. Transparency Market Research has released a new market report titled “ Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2014 - 2020.” According to the report, the global CNG market was valued at USD 56.32 billion in 2013 and is anticipated to reach USD 126.19 billion in 2020, expanding at a CAGR of 12.3 percent from 2014 to 2020. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is obtained through compression of natural gas to less than 1 percent of the volume it generally occupies at normal atmospheric conditions. CNG is primarily used as a clean transportation fuel around the world. Use of CNG as a fuel can result in significantly lower vehicular emissions compared to gasoline and diesel. With strict emission control mandates being imposed by national governments around the world, CNG is emerging as one of the most viable clean fuels. Consumption of CNG directly depends upon the number of CNG powered natural gas vehicles in operation. The report has sub-categorized the different CNG powered natural gas vehicle classes into four major end-user segments: light duty (LD) vehicles, medium duty/heavy duty (MD/HD) buses, medium duty/heavy duty (MD/HD) trucks and others. The others segment comprises three-wheeler CNG powered vehicles such as autos and tuk-tuks. These are generally prevalent in certain counties in Asia-Pacific and Latin America. The LD vehicle segment occupied the maximum market share in 2013 in terms of both vehicle units and CNG consumption. The segment accounted for nearly 93 percent of the global CNG vehicle fleet in 2013, while its share of CNG consumption for the same year stood at around 48 percent. This is because the consumption profile of each vehicle category differs significantly. Light duty vehicles consume an average of 2000 cubic meters of CNG annually, while consumption by large heavy duty trucks can reach up to 32,000 cubic meters annually. Furthermore, fuel consumption by the light duty vehicle segment is subject to driving patterns of individual owners. On the other hand, heavy duty buses and trucks generally cover long distances on a daily basis. Owing to these factors, large bus and truck fleet owners are finding it increasingly
profitable to convert their existing vehicles to CNG. These large vehicles can obtain brisk payback periods to the tune of 2.5 years, while payback periods for passenger vehicles are generally over four years. National governments around the world have passed strict vehicular emission mandates and are increasingly supporting the adoption of CNG as transportation fuel. Many governments have even mandated the conversion of existing public buses to CNG. Governments have also taken active steps to convert long haul trucks to CNG. The LD vehicle segment is likely to retain its position as the fastest growing market during the forecast period. Significant initiatives have been taken to convert buses and trucks to CNG; however, these are limited to certain regions. The LD vehicle segment is anticipated to witness attractive growth rate across all the regions. CNG cannot be directly produced from natural sources. Therefore, production sources of CNG have been assumed to be the same as that of natural gas. The source segment analysis of the CNG market has been sub-segmented into associated gas, non-associated gas and unconventional methods. Currently, non-associated gas holds the highest share in terms of CNG production, followed by associated gas and unconventional methods. Sluggish crude oil production and aging oil wells are estimated to result in a decrease in market share of the associated gas segment. This is projected to give way to unconventional gas. Unconventional gas is likely to be one of the fastest growing markets for CNG production in the near future due to the shale gas boom in the U.S. coupled with imminent shale gas production in China towards the end of 2016. Other factors such as the expansion of the Panama Canal are anticipated to throw open trade routes between North America and Asia-Pacific. This is estimated to put downward pressure on natural gas prices. Overall, the market for CNG seems promising around the globe; attractive growth rate in consumption can be expected throughout the forecast period. Browse Full Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) market Report www.transparencymarketresearch.com/compressed-natural-gas.html
24
April 2015
Honda drives ‘hydrogen energy society’ with FCV Concept The Honda FCV CONCEPT, unveiled in Tokyo in November 2014, makes its European debut at the 2015 Geneva Motor Show. The futuristically styled model, part of Honda’s contribution to the forthcoming ‘hydrogen energy society’, previews an all-new fuel cell road car that is scheduled to go on sale in Japan in the first half of 2016, and subsequently in the United States and Europe within the following 12 months. Honda’s next-generation fuel cell vehicle will succeed the brand’s two previous production fuel cell cars, the FCX and FCX Clarity, and will feature significant improvements in performance and costs. The newly-developed fuel cell stack installed in this vehicle is 33% smaller than its predecessor, and yet realizes an output of more than 100 kW and an output density as high as 3.1 kW/L. This contributes to an overall performance improvement of approximately 60%. At its launch next year, Honda’s third production fuel cell vehicle will be the world’s first fuel cell car with the entire powertrain, including the downsized fuel cell stack, housed under the bonnet of a conventional sedan body shape. The Honda FCV CONCEPT is equipped with a 70 MPa high-pressure hydrogen storage tank that provides a cruising range of more than 700 km (435 miles). The tank can be refilled in approximately three minutes, making refueling as quick and easy as today’s conventionally-fueled cars. As part of its holistic approach to promoting the adoption of the forthcoming ‘hydrogen energy society’, Honda continues to tackle the challenges facing the uptake of the fuel cell vehicle by developing new enabler hydrogen technologies be-
yond the vehicle itself. One such innovation installed in the FCV CONCEPT is the Honda Power Exporter Concept, an external power feeding function, which underwent a large number of verification tests with the FCX Clarity. Furthermore, Honda will continue to promote the application of the Smart Hydrogen Station (SHS), a packaged hydrogen station unit that adopts Honda’s original high-differential-pressure electrolyzer. Together, the Power Exporter Concept, FCV CONCEPT and Smart Hydrogen Station embody Honda’s vision for the ‘hydrogen society’, respectively representing the ‘generate’, ‘use’ and ‘get connected’ functions. Through these interrelated technologies, Honda is working towards a CO2free society. Source: Honda
April 2015
25
Arriva to serve London’s first route operated entirely by electric buses Transport for London (TfL) has announced that Arriva has been awarded the contract to operate route 312, which will become the first in London to be fully served by electric buses. The contract will run from September 2015. There are currently two Optare MetroCity electric single deck buses on route 312, which runs between South Croydon and Norwood Junction. These two buses have been used as an initial test to establish whether the technology could stand up to the rigors of operating in an intense urban environment such as London. Arriva is currently in talks with bus manufacturers with a view to adding a further seven electric buses to the route. A date for the route 312’s conversion to all electric buses will be confirmed later this year. The current trials will help TfL develop plans for greater use of electric buses in central London in the future, contributing to the Mayor’s vision of a central London Ultra Low Emission Zone. Mike Weston, TfL’s Director of Buses, said: “This is an exciting new milestone for our bus fleet, which is already one of the cleanest in Europe. We currently have eight electric buses in our fleet and as this number grows we are learning more about this new technology, which alongside other measures like retrofitting older vehicles with enhanced exhaust systems
and continuing the expansion of our hybrid fleet, continues to contribute towards our strategy to further reduce harmful emissions from the Capital’s bus fleet.” Source: Transport for London.
Spanish municipality launches first charging station for electric cars El Restón Mall has opened this week the first charging point for electric cars of the municipality of Valdemoro. As a result, the new technology installed will allow owners of electric vehicles, motorcycles, bicycles and other plug-in hybrids to refill them for free.
The new charging point joins the list of more than a hundred of them already in operation around the Community of Madrid. It is situated on the ground floor of the shopping center and has two parking spots for two vehicles to charge their batteries simultaneously.
The launch event of the station was attended by Mayor David Conde, together with the charging point’s manager, Angel Luis Velasco, and members of the municipal corporation.
Currently, there are 14 electric vehicles in operation in Valdemoro. Source: Municipality of Valdemoro.
26
April 2015
Asia NGV statistics Country Iran
Natural Gas Vehicles Total
Cars/LDVs
MD/HD buses
Monthly gas consumption (M Nm3)
Refuelling stations
MD/HD trucks
4.068.6323
4.062.580
6.036
16
China
3.994.350
2.587.288
1.025.531
331.531
Pakistan
3.700.000
3.520.000
India
1.800.000
500.000
300.000
Thailand
462.454
393.057
13.367
Uzbekistan
450.000
450.000
Armenia
244.000
192.000
17.300
34.700
Bangladesh
220.000
145.304
10.000
27.000
Russia
90.050
65.000
10.000
Georgia
80.600
51.000
6.000
Malaysia
55.999
55.345
594
Japan
42.590
16.564
South Korea
40.532
Myanmar Tajikistan
Others
Total
Public
Private
Average consumption (actual report)
VRA
Planned
2.268
2.233
35
800
50.000
6.502
6.302
200
2.913
180.000
2.997
2.997
200.000
800.000
936
936
54.268
1.762
497
471
213
213
345
9
37.696
585
585
15.000
50
253
211
5.000
18.600
100
100
60
184
182
2
10
1.560
22.516
1.950
314
274
40
612
8.203
31.069
1.257
3
201
101
100
27.137
23.658
3.475
4
45
45
10.600
10.600
53
53
United Arab Emirates
4.179
4.129
18
17
Kyrgyzstan
6.000
6.000
6
6
Indonesia
5.690
4.850
570
11
11
Singapore
4.638
4.618
20
3
2
1
Turkey
3.850
1.850
2.000
14
8
6
Australia
3.110
25
2.060
52
5
47
Moldova
2.200
2.200
24
24
Afghanistan
1.701
300
1
2
2
Vietnam
462
400
50
12
7
7
New Zealand
201
19
61
84
Qatar
76
1
Philippines
20
Kazakhstan
20
50
20
275
250
750
1.400
37
15.319.091
12.104.991
749,39
974,1%
March
2015
0,0%
October
2014
642,60
0,0%
August
2014
1190,00
0,0%
December
2013
154,58
0,0%
September
2014
81,00
0,0%
June
2013
26,53
114,22
23,2%
December
2011
13
91,55
79,64
115,0%
April
2013
4
33,75
53,71
62,8%
July
2013
32,11
0,0%
November
2013
11,75
126,0%
October
2013
25,77
0,0%
March
2013
95,69
97,2%
November
2014
14,69
0,0%
September
2014
4,13
1,91
216,5%
December
2007
1,05
0,89
117,6%
December
2014
0,60
1,08
55,6%
December
2007
2,61
0,0%
November
2013
1,03
0,89124
1,15569319
October
2013
4,20
6,33
2
December
2011
5,99
66,3%
June
2013
0,40
0,0%
Septemebr
2011
August
2013
26 50 336
15 25
1
14,80
93,00
54
1
4
35 10
Last update
3810,03
9
163,21
42
Reported consumption
130 0,40
101,0%
July
2012
December
2010
14
14
0,26
75
1
1
0,23
0,0%
September
2013
20
1
1
0,06
0,0%
November
2013
20
1
1
0,0%
November
2013
1
1
November
2009
13.380
14.796
March
2015
Turkmenistan Greater Asia
7300,00
The consumption in theory
1.429.859
691.683 1.092.558
90
852
3.161
814
434
7.076
6,1%
Notes: The column ‘theoretical monthly consumption’ is calculating total monthly consumption if cars consume 180, buses 3000, trucks 800, and other vehicles 50 Nm3 per month. There is, of course, a huge difference between different truck types. A 44 ton truck may consume up to 8000 (not 800) Nm3 per month.
Country Country Iran Iran Russia Russia China China Thailand Thailand South Korea South Korea Pakistan Pakistan India India Armenia Armenia Malaysia Malaysia Bangladesh Bangladesh Myanmar Myanmar United United Arab Emirates Arab Emirates Australia Australia Indonesia Indonesia TurkeyTurkey Philippines Philippines Singapore Singapore TaiwanTaiwan Total Total
Number Number of Cities of Cities 597 597 198 198 100 100 54 54 52 52 50 50 42 42 37 37 12 12 8 8 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3.656 3.656
Last Last update update Nov. '11 Nov. '11 May '12 May '12 May.'12 May.'12 May '14 May '14 Nov. '13 Nov. '13 Apr. '08Apr. '08 Nov. '10 Nov. '10 Mar. '08 Mar. '08 Mar. '13 Mar. '13 Nov. '05 Nov. '05 Oct. '11Oct. '11 Jul. '11Jul. '11 Nov. '09 Nov. '09 Sept. '08 Sept. '08 Aug. '04 Aug. '04 Oct.'05Oct.'05 Jul. '05Jul. '05 Apr'. 05Apr'. 05
Cities Cities withwith refuelling refuelling stations stations
3.656 3.656 3.656 3.656
AsiaAsia Worlwide Worlwide
April 2015
Country Iran China Pakistan India Thailand Uzbekistan Bangladesh Malaysia Japan South Korea Myanmar Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan Indonesia Singapore Australia United Arab Emirates Afghanistan Vietnam New Zealand Qatar Philippines Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Asia Armenia Russia Georgia Turkey Moldova Eurasia Egypt Nigeria Mozambique South Africa Algeria Tanzania Tunesia Africa Italy Ukraine Germany Bulgaria Sweden France Switzerland Austria Netherlands Czech Republic Hungary Belarus Spain Poland Iceland Finland Belgium Greece Serbia Norway United Kingdom Portugal Slovakia Lithuania Estonia Croatia Luxembourg Lichtenstein Denmark Slovenia Macedonia Bosnia & Herzegovina Latvia Ireland Romania Montenegro Europe Argentina Brazil Colombia Bolivia Peru Venezuela Dominican Republic Chile Trinidad & Tobago Ecuador Panama Central & South America USA Canada Mexico North America Total
27
Natural Gas Vehicles Total
Cars/LDVs
MD/HD buses
MD/HD trucks
Others
4.068.632 3.994.350 3.700.000 1.800.000 462.454 450.000 220.000 55.999 42.590 40.532 27.137 10.600 6.000 5.690 4.638 3.110 4.179 1.701 462 201 76 20 20
4.062.580 2.587.288 3.520.000 500.000 393.057 450.000 145.304 55.345 16.564 8.203 23.658 10.600 6.000 4.850 4.618 25 4.129 300 400 19 1
6.036 1.025.531
16 331.531
300.000 13.367
200.000 54.268
14.898.391 244.000 90.050 80.600 3.850 2.200 420.700 207.617 3.798 1.380 937 215 55 34 214.036 885.300 170.000 98.172 61.320 46.715 13.550 11.640 8.332 7.573 8.817 5.118 4.600 3.990 3.590 2.016 1.800 1.053 1.000 878 667 663 586 426 380 340 329 270 143 104 58 54 35 29 3 2
11.792.941 192.000 65.000 51.000 1.850 2.200 312.050 205.000 3.452 1.216 800 115 55 32 210.670 880.000 8.036 95.708 61.197 43.795 10.050 11.278 8.100 6.498 7.950 5.000 4.600 905 3.050 2.000 1.675 1.000 280 792 124 20 46 100 80 300 219 230 64 61 29 7 34 29 3
1.394.559 17.300 10.000 6.000 2.000
636.983 34.700 15.000 5.000
1.073.908
35.300 2.270 25 153 136 100
54.700
18.650 347 34 11 1
1.339.553 2.487.349 1.781.102 500.000 300.000 183.786 90.000 10.909 8.164 3.535 40 15 5.364.900 150.000 14.205 2.620 166.825 22.404.405
1.153.260 2.487.349 1.781.102 462.871 300.000 183.775 90.000 10.909 8.055 3.500 40 15 5.327.616 83.000 11.800 2.569 97.369 18.893.906
115.686
69.279
27.469
9.660
50.000 180.000 800.000 1.762
10.000 594 1.560 31.069 3.475
27.000
570 20 2.060 50 1 50 61 75 20 20
20
250
275
750
2 2.686 2.300 102.216 1735 105 755 2.400 173 176 686 527 86 1.609 400 2 75 3 618 58 538 3 354 261 300 30 78 39 61 26 24 47 1
Monthly gas consumption (M Nm3)
Refuelling stations
22.516 1.257 4
37.696 60 1.950 3
1.400 12 84
287
37
50 18.600
287 3.000 59.748 176 11 2.163 1.100 129 54 386 85 32
393
1.322 40 14 26 37 102 28 4 600 86 65
154 100
10 18 1 18 17 5
0 14
553 7 2 0 60 2 3 255 0
24 13 0 0 1 40 100 0
0
Total 2.268 6.502 2.997 936 497 213 585 184 314 201 45 53 6 11 3 52 18 2 7 14 1 1 1 1 14.912 345 253 100 14 24 736 181 8 5 3 4 1 1 203 1.060 325 921 110 213 311 167 180 147 101 19 42 86 88 6 26 20 7 10 22 22 5 14 5 5 3 7 2 7 7 1 3 2
Public
Private
2.233 6.302 2.997 936 471 213 585 182 274 101 45 53 6 11 2 5 17 2 7
35 200
VRA
Planned 800 2.913
1.328
11 109 35 27.624 44.300 199 51 44.550 1.620.405
9.660 22.700 6
2.200
0
22.706 793.615
2.200 1.096.479
Reported consumption
749,39 3810,03 642,60 1190,00 154,58 81,00 79,64 11,75 25,77 95,69 14,69 1,91 1,08 2,61 0,89124 5,99 0,89
974,1% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 115,0% 126,0% 0,0% 97,2% 0,0% 216,5% 55,6% 0,0% 1,155693192 0,0% 117,6%
0,26 0,23 0,06
0,0% 0,0% 0,0%
6.869 114,22 53,71 32,11 6,33 0,40 207 43,73 0,93 0,68 0,55 0,32 0,01 0,01 46 167,70 355,89 22,60 11,34 11,88 9,89 2,66 2,03 3,54 3,09 1,18 0,83 6,06 1,79 0,38 0,55 0,22 1,99 0,34 1,64 0,49 1,14 0,85 0,91 0,15 0,29 0,16 0,21
111,7% 23,2% 62,8% 0,0% 66,3% 101,0% 31,4% 130,6% 0,0% 35,4% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 124,1% 47,7% 14,6% 79,6% 132,3% 101,0% 60,7% 60,6% 665,3% 475,0% 80,6% 25,3% 124,4% 129,5% 89,6% 44,5% 75,8% 0,0% 67,0% 274,4% 131,1% 606,6% 101,4% 93,8% 21,9% 98,7% 55,5% 37,7% 47,9%
0,08 0,14 0,01 0,01 0,00
110,8% 14,8% 0,0% 49,2% 0,0%
0,00 610 447,72 320,60 173,45 54,00 33,11 16,20 1,96 1,78 0,74 0,01
39,2% 53,6% 45,1% 25,9% 48,7% 56,1% 50,3% 4,7% 180,1% 244,9% 0,0%
1.050 166,00 2,84 0,62 169 8.951
46,4% 46,7% 0,0% 222,6% 46,6% 96,0%
7300,00 9 163,21
26 50 13 10 612
2 40 100
91,55 14,80 93,00 4,13 0,60
4 1 47 1
1,03 10 54
130 1
1,05
14 1 1 1 1 14.444 9 211 100 8 24 352 177 8
90 468 336 42
3 4 1
8 14 5 1 10 3 5 2 6 1 7 2 2 0
775
15 25
4 35
6 384 4 5
193 1.010 133 849 109 147 40 134 175 140 75 4 42 38 26 5 25 16
3.121
40
2 1 3.947 1.939 1.805 800 178 237 166 15 15 11 1
3.036 1.939 1.805 800 178 237 166 15 15 11 1
5.167 1.615 89 8 1.712 26.677
5.167 873 86 8 967 24.159
39
10 2 5
7.669 26,53 33,75 4,20 0,40 65 57,11 0,24
2 1 10 50 192 72 1 66 271 33 5 7 26 15 48 62 1 1 4 7 2 8 17 4 4 2 1 1 1 5 1 1 2
19 1 7 11 3 31 30 10 12 52 1 21 7 2 4 5 1 4 4 1 1 2 1 3 1 3 9
2
Average The consumption consumption (actual report) in theory
0 100 8 804 21 200 117 12 558 130 1.500 21 40 1 10 17 3 10 20 5 1
5 2 1 3
57 80,00 52,00 18,00 15,00 12,00 6,00 1,61 13,50 16,80 2,49 0,30 1,03 7,84 1,60 0,17 0,42 1,33 0,93 2,15 3,00 1,16 0,80 0,20 0,15 0,16 0,06 0,10 0,090 0,02 0,003
2 1 911
227
3.589 32 7 3 46
300 100 70 22
80
0 742 3
492 239
745 2.518
239 4.138
169 4.747 500 22 5.269 9.841
1
239 239,80 144,53 45,00 26,28 18,56 8,15 0,09 3,20 1,80 487 77,52 1,37 79 8.597
Last update March October August December September June April October March November September December December November October June December August July December September November November November
2015 2014 2014 2013 2014 2013 2013 2013 2013 2014 2014 2007 2007 2013 2013 2013 2014 2013 2012 2010 2013 2013 2013 2009
December July November December Septemebr
2011 2013 2013 2011 2011
September March November September September August December
2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2013 2007
December March May June September September August June June December June September December September September August July September June June July December September September September September July December July June January September September June February March
2015 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2013 2014 2014 2014 2011 2013 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2011 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 2011 2014 2014 2011 2014 2014 2013 2014 2006
July June October August 2014 June June June December January May November
2014 2014 2014 2013 2014 2011 2013 2011 2015 2009 2008
January May May
2015 2013 2012
February
2015
28
April 2015
Asia Fuel prices
Premium Regular Country Gasoline Gasoline Diesel (Euro/litre) (Euro/litre)
Afganistan Armenia Australia Bangladesh China Georgia India Indonesia Iran Japan Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Russia Singapore South Korea Thailand Turkey Uzbekistan Vietnam
0,73 0,96 0,98 0,52 0,96 0,91 0,93 0,65 0,023 1,60 0,55 0,92 0,76 0,71 1,26 1,30
(Euro/litre)
0,91 0,49 0,88 0,88 0,56 0,033 1,49 0,74
0,66 1,86 0,80 1,25
0,72 1,17
0,83 1,02 0,34 0,87 0,87 0,79 0,43 0,0166 1,30 0,52 0,80 0,60 0,73 0,92 1,15 0,68 1,62 0,68 0,92
CNG (Euro/ Nm3)
CNG price equivalent per litre gasoline
CNG price equivalent per litre diesel
nov-12 sep-11 nov-14 sep-09 nov-14 nov-14 nov-14 nov-14 Mar-15 jun-12 nov-14 nov-14 ene-10 jun-13 nov-14 nov-14 feb-15 sep-14 oct-11 mar-11
0,51 0,39 0,71 0,18 0,51 0,49 0,57 0,22 0,0144 0,89 0,21 0,45 0,27 0,28 0,90 0,68 0,26 1,40 0,24 0,91
0,45 0,34 0,62 0,16 0,45 0,43 0,50 0,19 0,0135 0,81 0,13 0,39 0,23 0,24 0,79 0,61 0,23 1,23 0,21 0,80
0,5 0,38 0,69 0,18 0,50 0,48 0,56 0,21 0,0149 1,05 0,20 0,44 0,26 0,27 0,88 0,80 0,26 1,37 0,23 0,89
Date
Notes: *In these countries sales are measured in kg. The conversion factor depends on the normal density of gaseous natural gas in each country. The default value used is 0.73 kg/Nm3.
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