LaTeX Cheat Sheets

LATEX 2ε Cheat Sheet Document classes book Default is two-sided. report No \part divisions. article No \part or \chapter divisions. letter Letter (?). slides Large sans-serif font. Used at the very beginning of a document: \documentclass{class}. Use \begin{document} to start contents and \end{document} to end the document.

Common documentclass options Font size. Paper size. Use two columns. Set margins for two-sided. Landscape orientation. Must use dvips -t landscape. draft Double-space lines. Usage: \documentclass[opt,opt]{class}.

10pt/11pt/12pt letterpaper/a4paper twocolumn twoside landscape

Packages fullpage Use 1 inch margins. anysize Set margins with \marginsize{l}{r }{t}{b}. multicol Use n columns with \begin{multicols}{n}. latexsym Use LATEX symbol font. Use before \begin{document}. Usage: \usepackage{package}

Title \author{text} Author of document. \title{text} Title of document. \date{text} Date. These commands go before \begin{document}. The declaration \maketitle goes at the top of the document.

Miscellaneous \pagestyle{empty} Empty header, footer and no page numbers.

Document structure \part{title} \subsubsection{title} \chapter{title} \paragraph{title} \section{title} \subparagraph{title} \subsection{title} Section commands can be followed with an *, like \section*{title}, to supress heading numbers. \setcounter{secnumdepth}{x} supresses heading numbers of depth > x, where chapter has depth 0.

Text environments \begin{comment} Comment block (not printed). \begin{quote} Indented quotation block. \begin{quotation}Like quote with indented paragraphs. \begin{verse} Quotation block for verse.

Lists

Verbatim text

\begin{enumerate} Numbered list. \begin{itemize} Bulletted list. \begin{description}Description list. \item text Add an item. \item[x ] text Use x instead of normal bullet or number. Required for descriptions.

\begin{verbatim} Verbatim environment. \begin{verbatim*} Spaces are shown as . \verb!text! Text between the delimiting characters (in this case !) is verbatim.

References Set a marker for cross-reference, often of the form \label{sec:item}. \ref{marker } Give section/body number of marker. \pageref{marker } Give page number of marker. \footnote{text} Print footnote at bottom of page.

\label{marker }

Environment \begin{center} \begin{flushleft} \begin{flushright}

Declaration \centering \raggedright \raggedleft

Miscellaneous \linespread{x} changes the line spacing by the multiplier x.

Text-mode symbols

Floating bodies \begin{table}[place] Add numbered table. \begin{figure}[place] Add numbered figure. \begin{equation}[place] Add numbered equation. \caption{text} Caption for the body. The place is a list valid placements for the body. t=top, h=here, b=bottom, p=separate page, !=place even if ugly. Captions and label markers should be within the environment.

Text properties Font face Command Declaration Effect \textrm{text} {\rm text} Roman family \textsf{text} {\sf text} Sans serif family \texttt{text} {\tt text} Typewriter family \textmd{text} {\md text} Medium series \textbf{text} {\bf text} Bold series \textup{text} {\up text} Upright shape \textit{text} {\it text} Italic shape \textsl{text} {\sl text} Slanted shape \textsc{text} {\sc text} Small Caps shape \emph{text} {\em text} Emphasized \textnormal{text}{\normalfont text}Document font \underline{text} Underline The command (tttt) form handles spacing better than the declaration (tttt) form.

Font size \tiny tiny \scriptsize scriptsize \footnotesize footnotesize small \small \normalsize normalsize \large large

Justification

\Large \LARGE \huge \Huge

Large

LARGE

huge

Huge

These are declarations and should be used in the form {\small . . . } or without braces to affect the entire document.

Symbols & $ %

\& \$ \%

... | #

\_ \^{} \~{}

ˆ ˜

\ldots \textbar \#

• \ |

\textbullet \textbackslash \textbar

Accents o ` o˙ ¸c Œ ø 

\‘o \.o \c c \OE \o \j

o ´ o ¨ o. æ Ø ¡

\’o \"o \d o \ae \O ~‘

o ˆ o ¸ o ¯ Æ l ¿

\^o \c o \b o \AE \l ?‘

[[ ]]

(( ))

o ˜ o ˇ o o ˚ a L

\~o \v o \t oo \aa \L

o ¯ o ˝ œ ˚ A ı

\=o \H o \oe \AA \i

Delimiters ‘‘ ’’

“ ‘‘ ” ’’

{ \{ } \}

< \textless > \textgreater

Dashes Name hyphen en-dash em-dash

Source ----

Example X-ray 1–5 Yes—or no?

Usage In words. Between numbers. Punctuation.

Line and page breaks \\ \\* \kill \pagebreak \noindent

Begin new line without new paragraph. Prohibit pagebreak after linebreak. Don’t print current line. Start new page. Do not indent current line.

Miscellaneous May 11, 2002. Prints ∼ instead of \~{}, which makes ˜. Space, disallow linebreak (W.J.~Clinton). Indicate that the . ends a sentence when following an uppercase letter. \hspace{l} Horizontal space of length l (Ex: l = 20pt). \vspace{l} Vertical space of length l. \rule{w}{h} Line of width w and height h. \today $\sim$ ~ \@.

TEX Reference Card

Relations

(for Plain TEX)

Greek Letters α β γ δ  ε ζ η θ ϑ

\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \varepsilon \zeta \eta \theta \vartheta

ι κ λ µ ν ξ o π $ ρ

\iota \kappa \lambda \mu \nu \xi \o \pi \varpi \rho

% σ ς τ υ φ ϕ χ ψ ω

\varrho \sigma \varsigma \tau \upsilon \phi \varphi \chi \psi \omega

Γ ∆ Θ Λ

\Gamma \Delta \Theta \Lambda

Ξ Π Σ Υ

\Xi \Pi \Sigma \Upsilon

Φ Ψ Ω

\Phi \Psi \Omega

Symbols of Type Ord ℵ h ¯ ı  ` ℘ < = ∂ ∞

0 ∅ ∇ √

\aleph \hbar \imath \jmath \ell \wp \Re \Im \partial \infty

> ⊥ k 6

4 \

\prime \emptyset \nabla \surd \top \bot \| \angle \triangle \backslash

Large Operators

P Q ` R H

T S F W V

\sum \prod \coprod \int \oint

\bigcap \bigcup \bigsqcup \bigvee \bigwedge

∀ ∃ ¬ [ \ ] ♣ ♦ ♥ ♠

\forall \exists \neg or \lnot \flat \natural \sharp \clubsuit \diamondsuit \heartsuit \spadesuit J N L U

\bigodot \bigotimes \bigoplus \biguplus

Binary Operations ± ∓ \ · × ∗ ?  ◦ • ÷

\pm \mp \setminus \cdot \times \ast \star \diamond \circ \bullet \div

∩ ∪ ] u t / . o

4 5

\cap \cup \uplus \sqcap \sqcup \triangleleft \triangleright \wr \bigcirc \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown

∨ ∧ ⊕ ⊗  † ‡ q

\vee or \lor \wedge or \land \oplus \ominus \otimes \oslash \odot \dagger \ddagger \amalg

\leq or \le \prec \preceq \ll \subset \subseteq \sqsubseteq \in \vdash \smile \frown \propto

6≡

\not\equiv

≥    ⊃ ⊇ w ∈ / a | k

≡ ∼ '  ≈ ∼ = ./ 3 |= . = ⊥

\geq or \ge \succ \succeq \gg \supset \supseteq \sqsupseteq \notin \dashv \mid \parallet

\equiv \sim \simeq \asymp \approx \cong \bowtie \ni or \owns \models \doteq \perp

Most relations can be negated by prefixing them with \not. ∈ /

6=

\notin

\ne

Arrows ← ⇐ → ⇒ ↔ ⇔ 7→ ←↑ ↓ l % The mat

\leftarrow or \gets ←− \longleftarrow \Leftarrow ⇐= \Longleftarrow \rightarrow or \to −→ \longrightarrow \Rightarrow =⇒ \Longrightarrow \leftrightarrow ←→ \longleftrightarrow \Leftrightarrow ⇐⇒ \Longleftrightarrow \mapsto 7−→ \longmapsto \hookleftarrow ,→ \hookrightarrow \uparrow ⇑ \Uparrow \downarrow ⇓ \Downarrow \updownarrow m \Updownarrow \nearrow & \searrow \nwarrow . \swarrow \buildrel macro puts one symbol over another. The foris \buildrelhsuperscripti\overhrelationi. αβ

−→ def

f (x) = x + 1

\buildrel\alpha\beta\over\longrightarrow f(x)\; {\buildrel\rm def\over=} \;x+1

Delimeters [ ] | k [[ ]]

\lbrack or [ \rbrack or ] \vert or | \Vert or \| [\![ ]\!]

{ } b c (( ))

\lbrace or \{ \rbrace or \} \lfloor \rfloor (\!( )\!)

h i d e hh ii

\langle \rangle \lceil \rceil \langle\!\langle \rangle\!\rangle

Left and right delimeters will be enlarged if they are prefixed with \left or \right. Each \left must have a matching \right, one of which may be an empty delimeter (\left. or \right.). To specify a particular size, use the following: \bigl, \bigr \Bigl, \Bigr \biggl, \biggr You can also say \bigm for a large delimenter in the middle of a formula, or just \big for one that acts as an ordinary symbol.

Every Time Insertions

Page Layout \hsize=hdimeni \vsize=hdimeni \displaywidth=hdimeni \hoffset=hdimeni \voffset=hdimeni

Accents

≤ ≺   ⊂ ⊆ v ∈ ` ^ _ ∝

set width of page set height of page set width of math displays move page horizontally move page vertically

\everypar \everymath \everydisplay \everycr

insert insert insert insert

whenever a paragraph begins whenever math in text begins whenever displayed math begins after every \cr

Type hat expanding hat check tilde expanding tilde acute grave dot double dot breve bar vector

Example a ˆ d abc a ˇ a ˜ g abc a ´ a ` a˙ a ¨ a ˘ a ¯ ~a

In Math \hat \widehat \check \tilde \widetilde \acute \grave \dot \ddot \breve \bar \vec

In Text \^ none \v \~ none \’ \‘ \. \" \u \= none

The \skewhnumberi command shifts accents for proper positioning, the larger the hnumberi, the more right the shift. Compare ˆ ˆ ˆˆ \hat{\hat A} gives A, \skew6\hat{\hat A} gives A.

Elementary Math Control Sequences x+y \overline{x+y} x+y \underline{x+y} √ x + 2 \sqrt{x+2} √ n x+2 \root n\of{x+2} n+1 {n+1\over 3} fraction 3 n+1 fraction, no line {n+1\atop 3} 3  n + 1 binomial coeff. {n+1\choose 3} 3 o nn + 1 braced fraction {n+1\brace 3} 3 i hn + 1 bracketed fraction {n+1\brack 3} 3 The following specify a style for typesetting formulas. \displaystyle \textstyle \scriptstyle \scriptscriptstyle overline a formula underline a formula square root higher order roots

Non-Italic Function Names \arccos \cos \arcsin \cosh \arctan \cot \arg \coth a \pmod{m} a \bmod m

\csc \exp \ker \limsup \min \sinh \deg \gcd \lg \ln \Pr \sup \det \hom \lim \log \sec \tan \dim \inf \liminf \max \sin \tanh a (mod m) mod with parentheses a mod m mod without parentheses

The following examples use \mathop to create function names. Example Command Plain TEX Definition lim \lim_{x\to2} \def\lim{\mathop{\rm lim}} x→2

log2

\log_2

\def\log{\mathop{\rm log}\nolimits}

Footnotes, Insertions, and Underlines \footnotehmarkeri{htexti} \topinserthvmode materiali\endinsert \pageinserthvmode materiali\endinsert \midinserthvmode materiali\endinsert \underbar{htexti}

footnote insert at top of page insert on full page insert middle of page underline text

c 1998 J.H. Silverman, Permissions on back. v1.3

Send comments and corrections to J.H. Silverman, Math. Dept., Brown Univ., Providence, RI 02912 USA. [email protected]

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Useful Parameters and Conversions the current day, month, year name of current job convert to lower case roman nums. convert to upper case convert to lower case

\day,\month,\year \jobname \romannumeralhnumberi \uppercase{htoken listi} \lowercase{htoken listi}

Fills, Leaders and Ellipses Text or Math: Math: . . . \ldots

. . . \dots · · · \cdots

.. . \vdots

The following fill space with the indicated item. \hrulefill \rightarrowfill \leftarrowfill

..

. \ddots

Indentation and Itemized Lists \indent \noindent \parindent=hdimeni \displayindent=hdimeni \leftskip=hdimeni \rightskip=hdimeni \narrower \item{hlabeli} \itemitem{hlabeli} \hangindent=hdimeni \hangafter=hnumberi

\dotfill \parshape=hnumberi

indent do not indent set indentation of paragraphs set indentation of math displays skip space on left skip space on right make paragraph narrower singly indented itemized list doubly indented itemized list hanging indentation for paragraph start hanging indent after line n. If n < 0, indent first |n| lines. general paragraph shaping macro

The general format for constructing leaders is \leadershbox or rulei\hskiphgluei repeat box or rule \leadershbox or rulei\hfill fill space with box or rule

Headers, Footers, and Page Numbers

TEX Fonts and Magnification

\nopagenumbers \pageno

\rm \sl

Roman Slant

\bf \it

Bold Italic

\tt \/

Typewriter “italic correction”

\magnification=hnumberi scale document by n/1000 n \magstephnumberi scaling factor of 1.2 √ × 1000 \magstephalf scalling factor of 1.2 \font\FN=hfontnamei load a font, naming it \FN \font\FN=hfontnamei at hdimeni load font scaled to dimension \font\FN=hfontnamei scaled hnumberi load font scaled by n/1000 true hdimeni dimension with no scaling

Alignment Displays set equally spaced tabs set tabs as per sample line tabbed text to be typeset horizontal alignment horizontal alignment add space between lines insert material after any \cr set glue at tab stops omit the template for a column span two columns span several columns ignore the width of an entry insert \cr if one is not present

\settabshnumberi\columns \settabs\+hsample linei\cr \+htext1 i&htext2 i&· · ·\cr \halign \halign tohdimeni \openuphdimeni \noalign{hvmode materiali} \tabskip=hgluei \omit \span \multispanhnumberi \hidewidth \crcr

Boxes \hbox tohdimeni \vbox tohdimeni \vtop tohdimeni \vcenter tohdimeni \rlap \llap

hbox of given dimension vbox, bottom justified vbox, top justified vbox, center justified (math only) right overlap material left overlap material

Overfull Boxes \hfuzz \vfuzz \overfullrule

allowable excess in hboxes allowable excess in vboxes width of overfull box marker. To eliminate entirely, set \overfullrule=0pt.

\folio \footline \headline

turn off page numbering current page number. To get roman nums, set \pageno=hnegative numberi current page number, roman num if < 0 material to put at foot of page material to put at top of page. To leave space, set \voffset=2\baselineskip, make room with \advance\vsize by-\voffset.

Macro Definitions \def\cs{hreplacement texti} define the macro \cs \def\cs#1 · · · #n{hrepl. texti} macro with parameters \let\cs=htokeni give \cs token’s current meaning Advanced Macro Definition Commands \long\def macro whose args may include \par \outer\def macro not allowed inside definitions \global\def or \gdef definition that transcends grouping \edef expand while defining macro \xdef or \global\edef global version of \edef \noexpandhtokeni do not expand token \expandafterhtokeni expand item after token first \futurelet\cshtok1 ihtok2 i equals \let\cs=htok2 ihtok1 ihtok2 i \csname. . . \endcsname create a control sequence name \string\cs list characters in name, \ c s \numberhnumberi list of characters in number \thehinternal quantityi list of tokens giving value of quantity

Conditionals The general format of a conditional is \ifhconditionihtrue texti\elsehfalse texti\fi \ifnumhnum1 ihrelationihnum2 i compare two integers \ifdimhdimen1 ihrelationihdimen2 i compare two dimensions \ifoddhnumi test for an odd integer \ifmmode test for math mode \ifhtoken1 ihtoken2 i test if character codes agree \ifdim compare two dimensions \ifxhtoken1 ihtoken2 i test if tokens agree \ifeofhnumberi test for end of file \iftrue, \iffalse always true, always false \ifcasehnumberihtext0 i\orhtext1 i\or· · · \orhtextn i\elsehtexti\fi choose text by hnumberi \loop α \if. . . β \repeat loop αβα · · · α until \if is false \newif\ifblob create a new conditional called \ifblob \blobtrue, \blobfalse set conditional \ifblob true, false

Dimensions, Spacing, and Glue Dimensions are specified as hnumberihunit of measurei. Glue is specified as hdimeni plushdimeni minushdimeni. pc inch in centimeter cm point pt pica math unit mu millimeter mm m width em x height ex 1 pc = 12 pt 1 in = 72.72 pt 2.54 cm = 1 in 18 mu = 1 em Horizontal Spacing: \quad (skip 1em) \qquad Horizontal Spacing (Text): \thinspace \enspace \enskip \hskiphgluei \hfil \hfill \hfilneg Horizontal Spacing (Math): thin space \, medium space \> thick space \; neg. thin space \! \mskiphmugluei Vertical Spacing: \vskiphgluei \vfil \vfill \strut box w/ ht and depth of “(”, zero width \phantom{htexti} invisible box with dim of htexti \vphantom{htexti} box w/ ht & depth of htexti, zero width \hphantom{htexti} box w/ width of htexti, zero ht & depth \smash{htexti} typeset htexti, set ht & depth to zero \raisehdimeni\hbox{htexti} raise box up \lowerhdimeni\hbox{htexti} lower box down \movelefthdimeni\vbox{htexti} move box left \moverighthdimeni\vbox{htexti} move box right Skip Space Between Lines: \smallskip \medskip \bigskip encourage a break \smallbreak \medbreak \bigbreak break if no room \filbreak Set Line Spacing: \baselineskip = hgluei single space \baselineskip = 12pt 1 1/2 space \baselineskip = 18pt double space \baselineskip = 24pt Increase Line Spacing \openuphdimeni use \jot’s 1\jot = 3pt Allow Unjustified Lines \raggedright Allow Unjustified Pages \raggedbottom

Braces and Matrices

\matrix rectangular array of entries \pmatrix matrix with parentheses \bordermatrix matrix with labels on top and left \overbrace overbrace, may be superscripted \underbrace underbrace, may be subscripted For small matrices in text, use the following constructions: a b
{a\,b \choose c\,d} c d  ab \left( {a\atop c} {b\atop d} \right) cd

Displayed Equations \eqno \leqno \eqalign \eqalignno \leqalignno \displaylines \cases \noalign \openuphdimeni

equation number at right equation number at left display several aligned equations display aligned equations numbered at right display aligned equations numbered at left display several equations, centered case by case definitions to insert space between lines in displays, use \noalign{\vskiphgluei} after any \cr add space between all lines in a display

c 1998 J.H. Silverman, November 1998 v1.3 Copyright Math. Dept., Brown Univ., Providence, RI 02912 USA TEX is a trademark of the American Mathematical Society Permission is granted to make and distribute copies of this card provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Published by Ford & Mason Ltd, GL19 3JB, UK. Further copies of this card can be ordered through our web site: http://www.refcards.com.

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Tabular environments

Citation types

tabbing environment

Full author list and year. (Watson and Crick 1953) \citeA{key} Full author list. (Watson and Crick) \citeN{key} Full author list and year. Watson and Crick (1953) \shortcite{key} Abbreviated author list and year. ? \shortciteA{key} Abbreviated author list. ? \shortciteN{key} Abbreviated author list and year. ? \citeyear{key} Cite year only. (1953) All the above have an NP variant without parentheses; Ex. \citeNP. \cite{key}

\= Set tab stop. \> Go to tab stop. Tab stops can be set on “invisible” lines with \kill at the end of the line. Normally \\ is used to separate lines.

tabular environment \begin{array}[pos]{cols} \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}

tabular column specification l c r p{width} @{decl} |

Left-justified column. Centered column. Right-justified column. Same as \parbox[t]{width}. Insert decl instead of inter-column space. Inserts a vertical line between columns.

tabular elements \hline Horizontal line between rows. \cline{x-y} Horizontal line across columns x through y. \multicolumn{n}{cols}{text} A cell that spans n columns, with cols column specification.

Math mode To use math mode, surround text with $ or use \begin{equation}. ^{x} Superscriptx _{x} Subscript x Pn \frac{x}{y} x \sum_{k=1}^n y k=1 √ \sqrt[n]{x} n x

Math-mode symbols ≤ · ∗ α δ ζ ϑ λ ξ σ φ ω Θ Π Φ

\leq \cdot \ast \alpha \delta \zeta \vartheta \lambda \xi \sigma \phi \omega \Theta \Pi \Phi

≥ × ◦ β  η ι µ π τ χ Γ Λ Σ Ψ

\geq \times \circ \beta \epsilon \eta \iota \mu \pi \tau \chi \Gamma \Lambda \Sigma \Psi

6= ÷ ··· γ ε θ κ ν ρ υ ψ ∆ Ξ Υ Ω

\neq \div \cdots \gamma \varepsilon \theta \kappa \nu \rho \upsilon \psi \Delta \Xi \Upsilon \Omega

Special symbols ◦

^{\circ} Ex: 22◦ C: $22^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$.

Bibliography and citations When using BibTEX, you need to run latex, bibtex, and latex twice more to resolve dependencies.

BibTEX entry types @article @book @booklet @conference @inbook @incollection @manual @mastersthesis @misc @phdthesis @proceedings @techreport @unpublished

Journal or magazine article. Book with publisher. Book without publisher. Article in conference proceedings. A part of a book and/or range of pages. A part of book with its own title. Technical documentation. Master’s thesis. If nothing else fits. PhD. thesis. Proceedings of a conference. Tech report, usually numbered in series. Unpublished.

BibTEX fields Address of publisher. Not necessary for major publishers. author Names of authors, of format .... booktitle Title of book when part of it is cited. chapter Chapter or section number. edition Edition of a book. editor Names of editors. institution Sponsoring institution of tech. report. journal Journal name. key Used for cross ref. when no author. month Month published. Use 3-letter abbreviation. note Any additional information. number Number of journal or magazine. organization Organization that sponsors a conference. pages Page range (2,6,9--12). publisher Publisher’s name. school Name of school (for thesis). series Name of series of books. title Title of work. type Type of tech. report, ex. “Research Note”. volume Volume of a journal or book. year Year of publication. Not all fields need to be filled. See example below.

The LATEX document should have the following two lines just before \end{document}, where bibfile.bib is the name of the BibTEX file. \bibliographystyle{plain} \bibliography{bibfile}

BibTEX example The BibTEX database goes in a file called file.bib, which is processed with bibtex file. @String{N = {Na\-ture}} @Article{WC:1953, author = {James Watson and Francis Crick}, title = {A structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid}, journal = N, volume = {171}, pages = {737}, year = 1953 }

Sample LATEX document \documentclass[11pt]{article} \usepackage{fullpage} \title{Template} \author{Name} \begin{document} \maketitle

address

Common BibTEX style files abbrv alpha plain

Standard Standard Standard

abstract apa unsrt

alpha with abstract APA Unsorted

\section{section} \subsection*{subsection without number} text \textbf{bold text} text. Some math: $2+2=5$ \subsection{subsection} text \emph{emphasized text} text. \cite{WC:1953} discovered the structure of DNA. A table: \begin{table}[!th] \begin{tabular}{|l|c|r|} \hline first & row & data \\ second & row & data \\ \hline \end{tabular} \caption{This is the caption} \label{ex:table} \end{table} The table is numbered \ref{ex:table}. \end{document} c 2002 Winston Chang Copyright $Revision: 1.4 $, $Date: 2002/03/18 20:40:59 $. http://www.stdout.org/∼winston/latex/