Dec 1, 2010 - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ... Editors: M. Christense~, P. Craig, C.B. McGuire, M. Simmons ... d) Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.
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Title: Distributed Energy Systems in California's Future: A Preliminary Report Volume 2 Author: Balderston, F. Publication Date: 12-01-2010 Publication Info: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Permalink: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/0wm7d5cv Local Identifier: LBNL Paper LBL-6831v2 Copyright Information: All rights reserved unless otherwise indicated. Contact the author or original publisher for any necessary permissions. eScholarship is not the copyright owner for deposited works. Learn more at http://www.escholarship.org/help_copyright.html#reuse
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UU-6831 UC-13 TlD-4S00-R6S
DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SYSTEMS I~N CALIF RNIA/S FUTURE: A PRELIMINARY REPORT VOLUME 2 ~:~:. ~~:~
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U8i~J\HY f\.ND DO':::Ur'l1E:i\i-fS SECTION
DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SYSTEMS STUDY GROUP UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
SEPTEMBER 1977
For Reference Not to be taken from this room
lAWf~ENCE BEfUO~LEV
OF CALIFORNIA
,LABORATORY
BERKELEY AND DAVIS
UNIVERSITY
LAWRENCE LIVERMORE LABORATORY
PREPARED FOR THE U.S. ENERGY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION UNDER CONTRACT W-7405-ENG-48
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LEGAL NOTICE - - - - - - - - .
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the Department of Energy, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
Printed in the United States of America Available from National Technical Information Service U. S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Price: Printed Copy $10.75 Microfiche $3.00
i
LBL 6831
Interim Report
DISTRIBUTED TECHNOLOGIES IN CALIFORNIA'S ENERGY FUTURE VOLUME 2
Contributors: a -' ' - a a Balderston, P. Blatmana , T. Bradshaw ~_P. 'Bro\ffl , O. Carroll e , Christensen a , P. Craigb,d, S. Finneganr, R. Glassey ~ B. Greenea,c, Groth b , G. Gruener a , J. Holdren a , M. Horovitz C , T. Hoos a , E. Kahn c , Kanin a , W. Kleina,c, T. LaPorte a , B. Lucarellia,c, B. McGuire a , 1. Mintzer ~ G. Moyer ~ L. Nadera, R. Nathans e , J. Palacio a , P. Pollock a , C. ~icha, G. Rochlina, G. Rosow a , B. Rubin d H. Schutz b , M. Simmons c , b N,. Wilson a P. Smitha , O. Tourinhoa, R. Twiss a , E. Vine,
F. M. A. J.
Editors: M.
Christense~,
P. Craig, C.B. McGuire, M. Simmons
September 1977
'A joint project of LBL/LLL/University of California, Berkeley and Davis, sponsored by the Office of Environmental PoI icy Analysis of the Energy Research and Development Administration; Joseph Coleman, Acting Director; Richard Malloch and Richard Holt, Program Managers. a) b) c) d) e) f)
University of California, Berkeley University of California, Davis Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Lawrence Livermore Laboratory State University of New York, Stonybrook University of Texas
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iii
Table of Contents
VOLUME 2 IX.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES FOR CALIFORNIA . . . . . . . .
1
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
FRAMEWORK FOR IMPACT ANALYSIS
4
Sources
4
Inputs, Pathways, Stresses
6
Responses and Criteria for Assessing Severity SOME SPECIFIC IMPACTS OF "SOFT" AND "TRANSITION" TECHNOLOGIES Land Use Water Use
9 17 17 24
Use of Nonfuel Materials
28
Occupational Accidents and Disease
30
Risk to Public Life and Limb from Small Accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
Risk of Large Accidents and Sabotage . 3 4
X.
Effects of Routine Emissions on Public Health Effects on Climate
35 40
Ecological Effects
44
Aesthetic Effects
48
Aggravation of Military Threats
51
Summary Ranking of Environmental Impacts of Energy Supply . . . .. ..... SOME OBSERVATIONS ABOUT INCREASED EFFICIENCY. .
51 54
NEEDS FOR FURTHER WORK
57
A VIGOROUS ASSERTION
60
REFERENCES. . . . . .
61
LAND USE CONFIGURATIONS AND THE UTILIZATION OF DISTRIBUTIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY.
65
INTRODUCTION. Overview Approach . COMMUNITY LAND USE IMPLICATIONS OF UTILIZING DISTRIBUTED ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES . . . . . . .
65 65 68 72
iv Table of Contents
(continued) Page
SCALING UP TO THE REGIONAL LEVEL
98
Background
98
Approach
XI.
101
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
120
REFERENCES . . . . . . .
125
LAND USE IMPLICATIONS OF A DISPERSED
RNERr,y
PATH
127
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . .
127
SOME LAND USE IMPLICATIONS OF A DISPERSED ENERGY PATH . . . . . . .
129
On-Site Solar Systems .
129
District Solar Heating
132
Biomass Conversion
137
Wind
142
Cogeneration and Solar Thermal
144
Hydroelectric Power
146
Geothermal
148
Land Use and Potential for Energy Conservation
151
THE PLANNING FRAMEWORK:
ISSUES AND OBSTACLES
Introduction Nine Major Issues in Soft-Path Land Use Planning . AN OUTLINE FOR SOFT-PATH LAND USE PLANNING AT THE LOCAL LEVEL Introduction
163
163 163 173 173
An Eleven-Step Process to Energy-Oriented Local Land Use Planning 174 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . XII.
176
BELIEF, BEHAVIOR AND TECHNOLOGIES AD DRIVING FORCES IN TRANSITIONAL STAGES--THE PEOPLE PROBLEM IN DISPERSED ENERGY FUTURES 177 INTRODUCTION. . .
177
SOME DIMENSIONS OF THE "PEOPLE PROBLEM"
183
Institutional Constrains vs. Individual Freedom
183
Credible vs. Non-Credible
186
Tangible vs. Abstract
188
Restricted vs. Global Time Perspective
191
9
u v
Table of Contents
(continued) Page
Specialist vs. Generalist.
192
Voluntary vs. Involuntary
193
Progress vs. Decline or Status Quo
195
THE CALIFORNIA RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CODE: PROFESSIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS. THE VIEW FROM THE TOP DOWN 197 Description of the Residential Building Code
200
Drafting
202
..
Hearings Implementation
206
The Commission
207
Interest Groups
209
Banker
210
Contractor
211
Architects
212
Building Inspector
213
Realtor . .
214
Preference:
Prescriptive or Performance Codes?
RESTRAINTS ON DISPERSED ELECTRIC GENERATION: INSTITUTIONAL AND IDEOLOGICAL BARRIERS, BOTH PUBLIC AND PRIVATE . . . •
220
FUTURE RESEARCH
230
APPENDIX I .
232
APPENDIX II
233
APPENDIX III
XIV.
215 216
Discussion
XIII.
204
..
235
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENERGY ATTITUDE SURVEY
239
KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEWS ENERGY QUESTIONNAIRE
246 248
ANNOTATION
280
REFERENCES
290
INTERVENTIONS TO INFLUENCE FIRMS TOWARD THE ADOPTION OF "SOFT" ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
297
DESIGN OF AN INTERACTIVE MODEL . . . . . . The Problem of Influencing Energy-Using Firms Toward "Soft" Technology . . . . . . . Specifications of the Interactive Model
297 297 298
vi
Table of Contents
XV.
(continued)
Specifications of the Regulator or Control Organization . ........ .
303
Programming of the Interactive Model . . .
304
REFERENCES
306
THE ENTRY OF SMALL FIRMS INTO DISTRIBUTED TECHNOLOGY ENERGY INDUSTRIES . ; . .
307
INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
307
RATIONALE AND ASSUMPTIONS
308
Small Business and the Political Economy
312
Small Business and Changes in Lifestyle--The Affluent Society . . . . . . . . . . . .
314
Small Business and System Responsiveness
316
LITERATURE REVIEW
XVI. XVII.
XVIII.
318
The Process of Innovation
320
Characteristics of Innovative Organizations
321
RESEARCH AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY
326
REFERENCES
333
SHORT-TERM MATCHING OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS WITH RENEWABLE SOURCES ....
337
VULNERABILITY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION
341 341
THE CHARACTER OF RISK
342
CLASSIFICATION
344
CONCLUSIONS . .
348
DISTRICT HEATING FOR CALIFORNIA
351
INTRODUCTION
351
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
353
CENTRALIZED DISTRICT HEATING
357
NEIGHBORHOOD SOLAR SUB-GRIDS
362
CONCLUSIONS .
367
REFERENCES
371
