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Title: Distributed Energy Systems in California's Future: A Preliminary Report Volume 2 Author: Balderston, F. Publication Date: 12-01-2010 Publication Info: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Permalink: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/0wm7d5cv Local Identifier: LBNL Paper LBL-6831v2 Copyright Information: All rights reserved unless otherwise indicated. Contact the author or original publisher for any necessary permissions. eScholarship is not the copyright owner for deposited works. Learn more at http://www.escholarship.org/help_copyright.html#reuse

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UU-6831 UC-13 TlD-4S00-R6S

DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SYSTEMS I~N CALIF RNIA/S FUTURE: A PRELIMINARY REPORT VOLUME 2 ~:~:. ~~:~

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U8i~J\HY f\.ND DO':::Ur'l1E:i\i-fS SECTION

DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SYSTEMS STUDY GROUP UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

SEPTEMBER 1977

For Reference Not to be taken from this room

lAWf~ENCE BEfUO~LEV

OF CALIFORNIA

,LABORATORY

BERKELEY AND DAVIS

UNIVERSITY

LAWRENCE LIVERMORE LABORATORY

PREPARED FOR THE U.S. ENERGY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION UNDER CONTRACT W-7405-ENG-48

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LEGAL NOTICE - - - - - - - - .

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the Department of Energy, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.

Printed in the United States of America Available from National Technical Information Service U. S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Price: Printed Copy $10.75 Microfiche $3.00

i

LBL 6831

Interim Report

DISTRIBUTED TECHNOLOGIES IN CALIFORNIA'S ENERGY FUTURE VOLUME 2

Contributors: a -' ' - a a Balderston, P. Blatmana , T. Bradshaw ~_P. 'Bro\ffl , O. Carroll e , Christensen a , P. Craigb,d, S. Finneganr, R. Glassey ~ B. Greenea,c, Groth b , G. Gruener a , J. Holdren a , M. Horovitz C , T. Hoos a , E. Kahn c , Kanin a , W. Kleina,c, T. LaPorte a , B. Lucarellia,c, B. McGuire a , 1. Mintzer ~ G. Moyer ~ L. Nadera, R. Nathans e , J. Palacio a , P. Pollock a , C. ~icha, G. Rochlina, G. Rosow a , B. Rubin d H. Schutz b , M. Simmons c , b N,. Wilson a P. Smitha , O. Tourinhoa, R. Twiss a , E. Vine,

F. M. A. J.

Editors: M.

Christense~,

P. Craig, C.B. McGuire, M. Simmons

September 1977

'A joint project of LBL/LLL/University of California, Berkeley and Davis, sponsored by the Office of Environmental PoI icy Analysis of the Energy Research and Development Administration; Joseph Coleman, Acting Director; Richard Malloch and Richard Holt, Program Managers. a) b) c) d) e) f)

University of California, Berkeley University of California, Davis Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Lawrence Livermore Laboratory State University of New York, Stonybrook University of Texas

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iii

Table of Contents

VOLUME 2 IX.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES FOR CALIFORNIA . . . . . . . .

1

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

FRAMEWORK FOR IMPACT ANALYSIS

4

Sources

4

Inputs, Pathways, Stresses

6

Responses and Criteria for Assessing Severity SOME SPECIFIC IMPACTS OF "SOFT" AND "TRANSITION" TECHNOLOGIES Land Use Water Use

9 17 17 24

Use of Nonfuel Materials

28

Occupational Accidents and Disease

30

Risk to Public Life and Limb from Small Accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32

Risk of Large Accidents and Sabotage . 3 4

X.

Effects of Routine Emissions on Public Health Effects on Climate

35 40

Ecological Effects

44

Aesthetic Effects

48

Aggravation of Military Threats

51

Summary Ranking of Environmental Impacts of Energy Supply . . . .. ..... SOME OBSERVATIONS ABOUT INCREASED EFFICIENCY. .

51 54

NEEDS FOR FURTHER WORK

57

A VIGOROUS ASSERTION

60

REFERENCES. . . . . .

61

LAND USE CONFIGURATIONS AND THE UTILIZATION OF DISTRIBUTIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY.

65

INTRODUCTION. Overview Approach . COMMUNITY LAND USE IMPLICATIONS OF UTILIZING DISTRIBUTED ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES . . . . . . .

65 65 68 72

iv Table of Contents

(continued) Page

SCALING UP TO THE REGIONAL LEVEL

98

Background

98

Approach

XI.

101

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

120

REFERENCES . . . . . . .

125

LAND USE IMPLICATIONS OF A DISPERSED

RNERr,y

PATH

127

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . .

127

SOME LAND USE IMPLICATIONS OF A DISPERSED ENERGY PATH . . . . . . .

129

On-Site Solar Systems .

129

District Solar Heating

132

Biomass Conversion

137

Wind

142

Cogeneration and Solar Thermal

144

Hydroelectric Power

146

Geothermal

148

Land Use and Potential for Energy Conservation

151

THE PLANNING FRAMEWORK:

ISSUES AND OBSTACLES

Introduction Nine Major Issues in Soft-Path Land Use Planning . AN OUTLINE FOR SOFT-PATH LAND USE PLANNING AT THE LOCAL LEVEL Introduction

163

163 163 173 173

An Eleven-Step Process to Energy-Oriented Local Land Use Planning 174 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . XII.

176

BELIEF, BEHAVIOR AND TECHNOLOGIES AD DRIVING FORCES IN TRANSITIONAL STAGES--THE PEOPLE PROBLEM IN DISPERSED ENERGY FUTURES 177 INTRODUCTION. . .

177

SOME DIMENSIONS OF THE "PEOPLE PROBLEM"

183

Institutional Constrains vs. Individual Freedom

183

Credible vs. Non-Credible

186

Tangible vs. Abstract

188

Restricted vs. Global Time Perspective

191

9

u v

Table of Contents

(continued) Page

Specialist vs. Generalist.

192

Voluntary vs. Involuntary

193

Progress vs. Decline or Status Quo

195

THE CALIFORNIA RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CODE: PROFESSIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS. THE VIEW FROM THE TOP DOWN 197 Description of the Residential Building Code

200

Drafting

202

..

Hearings Implementation

206

The Commission

207

Interest Groups

209

Banker

210

Contractor

211

Architects

212

Building Inspector

213

Realtor . .

214

Preference:

Prescriptive or Performance Codes?

RESTRAINTS ON DISPERSED ELECTRIC GENERATION: INSTITUTIONAL AND IDEOLOGICAL BARRIERS, BOTH PUBLIC AND PRIVATE . . . •

220

FUTURE RESEARCH

230

APPENDIX I .

232

APPENDIX II

233

APPENDIX III

XIV.

215 216

Discussion

XIII.

204

..

235

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENERGY ATTITUDE SURVEY

239

KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEWS ENERGY QUESTIONNAIRE

246 248

ANNOTATION

280

REFERENCES

290

INTERVENTIONS TO INFLUENCE FIRMS TOWARD THE ADOPTION OF "SOFT" ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

297

DESIGN OF AN INTERACTIVE MODEL . . . . . . The Problem of Influencing Energy-Using Firms Toward "Soft" Technology . . . . . . . Specifications of the Interactive Model

297 297 298

vi

Table of Contents

XV.

(continued)

Specifications of the Regulator or Control Organization . ........ .

303

Programming of the Interactive Model . . .

304

REFERENCES

306

THE ENTRY OF SMALL FIRMS INTO DISTRIBUTED TECHNOLOGY ENERGY INDUSTRIES . ; . .

307

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY

307

RATIONALE AND ASSUMPTIONS

308

Small Business and the Political Economy

312

Small Business and Changes in Lifestyle--The Affluent Society . . . . . . . . . . . .

314

Small Business and System Responsiveness

316

LITERATURE REVIEW

XVI. XVII.

XVIII.

318

The Process of Innovation

320

Characteristics of Innovative Organizations

321

RESEARCH AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY

326

REFERENCES

333

SHORT-TERM MATCHING OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS WITH RENEWABLE SOURCES ....

337

VULNERABILITY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION

341 341

THE CHARACTER OF RISK

342

CLASSIFICATION

344

CONCLUSIONS . .

348

DISTRICT HEATING FOR CALIFORNIA

351

INTRODUCTION

351

ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

353

CENTRALIZED DISTRICT HEATING

357

NEIGHBORHOOD SOLAR SUB-GRIDS

362

CONCLUSIONS .

367

REFERENCES

371