Learning Mdern Assyrian Language

‫تع ّلم اللؽة االشورٌة الحدٌثة‬

Learning Modern Assyrian Language

Learning Modern Assyrian Language ‫يطَكَٗا‬ ‫دطَُّعَا اَِسََِؾَا ضَدَٗا‬ Dialects Chaldo-Syrio-Assyrian

‫حعلم‬ ‫اللغت االشىرَت الحدَثت‬ ‫لهجبث‬ ‫ اثورية‬- ‫ سريانية‬- ‫كلدانية‬

Authors

Matti Phillips Khoshaba Al-Bazi MATFL & Widad Paulis I. Master of Arts: Education & Technology

Personal Computer Publications 1821 Buckingam Drive, Salinas, Ca 93906, USA

1



To ALL MOTHERS including mine Afifat Mansour Abdullah The Jacobite mother lullabies in Assyrian to have me sleep in my crib peacefully This book is distributed for free on the Memorial of My Mother

‫دََتسَِِٗا دطَُّعَا‬ ‫ؾُعَا ؾطَر‬ ‫ دبَص‬. ‫ظٌَٗ م‬ The cradle of any language is the mother

‫األُم‬ ‫مهد اللؽات‬

ISBN 978-0-578-09945-3

All Rights Reserved as Personalized Product to the Author Matti Philips Khoshaba Al-bazi

2



Introduction The book of “Learning Modern Assyrian Language ” explains how the system of the gender works in the Chaldo-Syrio-Assyrian Dialects all over Mesopotamia (Iraq). Nouns are classified into categories : Derivative or concrete, showing 2 types on the basis whether they allow derivation or not. The Memated Nouns are very helpful in deriving accusative verbs , verbs that “make” or “get” or “have” others do the action of the verb. ex., khalta Vs makhalta ‫ اقََطَٗا‬X ‫ظَكََطَٗا‬ eat X serve food to others Adjectives are also explained in details and how they convey various meanings whether inherited by nature, or nurtured, or acquired from the environments and social communities. This mainly grammar book focuses on the complex sentences and how the sub clauses are connected within one unit thought, defining the various clauses as notions, functions, and modes. Verbs are also included so that learners may use then for communication in their daily conversations. The possessives are also presented in a very precise clear tables so that the learners will not confuse for stable knowledge learning, an effect of the Assyrian language usage on the Iraqi dialect language which is very prominent and clear. Widad I. Paulis , my wife, has helped me a lot regarding her Chaldean dialect, and she was a great help for me to write down the comparisons that the reader may find interesting as s/he comes across the pages of this interesting and unique book of this Mesopotamian language of the Indigenous people of Iraq. . I hope that this book will serve your needs as language for social communication or will assist you in your academy needs at the levels of the universities and research articles. ٌٌ‫ََب‬ ‫ظٌَٗ قًطًكسِؽ دبَص‬ Matti Phillips Khoshaba Al-Bazi MATFL Associate Professor 2012

1821 buckingham Drive Salinas, CA, 93906 USA

3

‫تع ّلم اللؽة االشورٌة الحدٌثة‬ ‫المحتوٌات‬

‫‪Learning Modern Assyrian Language‬‬

‫‪Content‬‬

‫‪ .1‬الفصل االول‬ ‫الحروؾ المسمارٌة واالشورٌة القدٌمة‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫المفردات‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫االعداد‬ ‫‪ .1‬الفصل الثانً‬ ‫الحروؾ االرامٌة واالشورٌة الحدٌثة‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫مخارج اآلصوات‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫الجهاز الصوتً‬ ‫‪26‬‬ ‫التفخٌم‬ ‫نوعٌة الصوت‬ ‫سواكن‬ ‫مهموس \ مجهور‬ ‫قصٌرة \ طوٌلة \ مزدوجة‬ ‫اصوات علة‬ ‫‪ .2‬الفصل الثالث‬ ‫اسماء الداللة‬ ‫عامة‬ ‫علم‬ ‫جماعٌة‬ ‫قرابة‬ ‫تصؽٌر االسماء‬

‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬

‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪76‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪81‬‬ ‫‪83‬‬

‫مراحل حٌاة االنسان‬ ‫عرق وجنس وجنسٌة‬ ‫ادٌان والترجمة‬ ‫مهنة‬ ‫أعضاء الجسم‬ ‫الحٌوانات واالحٌاء‬ ‫جلد وشعر‬ ‫حٌوانات مابٌة‬ ‫حٌوانات برٌة‬ ‫حشرات وزواحؾ‬ ‫طٌور ودواجن‬ ‫زراعة ونباتات‬ ‫أكالت‬ ‫مإون‬ ‫دهون وبهارات‬ ‫أدوات وعدّة‬ ‫نظافة‬ ‫خبز‬

‫‪43‬‬ ‫‪43‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪43‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫تع ّلم اللؽة االشورٌة الحدٌثة‬ ‫فطور‬ ‫ؼداء‬ ‫عشاء‬ ‫شرب‬ ‫فً المطبخ‬ ‫آثاث‬ ‫أسلحة وحماٌة‬ ‫نار وتدفبة‬ ‫ؼرفة نوم‬ ‫نقل ومواصالت‬ ‫فاكهة‬ ‫طبٌعة‬ ‫إجتماعٌات‬ ‫مدارس وطلبة‬ ‫مإتمرات وإصطالحات‬ ‫صحة وسالمة‬ ‫سوق وإقتصاد‬ ‫حركات واصوات‬ ‫اسماء علم‬ ‫اشخاص‬ ‫مدن‬ ‫أنهار‬ ‫جبال‬ ‫بلدان‬ ‫جرابد وفضابٌات‬ ‫وزارات‬ ‫اسماء جماعٌة‬ ‫قرابة‬ ‫تصؽٌر االسماء‬

‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪59‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪61‬‬ ‫‪61‬‬ ‫‪62‬‬ ‫‪63‬‬ ‫‪65‬‬ ‫‪67‬‬ ‫‪68‬‬ ‫‪71‬‬ ‫‪73‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪65‬‬ ‫‪65‬‬ ‫‪65‬‬ ‫‪66‬‬ ‫‪67‬‬ ‫‪67‬‬ ‫‪68‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪71‬‬ ‫‪72‬‬

‫‪ .3‬الفصل الرابع‬ ‫نظام الجمع‬

‫‪75‬‬

‫‪ .4‬الفصل الخامس‬ ‫‪ .5‬صفات‬

‫‪85‬‬

‫‪ .6‬الفصل السادس‬ ‫الجملة المعقدة‬ ‫الجملة ؼٌر المباشرة‬ ‫الجملة الؽرضٌة‬ ‫الجملة السببٌة‬ ‫الجملة التناقضٌة‬


‫‪115‬‬ ‫‪111‬‬ ‫‪112‬‬ ‫‪113‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫تع ّلم اللؽة االشورٌة الحدٌثة‬ ‫جملة النتٌجة‬ ‫الجملة الشرطٌة‬ ‫الجملة الزمنٌة‬


‫‪114‬‬ ‫‪115‬‬ ‫‪116‬‬

‫‪ .7‬الفصل السابع‬ ‫المبنً للمجهول‬

‫‪111‬‬

‫‪ .8‬الفصل الثامن‬ ‫االفعال‬

‫‪113‬‬

‫‪ .15‬الفصل التاسع‬ ‫وظابؾ الدال‬

‫‪125‬‬

‫‪ .11‬الفصل العاشر‬ ‫التملك‬

‫‪126‬‬

‫‪ .11‬الفصل الحادي عشر‬ ‫الكنٌسة واالصطالحات‬

‫‪128‬‬

‫‪ .12‬الفصل الثانً عشر‬ ‫الظرؾ \ الحال‬

‫‪133‬‬

‫‪ .13‬الفصل الثالث عشر‬ ‫المفردات الوظٌفٌة والتعابٌر‬

‫‪153‬‬

‫‪6‬‬



‫الفصل االول‬ ‫ٍَؾَّا نَدظَؿَا‬ ‫اَٗسََٗا دٔ ُ ُٔ ا‬ ‫الكتابة االشورٌة القدٌمة‬ ‫المسمارٌة‬

‫المقدمة‬

‫‪Chapter One‬‬ ‫‪Cuneiform Assyrian‬‬

‫لقد نشر البروفٌسور صموبٌل اي بً مٌرسر كتاب "قواعد اللؽة االشورٌة" مع تفاصٌل بما ٌعرؾ بـ ( إصول‬ ‫تدرٌس ) المفردات ‪ .‬هذا الكتاب ٌبٌن لنا بان السومرٌٌن طوروا اللؽة آنذاك الى مفاهٌم أفكار لكً تمثل لؽة الكالم‬ ‫المتداول لشعب بالد الرافدٌن من السومرٌٌن والبابلٌٌن واالشورٌٌن انفسهم ولقد سلموها الحقا ً الى بنً البشر‬ ‫كثقافة وقٌم وحضارة‪.‬‬ ‫‪Professor Samuel A.B. Mercer published a book named” Assyrian Grammar with‬‬ ‫‪Chrestomathy and Glossary” , a book that in fact shows that Sumerians developed the‬‬ ‫‪ideograms to represent the spoken language of the Mesopotamia people as Assyrians,‬‬ ‫‪Babylonians, and Sumerians ; and then they handed all that to the race of human‬‬ ‫‪beings for education, culture, and civilization .‬‬ ‫اللؽة االشورٌة التً نحن بصددها قد استخدمت ‪ 2555‬سنة ق‪ .‬م‪ .‬واستمرت كلؽة فرٌدة لبداٌة القرن االول من‬ ‫مجٌا المسٌحٌة حٌث ابتكرت خالل تلك الفترة االلفبابٌة االرامٌة من قبل الشعب ذاته الذي عاش على شواطا‬ ‫البحر االبٌض المتوسط وعرفوا بالفٌنٌقٌٌن حوالً ‪ 245‬ق‪ .‬م‪ .‬وحروفها االبجدٌة تدرٌجٌا ً حلّت محل المسمارٌة‬ ‫كتابة‪.‬‬ ‫‪The Assyrian language per se was used as early as 3000 B.C. and continued as the only‬‬ ‫‪written language until the first century before the Christian era. The Aramaic‬‬ ‫‪Alphabets, since around that date, were invented by the same people who were living‬‬ ‫‪on the sea shore of Mediterranean sea (Phoenicians) around 350 B.C., characters that‬‬ ‫‪gradually supplanted the cuneiform style of writing.‬‬ ‫إن ابتكار الحروؾ االبجدٌة للؽة ال ٌعنً بان اللؽة اختفت من على وجه الخلٌقة كما ٌدّعً البعض ولكنها ‪ ،‬على‬ ‫العكس تماما ً ‪ ،‬هذه اللؽة المحكٌة من قبل السومرٌٌن والبابلٌٌن واالشورٌٌن بقت لتتطور وتدخل الى لؽات العالم‬ ‫المختلفة كالسامٌة والالتٌنٌة والؽربٌة االخرى االندو اوروبٌة ‪.‬‬

‫‪7‬‬



The invention of the symbols of the written language does not mean that the language disappeared from the face of the earth as some people claim, but, on the contrary, the spoken language of the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians remain to develop and enter into other languages in the world i.e., the Semitics, and the Latin origin and ones of the Indo European as well. ‫إن المفردات والتراكٌب ومٌكانزم القواعد ( النحو) المالزم للنصوص المحفورة على الرخام وااللواح الطٌنٌة‬ ( ‫والتً عثر علٌها فً اعمال التنقٌب فً مناطق واقعة تحت السٌطرة االشورٌة دلٌل دامػ على ان بالد النهرٌن‬ .‫الرافدٌن) حقا ً هً مهد للحضارة البشرٌة‬ The vocabulary, the syntax, and the mechanism of the Grammar found in the texts of the inscriptions on stones and clays excavated in the land under Assyrian control are a concrete testimony that Mesopotamia is the cradle of civilizations. ‫والمعلومات التً تظهر فً فحوى المقال إنما تعتمد كلٌا ً على ما ثبته ودونه البروفٌسور مٌرسر عن المفردات‬ ً‫التً لها عالقة وثٌقة باللؽة العبرٌة وكل ما اضفت علٌها إنما له عالقة بما قٌل عن المفردات الحٌة الباقٌة ف‬ ً‫اللؽة العربٌة المعاصرة واللؽة االشورٌة الحدٌثة واالخٌرة مكتوبة حالٌا ً بالحروؾ الفٌنٌقٌة التً اخذت الحقا ً ف‬ . ‫التارٌخ اسم اللؽة االرامٌة‬ The information in this article is mainly based on what Professor Mercer has written on the vocabulary that is strongly connected to Hebrew. The only addition I made is to link what had been said to what vocabulary still is live in Arabic and Assyrian language of today. I hope this article will be a start to further analyses of morphology and Grammar of the Assyrian language found in both Modern Arabic language and Neo Assyrian written in Phoenician letters named later (Aramaic). : ‫اللؽة االشورٌة المسمارٌة والمقاطع‬ ‫اللؽة االشورٌة القدٌمة مقطعٌة جداً حٌث ٌكتب العلة الطوٌل بحرؾ منفصل فً المقطع الواحد وهذه الظاهرة ال‬ ‫زالت تقلدها العربٌة واالشورٌة الحدٌثة الى هذا الٌوم كما وانه ال ٌوجد صوت علّة طوٌل فً مقطع مؽلق حٌث ال‬ . )1511 ‫ و خوشابا‬1552 ‫زالت هذه الظاهرة جلٌة فً اللؽتٌن العربٌة واالشورٌة الحدٌثة ( راجع خوشابا‬ Cuneiform Assyrian and Syllables: The language is highly made up of syllables in which a long vowel was represented separately as a vowel of the syllable, a process that is still doable in both Modern standard (MSA) Arabic and Modern Assyrian language. There was no long vowel in the closed syllables, a phenomenon that is still of value in Modern Assyrian language (Khoshaba, 2003 and Khoshaba, 20110). Vocabulary ‫المفردات‬ 8



‫كما ذكرنا سلفا ً فاللؽة المحكٌة من قبل الشعب فً بالد سومر وبابل وأشور تطورت بشكل مضطرد وبدون توقؾ‬ ‫ سنة ولحد االن مع تؽٌرات طفٌفة‬5555 ‫ولم تمت ولهذا السبب ال زلنا نستخدم الكثٌر منها فً تداولنا الٌومً منذ‬ ‫ فلو كنا على إطالع باللؽة االشورٌة الحدٌثة والعربٌة المعاصرة فال زلنا نفهم تلك الكلمات رؼم‬. ‫ال تستحق الذكر‬ ‫كونها كتبت بصٌػ المفهوم والرموز إذ ٌبدو ان تطور اللؽة االصلٌة فً بالد الرافدٌن الى لؽات متعددة ولهجات‬ ‫ ولم تعد تفهم‬the Assyrian language got confounded ‫متفرقة ُوصِ َفت بؤنها "تبلبلت" فؤصابتها اللعنة‬ ......... ‫من قبل اهل البالد و ُت ٍرك هذا الشعب خالٌا ً من حضارته بدأً بلؽته‬ )1811 ( ‫علٌه اخترت قابمة من المفردات واالشارات االشورٌة المسمارٌة التً وضعها البروفٌسور مٌرسر عام‬ .‫فً كتابه قواعد اللؽة االشورٌة‬ As mentioned above the spoken language by the people of Sumer, Babylon, and Assyria develops but never stops or dies, a reason that we still use many of those words with little or even not any worth mentioning changes from 6000 years ago.This Mesopotamian language changes into many languages and dialects to a point that people do not understand each other, it was, therefore, called confounded and its people never understand each other. In this way people were ostracized from their civilization and especially their language. People of this nation are still victims of that given jinx and they live its consequences to the present day……. Linguistically talking Modern Arabic Language, the Modern Assyrian, and the New Modern Hebrew are the continuation of the same language , of course with changes, and people of all three languages understand what those words do mean, though expressed and written in ideographs and Cuneiform. For this purpose, I have selected many words that I know from the lists and signs that Professor Mercer (1921) has put in his book as Assyrian Grammar. : ‫القابمة ادناه تخص اللؽة االشورٌة المسمارٌة واالشورٌة الحدٌثة والعربٌة والمعانً باالنكلٌزٌة حسب الترتٌب‬ The list of the Cuneiform / Modern Assyrian / Arabic and English meaning in that order : Cuneiform symbols Assyrian

1. nakasu

Aramaic fonts Assyrian

Arabic

‫عهََٕا‬ nkasa

English

‫وقص‬ nuks

9

cut off



‫شََؾَا \شَز‬

‫زرع‬

zro / zrota

zraa’

‫ايط \ اَطَرَا‬ i:l / alaha

‫هللا‬ allah

4. napastu

‫عَهَّا \ عكَػَا‬ napas \ napsha

‫نفس‬ nafs

soul / life

5. sumeilu

‫غَعَا طَا‬ sumaala

‫شمال‬ shamaal

left

2. zeru descendent

3. ilu

6. reshu

7. puu

8. Lishanu

)‫ٍَؾَّا (ٍَاَِا‬ resha

‫قسِظَا‬ pooma

‫طَُّعَا‬

‫رأس‬ raas

‫فو‬ foo

‫لسان‬

10

seed /

God

beginning/ head

mouth

tongue



9 . shalmu

‫َٔطعَا‬ Salma

‫صورة‬

image

10. ummu

‫ؾُعَا‬ yimma

‫أُم‬ umm

mother

11. baabu

-------

‫باب‬ baab

door

12. Kakabu

‫قَس قَبَا‬ kaukba

13. abu

‫ا َبَا‬ aaba

‫أبو‬ abu

father

14. nishu

‫اعََّا‬ naasha

‫نا س‬ naas

people

15. bi:tu temple

‫كوكب‬ kaukab

‫بؿَٗا‬

‫بيت‬

be:ta

be:t

11

Star

house/



‫‪right‬‬

‫يمين‬ ‫‪yumna‬‬

‫ؾعًعَا‬ ‫‪yamne‬‬

‫‪16. imnu‬‬

‫‪brother‬‬

‫اخو‬ ‫‪akhu‬‬

‫ا ضَا‬ ‫‪aHa‬‬

‫‪17. aHu‬‬

‫‪Great‬‬

‫رب‬ ‫‪rab‬‬

‫ََ بٌَا‬ ‫‪raaba‬‬

‫‪18. rabuu‬‬

‫وما ٌجلب لالنتباه اٌضا ان نهاٌة الكلمة انما تلفظ بـ ( واو مفخمة ) كما ٌفعل السرٌان الؽربٌون بدالَ من (‬ ‫االلؾ الممدودة ) التً تظهر عند االشورٌٌن او عند اللهجات السهلٌة للكلدان‪ .‬كما ان صوت الحاء فونٌم ممٌز‬ ‫فً التلفظ والكثٌر منه تحول الى الهاء او الخاء فً االشورٌة الحدٌثة المعاصرة‪.‬‬

‫‪ٚ‬اصٕبء لغاءر‪ٌ ٟ‬ىزبة " اٌم‪ٛ‬اػض االك‪ٛ‬ع‪٠‬خ ( اٌّـّبع‪٠‬خ) ِغ اؿبؿ‪١‬بد رضع‪٠‬ـ‪ٙ‬ب ‪ٚ‬اٌّفغصاد" رغاء ٌ‪ ٟ‬ثبْ اٌفصً‬ ‫‪٘ ِٓ 24‬ظا اٌىزبة أّب ‪٠‬فـغ ٌٕب و‪١‬ف اْ اٌـ‪ِٛ‬غ‪ٚ ٓ١٠‬االوبص ‪ ِٓٚ‬صُ االك‪ٛ‬ع‪ٚ ( ٓ١٠‬ثؼض٘ب االعاِ‪ ِٓٚ ٓ١١‬صُ اٌؼغة‬ ‫الدمب ً ‪ -‬اٌّزغجُ ) رؼبٍِ‪ٛ‬ا ِغ االعلبَ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌذـبثبد ‪ٚ‬و‪١‬ف رؼبٍِ‪ٛ‬ا ِغ االجؼاء أ‪ ٞ‬اٌىـ‪ٛ‬ع ‪ٌٚ‬ؼضَ ِؼغفز‪ ٟ‬ثؼّك ف‪ٟ‬‬ ‫ِـأٌخ اٌغ‪٠‬بظ‪١‬بد ؿبٔمً اٌ‪١‬ىُ ٔجظح ِشزصغح ػٓ االعلبَ ‪ٚ‬رٍفظ‪ٙ‬ب ثلىً ثـ‪١‬ػ ‪ٚٚ‬فك ِؼغفز‪ ٟ‬اٌّذض‪ٚ‬صح ‪:‬‬

‫‪12‬‬



13



‫اٌجض‪ٚ‬ي اػالٖ ‪٠‬ج‪ ٓ١‬و‪١‬ف‪١‬خ وزبثخ اٌذغف اٌـ‪ِٛ‬غ‪ ِٓٚ ٞ‬صُ و‪١‬ف‪١‬خ رٍفع اٌغلُ ‪ ِٓٚ.‬سالي اٌّمبعٔخ ثّب اػغفٗ ػٓ‬ ‫االك‪ٛ‬ع‪٠‬خ اٌذض‪٠‬ضخ ‪ٚ‬اٌؼغث‪١‬خ فبْ اٌؼضص ‪)1( ٓ٠‬‬

‫‪)2 ( ،‬‬

‫‪ٍ٠‬فظبْ ثلىً ِشزٍف ‪ٌٚ‬ىٓ ‪ّ٠‬ىٓ اْ رفـغ (‬

‫( "صٕز‪ "ٓ١‬ثبٌلىً اٌظ‪ ٞ‬رٍفظٗ‬ ‫) ثبٔ‪ٙ‬ب ف‪ ٟ‬االك‪ٛ‬ع‪٠‬خ ( اٌجضا‪٠‬خ ) ‪ ،‬اِب (اصٕ‪ ( ٟ٘ ) ٓ١‬كٕخ ) أ‪ٞ‬‬ ‫اكز‪ٓ١‬‬ ‫اٌٍ‪ٙ‬جخ اٌؼغال‪١‬خ) ‪٘ٚ‬ظا صٌ‪ ً١‬ػٍ‪ ٝ‬اْ اٌمبعا اٌـبِ‪ٌٚ ٟ‬ؼضَ لضعرٗ ػٍ‪ ٝ‬رٍفع صالصخ ؿ‪ٛ‬اوٓ ِززبٌ‪١‬خ ِغ اٌجؼط ؿ‪١‬عغ‬ ‫(إ) ف‪ ٟ‬ثضا‪٠‬خ ( صٕز‪ٌ ) ٓ١‬زمغأ "اصٕ‪ "ٓ١‬ف‪ ٟ‬اٌؼغث‪١‬خ اٌفصذ‪ - ٝ‬عاجغ ِز‪ ٟ‬س‪ٛ‬كبثب "اٌٍ‪ٙ‬جخ اٌؼغال‪١‬خ ِ‪ ٛ‬ػغث‪ ٟ‬فص‪١‬خ‬ ‫" ‪. 2006‬‬

‫‪14‬‬



Cuneiform Assyrian

Aramaic fonts Neo- Assyrian

2

‫ٗ طََٗا‬

Shalasu

Arabic

‫ثالثت \ ثالد‬

tlaatha (u)

thalaatha

‫اَ َ بٌؿَا‬

3 Arba’u

4

arba’a

‫ضَعَّا‬ khamsha

Hamshu

Hamshu

5

‫ؾَُّٗا‬

Shishu

‘aishta

three

‫اربعت \ اربع‬

arb’aa (u)

Khamshu

English

four

‫خمست \ خمس‬

Khamsa

five

‫سخت \ سج‬ sitta

15

six



‫َِبَؿَا‬

6

‫سبعت \ سبع‬

Shaw’a

Siba

sab’aa

‫ٗ ظَعؿَا‬

7 Samaanu

8

‫ثمبوُت \ ثمبن‬

tmanya (u)

thmanya

‫ٍّٗؿَا‬

01

tis ‘a a

‫ؾُػَُا‬

00

َُ‫ضَد ؾػ‬

Ishten –eshru

khade-sar

01 Shina – eshtru

nine

‫عشزة \ عشز‬

‘aisra (u)

Esru

eight

‫حسعت \ حسع‬

tisha (u)

Tishu

seven

ashra

ten

)‫احد (ي ) عشز (ة‬ iHda ashar

َُ‫ٗ ٍَ ؾػ‬

eleven

)‫اثىً \ اثىخٍ عشز (ة‬ itna –ashar

tre-sar

16

twelve



11 Esraa

21 Shalashaa

31 Irbaa

) ‫ؾُػُ ٍ ( ع‬

‫عشزون \ عشزَه‬

isree

‘aishroon

) ‫ٗطٌَٗ (ع‬

‫ثالثىن \ ثالثُه‬

tlati

thalaatheen

) ‫اََبٌؿٌ (ع‬

arb’aoon

) ‫ضعٌّ (ع‬

Khamshaa

khamshee

Hamshaa

Hamshee

51 Shushuu

thirty

‫اربعىن \ اربعُه‬

arbee

41

twenty

forty

‫خمسىن \ خمسُه‬ khamseen fifty

) ‫ؾٌُّٗ (ع‬

‫سخىن \ سخُه‬

ishtee

siteen

17

sixty



61 Sibaa

) ‫َِبؿٌ (ع‬

‫سبعىن \ سبعُه‬

shauwee

71 Samanaa

81 Tishaa

011 Me

sab’aeen

) ‫ٗعَعٌ (ع‬

‫ثمبوىن \ ثمبوُه‬

tmaanee

thmaneen

) ‫ِّٗؿٌ (ع‬

Shina- me

eighty

‫حسعىن \ حسعُه‬

ichee (tishee)

tis’aeen

‫اَظَا‬

ninety

‫مبئت \ مئت‬

imma

111

seventy

mi-ya

‫ُٗف اظَا‬

‫مبئخبن \ مئخُه‬

tremaa

meetein

18

hundred

two hundred



0111 Li’amu

‫اَطكَا‬

‫الف‬

alpa ( alphu )

alif

thousand

As for the endings, it is clear that the Old Assyrians pronounce the last vowel as /u/ and not /aa/ i.e., they go and Pronounce it like jacobites (Western Syriacs) and like the Eastern dialects.

‫ فمن الواضح ان نهاٌات الكلمات تنتهً بصوت العلة القصٌر ( ضمة) اي (و ) ولٌست‬، ‫فٌما ٌخص نهاٌة الكلمة‬ ‫( مد ) اي (آ ) اي بمعنى آخر ان االداء لنهاٌة الكلمة ٌشبه تلفظ الٌعاقبة الؽربٌٌن وٌختلؾ عن اللهجات‬ . ‫الشرقٌة من االشورٌة الحدٌثة‬

1111 Shina-li’amu

‫ُٗف أَطكُا‬ tree alpe (alphu)

‫الفبن \ الفُه‬ alfein

two thousands

Note Assyrian Sumerian Cultural Exceptions It looks like the Sumerians have cultural occasions on these 2 numbers and they treated them as special ones:

ner 600 Ner

‫ؾُُّٖ اظَا‬

‫ؿزّبئخ \ ؿزّئخ‬

istaama

sitamaiya

19

six hundred



Sar 3600 Sar

‫ٗطَٖ اَطكَا ز ؾَّٗعَا‬

tlatha alpe w ishtamaa

‫ؿزّبئخ‬ٚ ‫ف‬٢‫صالصخ ا‬

thalat alaaf w sitmiya

thirty six hundred

If we compare what we are doing now to produce these numbers, we will find out that our languages are but continuation with what have our forefathers started with. The change is not to be even worth mentioning. We can say that the Assyrian, Arabic and English are copying the same method if not the same pronunciation to compound the hundreds and thousands. ٚ‫ْ ثّأ ثضأ‬ٚ‫خ ) إّٔب ٔذٓ ِـزّغ‬١‫ع اٌّـ‬ٛ‫ـ‬١‫ث‬ٚ ‫ّبْ ثبهلل‬٠‫َ ِغ ِب فؼٍٗ االجضاص ( ثئؿزضٕبء اال‬ٛ١ٌ‫ لبعٔب ِب ٔفؼٍٗ ا‬ٌٛ ‫مخ‬٠‫خ رمٍض اٌطغ‬١‫اٌؼغث‬ٚ ) ‫خ‬١ٍٙ‫خ ( وٍضاْ اٌـ‬٠‫ع‬ٛ‫ي ثبْ اٌٍغبد االك‬ٛ‫غ اٌم‬١‫ـزذك اٌظوغ اط ٔـزط‬٠ ‫ػ ال‬١‫غ ثـ‬١‫اٌزغ‬ٚ ٗ‫ث‬ . ‫االالف‬ٚ ‫اٌّئبد‬ٚ ‫ت االػضاص ٌٍؼلغاد‬١‫رغو‬ٚ ‫ اٌزٍفع‬ٟ‫خ ف‬٠‫ع‬ٛ‫خ االك‬٠‫ِغ‬ٛ‫اٌـ‬ What is interesting is how to compound twelve is 2 + 10 in the Sumerian way . This difference is very clear when we say 22 = twenty + 2 in English. In the Sumerian the number 22 will be 2 + 20 this way of counting is clear in the Assyrian dialects. The language of Chaldeans ( plains) follow the Sumerians in the way they treat compound numbers. ‫ رزفك‬ٟ‫خ اٌز‬٠‫ع‬ٛ‫خ االك‬٠‫ِغ‬ٛ‫مخ اٌـ‬٠‫ اٌطغ‬ٟ٘ٚ 20 + 2 = 22 ْ‫اظخ ا‬ٌٛ‫ِٓ ا‬ٚ 12 = 10 + 2 ْ‫ ا‬ٛ٘ ‫ك‬١‫ِب ك‬ٚ ( ‫ي ٗٗـ ز ؾَػٍُ اي اثنٌن وعشرون ولٌس عشرون وإثنٌن الجبلٌة‬ٛ‫ رم‬ٟ‫خ اٌز‬١ٍٙ‫جخ اٌىٍضاْ اٌـ‬ٌٙٚ . ) ‫الطورانٌة‬ : ‫قارن‬ Assyrian = isree w tre = twenty + two ‫ؾػٍُ ز ُٗف‬ Sumerian = shina-eshraa = two + twenty ٍُ‫ُٗف ز ؾَػ‬ The Chaldean dialect goes exactly like Sumerian Assyrian Old languages in producing the compound numbers i.e. Arabic and Aramaic just copy Sumerians in this particular issue. The Modern Assyrian goes the other way round( twenty + two) like European languages in saying these numbers and digits.

20



ٟٔ‫اٌفصً اٌضب‬ ‫خ‬١‫ج‬ٌٛٛٔٛ‫ف‬ ‫ضخ‬٠‫خ اٌذض‬٠‫ع‬ٛ‫اٌٍغخ االك‬ ‫ٍَؾَّا َُٗؾَعَا‬ ‫قسِعسِطسِجؿَا‬ ‫دطَُّعَا اَِسََِؾَا ضَدَٗا‬ ‫ضخ‬٠‫خ اٌذض‬٠‫ع‬ٛ‫ب االك‬١‫ج‬ٌٛٛٔٛ‫ف‬ Chapter Two Modern Assyrian Phonology In Eastern Aramaic Characters (letters)

This language originally is based on 22 Eastern Aramaic letters as orthography i.e., the inherired spelling from the past writings, though some slight changes occur in certain sounds such as limiting (ptakha ُ ) to places where the consonant is split and repeats itself as two to create a new syllable later. For instance ‫ طُكَا‬to mean (wave) . It is also that many words in ( H) change into (kh) and /or (h). Some other issues viz (Khoshaba, 2011). This language is an accumulative of the old Assyrian dialects of the past of cuneiform till now and it has added to itself less than she has given to Aramaic, Hebrew, Arabic, Farsi, Turkish, and others as cognates assimilated into the new systems of those languages. This issue needs to be searched chronologically since it is the oldest in writing as Cuneiform and then later as in Neo Aramaic letters. The 22 letters are : ( Read from right to left)

ٗ ٓ َ ‫ا ب ت د ذ ز ش ع ؽ ف قـ \ ض ط ظ ع ؽ ف م ٔ ى‬ t sh r q S p ‘a s n m L k e T H z o h d g b a ‫ر ش ت‬

‫ص ق‬

‫ط‬

‫ل م نسع‬

‫ا ب ج د هـ و ز ح ط ي كـ \ ك‬

For learning how to write letters, you can go to Modern Assyrian Language (Sorith) Matti, P. (2003). 21



The Assyrian Sound System Organs Place of Articulation

22



‫ِسٌقَا دظَكطَػَٗا دنَطَا‬

‫‪23‬‬



Tafxiim

24



Tafxiim is a feature that occupies the whole boundry of the word, and it is meaning ful. Tafxiim sometimes produce only allophones that never change the menaing, but sometimes it does: e.g. Topra : topra :

‫غسِقَُا‬

finger nail

‫أظفر‬

maara : ‫ظََُا‬

‫ٗسِقَُا‬

tail

‫ذنب‬

maara :

25

Lord

‫ ظََُا‬owner

‫ رب‬Tafxiim ‫صاحب‬



26



27



28



29



30



31



32



‫الفصل الثالث‬ ‫َؾَّا دُٗطََٗا‬ ‫اَدَِعسَِٗا دِعَرُا‬ ‫تصنٌؾ االسماء‬ Chapter Three Noun Classification

\ ‫) المصادر عَبٌسِؾَؿُا \ غسِقَطَؿُا‬1( ‫) اسماء الداللة ُِعَعُا تسِِعَعَؿُا‬1( ‫تصنؾ االسماء عموما ً الى نوعٌن‬ ً‫ فاالولى ( الداللة) محدودة فً االشتقاق أما الثانٌة ( المصادر ) فه‬. ‫ظًعَؿُا اي حسب قدرتها على االشتقاق‬ .‫اشتقاقٌة حٌث تشتق منها االفعال‬ Nouns generally fall under two headings: (1) Concrete Nouns and (2) Sources i.e., Abstract). The former is very limited in deriving other parts of speech, but the latter ( the abstract) is very derivative and generative. Verbs almost are all derived from the sources i.e., abstract nouns. ‫) اسماء الداللة‬1( ‫ُِعَعُا تسِِعَعَؿُا‬ Concrete Nouns ‫ ومن الناحٌة اللؽوٌة اسم‬.‫االسم الذي له كٌان كشًء ملموس ومربً وله شكل أو تركٌب أو ماهٌة حٌة او جامدة‬ : ‫الداللة عسر التولٌد حٌث ال ٌسمح بتولٌد االفعال إال الٌسر منه قد تشتق منه الصفة او الحال مثل‬ The concrete noun is the one that is tangible, visible, shaped, or structured, or comprised of action or it is inanimate. Linguistically, the concrete noun is hardly generative and very rarely allows itself to form an adjective or adverb.

singular masculine = n. Shape, picture:

Nouns ً‫ كى‬، ‫عح‬ٛ‫ ص‬: ‫ُِكطَا‬

shikla

plural ( for both gender) n. Shapes, pictures: shik- le

‫ اشكال‬، ‫ُِكطُا = صور‬ Adjectives

)‫ُِكطَعَا \ ُِكطَعَٗا = جمٌل (ة) \ رابع ( ة‬

singular adj. = Wonderful, spectacular

shiklana adj. : masculine singular ( wonderful, spectacular) shiklan–ta adj. : Feminine singular (wonderful, spectacular) shikla- ne adj. = plural feminine and masculine ( wonderful, spectacular)

33



Adverbs ٖ‫َِكطَاي‬

shakla‟eeth adv. = nominal, formally, in formality shiklanaa „eeth = beautifully,

ٖ‫ُِكطَعَاي‬

nicely

‫بازَِضَا ُِكطَعَٗا‬

b‟urkha shiklanta = nicely, gently ( in a nice way or manner) This word ( shikla ) may allow itself to form a verb: ke shaklinne khigga it –M. gives beauty to the group dance

‫قُا َِكطُعُا ضُتَا‬

bid mshaklinna darta it- M will decorate the courtyard ‫بُد ظَّكطُعَا دَََٗا‬ In fact, the majority of these concrete nouns do not often allow themselves to derive verbs . ‫ُٓظَعُا تسِِعَعَؿُا‬ ‫اسماء الداللة‬ Concrete Nouns

. ‫اٌصٍخ‬ٚ ‫) اٌمغاثخ‬4 ( ‫) اٌجّبػخ‬3( ٍُ‫) اٌؼ‬2 ( ‫) اٌؼبِخ‬1( َ‫ اعثؼخ الـب‬ٌٝ‫رٕمـُ اؿّبء اٌضالٌخ ا‬ٚ Concrete Nouns are of four categories: (1) Common nouns (2) Proper Names (3) Collective Nouns (4) Relatives and acquaintances. Common Nouns ‫ قؿَعَؿُا‬: ‫ االسماء العامة‬.1 ‫وتشٌر االسماء العامة الى (آ) االشٌاء (ب) االنسان وحٌاته (جـ) الحٌوانات (د) النبات والزراعة‬ Common Nouns are subdivided into (a) inanimate things (b) Human beings and life (c) Animals (d) Plants and cultivations. Inanimate things / things ‫(آ ) ظطسِ ا ؾُا‬ Human being and his life ‫( ب ) بٌَُ عََّا ز ضؿس ٍٗر‬ Animals Plants and cultivations

‫( جـ ) ذؾسَعُا‬

‫( د ) ؾَبُا ز شَزِؾَٗا‬

: ) ‫( آ) ظطسِاؾُا ( طَا – ظطًطُا‬ ً‫ ثبٌف اٌّض اَ ( كما ف‬ٟٙ‫ٕز‬٠ ‫ فبالؿُ اٌّظوغ‬. ‫ دبٌخ اٌّفغص‬ٟ‫ ِؤٔش ف‬ٚ‫زشظ كىً جٕؾ ِظوغ أ‬٠ ْ‫جت ا‬٠ ُ‫وً اؿ‬ .) 1 ‫مثال‬

34



‫تَس عُا د ُِعَعُا‬

‫عَبٌسِؾَؿُا ِصضع‬

‫تسِِعَعَؿُا داللة‬ ‫اَََ بٌؿَا تَسعُا‬

‫قؿَعَؿُا \ تَسَعَؿُا‬ ‫عام‬ ‫‪Common‬‬ ‫ظطسِاَؾُا‬ ‫ظُعدؾَعُا‬ ‫اشياء‬ ‫‪inanimate‬‬ ‫بٌُعََّا ز ضؿسٍٍٗر‬ ‫انسان‬ ‫وحياته ‪Human‬‬ ‫‪beings & life‬‬ ‫ذ َؾسَ عُا‬ ‫حيوانات ‪animals‬‬ ‫ايطَعُا ز‬ ‫شََؾُا‬ ‫نباتات وزرع‬ ‫& ‪plants‬‬ ‫‪cultivations‬‬

‫ُٗف تَسعُا‬

‫نعسِظَؿُا‬ ‫علم‬ ‫‪proper‬‬ ‫اعَُّا‬ ‫ازَِ شٍا‬ ‫ز عُهبُا‬ ‫اشخاص‬ ‫ذكر \‬ ‫انثى ‪Names‬‬ ‫‪of people‬‬ ‫ظديعَِٗا‬ ‫مدن ‪cities‬‬ ‫عَرٍَزٍَٗا‬ ‫انهر ‪rivers‬‬ ‫دَزٍطؿٍَٗا‬ ‫دول‬ ‫‪countries‬‬ ‫ِعَرُا‬ ‫دغكَُ شَبَعُا \‬ ‫غكَُ ضُصزٍا \‬ ‫غكَُ ظَطُصؾُا‬ ‫اسماء‬ ‫جرائد‬ ‫مجالت‬ ‫فضائيات‬ ‫& ‪Captions‬‬ ‫‪Titles of‬‬ ‫‪newspapers‬‬ ‫‪etc.‬‬

‫اَضؿَعَؿُا‬ ‫قرابة وصلة‬ ‫‪Relatives‬‬ ‫بَبَا‬

‫قعسِِؿَؿُا‬ ‫جماعي‬ ‫‪collective‬‬ ‫تُدَُِٗا‬

‫ؾُعَا‬ ‫اب \ ام‬ ‫‪father /‬‬ ‫‪mother‬‬ ‫بٌُزِعَا‬

‫دتُطَا‬ ‫شدّة عشب‬ ‫‪Hay‬‬ ‫‪bundles‬‬ ‫قَسَٗا‬

‫بٌََُٗا‬ ‫ابن \ بنت‬ ‫‪son/‬‬ ‫‪daughter‬‬ ‫غَبََا‬

‫د اَُ بٌُا‬ ‫قطيع غنم‬ ‫‪cattle /‬‬ ‫‪herd‬‬ ‫ََقَا‬

‫غَبََٗا‬ ‫عجوز‬ ‫عجوزة‬ ‫‪Old‬‬ ‫‪man/wo‬‬ ‫‪man‬‬

‫دغؿٍُا‬ ‫سرب‬ ‫الطيور‬ ‫‪group‬‬ ‫تؿػَا‬ ‫جيش‬ ‫‪army‬‬ ‫دَغَٗا‬ ‫طقم \‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫‪Set/crew‬‬

‫بَكََٗا‬ ‫تَبََُا‬ ‫زوجة ‪wife‬‬ ‫زوج‬ ‫‪husband‬‬

‫‪35‬‬

‫ظًعَؿُا‬ ‫غسِقَطَعَؿُا‬ ‫‪Transitive‬‬ ‫‪Not‬‬ ‫‪(memated ) concrete‬‬ ‫ظَّٗؿَٗا‬ ‫ِٗؿَٗا‬ ‫تقديم الشرب‬ ‫ُشرب‬ ‫‪Serve drink‬‬ ‫‪eating‬‬ ‫ظسًِِٗطُر‬ ‫ًِٗطَر‬ ‫قدّم الشرب‬ ‫رب‬ ‫َش َ‬ ‫فعل ماضي فعل ماضي‬ ‫‪Served‬‬ ‫‪drank‬‬ ‫‪drink‬‬



‫أما االسم المإنث فٌنتهً على العموم بمقطع ( تا ) َٗا ( كما فً مثال ‪ ) 1‬ولكن احٌانا ً التوجد (تا ) للداللة‬ ‫(كما فً مثال ‪ ، ) 2‬فعلٌه ٌنبؽً معرفة الجنس من خالل اجزاء اخرى من الكلمات كان تكون صفة ( كما فً مثال‬ ‫‪ )3‬أو فعل كٌنونة ٌنتهً ( كما فً ‪ ) 4‬أوتصرٌؾ لفعل ٌلً ذلك االسم ( كما فً مثال ‪ ) 5‬أو ضمٌر إشارة (‬ ‫كما فً مثال ‪.) 6‬‬ ‫‪َُٗ .1‬ؾَا با ب‬

‫‪door‬‬

‫‪ .1‬قََُٗا دًّم ‪load‬‬ ‫‪ِ .2‬عَؿَا ؿّبء‬

‫‪sky‬‬

‫‪tar’a + a M.‬‬ ‫‪kar+ ta F.‬ل محل‬ ‫‪shmaya F.‬‬

‫‪ِ .3‬عَؿَا ٔقًَٗا‬

‫‪shmaya spee+ ta‬‬

‫‪ِ .4‬عؿَا يطَر‬

‫‪shmaya eel + a‬‬

‫‪ِ .5‬عَؿَا ٔقًطَر‬ ‫‪ .7‬اَ ذَا ( اَؾَا ) ِعؿَا‬

‫اٌـّبء صبف‪١‬خ‬ ‫اٌـّبء ( ٘‪) ٟ‬‬

‫‪ shmaya speel + a‬صف‪١‬ذ اٌـّبء‬ ‫)‪ aha ( aya ) shmaya (a) in aha (aya‬هذه السماء‬

‫‪The feminine gender marker ( a) is in:‬‬ ‫‪the adjective (speeta ) has (ta) F.‬‬ ‫‪the verb to be ( eela ) has (a) F.‬‬ ‫‪the past tense ( speela ) (la) has (a) F.‬‬ ‫‪this demonstrative ( aha/ aya ) has (a) F.‬‬

‫‪The sky is clear:‬‬ ‫‪The sky is‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪The sky cleared:‬‬ ‫‪This sky :‬‬

‫وفً بعض االحٌان توجد ( تا ) َٗا فً نهاٌة االسم ولكن ال تشٌر الى الجنس المإنث (كما فً مثال ‪ 7‬و ‪)8‬‬ ‫‪ .8‬ظسََٗا‬

‫ِ‪ٛ‬د‬

‫‪mota M. death‬‬

‫‪ .9‬بٌؿَٗا‬

‫ث‪١‬ذ‬

‫‪beita M.‬‬

‫‪house , home‬‬

‫‪ّ٠ٚ‬ىٕٕب ِؼغفخ اٌجٕؾ اٌّظوغ ِٓ سالي‪:‬‬ ‫(‪ )1‬صفخ (وّب ف‪ِ ٟ‬ضبي ‪) 10‬‬ ‫(‪ )2‬رصغ‪٠‬ف فؼً اٌى‪ٕٔٛ١‬خ (وّب ف‪ِ ٟ‬ضبي )‪11‬‬ ‫(‪ )3‬رصغ‪٠‬ف فؼً( وّب ف‪ِ ٟ‬ضبي ‪)12‬‬ ‫(‪ )4‬اؿُ إكبعح ( وّب ف‪ِ ٟ‬ضبي ‪) 13‬‬ ‫‪ .15‬بٌؿَٗا شؾسََِا‬

‫‪beita zoor + a‬‬

‫بٌت صؽٌر‬

‫‪ .11‬بؿَٗا يطُر‬

‫‪beita eel + e‬‬

‫البٌت ( هو )‬

‫‪ .11‬بؿَٗا ٗطُططُر‬

‫‪beita tlikhl+e‬‬

‫ته ّدم البٌت‬

‫‪36‬‬



‫هذا البٌت‬

‫ اَ ذَا ( اُزَا ) بٌؿَٗا‬.12

aha / awa beita

beita deele khreewa ‫ بؿَٗا ديطُر ضُيبََا‬.13

)‫البٌت المتهدم ( الذي تهدم‬ ‫بابه‬

‫ َُٗؾُر‬.14

tar’aeih

The masculine gender marker (e) and also the (a) or (wa) in the demonstrative pronoun in (aha) or (awa) shows that the noun is masculine but not feminine: The small house The house is The house collapsed This house The house which is collapsed It’s door

adjective (zoora) has (a) verb to be ( eele) has (e) past tense verb (tlikhle ) has (le) demonstrative is (awa /aha) has (a) relative pronoun is ( deele ) has (e) possessive is (eih) has (e) The days of the week ‫ؾسِظَعُا د َِبَسِؾَا‬ ‫ؾُزِبََٗا‬

‫الجمعة‬

Roota F.

Friday

‫اٌـجذ‬

Shabta F.

Saturday

‫االحد‬

Khausheeba M.

Sunday

‫ضدبَّبَا‬

ٓ١ٕ‫االص‬

Trausheiba M.

Monday

‫ُٗعبَّبَا‬

‫اٌضالصبء‬

Tlatusheiba M.

Tuesday

‫ٗطَٗبَّبَا‬

‫االعثؼبء‬

Arbausheiba M.

Wednesday

‫اَبؿبَّبَا‬

‫ؾ‬١ّ‫اٌش‬

Khamshausheiba M.

Thursday

‫َِبٌَٗا‬

‫ضعّبَّبَا‬

Friday and Saturday are feminine. The rest are masculine.

The months are masculine. ‫ؾسِظَعُا دؾَُضُا‬ ‫اسماء االشهر تعامل معاملة المذكر‬ Yarkha eele dikhranaaya .

. ‫ؾَُضَا يطُر دَقََُعَؿَا‬

yarkhei eena dikhranaaye . ‫ؾَُضُا يطَـ ( يعَا ) دُقََُعَؿُا‬

ً‫كانون الثان‬ ‫شباط‬

kaanoon ditre ( Kharaaya) IshwaT

January : ) ‫قَعسِع َُٗؾَعَا ( دُٗف ) ( اَضَُؾَا‬ : ‫اِبََؼ‬

February ‫آذار‬

aadar

March

: ََ‫اَد‬

‫نٌسان‬

Nisan

April

: ‫عًػَع‬

37



‫ماٌس‬

‫تشرٌن االول‬

: َُ‫اي‬

yar

May

‫حزٌران‬

Khzeeran

June : ‫ضصيَُع‬

‫تموز‬

taamooz

July : ‫َٗعسِش‬

‫آب‬

Tabakh

August : ‫غَبَظ‬

‫اٌلول‬

eelool

September : ‫ايطسِط‬ October : ‫ٍُّٗيع نَدظَؿَا‬

Cheiri qamaaya

ً‫تشرٌن الثان‬

Cheiri ditre (Kharaya)

‫كانون االول‬

Kaanoon qamaya

November : ) ‫ٍُّٗيع َُٗؾَعَا ( دُٗف ) ( اَضَُؾَا‬ December ‫قَعسِع نَدظَؿَا‬

The name of the season is Masculine ََ‫اَنعََٗا د َِعَٗا ز ِسِضطَكُا دظسِشَجَا داَأ‬ ‫فصول السنة وتؽٌرات المناخ‬ ‫غُٗسَا‬

‫ُِّٗيعًؿُا‬

sitwa Winter

cherriyee Fall

‫الشتاء‬

‫الخرٌؾ‬

‫نؿػَا‬

‫بٌؿٖ عًػَعُا‬

) ََ‫( بَر‬ qeiTa bahar ( bet neesaane) Summer Spring ‫الصٌؾ‬

‫الربٌع‬

The Elements of the Nature ‫اَغػسِقَػُا دقؿَعسَِٗا‬ ‫عناصر الطبٌعة‬ Verb to be carries the gender markers of the singular as feminine or masculine. The plural in both is the same. The gender marker (a) in La refers to the feminine singular. The gender marker (e) in Le refers to the masculine singular. The gender marker (ay) in Lay or (n) in )yna( refers to the plural ‫يطَر‬

‫ِعَؿَا‬

F

‫يطَر‬

‫اََؾَا‬

air is

M

‫يطُر‬

‫قسٌ ضَا‬

ether is

M

‫يطُر‬

َ‫اَا‬

‫ سماء‬shmaya

eela

sky is

‫ ارض‬ar’aa

eela

earth is

‫ هواء \ رٌاح‬pokha

eele eele

‫أثٌر‬

aar

38

F



‫ شمس‬shimsha

eela

Sun is

F

‫يطَر‬

‫ُِعَّا‬

‫قمر‬

sahra

eele

moon is

M

‫يطُر‬

‫غَرََا‬

‫كوكب‬

kawkwa

eele

planet is

M

‫يطُر‬

‫قَسقبََا‬

‫ماء‬

miya

eena/ eelay

water is

Plural

) ‫يطَـ ( يعَا‬

‫ظَؿَا‬

‫نار‬

noora

‫يطُر‬

‫عسََِا‬

eele

fire is

M

The unique nouns In the globe such as (sky), ( land), ( Sun), ( moon) can be plural with a change in the meaning. shamaya eela F ‫يطَر‬ ‫ِعَؿَا‬ shmayaata eelay (eena)

Pl.


‫ِعَؿََٗا‬

The sky is The skies are ar’aa ar’aa ta

eela eelay ( eena)

F pl.

‫يطَر‬

‫اََؾَا‬

) ‫اََؾََٗا يطَـ ( يعَا‬

The earth is The lands are shimsha eela

F

shimshaa ta elay ( eena) pl.

‫يطَر‬

‫ُِعَّا‬

) ‫ُِعََّٗا يطَـ ( يعَا‬

The Sun is The Suns are (allegory) ‫غَرََا يطُر‬

sahra eele

M

sahre eelay ( eena )

pl.

) ‫غَرٍَا يطَـ ( يعَا‬

Nouns Table (singular ) Irregular Masculine Feminine Irregular Feminine death ‫ ظسٌَٗا‬journalism ‫تُطؿسِعسَِٗا‬ biography ‫َُِ بَا‬

Masculine statement ‫بٌسِؾَعَا‬

The moon is The moons are (allegory)

‫د‬ِٛ‫م‬ house ‫بٌؿَٗا‬ ‫ذ‬١‫ث‬

‫ظػَكَػَٗا‬ Organization ‫منظمة‬

sesame oil ‫غَطًع‬ )ً‫طحٌنٌة ( راش‬

item / ‫ظطسِاَا‬ subject ‫ع‬ٛ‫ظ‬ِٛ‫م‬

equality ‫َِسؾسَِٗا‬ ‫التساوي‬ thought ‫َٗطعَعَٗا‬ ‫فىغح‬

cell/ hive ‫َِعَا‬ )‫خلٌة ( خلٌة نحل‬ road / way ‫ازَِ ضَا‬ ‫طرٌق \ درب‬

tradition ‫ؾسِبَطَا‬ ‫تقلٌد‬ ‫ِسِٗ اَغَا‬ establishment ‫مِؤؿـخ‬

39



‫َٗسَٗبَسَِٗا‬ expatriation ‫الهجرة‬ lecture ‫اَظسَِزَِٗا‬ ‫محاضرة‬ ‫ضدََ – ظؿدَؾؿٍَٗا‬ regulations ‫تعلٌمات‬

breath ‫عَكَؼ‬ ‫تنفس‬

ray

dooka ‫دزِقَا‬ place ‫مكان‬ donye ‫دزِعؿُا‬ ‫دنٌا‬ World

‫شَ ذ َيَُا‬ ‫أكؼخ‬

occupation ‫قبَسِؿَا‬ ‫إحتالل‬ Mass Media ‫ؾسِدَؾَا‬ ‫إعالم‬

Common nouns (1) Powder (2) grain (3) liquid is treated differently as shown below: ‫) سوابل تختلؾ فً تعاملها من ناحٌة الجنس القواعدي منها مذكر‬2( ‫) حبوب‬1( ‫) المساحٌق‬1( ‫االسماء العامة‬ : ‫واخرى مإنث واخرى تعامل معاملة الجمع‬ Nouns

Powders ‫مساحٌق‬ Masculine singular ‫يطُر‬ ‫دٕطخ‬

sugar َُ‫ُِاق‬

‫ػض ؽ‬

‫اٍَشَا‬

‫غ‬١‫كؼ‬

‫عػ‬

rice

ً‫ ثغغ‬borgul َِ‫تسَِتس‬ ‫ض‬٠‫ق رب‬ٛ‫ِـذ‬

Tide

fluids ‫سوابل‬ masculine singular


‫ دقٌق \ طحٌن‬flour ‫نَعطَا‬ ‫ؿىغ‬

grains ‫حبوب‬ plural

‫ٗاؾُد‬

wheat lentils barley

‫ دّص‬garbanzo

‫يطُر‬ ‫ضُػُا‬

‫ٔفػ‬

oil

‫غطسٌضُا‬

‫ِبء‬

water

‫ظُؿَا‬

‫غَؿٍُا‬

‫ذ‬٠‫ػ‬

olive oil

‫شؾَٗا‬

‫ضٍُُ غعَعُا‬

ٓ٘‫ ص‬cooking oil ‫ظُّطَا‬

‫ِسِِعُا‬

‫ت‬١ٍ‫د‬

‫ ِبف‬gram, Indian peas ‫ظَُّا‬

‫دّبع‬

ُ‫ؿّـ‬

sesame

‫عُهػَا‬

milk

‫ضَطبَا‬

donkey

‫ضعََُا‬

َ‫ص‬

blood

‫دُظَا‬

‫مرهم‬

lotion

‫ظَُ ذَ ظ‬

There are exceptions to the rules as in: Powders/ Grains 40



‫ملح‬

salt : F

‫ حنطة‬grains : F

singular

‫ظُططَا قَكسَِٗا ؾطَر‬

singular

‫ؾطَر‬

‫دُقَطَا قؿُعَٗا‬

Fluids / Juices/ Oils ‫سمسم‬

Sesame oil : F singular

‫ؾطَر‬

‫غَطًع ظَُيَُٗا‬

‫ٕخ‬١ٕ‫ك‬

Yoghurt : F

singular

‫ؾطَر‬

‫ظَػَٗا ضَعسِ َٔٗا‬

molasses : F singular

‫ؾطَر‬

‫عًكسِ ضَٗا ضطًَٗا‬

‫دبس‬

Adjectives: ‫ِسِظَرَا‬ ) ‫صفات ( مإنثة‬ ‫ضطًَٗا‬ khleeta sweet ‫حلو‬

‫ضَعسَِٔٗا‬ khamosta sour ‫حامض‬

‫ظَُيَُٗا‬ mareerta bitter ‫مر‬

‫قؿُعَٗا‬ pa’inta rotten ‫تعفن‬

‫قَكسَِٗا‬ pakoota tasteless ‫فاه‬

ta = feminine marker ending of the singular adjective Verb to be F. [is + feminine marker (a)] ‫يطَر‬

eela = /a/ is a feminine marker Fluids: ‫ظؿَعسَِٗا \ جَُ زِ عَؿُا‬ ‫سوابل‬ Plural

‫ؾعَا‬

‫ظُؿَا ذََُِعُا‬

Yoghurt (water) Juice : plural

‫ؾعَا‬

‫دزٌؾُا بَػًعُا‬

water is brackish : drool goes down :

plural

‫تطًصٍا ( َيٍُا ) بُجَُؾَا يعَا‬ Adjectives / continuous verb

‫بُجَُؾَا‬ bijraaya going / running ً١‫ـ‬٠

‫بَػًعُا‬ baseeme delicious ‫ت‬١‫غ‬ 41

‫ذََُِعُا‬ hirshaane brackish ‫ػىغ‬



continuous form of the verb

adjective

adjective

Verb to be plural : (eena) / (eelay) ‫يعَا \ يطَـ‬ eelay / eena

: plural

‫ظَّهطُا د ضؿسٍِٗا دبٌَُعََّا‬ ْ‫بح االٔـب‬١‫ِغادً د‬ Human beings Phases of Life ‫ والمذكر ٌنتهً بصوت فتحة او المدّة‬.‫وفٌما ٌخص االحٌاء ٌتفق الجنس مع حقٌقة الجنس الباٌولوجً لذلك أالسم‬ ً‫( كما ف‬ ) ‫) أما المإنث فعلى العموم ٌنتهً بـ (تاء تنتهً بصوت فتحة أو المد ( َٗا‬1 ‫اَ ( كما فً مثال‬ ‫ م‬. ) 4 ‫جض َٗا فً نهاٌة المإنث كداللة ( كما فً مثال‬ٛ‫ ال ر‬ٟ‫) ِغ االؿزضٕبءد اٌز‬1 ‫مثال‬ gawr+ a = man

‫رجل‬

: ‫ تَبََُا‬.1

bakh+ ta = woman

‫إمرأة‬

: ‫ بَكََٗا‬.1

urz+ a = masculine

‫ مذكر‬: ‫ ا زِ َ شَ ا‬.2

niqw+ a =

‫ انثى‬: ‫ عُهبَا‬.3

feminine

‫أما فً حالة الجمع‬

Regular Feminine Nouns: In plural, another (tha) is added to the feminine singular (Chaldean) ,or (te) is added to the singular (Assyrian) : ‫إمرأة‬ ‫نساء‬

bakhta + tha =

bakhta (tha)

bakhta + te = bakhta (te)

Classic reading Spoken dialect

‫ َٗا = بَكَََٗٗا‬+ ََٖ‫ بَك‬.4 ‫ ٍٗا = بٌَكٍََٗٗا‬+ ََٖ‫ بَك‬.5

Irregular Feminine Nouns: In the other irregular feminine nouns, the (a) is changed into (e) in plural as in:

‫أُنثى‬ ‫إٔبس‬

42

niqwa is singular niqwe is plural

‫ عُهبََا = عُهبُا‬.6 = female = females



Human Beings & the Growth Phases fetus

‫رضٌع‬

brish –bizza =

infant

‫ بُصؾَا‬- ٌٍُٓ‫ ب‬.1

Child

‫ غَطؿَا \ غطًَٗا‬.2

adolescent

‫ ؾطؿعَا \ ؾطًعَٗا‬.3

‫ٌافع \ ٌافعة‬

‘aleima / ‘alimta F

‫شاب \ شابة‬

jwanqa / khamta F. young

‫ لطٌؾ \ لطٌفة‬shah zaada / shah zad ta F. gentle ‫بنت \ ولد‬ ‫إمرأة \ رجل‬ ‫عجوز \ عجوزة‬

‫ بُػعَا‬.1

biTna / ‘aola =

‫ طفل \ طفلة‬Talya / Tleetha F. =

‫نبٌل \ نبٌلة‬

‫\ ؾسٌطَا‬

‫جنٌن‬

a’ageeda/ a’agidta F.

‫ جبََعهَا \ ضَعَٗا‬.4 ‫ َِر ش َدَا \ َِر شَ د َٗا‬.5 ‫ ؾَتًدَا \ ؾَتًدَٗا‬.6

nobel

‫ بََُٗا \ ؾَطدَا‬.7

braata / yaala girl/ boy

bakhta / gawra woman/ man ‫ تَبََُا \ بَكََٗا ل‬.8 old man/ old woman ‫ غَبََا \ غَبََٗا‬.15

sawa / sawta

‫ خطوبة \ طلب ٌد‬Tlabta \ maTlabta engagement\ asking for ‫ غطَبٌَٗا \ ظَػطَبٌَٗا‬.11 ‫زواج‬ ‫زوج\ زوجة‬

gwara\ gwarta barzawga

‫حامل‬

bTinta

‫إنجاب‬

mabraeita

‫موت \ وفاة‬ ‫دفن‬

‫ تبََُا \ تبَََُٗا‬.11

marriage

‫ بَُشزٌتَا‬.11

espouse

‫ بػُعَٗا‬.12

pregnanat

mo:tha

‫ ظَبٌُؾَٗا‬.13

giving birth , create

‫ ظسَٗا‬.14

death

qwarta

‫ نبَََُٗا‬.15

bury

‫ وفاة \ راحة‬myathta / manyakhta death/ relax

‫ ظَعؿَطَٗا \ ظؿََٗٗا‬.16

‫‘ مع ّمر‬aweera /bshinei a’wirta bshine F. aged ‫ؾبًََُا \ ؾبًََُٗا بٌَّعُا‬.17 ‫حٌاة‬

khayootha

‫ ضَؿسَِٗا‬.18

life Nations/ Races

ً‫أفرٌق‬

apriqaaya

‫ِسغَعسِٗا ز غُعػُطَٗا‬ ‫قومٌات \ عرقٌات‬

African

‫اقُيهَؿَا‬

ً‫آشوري \ سرٌان‬

ashooraya asooraya

Assyrian / Syriacs

‫اَِسََِؾَا \ اَغسََِؾُا‬

‫ٌهودي \ عبري‬

hoodaya / ‘aiwraaya

Jews \ Hebrew

‫ذزِدَؾَا \ ؾَبََُؾَا‬

ً‫كلدان‬

kaldaaya

Chaldean

‫قَطدَؾَا‬

ٟ‫كغل‬

madinkhaaaya

Eastern

‫ظَدُعطَؿَا‬

mandaaya

Mandean

‫ظَعدَؾَا‬

ma’airwaaya

Western

‫ظَؿُُبَؿَا‬

arabaaya

Arab

ٟ‫ \ صبثئ‬ٟ‫ِٕضائ‬ ً‫ؼرب‬ ً‫عرب‬

43

‫ؾََُبَؿَا‬



‫نسِبٌػَؿَا‬

) ‫قبطً ( مصري‬

qubTaaya

Coptic

‫كردي‬

qurdaaya

Kurdish

‫نسَِدَؾَا‬

ً‫شبك‬

shabakaaya

Shabak

‫َِبَكَؿَا‬ Females:

، ‫ نسَِدَؾََٗا‬، ‫ نسِبٌػؿَٗا‬، ‫ قَطدَؾََٗا‬، ‫ ؾََُبَؿَٗا‬، ‫ اَِسَِؾَٗا‬، ‫ذزِديَٗا‬ qurdeita, qubTeita, kaldeita, ‘arabeita, ashureita, hodeita . ‫ ظَؿُُبَؿَٗا‬، ‫ َِبَكؿَٗا‬، ‫ ظَعدؾَٗا‬، ‫ ظَدُعطَؿَٗا‬، ‫اقُيهؿَٗا‬ ma’airweita, shabakeita, mandeita, madinkheita, apriqeita

‫امرٌكً \ امرٌكٌة‬ ‫اٌطالً \ اٌطالٌة‬ ‫اسرابٌلً \ اسرابٌلٌة‬ ‫اٌرانً \ اٌرانٌة‬

amrikaaya / amrikeita

Nationality ‫غسِذ ظَؿَا‬ ‫جنسٌات‬ American )‫اَظُيكَؿَا (َٗا‬

eeTalnaaya / eeTalneita

Italian

)‫ايػَطعَؿَا (َٗا‬

eesarlaaya/ eesarleita

Israeli

)‫ايػَُطَؿَا (َٗا‬

eeraanaaya eeraneita

Iranian

)‫ايَُعَؿَا (َٗا‬ )‫جَكَعَؿَا (َٗا‬

‫ٌابانً \ ٌابانٌة‬

japanaaya / japaneita

Japanese

‫صٌنً \ صٌنٌة‬

cheenaya / cheeneita

Chinese

‫لبنانً \ لبنانٌة‬

libnan naaya / libna neita

Lebanese )‫طُبٌعَعَؿَا (َٗا‬

miSraaya/ misreita

Egyptian

‫مصري \ مصرٌة‬ ‫عراقً \ عراقٌة‬

tutkaaya / turkeita

)‫ظَََٕؾَا (َٗا‬

Iraqi

)‫ؾًَُنعَؿَا (َٗا‬

Turkish

)‫ٗسَِقَؿَا (َٗا‬

eeraqnaaya / eeraqnaita

‫تركً \ تركٌة‬

‫قًُعَؿَا \ قًَعؿَٗا‬

ٌ َ‫ديعَا \ ٗسٌديَٗا ز ظَػ‬ ‫ب‬ Religion and Denominations )‫ارثذوكسً (ة‬

arthodoksaaya

)‫ بوذي (ة‬boodaaya ‫ داسناًٌ \ داسنٌة‬dasnaaya / eezidnaaya ‫ ٍِذض (ح)مل‬Khanpa ‫كافر \ ملحد‬

kaapora

)‫مسٌحً (ة‬

/ Hanpa

)‫اََٗدزِقػَؿَا (ؾَٗا‬ ) ‫بٌسِدَؾَا ( ؾَٗا‬

Buddhist Yezidi

)‫دَغعَؿَا \ ايُصدعَؿَا ف(َٗا‬ )‫ضَعكَا (ؾَٗا‬

atheist

blasphemous/ infidel, tough kristyaana

)‫ مسلم (ة‬moshilmaana 44

orthodox

Christian Moslem

‫قَكسََِا‬

)‫قٍُغػؿَعَا (َٗا‬ )‫ظسُِِطعَعَا (ٍ) َٗا‬



)‫ معمذانً (ة‬ma’aimthanaaya

Baptist

)‫ظَؿعدَعَؿَا (ؾَٗا‬

missioner

)‫ظَُّطدَ عَا (ٍ) َٗا‬

)‫ مبشر (ة‬mashighdaana ‫ (ح) مم‬ٟ‫ذ‬١‫ ِـ‬msheeHaaya/ msheekhaaya )‫ نسطوري (ة‬nostornaaya

)‫ظًّطَؿَا (ؾَٗا‬

Christian

)‫عسِٔغسَِعَؿَا (ؾَٗا‬

Nestorian

)‫ (ح‬ٟٕ‫ص‬ٚ saghdaana d sanami

‫غَجدَعَا (َٗا ) د َٔعَعُا‬

pagan

)‫ بروسبتري (ة‬prosbitraaya

Presbyterian

)‫قُزغبَُُٗؾَا (ؾَٗا‬

)‫ بروتستانتً (ة‬protestantaaya

protestant

)‫قُزٍِٗػٗعَٗؿَا (َٗا‬

)‫ كاثولٌك (ٌة‬kathawleekaaya

Catholic

)‫نَٗسِطًهَؿَا (ؾَٗا‬

‫ازٌظَعسَِٗا المهنة‬ o:maanoota / Profession )‫فنان (ة‬

aamaana / aamaneita

artist

)‫اَظَعَا (ؾَٗا‬

)‫تلمٌذ (ة‬

askolaaya askoleita

student

)‫اغكسِطَؿَا(ؾَٗا‬

)‫ مبعوث (ة‬izgad da / izgadeita

Envoy

)‫ايصتَدَا (ؾَٗا‬

)‫ معماري (ة‬ardikhla / ardikhleita

member

)‫ذَدَظَا (َٗا‬

)‫ شاعر (ة‬maakhora /maakhorta

poet

)‫ظَطسََِا (َٗا‬

)‫ مهندس (ة‬maakhaara / maakharta

engineer

)‫ظَطََُا (َٗا‬

)‫عضو (ة‬

hadaama / hadamta

)‫موظؾ (ة‬

maalokha /maalokhta

employee

)‫ظَطسِقََا (َٗا‬

‫بروفٌسور (ة) \ ملفان‬

malpaana / malpanta

professor

)‫ظَطكَعَا (َٗا‬

‫ محامً (ة) الدفاع‬msatraana / msatranta )‫سفٌر (ة‬ )‫مشرع (ة‬ ّ

architecture engineer )‫اََدُقَطَا ( ؾَٗا‬

mshadra

noomeeqa /noomeeqeita )‫محامً (ة‬

Advocator/ prosecutor )‫ظػََُٗعَا(َٗا‬ legislative/ Law maker

snighra / snighra

)‫ ممثل (ة‬qaayooma / qaayoomeita )‫أستاذ (ة‬

Ambassador ‫ظَّدََا‬

/ mshadra

raabee / raabeeta

)‫ وزٌر (ة‬shaareera / shaarerta

Lawyer representative teacher minister

)‫عسِظًهَا (ؾَٗا‬ ‫غعُاجَُا‬ )‫نَؿسِظَا (ؾَٗا‬ )‫ََبٌٌ (َٗا‬ )‫َُِيَُا (َٗا‬

‫ذَ دَ ظُا ( غَعُا ) د قَتََُا‬ naata

ear

‫اعََٗا‬

‫رجل‬

akla

leg

‫اَنطَا‬

‫ٌد‬

eeda

hand

‫ايدَا‬

‫أذن‬

45



‫ركبة‬ ‫وجنة‬

birka sosinta / sosaane:

‫عقل \ ذهن‬

hona

)‫هٌكل ( مخطط‬

haykla

mind ( brain abstract ) temple/ framework

‫ظهر‬

khaasa

‫فقرة‬

khimarta

cheek back vertebra of

yaseela

‫وجه‬

yalma

‫شعر‬

kosa

‫َٔزُِٔعَٗا \ ََٔٔعُا‬

cheek(s)

‫ وجنة‬khaboosha d yalma

‫ِغفك‬

‫بُُقأ‬

knee

‫ذزٌعَا‬ ‫ذَؾكطَا‬

‫ضبٌسَِِا دؾَطعَا‬ ‫ضََٕا‬ .... ‫ضُعَُُٗا د‬

elbow

‫ؾَٕيطَا‬

face

‫ؾَطعَا‬

hair

‫قسٌغَا‬

keeka /ke:ka

tooth

‫قؿكَا‬

‫فك‬

laghma

jaw

‫طَتَعَا‬

‫لثة‬

lota

gum

‫طسِؾَٗا‬

‫لسان‬

lishaana

tongue

‫طَُّعَا‬

‫دماغ‬

mokha

(brain physical)

‫ظسِضَا‬

‫رسػ‬

masriqta

‫سن‬

‫انؾ‬ ‫شفة‬ ‫عٌن‬ ‫فم‬

‫ظَػٍُنَٗا دايدَا‬

wrist

nakheera sipta ayna

nose

‫عَطًَُا‬

lip

‫غُكَٗا‬

eye

pooma / pimma

mouth

‫ؾؿعَا‬ ‫قسِظَا‬

‫رقبة‬

qdaala

neck

‫ندَطَا‬

‫نؽزة فً الخد‬

qorara

dimple

‫نسََََِا‬

muscle

‫نُُٔزِطَٗا‬

skull

‫نَُنسِقَٗا‬

head

‫ٍَؾَّا \ٍَاَِا‬

shoulder

‫ٍَنَّا‬

‫ عضلة‬qorsolta ‫جمجمة‬ ‫عأؽ‬ ‫كتؾ‬ ً‫هٌكل عظم‬

qarqopta reesha / re:sha riwsha tagromta

skeleton

‫بدن‬

shiyootha

body/ build up

‫سرة‬

shirta

belly button, navel 46

‫َٗتُزِظَٗا‬ ‫ًِسَِٗا‬ ‫َُُِٗا‬



‫ذ َؾسَعُا ز ضَؿسَِٗؿرف‬ Animals and their Lives ‫لجام‬

‫اَ َ قػََُا‬

apsaara M. bridle

‫غّٕخ‬

waana F. / irba M.

sheep

‫اَُبٌَا \ زَعَا‬

ٞ‫اعٔت ثغ‬

irniwa F.

hare

‫اَُعبََا‬

milkwomen

plural

‫بٌؿُ يا‬

grass

‫تُططَا‬

‫ دبٌجبد‬be:riyi ‫حشٌش‬

gilla

‫ؽ‬ِٛ‫ جب‬gamishta F. game:sha ‫صة‬

M. M

dibba F.

‫ طئت‬de:wi:ta F. ‫غ‬١‫ثغاػ اٌط‬

de:wa M.

buffalo ‫تَعؿَّا \ تَعؿَّٗا‬ wolf

zilqe bird’s manure

‫حلب‬

khlawta F.

‫دُبٌَا‬

bear

‫دؾبََا \ دؾبًََٗا‬

plural

milking

‫شٍطهُا‬ ‫ضطَبََٗا‬

‫حمار‬

khmarta F. Khmaara M. donkey

‫ضعََُا \ ضعََُٗا‬

‫بؽل‬

kawdinta F. Kawidna M. mule

‫قَسِدعَا \ قَسدُعَٗا‬

‫كلب‬

kalibta F. kalba M.

ٌٟ‫اعٔت ِٕؼ‬ ‫ٌرعى‬

kirwishF. chirya / mar’aooye 47

dog rabbit gazing

‫قَطبٌَا \ قَطُبٌَٗا‬ َْ‫قُُب‬ ‫قََُؾَا \ ظَُؾسِؾُا‬



‫قرادة‬

kirniya F.

‫روث الخٌل‬

kirsilta F. Animal’s dung

‫ فغؽ‬soosta F. (mare) ‫شعٌر‬

‘aaleeqa M.

‫س جبف‬ٚ‫ع‬

plural

‫غَؿٍُا‬

fodder

‫ؾَطًهَا‬

paaTookhta F. dried dung

‫بعرة‬ ‫قطة‬

hunchback / monkey ‫نسِقَا \ نسِقًَٗا‬ ‫نَػس \ نَػسَِٗا‬

qaaTota F. qaaTo F. / M.

‫تبن‬

‫قَػسِضَُٗا‬

droppings ‫قُّكُطَٗا‬

pishkilta F. sheep’s

‫ لغص‬qopeeta F. qopa M

‫قُُغُطَٗا‬

‫غسِغَا \ غسِغَٗا‬

soosa M. horse

sa’are barley

‫علؾ‬

‫تٌس‬

‫قُُعًَُا‬

tick (small insect)

toona ‘aizza F. goat

M.

‫ٗسِعَا‬

hay

te:sha M.

‫ٗؿَّا \ ؾُصَا‬

ram

‫ُِعَعُا د تَطدُا ز ظُصؾُا‬ Skins and hairs ‫صوؾ‬

omra

‫زلوؾ‬

biskei

‫جلد‬

gilda

‫لحٌة‬

‫ازِظَُا‬

wool / fleece

‫بُػكُا ل‬

whiskers

‫تُطدَا‬

skin / hide

diqna

‫دُنعَا‬

beard

‫شعر‬

kausa

hair

‫قسٌغَا‬

‫مرعز‬

mar’aiz

special hair of goats

‫ظَُؾُص‬

‫اعة‬ٛ‫ك‬

simbeele

‫شعر الماعز‬

saara

‫وبر‬

poorta

‫غُعبًٌطُا‬

moustache

‫غَؿَُا‬

the hairs from goats

‫قُسََِٗا‬

animal’s skin hair (cows )

‫ذَؾسَعُا دظَؿُا‬ Sea Animals ) ‫سرطان البحر ( ابو جنٌب‬

girjaala M.

‫حٌة‬

Khuwe (a) M.

‫حوت‬

Hoota M.

‫تمساح‬ ‫كركدان‬

snake

‫ضسِزٍا‬

whale

‫ضسَِٗا‬

khardaana M. Crocodile

)‫ثعلب الماء ( كلب الماء‬

kalba d miya M.

‫تُجَطَا‬

crab

) ‫ضَُدَعَا ( ٗعػًطَا‬

Oater

karkadan M rhinoceros/ narwhal

‫سمك‬

noonta F. 48

fish

‫قَطبٌَا دظًَا‬ ‫َقُ قَدَع‬ ‫عسِعَٗا‬



‫ضفدعة‬

frog

‫قُها‬

Piqma F. seal

‫قُهعَا‬

piqa F.

‫فقمة‬ ‫سلحفاة‬

raqqa M. Turtle / tortoise

‫ثعلب الماء‬

taala d miya

otter ‫خ‬٠‫أبد ثغ‬ٛ١‫د‬

ً‫مالماعز الجبل‬ ‫أسد‬

‫ََنَا‬ ‫َٗؿطَا دظؿَا‬

‫ذَؾسَعُا دبٌٍَُيَا‬

irba dwaala M. mountain goat

Wild Animals ‫اَُبَا دبََؿطَا‬

loota F. lioness / irya M. lion

‫اَُؾَا\ طسَِٗا‬

‫ؼزال‬

ghazaala F.

‫ذبب‬

deewa M.

‫ػعافخ‬

zareepa

‫خنزٌر‬

maymoon F.

‫نمر‬

nimra

‫سنجاب‬

simora

‫شٌهم \ جاسوس‬

taneena

‫ثعلب‬

ta’ala

‫ديبََا‬ ‫ضصزََِا‬

monkey

‫ظؿعسِع‬

squirrel porcupine , spy elephant M. M.

‫شََيكَا‬

pork tiger

peela M.

‫تنٌن‬

wolf

M.

seekhora

‫فٌل‬

‫جَصَطَا‬

giraffe

Khzoora M.

‫قرد‬

gazzel

‫عُعَُا‬ ‫غُعَسََا‬ ‫غًكَسََِا‬ ‫قًطَا‬

dragon

‫َٗعًعَا‬

fox

‫َٗؿطَا‬

‫َِضُّا ز ٍَجبٌُا‬ Reptiles and Insects ‫عنكبوت‬

azla kooshe

‫بعوض‬ ‫صرصر‬ ‫قنفذ‬

F.

spider

baqta F. sisra

mosquito

cockroach, cricket

gadooda M.

‫نحلة‬

dabashta

‫ذباب‬

didwa

‫جرٌث‬

khiwa dmiya M.

‫خنفساء‬ ‫ابو برٌص‬ ‫سحلٌة‬

keiza

‫اَشطَا – قسُِِا‬ ‫بَهَٗا‬ ‫ََُٔٔا‬

hedgehog

‫تُدزِدَا‬

bee

‫دَبََّٗا‬

fly

‫دُدبََا‬

eel

beetle

‫ضُسِزَا د ظًَا‬ ‫قؿصَا‬

lizard (big)

‫قُعكُعَا‬

mazoosta F. lizard (small)

‫ظَصزِشَٗا‬

kimkima M.

49



ٟ‫ فغؽ إٌج‬susta d aboona F. Praying Mantis ‫فؤر‬ ‫عقرب‬

‘aqubra M.

mouse

aqirwa piqqa F.

‫فراشة‬

parkhooneeta

frog M.

‫ؾَهسِبٌَُا‬ ‫ؾهُُبََا‬

scorpion

‫ضفدعة‬

‫غسِغَٗا داَبٌسِعَا‬

butterfly

‫قُهؿَا‬ ‫قَُضسِعًَٗا‬

‫برؼوث‬

pirTeina M.

flea

‫قُُغُؿعَا‬

‫ٌعسوب‬

parparoone F.

dragon fly

‫قَُقَُزِعُا‬

‫قمل‬

qalma F.

lice

‫سلحفاة‬

raqqa F.

turtle / tortoise

‫دودة‬ ‫نمل‬

‫نَطعَا‬ ‫ََنَا‬

tawleita

worm

‫َٗسِطُؿَٗا‬

shikwaana F.

ant

‫ُِكسَعَٗا‬ ‫غَؿٍُا ز قَُ ضُا‬ Birds

‫ببؽاء‬

baabakka

parrot

‫بَبَكَا‬ ‫بٌسِطبٌسِط‬

‫بلبل‬

bulbul

nightingale

‫بط‬

buTTa

duck

balyooza

turkey

‫بَطؿسِشَا‬

deeka

rooster

‫ديكَا‬

hudhud

hoopoe

‫ذزِدذزِد‬

duck

‫زََدَقَا‬

chick / baby

‫شَؾَا‬

‫علً شٌش‬ ‫دٌك‬ ‫هدهد‬ ‫بط‬

wardaaka

‫بَػَا‬

‫فرخ‬

zaa

‫زرزور‬

zarkha

starling

‫شََ ضَا‬

‫طاإوس‬

Tawsa

peacock

‫غَسغَا‬

‫طٌر‬

Tayra

bird

‫غَؿَُا‬

yona

pigeon

‫ؾَسٌعَا‬

Quail

‫ؾَؿَٗا‬

‫حمامة \ ٌمامة‬ )‫قطا (ة‬

ya’ata

‫ خفاش‬barkha layle/ chak chakchakoola ‫عصفور صؽٌر الحجم‬

small sparrow

‫قَُقُعَا‬

chirkinoona humming bird

‫قَُُقُعسِعَا‬

chikinna

)‫طٌر طنان (زاهً االلوان‬ ‫دجاجة‬

kteita

‫لقلق‬

laglaaga

‫نعامة‬

naama

‫سنونو‬

snooneeta 50

bat ‫ طؿطُا‬- ‫قََككََكسِطَا \ قَُضَا‬

hen / chicken

‫قٗؿَٗا‬

stork

‫طَتطَتَا‬

ostrich

‫عَؿعَا‬

swallow

‫غعسٍعًَٗا‬



sparrow ‫ ديكَا‬- ‫غُكَُا\ ُٔقَُا \ بـ‬

‫ عصفور‬sipra/ be deeke poopoo

hoopoe

ِ‫قسِقس‬

‫طٌر‬

Parkha

bird

‫قَُ ضَا‬

‫بط بري‬

qulinga

‫هدهد‬

‫وز‬

qaaza

‫قن \ عش‬

qinna

) ‫حجل ( قبج‬

‫نَصَا‬

goose nest / cot

qiqwaana

‫ؼراب‬

‫نسِطُعتَا‬

wild duck

‫نُعَا‬

partridge

‫نُهسَعَا‬

crow

‫نَُجَا‬

qagha

shqraaqa wood picker, bee eater ‫َِهَُنَا‬

‫نقار الخشب‬

‫شَزِؾَٗا ز تُطَطُا‬ Grass and plantations ‫شجرة‬

eelanta

‫خباز‬

aareine

‫بصل‬

bisla

‫ايطَعَٗا‬

tree mallow

‫اََؾعُا‬

onion

‫بُٕطَا‬

bajanta komta

eggplant ) ‫بَجَعَٗا ( قسِظَٗا‬

biTme

terebinth

‫بُػعُا‬

)‫بامٌا ( بانٌا‬

bamya

okra

‫بَعؿَا‬

‫بنجر‬

banjar

‫باقالء‬

baqile

‫حنطة‬

khiTe / dikhla

‫باذنجان‬ ‫حبة الخضراء \ بطم‬

‫قصب السكري‬ ‫تمر \ بلح‬

َُ‫بَعج‬

sugar beet fava beans wheat /

‫بَهُطُا‬

grain ‫دَقَطَا \ ضُػُا‬

zeala d sheekar

reed /cane sugar

khorma / e

dates

َُ‫شَؾطَا دًِك‬ ‫ضسَِظُا‬

corn, maize, popcorn

‫ضُػُا َِعَؿُا‬

khirTmane

garbanzo

‫ضُُغعَعُا‬

‫عدس‬

Tlokhe

lentils


‫بطاطا‬

kirTope

potato

‫قُُٗسقَٗا‬

‫لوبٌا‬

lobya

green beans

‫طسِبًا‬

‫سلق‬

silqa

green chart

‫غُطهَا‬

‫شعٌر‬

sa’are

barley

‫غَؿٍُا‬

‫ ذرة \ شامٌة‬khiTe shaamaaye ‫حمص‬

‫فاصولٌا‬ ‫فجل‬ ‫دُخن‬

paSolye pilla praage

51

white beans

‫قَٕزِطؿُا‬

radish

‫قُؿطَا‬

millet

‫قَُتُا‬



‫فطر‬

paTorta

‫قرع‬

qar’aa

mushroom

‫قَٗسََِٗا \ قَػسََِٗا‬

zucchini

‫نَُؾَا‬

anise, aniseed

‫َِشؾَعَا‬

tooma

garlic

‫ٗسِظَا‬

‫طماطة‬

Tamata

tomato

ٌ‫ِٗسِظؿٗس‬

‫تتن \ تبػ‬

tootin

‫ أنسون‬، ‫رزٌانة‬ ‫ثوم‬

rizyaana

tobacco

‫ِٗسٍِٗع‬

‫شوندر‬

shawander

beet

ََ‫َِبََعد‬

‫سمسم‬

shoshme

sesame

‫ِسِِعُا‬

sharkomta

turnip

‫شلؽم‬

‫َُِتسِظَٗا‬

‫اقََطؿٍَٗا دَِرٍَا‬ Food in religious Celebrations ‫ اكل صدقة‬irwaana

food/ bread/ money as gift in church

‫ حبٌة باللبن‬booshala

well cooked wheat in yoghurt

‫اَُزَعَا‬ ‫بٌسَِِطَا‬

‫لحم مهروس‬

dookha

well cooked meat with gravey

‫دزِ ضَا‬

‫هرٌسة‬

hareesa

well cooked meat and wheat

‫ذ ََيػَا‬

‫قرص محشٌة‬

kaada

‫كلٌجة‬

kulayche

‫ كبة ولبن‬kutlaata / kube ‫مضٌرة‬ ً‫قمح مقل‬ ‫قرص‬

‫قَدُا‬

stuffed bread Christmas cookies

‫قسِطًكُا‬

wheat meat- seasoned balls ) ‫قسِٗطََٗا ددزِؾُا ( ددزِقُا‬

mookha

well cooked wheat in yoghurt

mirtookha

flour sugar fried pastery

takhiryaata d lukhma

round-shape bread

ٌ‫ظؿُز‬ ‫ظُُٗسِضَا‬ ‫َٗكَُُؾََٗا دطَطعَا‬

Victuals ( do not pronounce c) ‫غُعدُا د بٌؿَٗا‬ House Necessary Food ( Staple Crops ) ‫مإن البٌت‬ ) ‫رز ( تمن‬

rizza

‫باقالء‬

baaqile

‫برؼل‬

gurgur / sawar

‫مجروش‬

girsa

‫حنطة‬

khiTe

‫ذرة‬ ‫دّص‬

rice

‫اٍَشَا‬

fava beans


crushed boiled wheat crushed wheat

khiTe shaamaye khirTmane

‫تُُغَا‬

grain/ wheat

‫ضُػُا‬

corn/ maize

‫ضُػُا َِعَؿُا‬

garbanzo 52

ََ‫تسَِتسَِ \ غَس‬




‫عدس‬ ‫مدقوقة‬ ‫لوبٌا‬ ‫فاصولٌا‬ ‫مإنة‬

Tlokhe

) ‫غطسِضُا (غطسٌقَُا‬

lentils

cooked grains with meat ‫قَّكَا \ قُهسَِٗا‬

kashka / piqota

beans

‫طسِبٌؿَا‬

white beans

‫قَٕزطًَا‬

lobya Pasolye pirda

all kind of wheat / grains

‫قُُدُا‬

‫طحٌن‬

qamkha

flour

‫نَعطَا‬

‫سمسم‬

shoshme

sesame

‫ِسِِعُا‬ ‫ظُّطَا ز دََظَعُا ضؿعُا‬ Oils and Spices

‫إلٌا \ طرؾ‬

eeliya

‫ص‬ٛ‫فٍفً اؿ‬ ‫زعتر‬

‫ايطؿَا‬

the fat tail of a sheep

beebar kmta

black pepper

sathra

saffron

‫بًبَُ قسِظَٗا‬ ‫ََُٔٗا‬

darcheen

cinnamon

‫دَ َقًُع‬

‫هٌل‬

heil

cardamom

‫ذُ ؾط‬

‫زٌت‬

zeita

olive oil

‫شؾَٗا‬

Tirshye

pickles

‫غًٍُُِا‬

‫دارسٌن‬

ً‫طرش‬ ‫كاري‬

kaari / kirkim

‫ ممخلالت‬makhlalae ٓ٘‫ص‬ ‫نومً بصرة‬

red turnip pickles

mishkha noomi d basra

‫توابل‬ ‫دهن \ شحم‬

‫ظَكَطَطُا‬ ‫ظُّطَا‬

fat

kind of dried lemon from Basra ‫عسِظٌ د بَََٕا‬ types of season

‫َٗبٌطُا‬

the fat part of the meat

‫َُٗبَا‬

tablei tarba

‫قَاٍَ \ قُُقُغ‬

curry

‫اَظسٍَِا ز ظَٕؾُا‬ Instuments and tools ‫االدوات والعدّة‬ ‫لجام‬

apsaara

‫بٌدر‬

bidra / bidraatha

‫صابون‬

Saboon

‫سطل \ دلو‬

siTla

‫اصاح ٌمطغ اٌشلت‬ ‫جغجغ‬

threshing floor soap a tool to cut wood

an old threshing device pulled by animals

53

‫بُدََا \ بُدَََٗا‬ ‫َٔبٌسِع‬ ‫ُٔغطَا‬

pail

jawidda / joda jarjar

‫اَ َبػََُا‬

bridle

‫جسٌدؾَا \ جسٌدُؾَٗا‬ َُ‫جَعجَُ \ جَُج‬



‫دراسة‬

daraasa

‫دلو \ سطل‬

wadra

‫حصاد‬

‫زَدََا‬

pail / bucket

khSaada / ghzaada

‫طشت‬

‫دَََغا‬

threshing machine

) ‫ضَٕدَا ( جصَدَا‬

harvest/ thresh

Tishta a big copper/ plastic pot for water to wash clothes in

‫طشت‬

big copper or plastic dish for dough ‫طَتَعَا \ اَتعكا‬

lagana

‫خ‬٠‫ض‬٠‫ِظعاح دض‬

malheiba

‫مذراة خشبٌة‬

malkhaawa

‫فؤس‬ shikhra

‫قاطعة خشب‬

‫ظَطر ؾبٌَا‬

an iron winnowing fork

‫ظَططَسَا‬

a wooden winnowing fork

narra

ٓ‫سلت ٌٕمً اٌزج‬

‫عَُتَا \ عَََُا‬

ax

the wooden tool to carry hay on animals’ back

kaasokhta

‫غٍُّٗا‬

‫ُِكََُأ‬ ‫قَػسِضَٗا‬

trimmer (wood)

‫َٗعًصزَِٗا‬ Cleaning ‫النظافة‬ ‫إنبوب‬

boori

‫مؽسل \ حوض‬

‫بٌسٍَِ \ نَعؿَا‬

pipe / tap

beesin

‫بؿػُع‬

basin

‫صابون‬

Saboon

soap

‫َٔبسِع‬

‫مربٌج‬

sonda

hose

‫ٔزِعدَا‬

ash heated in water ) ‫شٍََقَٗا ( نُػعَا ز ظًَا َِطًعُا‬

‫ ماء مؽلً بالرماد‬zarigta

‫ الخاطور‬KhaTora a piece of wood to wash clothes with ‫ضَػسََِا‬ ‫حنفٌة‬ ‫مكنسة‬

Hanapiya kanooshta

ّ ‫من‬ ‫شفة‬

mabrizanta

‫مخمل‬

makhmal

‫ؼسالة‬

masyanta

‫ماء‬ ‫بالوعة \ مرزٌب‬ ‫مسحوق التاٌد‬ ‫منام \ سرٌر‬

miya

‫قَعسَِِٗا‬

broom

Tide

‫ظَطعُط‬

towel washer ( machine)

bed

‫ظَػؿَعَٗا‬ ‫ظًَا‬

sewage \ gutter Tide

shweeta

‫ظَبٌٍُشَعَٗا‬

dryer/ drier

water

qoleena

‫ضعَهًَا‬

faucet

(detergent )

‫نسِطًعَا‬ ‫َٗايُد‬ ‫َِسيٖ ا‬ ‫طكَؿَٗا دطَطعَا‬ Bread making ‫الخبز والتنور‬

‫ طاحونة‬arkhil

‫اََقَط‬

mill 54



‫ دوار رفٌع‬ge:ra

‫تُاََا‬

wooden spear to move the dough as a flat loaf

‫تَُزِظَا‬

‫اع‬ٚ‫ ص‬garooma a wooden roller ‫ ِجغكخ‬garosta ‫ صلبق‬doqa ٌٛ‫ص‬

‫تَُزِغَٗا‬

milling stones

‫دزٌنَا‬

big wood to remove the pellicle of grains

wadra

‫زَدََا‬

bucket

‫ضسَعَا‬

‫ رشزخ‬Khwaana a rounded wooden table to spread dough on ‫غح‬١ّ‫ س‬khmeera

‫ضعًَُا‬

yeast

‫ دفغح اٌضق‬khasholta

a stone pit for removing pellicle of grains

‫اف‬ٌٛ lawaasha

the thick and big piece of bread

‫ غلذ‬lagana / agaana ٓ١‫ ػج‬Le:sha ‫ مدحلة‬، ‫مدحاة‬

‫طَبََّا‬ ‫طَتَعَا \ اَتَعَا‬ ‫طَؿَّا‬

dough

a stone roller to press the earth on the roof ‫ظَعدزََِٗا‬

mandorta

‫ مدار‬madaara

trough / large pot / bowl

‫ضَريِطَٗا‬

‫ظَعدَََا‬

big stone used to remove the skin of grains

ً‫ ِٕش‬minkholta

‫ظُعكَسِطَٗا‬

very small holes sieve (sift)

‫ ٔشبٌخ‬nkhalta ‫ضح اٌشجؼ‬٠‫ دض‬se:la

‫غُرطَا‬

the metal plate to bake bread over

‫ ؿٍخ‬salikta

‫غَطُكَٗا‬

the basket made of leaves and straws

‫ ؿغاص‬sare:da ‫غ‬١‫ فط‬PaTeera

‫عكََطَٗا‬

the fibers of the outer skin of the grains

‫غَُؾدَا‬

big holes sift

‫قَػًَُا‬

unleavened bread

‫ علبق‬raqqa

‫َُنَا‬

the thin piece of bread but large

‫غؿَعَٗا‬ Breakfast ‫الفطور‬ ً‫بٌض مقل‬

beeta

‫ عجة البٌض‬sipeira ‫جبن‬

ً‫ػـ‬

‫بًٌؿَٗا دُطعَا‬ ‫ُٔقًَُا\ اَغكًَُا‬

cheese

‫تسِبٌَٗا‬

thick plain bread

‫تُُدؾَا‬

jajik

cheese with types of garlic

‫جَجُت‬

dosha

honey

‫دُبََّا‬

‫ نوع من الكلٌجة‬kaada ‫جلفراي‬

chilfry

‫زبدة‬

kar’aa

‫قرصة‬

omelet

gubta

‫ قرصة ثخٌنة‬girdaya ‫بٌزة‬

easy egg

lawaasha

flour , sugar, milk , and butter as cookies Chelli fried in tomato and meat butter plain bread loaf 55

‫قأدَا‬ ‫قُؿطكَُف‬ ‫قَُؾَا‬ ‫طَسََِا‬



‫خبز‬

lakhma

‫طحٌن سكر ماء مقلً بالدهن‬ ‫لبن‬

qeimar

‫رقاق‬

riqqa

‫ظَػَٗا‬

yoghurt

qurushta

‫كٌمر‬

‫ظسَِٗسِضَا‬

mirtookha sugar, flour, water fried

masta

‫قشفة \ قشطة‬

‫طَطعَا‬

bread

‫نسَِزَِِٗا‬

cream of the yughort

َُ‫نؿع‬

Fatty part of the baffalo’smilk crust

‫َُنَا‬

thin plain bread

Kawitra ‫قَسٍَُٗا‬ ‫ ؼداء‬Lunch/ dinner ‫ رز \ تمن‬rizza

‫اٍَشَا‬

rice

‫ بامٌا‬bamya

‫بَعؿَا‬

okra

‫ باقالء‬baaqile


fava beans

ً‫ برٌان‬biryaani rice spiced with chicken meat , potataoes, egg, almonds ٌ‫بُُؾَع‬ ‫ برؼل‬gurgur / sawar

crushed boiled grains cooked with meat ََ‫تسَِتسَِ \غَس‬

‫ مجروش‬girsa

‫تُُغَا‬

crushed grains cooked with meat

grape leaves stuffed rolls ‫دزِطعَا \اَقَُضُا‬

‫ دولمة‬dolma / apraakhe ‫ سالطة‬zalaaTa

‫شَطَػَا‬

salad

‫ كبة حامض‬khamosta/ khomsa

grains with spiced meat balls in soup )‫ضَعسَِٔٗا ( ضسِظَٕا‬

‫ حمص‬khirTmane


garbanzo

‫ عدس‬Tlokhe

‫غطسِ ضَا\ غطهطُا‬

lentils

‫ كبة حلب‬kotlaatha ‫ مرطبات‬poyage ‫ حبٌة‬piqota

‫قسِٗطََٗا‬

grains with spiced meat balls

‫قسِؾَتُا‬

refreshments boiled grain with vegetable and meat

‫ مرق‬shorba

stew

‫قُهسَِٗا‬ ‫ِسَِبَا‬

kharamsha ‫اقََطَُظَّا‬ Supper ‫العشاء‬ ‫بطٌخ‬ ً‫رق‬ ‫زٌتون‬ ً‫طرش‬

gindoore / basheele

cantaloupe

zabaasha/ shabtiya zaytoone Torshiye

‫عدس‬

Tlokhe

‫زبٌب‬

yabeeshe

water melon olives pickles lentils raisins

56

) ‫تُعدزٍَِا ( بًَّطُا‬ ‫شَبََّا \ َِبٗؿَا‬ ‫شؾٗسِعُا‬ ‫غسًٍَِِا‬ ‫غطسٌضُا‬ ‫ؾَبًٌُّا‬



‫بطاطا مسلوقة‬

kirtope shleeqe

‫دجاج محمص‬

kteita musmaqta

‫كعوب باللبن‬

lagne b masta

‫لوبٌا مسلوقة‬

boiled potatoes

‫قَُٗسِقُا ِطًهُا‬

smoked chicken

‫قٗؿَٗا ظسِغعَهَٗا‬

boiled green beans ‫طسِبؿُا ِطًهُا‬

lobye shleeqe

‫خبز‬

bread

‫طَطعَا‬

grapes

‫ؾُعبَُا‬

dried figs

‫ِٗؿعُا ظسِبُُشٍا‬

lakhma

‫عنب‬

inwe

‫تٌن مجفؾ‬

teine mubrize

‫شوربة برؼل‬

shorba d saawar

‫تمن ومرق‬

‫طَتعُا بعَػَٗا‬

certain plant root in yughort

shurba w rizza

crushed grain soup

ََ‫ِسَِبَا دغَس‬

rice and stew

‫ِسٍَبَا ز ٍَشَا‬ ‫ِٗؿَٗا‬ Drinks ‫كغة‬

‫بٌرة‬

beera

‫ماء لبن‬

dawe:

ً‫وٌسك‬ ‫خمر‬

‫دَزٌؾُا‬

lighted yughort with water

wiski

‫حلٌب‬

‫بًٌَُا‬

beer

khalwa khamra

whisky

ٌ‫زٍغك‬

milk

‫ضَطبََا‬

wine

‫ضَعَُا‬

chai

chai / tea

ٍ‫قَُا‬

‫ماء‬

miya

water

‫ظًَا‬

‫عرق‬

arak

spirit

‫ؾََُى‬

ً‫بٌبس‬

Pepsi

pepsi

ٌُ‫قًكػ‬

‫قهوة‬

kahwa

coffee

‫نَرزَا‬

‫شاي \ جاي‬

‫بارد‬ ‫شربت‬

qayra

cold , any drink such as Pepsi….

sharbat

juice, punch

‫نَؿَُا‬ َٖ‫َُِب‬

‫بٌرتِ بَّطَعَٗا‬ In a Kitchen ‫مؽرفة \ كفكٌر‬ ‫صوبا \ مدفؤة‬

pakhushta sopa

a big spoon

‫بَطسَِِٗا‬

kerosene stove

‫ٔزٌقَا‬

‫صحن‬

sakhna

plate

‫َٔضعَا‬

‫قوري‬

che:pas

tea pot

َٕ‫قُؿك‬

‫ملعقة‬

chamcha

spoon 57

‫قَعكَُا‬



‫شوكة \ شكاخة‬ ‫مكنسة‬ ‫مبرد‬

changaala

fork

‫قَُعتَطَا‬

kaanushta

broom

‫قَعسَِِٗا‬

mibrad

file

refinery, colander , stainer ‫ظَٕقؿعَا \ غَعسِعَا‬

‫ مصفاة‬sanoona, sapyaana ‫مبرد‬

makhripanta

‫ملعقة‬

maTimta

‫سكٌن‬

skinta

‫سٌماور‬ ‫عٌن طباخ‬

‫ظُبٌَُد‬ ‫ظَطُِقَعَٗا‬

file

‫ظَػُعَٗا‬

spoon

‫غكُعَٗا \ َِكَُا‬

knife

seemawir

water small boiler for tea

ََ‫غًعَس‬ ‫ؾؿعَا د عسََِا‬

a’ynaa dnoora

burner

‫طباخ‬

pirna

oven

‫برٌمز‬

preemiz

kerosene burner

‫قُيعسِش‬

‫قدر \ دست \ طنجة‬

qaskhanta

cooking pot

‫نَٕضَعَٗا‬

‫قدر \ دست \ طنجة‬

qosarta

cooking pot

‫نسَََِٔٗا‬

qoree

tea pot

‫قوري فرفوري‬

‫قُُعَا‬

ٍَِ‫نس‬ ‫ظُعدؾَعُا اضُاُعُا‬ Other things

‫منخلة‬

urbaala

‫حِب‬

inta / linta

‫طاحونة‬

arkhil

‫بٌدر‬

bidraata

‫ مكان إشعال النار‬bikeina ‫ مسامٌر‬bismaare

kind of sieve big jar for water in summer mill threshing ground hearth made of mud / small fire-place nails

‫ازَِبَطَا‬ ) ‫اُعَٗا ( طُعَٗا‬ ‫اََقَط‬ ‫بُدَََٗا‬ ‫بُكؿعَا ل‬ ‫بُػعٍَُا‬

sawle

shoes

‫َٔزطُا‬

‫ جوارٌب\ شرابات‬girwe

socks

‫تُُزٍا‬

‫حذاء‬

‫ منظار \ دوربٌن‬dorbeena ‫مهد‬

daroshta

binocular cradle , crib

‫دََتسَِِٗا‬

thresher

‫دَََغَا‬

harvester

‫ضََٕدَا‬

rope

‫ضَسطَا‬

bellows

‫قسََِا‬

‫دراسة \ حاصدة‬ ّ daraasa ‫حصاد‬ khasaada ّ

‫دزٌَبًَعَا‬

‫ حبل‬khola ‫ كٌر الحداد‬koora ‫ مطرقة‬chakochta

hammer

‫قَُكسِقَُٗا‬

‫ حبل قنب‬kindeera

hemp

‫قُعديَُا‬

‫ موقد من الطٌن‬kanoona

hearth of mud/ small fire-place 58

‫قَعسِعَا‬



‫ معمل‬karkhaana ‫منجل حصاد‬ ‫منجل قصٌر‬

magla

scythe

‫ظَتطَا \ ظَتصَا‬

magista

sickle

‫ظَتُػَٗا‬

‫ منقل‬manqal ‫مرجل‬

‫قَُقَعَا‬

factory

‫ظٍَُتطَا \ ظَُتُطَٗا‬

marigla / margilta caldron

‫ سندان‬sindaana ‫ سلّم‬seemalta ‫سرج الحصان‬

‫ ؼطاء ظهر الحمار‬qorTana

‫قؿطَبَُا \ نسِعدٍََا‬

leather shoes

‫قُعدُط ؾَؿعُا \ بََٕاٍَا‬

eye glasses

‫نسَِغَعَا‬

donkey’s saddle twigs’ big basket for carrying fruit on animals

ً‫ لباس تحتان‬raana

‫ تراكتور \ ساحبة‬traaktor

َِ‫َُٗقٗس‬

two sides wood tool to

shikhra/ komer

‫ بنطلون\ سروال‬shirwala

‫َٗػعَا \ نؿَّا‬

belt tractor

shikhre

‫ سلسلة‬sheeshilta

‫ٍٗصبٌؿُا \ َيػسِنٗا‬

idle beads

tasma / qaysha

‫ُِطٍُا‬ َِ‫ُِكََُا \ قسِظس‬

charcoal

‫ًُِّطَٗا‬

chain pant / local pantaloon

‫ شرٌط الحذاء‬shiryookha

‫نُُغَطَا‬ ‫ََعَا‬

men’s underware

‫ مسبحة\ مسبحة الصالة‬reesoqta/ tizbee

‫فحم‬

‫غَُتَا‬

horse’s saddle

‫ نظارة \ عوٌنات‬pindil ayne / bassare

‫حمالة‬

‫غًعَطَٗا‬

ladder

‫ حذاء جلدي‬qondare / pelawe

‫حزام‬

‫غُعدَعَا‬

anvil

sarga

‫ سلة على الدواب‬qirTaala

‫ظَعهَط‬

chafing- dish of metal for making fire in

‫ُُِزَطَا‬ ‫ُُِؾسِقََا‬

lace, thong

Furniture ‫اَغَعُا‬ ‫آثاث‬ ‫صوبا\ مدفؤة‬ ‫زولٌة \ سجادة‬

sopa

stove

‫ٔزٌقَا‬

khaailya

rug

‫ضَطًؿَُا‬

‫كوة‬

kawe:

small window/ vent

ً‫كرس‬

korsa

chair

‫سرٌر‬

charpaaya

‫قَسٍا‬ ‫قسَِغؿَا‬

bed/ matress

‫قَُُقَؿَا‬

‫ثالجة‬

magdeelanta

refrigerator

‫ظَتديطَعَٗا‬

‫مجمدة‬

majmidanta

freezer

‫ظَجعُدَعَٗا‬

‫طاولة‬ ‫براد \ مبردة‬ ‫شباك‬

me:z maqiranta panjaare 59

table air/ water cooler window

‫ظؿص‬ ‫ظَهًَُعَٗا‬ ‫قَعجَُيؿَا‬



panka

fan

‫قَعكا‬

qdeela /qdilta

key

‫نديطَا \ نديطَٗا‬

‫كنبة\ قنبة‬

qanaapa

coach

‫تختة\ سرٌر‬

takhta

canopy

tar’aa

door

‫مروحة‬ ‫مفتاح‬

‫باب‬ ‫ شبكة‬، ‫شباك‬

shubaake

‫مرآة‬

‫نَعَكَا‬ ‫َٗكََٗا \ َٗطَٗا‬ ‫َُٗؾَا‬ ‫ُِبٌَكُا‬

window, net

nawra / nora

‫عَسٌََا‬

mirror

‫خ‬٠‫دّب‬ٚ ‫قَكَا ز غسََُِٗا \ اؿٍذخ‬ Protection & Weapons

‫صاروخ‬

sarookha

‫رمح‬

ge:ra

‫قوس ونشاب‬ ‫مسدس‬ ‫مسدس كاتم‬ ً‫فداب‬

‫َٔاَزٌضَا‬

rocket

‫تؿَُا‬

spear/ arrow

ge:ra w qishta

bow and arrow

dabanja

pistol

dabanja shtiqta

pistol silencer

‫تًَُا زنَُّٗا‬ ‫دَبَعجَا‬ ‫دَبَعجَا ًِٗهَٗا‬

dweekhe d gaana self sacrificers, kamikaze

‫ مناهض للسامٌة‬darqool shoTa sheemaya

‫دزيطَا دتَعَا‬

anti Semitic ‫دََنسِط ِسٌغَا ًِعَؿَا‬

‫مصالح‬

hinyaane

interests

‫ذُعؿَعُا‬

‫حماٌة‬

khme:ta

protection

‫ضعَؿَٗا‬

‫خنجر‬

khanjar

dagger

‫طوب \ قنبلة‬

Topa

artileray / bomb

‫ سترة وقاٌة‬chokha geesaaya ‫مدرعة \ مصفحة‬

kotinta

body armor (jacket)

armed vehicle /soldiers carrier

َُ‫ضعج‬ ‫غسٌقَا‬ ‫قُسٌقَا تًػَؿَا‬ ‫قسٍِٗعَٗا‬

‫ سالح التدمٌر الشامل‬chaka dikhrawta gaawanaya weapon of mass destruction ‫قَُكَا دُضُبََٗا تَسَعَؿَا‬ ‫سالح نووي‬ chaka noonaaya nuclear weapon (NUKE) ‫قُكَا عسِعَؿَا‬ ‫منع التجول‬ ‫رشاش‬ ‫كمٌن‬ ‫هاون‬ ‫مرتزقة‬ ‫درع‬

klee khdaara klashinkoof madaqta

‫حماٌة \ دفاع‬

neeza sootara 60

ambush mortar

mdarisqaane

‫ض \ ظبثػ اعرجبغ‬ٛ‫ مِٕـك \ ِف‬msadraana ‫حربة‬

AK 47

bosa , kmeina

maTala

curfew

mercenaries armor coordinator, liaison

bayonet cover /defense

‫قطٌَ ضدَََا‬ ‫قطَُّعكسم‬ ‫قعؿعَا \ بٌسٌَٔا‬ ‫ظَدَنَٗا‬ ‫ظدٍََغهَعُا‬ ‫ظَػَطَا‬ ‫ظػَدََعَا‬ ‫عًصَا‬ ‫غسََُِٗا‬



‫سٌؾ‬ ‫سكٌن \ سكٌنة‬ ‫خوذة‬ ‫كراهٌة‬ ‫ؼواصة‬ ‫رصاص \ اطالقة‬ ‫ مسلحٌن‬،‫ جنود مقاتلٌن‬، ‫مقاتلٌن‬

saypa skinta

‫سالمة \ سالم‬ ‫شفرة \ موس \مدٌة‬

‫غَعسَََٗا‬

amoshta

submarine

‫ؾَعسَِِٗا‬

poshanga

bullet

‫قسِِعتَا \ تسِططَا‬

qrawtaane

fighters, troops, armed men

‫نَُبََٗعُا‬

tank

‫ََِسِقَٗا‬

toopa

rifle

‫ٗسِقَا‬

toopa

rifle

‫ٍٗكَهَٗا‬

reconciliation, truce

‫َُٗؾسَِٗا‬

)‫بندقٌة (لهجة سهلٌة‬

‫إستقرار \ طمؤنٌنة‬

‫غكُعَٗا \ َِكَُا‬ ‫غعؿَٗا‬

‫بندقٌة‬

ً‫طابفً \ عرق‬

knife hatred , rancor

sneita

rashopta

‫شاجور \ مخزن‬

‫غؿكَا‬

sanwata helmet , any steel cover

‫دبابة‬

‫مصالحة \ هدنة‬

sword

tar’oota shajor

shawTanaaya shoolama

‫َِسغَعَؿَا‬

sectarian, racist

‫ِسِطَعَا‬

stability

she:na shilpa

ٌَ‫َِجس‬

magazine

‫ِؿعَا‬

safety /peace

‫ُِطكَا‬

blade / razor

‫عسََِا ظَعرَََٗا‬ ‫النار والحرارة‬ Heat and Fire ْٛ‫ار‬

atoona

Klin

)‫جّغ (ح‬

bizoTa

ember

‫اَٗسِعَا‬ ‫بُصزِغَا‬

‫برق \ كهرباء‬

birqa

light

‫بُُنَا‬

‫صوبة \ مدفؤة‬

sopa

stove

‫ٔزٌقَا‬

‫مدخنة‬

sopa d qeisa chimney

‫ٔزٌقَا د نؿػَا‬

‫ملقط \ ماشة‬

klbitin

tongs

‫قُطبٌٍٗع‬

‫فانوس \ لوكس‬

lukasa

lantern

‫طسِقػَا‬

laaka

flames

‫طَكَا‬

‫السنة النار‬ ‫ كلوب‬، ) ‫ مصباح ( لمبا‬lampa

lamp/ bulb

‫ت‬ٌٍٙ‫ا‬

laata

‫منقل‬

mankal

flame

‫طَعكَا‬ ) ‫طَؿَٗا (طَتَٗا‬

hearth

‫ظَعهَط‬

‫نار‬

noora

fire

‫عسََِا‬

‫شعلة الطباخ‬

‘aeina

oven burner

‫ؾؿعَا‬

fanoosa

simple lantern

) ‫فانوس ( لوكس‬ 61

‫قَاعسِغَا‬



‫قُيعُص‬

‫ّؼ‬٠‫ثغ‬

preemiz

‫فتٌلة‬

ptilta

wick

qayse

fire logs

‫نَؿػُا‬

qirsha dry leaves of the oak

‫نَُُِا‬

‫خشب \ حطب‬ ‫اوراق واؼصان سندٌان جافة‬ ‫تنور‬ ‫ شعلة‬، ‫إشعال‬

diesel burner

tanoora

clay oven

‫َٗعسََِا‬

sharta

ignite

‫ِرَََٗا‬

match

‫ُِطَػَا‬

shikhra

charcoal

‫ُِكََُا‬

shraagha

simple torch

‫َُِجَا‬

‫شخاط‬

shikhaaTa

) ‫فحم ( الخشب‬

‫قٍٗطَٗا‬

‫سراج \ مصباح قدٌم \ كلوب‬

‫ازٌَٗضِ د ظَكََٗا‬ Bedroom ‫ؼرفة النوم‬ ‫ؼطاء خفٌؾ‬

adyal

‫اَدؾَط‬

light cover

‫بَػَعؿَا \ بطَعكًَٗا‬

‫بطانٌة‬

baTanaya

‫مالبس النوم‬

jole d makhta sleeping gown ‫جسِططُا د دظَكََٗا‬

‫دوشك‬

doshakta

blanket

‫دزِكَٗا‬

mattress

‫ نوم على السطوح‬dmakhta d resh gaare night sleping on flat roofs ‫دظَكََٗا د ٍَٓ تٍَُا‬ ‫لحاؾ‬

likheipa, malaapa

‫مخدّة‬

spadeeta pillow

‫بجامة‬

pajama

)‫ناموسٌة ( بردة‬ ) ‫ؼطاء مخدة (وج‬ ) ‫إستٌقاظ ( من النوم‬ )‫ؼطاء مضرب ( مر َقع‬ ‫منام‬ ‫إستلقاء على الظهر‬ ‫شرشؾ‬

cover

pyjamas

parda d leile pillow

mosquito net

cover

‫طُطؿكَا \ ظَطَكَا‬ ‫غكديَٗا‬ ‫قُجَعَا‬ ‫قَُدَا د طؿطُا‬ ‫قََٗا دغكَديَٗا‬

qyamta (min shinta ) wake up ‫نؿَعَٗا ( ظُع ) ُِعَٗا‬ qirTa

quilt

‫نُُغَا‬ ‫ِسيَٗا‬

Shweeta

bed

shartakhta

recline ) ‫ََُِٗطَٗا (ؾط تَُظَا د ضََٕا‬

sharshapa

sheet

‫ََُِِكَا‬

Transportation & Communication ‫َِعؿَٗا ز ظَعػؿَٗا‬ ‫النقل والمواصالت‬ ‫ذهاب‬

zalta

going, traveling, walking

‫اشَطَٗا‬

‫إٌاب \ مجٌا‬

teita

coming, coming back

‫اٗؿَٗا‬

62



‫بعح‬١‫ثبٌـ‬

b otmabil

‫على االقدام‬ ‫بالقارب \ بالع ّبارة‬ ‫بالقطار‬

/ sayaara on foot

‫ب اَنطُا‬

blotka

on boat / by canoe / Kiak

‫ب طسِٗكَا‬

‫بالطابرة‬

bTayasta

‫مطار‬

bet Tosa

‫بنزٌن‬

banzeen

‫بٌؿٖ غَسغَا‬

airport

delay , impediment ‫دََنَطَٗا \ َُٗنَطَٗا‬

‫اٌجار‬

kire

‫مٌناء‬

lmeina

‫غُؾَٗا‬

stop, connection, interval, period , stand

‫قُُاا‬

warf/ port

‫طعُاعَا‬

mis’a zheeraaya spare means

‫إٌاب \ إرجاع‬

madarta

‫كراج \ مرآب‬

makhimla

‫ظُٕؾَا شذيَُؾَا‬ ‫ظَدؾََُٗا‬

taking … back, return,

‫ظَطُعطَا \ تََُج‬

grage

makleita

‫ توصٌل \ اخذ‬mameita

‫ظَكطؿَٗا‬

stop, park

‫ظَعػؿَٗا‬

convey , give.. a drive , deliver, transport

mshareita

commute, take, transport,

‫ سقوط طابرة‬npalta d Tayasta al gaami

prakhta / fiarta

derail

fly, flight

‫سٌارة \ حافلة‬

radeita / masheena

‫ذهاب \ رحلة‬

rkhasha

ٌ‫ؾط تَع‬

‫قطَػَٗا ظُع ازَِضَا‬ ‫قَُضَٗا \ قؿََُٗا‬ ‫ََدؾَٗا \ ظًَّعَا‬

car, vehicle, truck

‫َضََّٗا \ ضََّٗا‬

going, travelling ,walking back and forth, 2 way ticket

‫َضََّٗا ز اٗؿَٗا‬

take off ( plane ) , rise up

resh / bresh olakha 63

‫عَبَطَٗا‬

‫عكَطَٗا د غَؿَػَٗا‬

plane cash

on a ship / on the board of a ship

)‫ خروج عن الطرٌق ( السكة‬plat-ta min orkha

‫ ذهاب وإٌاب‬rkhashata w teita

‫ظَُّؾَٗا‬

start , beginning , from

nabalta / mabalta

ryamta

‫قطؿَٗا‬

wage , rent , fare

‫وسٌلة احتٌاطٌة‬

‫على الدواب‬

‫غُبَبَا‬

Treita driving , run , administer, leave,let kleita

‫إقالع \ صعود‬

‫دَؾَٗا‬

pump in , put in, fill in, pour in

communication, correspodance, intelligence ‫غُبٌَبٌسَِٗا‬

‫توقؾ \ وقوؾ \ نقطة‬

‫طٌران \ رحلة جوٌة‬

‫دطَا قطؿَٗا‬

correspondent, informant

‫ مخابرة \ مراسلة‬Tibaaboota

‫على السفٌنة‬

‫تُدَِا ََدَؾَا‬

non- stop

dreita

‫ مخبر‬، ‫ مراسل‬Tibbaba

‫نقل‬

‫ٔطؿَٗا‬

landing, go down, down hill ,

‫ تؤخٌر \ عرقلة‬darqalta \ tarqalta

‫ منشؤ‬، ‫بداٌة‬

‫بَعصيع‬

benzene

dla kleita

‫ضخ \ ملا‬

‫إٌقاؾ‬

‫بػَؿَػَٗا‬

gidsha radaaya car accident

)‫جرة واحدة‬ ّ ( ‫بدون توقؾ‬

‫سٌاقة \ قٌادة‬

‫ب ظًَّعَا‬

by train by plane

sleita

‫حادثة سٌارة‬

‫بٌ ازِٗعسبؿط \ غَؿََُا‬

b aqle b masheena

‫هبوط‬

by car

riding on animal’s back

‫َؾَعَٗا‬ ‫َؾْ ازٌطَكَُا‬



‫على ظهر الحمار‬ ‫ركاب \ نفرات‬

‫َؾْ ضعََُا‬

resh / bresh khmaara on a donkey’s back rakaawe

passangers , people on board

‫ََقَبُا‬

‫صعود‬

rkawta

riding , be on board , taking

‫َقَبََٗا‬

‫وقوؾ على جنب‬

rkanta

pull over, stop

‫َقَعَٗا‬

‫نقابة‬ ‫ هبوط‬، ‫ جلسة‬،‫جلوس‬ ‫أخذ‬ ‫ملا البنزٌن‬

takhbarta tawta

union / syndicate

sit , take seat, landing, session

shqalta

‫َٗطبََُٗا‬ ‫ٗؿَبََٗا‬ ‫ِهَطَٗا‬

pick up

shqalta d banzin refilling fuel

‫ِهَطَٗا دبَعصيع \ تَص‬ ُْ‫قؿهَا ز يع‬ ‫ الفاكهة‬Fruit

‫موز‬

banana

banana

‫بَعَعَا‬

)‫خ‬ٙ‫ثـزبْ ( فبو‬

bistanta

orchard

‫بُػَٗعَٗا‬

soseenta

hawthorn

ganta

garden

‫ع‬ٚ‫ػػغ‬ ‫روضة \ حدٌقة‬ ْ‫عِب‬ ‫بع) م‬١‫ س‬، ‫ز‬١‫دمً ( ثط‬ ‫زٌتون‬ ‫رفبح‬

‫ٔزِٔيعُا \ ٔزُِٔعَٗا‬ ‫تَعَٗا‬ ‫ذزَِظسِعَٗا‬

ormonta

pomgranite

warza

field for ( cantaloupes, cucumber ….) ‫زَ َ شَا‬

zetone

‫شؾٗسِعُا‬

olives

khaboosha (ta)

‫ضَربَِِا \ ضَبٌسَِِٗا‬

apple

khokha

peach, prune

‫ضسٌ ضَا‬

‫تمر‬

khorma

dates

‫ضسَِظَا‬

‫زبٌب‬

yabeeshe

raisins

‫ؾَبًٌُّا‬

‫ر \ صعاق‬ٛ‫س‬

‫كمثرى‬ )َٚ‫ثـزبْ ( اٌىغ‬

kamothra (hirmiya ) karma

pear

orchard

) ‫قَعسٍُِٗا (ذَُظًَا‬ ‫قَُظَا‬

‫لٌمون‬

lemona

lemon

‫طؿعسِعَا‬

‫مربى‬

murabba

marmalade, jam, jelly

‫ظسََِبَا‬

‫مشمش‬

mishmisha

‫سفرجل‬

sparigla

‫عنب‬

inwe

apricot quince grapes

‫عنجاص‬

injaase

‫عرموط‬

armota

‫برتقالة‬

praqalta

‫قمردٌن‬

qamardeen

dried apricots

toote

berries

‫توت‬

plums pear orange

64

‫ظُّعَُّا‬ ‫غكٍَُتطَا‬ ‫ؾُعبَُا‬ ‫ؾعجَُٕا‬ ) ‫ؾَُظسٌغَا ( ؾَُظسٌَٗا‬ ‫قسََِٗهَطَٗا‬ ‫نَعَُديع‬ ‫ٗسٍِٗا‬



‫تمرالدٌن‬ ‫تٌن‬

tamardeen

Tamarind

tia’na

fig

‫َٗعَُديع‬ ‫ٍٗؿعَا‬ ‫اؾكَعسَِٗا \ بٌُيَٗا‬ Nature ‫الطبٌعة والٌببة‬

‫ جو‬، ‫أثٌر‬

aar

air, ether , space

‫تراب‬

upra

‫محٌط‬

oqyanus

ocean

badree saara

full moon ( crescent)

‫بدر كامل‬ ‫بركان‬

bolqaana

‫بستان‬

baqcha

ً‫معبر ماب‬ ‫حالوب‬ ‫قحط‬ ‫بركة ماء‬ ‫خلٌج‬

soil, dirt , earth

‫بَُدَا‬

hail

birzaana/ yawshaaana

drought

‫ ؾَبََّعَا‬، ‫بُُشَعَا‬ ‫بُُقُا‬

pond

barqaaqa

‫بَهكََا‬ ‫بَُُا‬

creek

birke

‫بَدٍَ غَرََا‬ ‫بٌسطكَعَا \ بسِطهَعَا‬

orchard, garden

barda

‫ازِقَُا‬ ‫ازٌنؿَعسِؽ‬

volcano

birra

ََ‫اَا‬

‫بَُنَهَا‬

Gulf

‫ صافٌة \ صحو‬speeta

clear

‫ٔقًَٗا‬

) ‫( ثلج مجمد‬

ice

‫تَديطَا‬

‫مستنقع‬

gadeela goola

swamp

‫تسِطَا‬

‫ ممر‬، ‫مضٌق‬

galiya

gully , canyon , gorge, valley

‫تَطًَُا‬

‫ منتزه‬، ‫روضة‬

ganta

garden , park

‫تَعَٗا‬

‫ مسبح‬، ‫ماء متجمع‬

garra d miya

water pond, pool

‫رعود \ رعد‬

girgamyaata

thunders

‫تَُُا دظًَا‬ ‫تُُتُعؿََٗا دِعَؿَا‬

‫أدؼال‬

daHla

jungle

‫دَضطَا‬

‫سهل‬

dashta

plain land

‫دَِٗا‬ ‫ذزٌتَا \ ذزِطعَا‬

‫بخار‬

hoga \ hulma

‫ؼاز‬

lahga / hopa

gas , propane

‫ضباب‬

khe:pota

fog

‫حرارة‬

khimma

vapor

‫ضؿكسَِٗا‬

heat, high temperature

‫ االحتباس الحراري‬khimta aykyaaneta

‫ذزٌقَا \ طَرتَا‬

global warming

‫ضُعَا \ ضؿعسَِٗا‬ ‫ضُعَٗا اؾكَعؿَٗا‬ ‫غسََِا‬

‫جبل‬

Tora

‫طفو‬

Tyapta

float

‫غؿَكَٗا‬

Tpakhta d miya

flood

‫غكَطَٗا د ظؿَا‬

‫فٌضان‬

mountain

65



‫نهار‬

yoma

day , day light

‫ؾسٌظَا‬

‫بحر‬

yaama

sea

‫ؾَعَا‬

‫بحٌرة‬

yamta

lake

‫ؾَعَٗا‬

‫ حجرة‬، ‫صخر‬ ‫ٔخ‬ٛ‫خ اٌطبد‬١‫ؿبل‬ ‫جوع \ مجاعة \ عوز‬ ‫االػ٘بع‬ٚ ‫ص‬ٚ‫ع‬ٌٛ‫مخ ا‬٠‫دض‬ ً١ٌ

ke:pa

rock , Peter

kotala

the stream that goes to a mill

kipna

famine , hunger, poverty

‫مطر‬ ‫غبثخ‬ ‫معبر \ مضٌق \ عقبة‬ ‫ساحل البحر‬ ‫ضفة النهر‬ ‫نهر‬ ‫رطوبة‬ ‫قمر‬ ‫هور‬

‫ رٌح‬، ‫هواء‬ ‫دوامة ماء‬ ‫فاتولة عجاج‬ ‫ صخر متآكل‬، ‫جلمود‬

‫قًُعَع‬

le:le

night

‫طؿطُا‬ ‫طُكَا‬

wave

motaana

famine , plague rain

‫ظُػَُا‬

me:sha

forest

‫ظَؿَّا‬

maibra

strait, crossing point

marza d yaama

coast , beach

marza d ne:ra

bank

ne:ra

nimna , raTibota

humidity

se:ra / Saara

moon

a’ooba

marsh cloud

alaaala

twister, tornado, hurricane

pokha patlo

whirl

patli patlo

dust devil

roba

steep rock, boulder glaciers, icebergs rainbow

commotion

roobaara

rivulet

‫زلزال‬

rodana

‫رذاذ‬

rsaasa /rizpa

‫ظَُشَا د ؾَعَا‬ ‫ظَُشَا دعُرََ ا‬ ‫ ٍَغبٌسَِٗا‬، ‫عُععَا‬ ‫غُرََا‬ ‫ؾسِبَا‬ ‫ؾؿبُا‬ ‫ؾَطؿَطَا‬ ‫قسٌضَا‬

air

qaaya

‫ظَؿُبٌَُا \ ؾُهُبٌَٗا‬

‫عُرََا‬

river

‫ قوز وقزح‬qishtee maaran ‫ جدول‬، ‫سٌل‬

‫ظَسَٗعَا‬

miTra

‫ االنهار والكتل الجلٌدٌة‬qaaye gleedaaye ‫ضجٌج‬

‫قُكعَا‬

a flower garden, park

‫ ؼٌمة \ سحابة‬e:wa ‫إعصار‬

‫قسٌَٗطَا‬

cheeman

‫ موجة‬lappa ‫مجاعة \ طاعون‬

‫قُاقَا‬

earthquake , tremor

ٌ‫قَٗطس‬ ٌ‫قَٗطٌ قَٗطس‬ ‫نَؿَا‬ ‫نَؿُا تطًدَؾُا‬ ‫نٌُّٗ ظََُع‬ ‫َزٌبَا‬ ‫َزِبََُا‬ ‫َزٌدَعَا‬

mist

‫َغَػَا \ ٍَشقَا‬

‫ الهزات االرتدادٌة المعقبة‬ralyaate after shocks

‫َؾَطؿٍَٗا‬

‫تٌار‬ ‫قمة \ اعلى نقطة‬

rappa

draught/ draft

rish Tora

peak, pinnacle 66

‫َُقَا‬ ‫ٍَٓ – غسََِا‬



) ً‫ ثلج ( قطن‬talga ً ‫ ثلج ومطر معا‬shaloba ‫شمس‬

shimsha

‫ساقٌة‬

shaqeeta

‫َٗطتَا‬

snow

‫ِطسٌبٌَا‬

sleet

‫ُِعَّا‬

sun

‫َِهًَٗا‬

water stream

‫ إنبعاث الؽازات‬shaararta d hope

‫ََََُِٗا د ذزٌقُا‬

Greehouse gases

‫قعسِِؿَؿس ََٗا‬ Sociality ‫االجتماعٌات‬ tying the marriage bondage in church ‫اغََُٗا دقطًطَا‬

‫ مراسٌم االكلٌل‬sarta d kleela

)‫ االمتحان ( االخٌر‬bookhraana ‫ تهمة \ تهمة زور‬bokhtan ‫تؤبٌن \ تعزٌة‬ ‫كشؾ حساب\ بٌان‬

booya

‫بٌسؾَاا ل‬

mourning, eulogy statement

‫بٌسِؾَعَا‬

marriage bond mystery

‫بٌسََِقََا‬

scientist

‫بٌطًَُا‬

booyaan bkheera

‫ مسرح‬bema ‫جامعة‬

‫بٌسِضَٗع‬

accusation, false accusation

‫ مراسٌم الزواج فً الكنٌسة‬borakha ‫عالم‬

‫بٌسِضَُعَا‬

final test

‫بؿعَا \ بُاظَا‬

stage, theatre bet Soba

‫ عمران \ إنشاء \ بناء‬bneita

‫بٌؿٖ ٔزٌبَا‬

university

‫بٌعؿَٗا‬

construction solace, console

‫بَػَعَٗا دَؾَّا‬

)‫ تحاٌل \ (لعب علٌنا‬beeshoota mokhzeile (he) played a dirty game

)‫بًريَِٗا ( ظسِضصؾطُر‬

‫تعزٌة‬

basmta dreesha

‫ المشاركٌن فً الزفة‬barbooe ‫قضٌة \ مسالة‬

sawoota

‫هداٌا للعروس والعرٌس‬

ً‫ مراقبة الح‬dawqoota shwaaweta

neighborhood watch

‫ مجانً \ بالش \ بدون مقابل‬dla poraana hisyaaroota

‫ منح \ عطاء \ تقدٌم‬hwalata hoopakha

‫جطَكَٗا‬ ‫دَذزٌطَا ز شزٌَعَا‬ ‫دَزنسَِٗا ِبَبَؿَٗا‬

for free, unconditional

‫دطَا قسَِؾَعَا‬

alert, watch out giving , paying

objection, refusal, reluctance, interception

‫ مساعدة \ إعانة‬hayarta

assistance , help, aid

‫ مزح \ عدم الجدٌة‬hanakoota ‫ والء‬، ‫ مهمة‬، ‫ واجب‬waleeta

‫َٔبَطؿُا‬

fission, split, dissension, division

‫ طبل وزرنا‬dahola w zorna folkloric music

‫اعتراض‬

‫َُٔبَسَِٗا‬

issue, cause, matter , affair

SabaHiye marriage gifts

‫ تصدع \ إنشقاق \ إنقسام‬chlapta

‫ٌقظة\ إحتراس‬

‫بَُبٌسٍا‬

fans going in the wedding procession

kidding, joke

obligation, duty, mission, task , allegiance 67

‫ذُ ِؿَُزَِٗا‬ ‫ذبََطَٗا‬ ‫ذزِقَكََا‬ ‫ذَؾََُٗا‬ ‫ذَعَكسَِٗا‬ ‫زَطًَٗا‬



‫ معاملة \ اوراق‬waraaqe ‫ حب‬Khoba

strife ,

khayoota

‫ زفاؾ‬khlola

‫ضًُزَِٗا‬

prosperity, well-fare

‫غَُؾَٗا‬

driving, running ( store..)

‫ؾَٕيكسَِٗا‬

care, tending

eedaata

‫ معرفة‬، ‫ علم‬، ‫ اكتساب‬yulpaana

‫ضػَعَٗا‬

envy

‫ عناٌة \ رعاٌة‬yaSeepota

‫ؾَدؾََٗا‬

knowledge

knowledge , science, acquisition, nurturing

‫ جماعً \ باالجماع‬knooshaya ً‫إجتماع‬

‫ضطسِطَا‬

vice chairman, admin by proxy ‫ ظدَبٌَُعَا‬- ‫ضطَل‬

kheeroota

‫ سٌاقة \ إدارة‬Treita

knoshyayya

‫قعسِِؿَؿَا‬

social

‫ كتاب \ رسالة‬ktaawa

‫قعسَِِٗا‬ ‫قَٗبَا‬

book, letter

‫ حرص على‬Kasheerota

‫قًَُّزَِٗا‬

dedication, devotion

‫ إهمال \ عدم العناٌة‬la masmta d baalat carelessness, negligence

‫ؾسِطكَعَا‬ ‫قعسَِِؿَا‬

unanimous, concensus

‫ مجتمع \ كنٌسة‬knoshta society, community, synagogue

‫ تعود‬، ‫ تكٌؾ‬lyapta

‫ضسِقَػَا‬ ‫ضؿسَِٗا‬

wedding

‫ حسد‬Hsamta

‫معرفة‬

struggle, working hard

life

‫ معاون مدٌر‬khlap mdabraana ‫رفاهٌة‬

‫ضسِبَا‬

love

‫ سعً \ محاولة‬khopaaTa ‫حٌاة‬

‫زَََنُا‬

paper work

َٖ‫طَا ظَػَعَٗا دبَط‬

be accustomed to, adaptation, be used to ) ‫طؿَكَٗا ( ؾُطكسِعؿَا‬

‫ طباعة‬mbaSmanta

‫ظبَٕظَعَٗا‬

printing, typing

console, solace , condolence ‫ظبَػَعَٗا د َؾَّا‬

‫ تعزٌة‬mbasamta dre:sha

marriage mystery ceremony in church ‫ظبَُزِقَُا‬

‫ مراسٌم الزواج فً الكنٌسة‬mbarookhe

‫ بواسطة‬miSaayoota through, by , intercession , mediation, via ‫ظُٕ ؾَؿسَِٗا‬ ‫ ثانوٌة \ أعدادٌة‬miSeeta ‫ مدٌر \ ناظر‬mdabraana ‫ تعدٌل \ تصحٌح‬madrasta

‫وقاحة \ طٌش \سفاهة‬

adjust , amend, correct, straighten

‫راحة \ موت‬ ‫نقد‬

recklessness, impetuous

marrakhoota / maraaHoota imprudence

‫ٌا نصٌب مزاٌدة\ ٌا نصٌب‬

naTarya nyakhta

niqde

‫ظَدََغَٗا‬ ‫ظػَدََعسَِٗا‬ ‫ظًهَعسَِٗا‬ ‫ظََُضسَِٗا‬

raffles, lottery

‫عَػَُؾَا‬

rest , comfort, death

‫عؿَطَٗا‬ ‫عُهدَا‬

dowery

)‫ مكشرة (مو على بعضها‬narTooma ( dreila) (she ) shows long face ‫ فتنة‬poolaaga

‫ظدَبٌَُعَا‬

principal

‫ تنسٌق‬msadraanoota coordination ‫ إستهتار \ طٌش‬meeqanoota

‫ظُٕؾؿَٗا‬

secondary, preparatory

) ‫عَُغسِظَا ( دَؾطَر‬ ‫قسِطَجَا‬

sedition 68



‫ إستفتاء‬ponaama

‫قسِعؿَعَا‬

polls, quetionnaire

‫ حفاظا ً لماء الوجه‬qam paata ( drele )

)‫نَدظ قََٗا ( دَؾطُر‬

(he) saves face

‫نَطَا \ نسِطُطَا‬

‫ موال‬/ ‫ مؤجور‬، ‫ تابع‬qulla hireling, affiliate, subject to ‫ تعلُّم‬eelapta learning, acquisition ً‫ ٌوم التالث للمتوف‬tlaatha d meetha ‫ مراجعة \ إعادة \ تكرار‬tneita

‫يطَكَٗا‬ ‫ٗطََٗا دظًَٗا‬

the third day of the burial

‫ٗعؿَٗا‬

repeat, reiterate, review

‫محظ صدفة‬

tapqo coincidence, fluke, incidental, accidental

ٌ‫َٗكهس‬

‫زٌارة \ ٌواجه‬

tpaqta visit, interview, see, come across, face

‫ٗكَهَٗا‬

‫ تماسك‬، ‫إستقرار‬ ‫رٌاء \ نفاق‬ ‫خطوبة‬

shalmoota

‫َِطعسَِٗا‬

stability, conformity, solidarity

shqalta d pata

‫ِهَطَٗا دقََٗا‬

hypocrisy

‫ََُِطُكَـ \ غَطبَعُا‬

sharilikh /Talbane engagement, proposal

‫ظَدَََِٗا ز اَغكسِطَؿُا‬ school & Students ‫المدارس والطلبة‬ ‫طالب \ تلمٌذ‬

askolaaya

‫ انترنت‬antarnet \ ramooya ‫حبر‬

bidyoota

‫مجزرة‬

gunkha

‫جاسوس‬ ‫موهبة‬

mawhauta modanyaata

‫ توحٌد‬mkhaayadta ‫ممقطاطة \ مبراة‬ ‫فضٌلة\ فابدة \ مكسب‬ ‫دابرة \ مكتب‬ ‫تسجٌل‬ ‫تعلٌم \ تدرٌس‬

‫أَعَُٗعُٖ \ ََظسِؾَا‬ ‫بُديسَِٗا‬

ink

gashoosha dyaaroota

‫تخرٌب‬

Internet

‫تسِعطَا‬

massacre

‫سٌاحة‬ ‫تعلٌمات \ إرشادات‬

‫ا َغكسِطَؿَا‬

student

makhrauta makhripanta

‫تَريَِِا‬

spy tourism

‫دؾَُزَِٗا \ ضدَََٗا‬

gift, talent regulations

‫ظَسدؾَعؿََٗا‬

unite, unify

‫ظطَؿَدَٗا‬

sabotage, destruct

‫ظَطَُبََٗا‬

sharpner

myatrootha favor, benefit , virtue makitwa

‫ظَس ذَبََٗا‬

office, bureau

‫ظَطٍُقَعَٗا‬ ‫ظؿَُٗزَِٗا‬ ‫ظَكٗبََا‬

maktauta enroll, register

‫ظَكَٗبََٗا‬

malyapta

‫ظَطؿَكَٗا‬

‫ إهتمام \ عناٌة‬masmta dbal

teaching

taking care, paying attention ‫ظَػَعَٗا دبٌَط‬

‫ً \ إؿغاع‬١‫ رؼج‬msarhawta acceleration, hastening, urgency ‫ظػَُذَبَٗا‬ ‫تدرٌس \ تعلٌم‬ ‫ثقافة‬

maqreita

teaching

‫ظَهُؾَٗا‬

mardoota

education

‫ظَُدزَٗا‬

69



‫ سٌادة‬marota ‫ممسحة \ حكاكة‬

masheepanta

‫صؾ‬

sidra

‫شهادات‬ ‫تسلٌم \ خٌانة‬

‫غُدََا‬ ‫غَردزََٗا‬

certificates

treason, betraying, surrender ‫غَكؿَٗا‬

sapayta palgayta

‫ محرقة \ االبادة الجماعٌة‬pneita ‫دفتر‬

‫ظًَّكَعَٗا‬

eraser, wiper, mop

class

sahidwaata

‫متوسطة‬

‫ظَُزَِٗا‬

sovereignity, independence

‫قَطتؿَٗا‬

Intermediate

‫قعَؿَٗا‬

holocaust , annihilation

pinqeeta

‫قُعهًَٗا‬

notebook license, permit, permission

‫قػَػَا‬

‫ مجزرة‬، ‫ فرمان‬parman , farman genocide, massacre, order of killing

‫قَُظَع‬

‫إجازة \ سماح‬

psaasa

parnaasa administration, management ‫قَُعَػَا‬

‫إدارة‬ ‫قناة تلفزٌونٌة‬ ‫إذاعة \ رادٌو‬ ‫نهاٌة \ نفاد‬

‫قَُؽ ضُصزَا‬

prazkhizwa T.V. Channal

‫قَُؽ نَطَا‬

pras Qaala radio praqta

‫قَُنَٗا‬

end , final , doomsday, ran out

‫ تثمٌن \ تقدٌر‬qubal Tayboota gratefulness, gratitude ‫نسِبَط غؿبٌسَِٗا‬ ‫قوبٌا \ تقلٌد\ ؼش‬ ‫قلم \ خٌزران \ انبوب‬ ‫قلم حبر \ باندان‬

qanya

qanya d risas

‫قلم جاؾ‬ ‫قراءة \ دراسة‬

ball pen

‫نَعؿَا عًّكَا‬

car

‫ََدؾَٗا‬

pride, sublimity , superiority ‫َزِظَُظَا‬

roshmaaya rqeeyata

ً‫ قتل جماع‬، ‫ تصفٌة‬، ‫ إنهاء‬tyamta tanbaloota

‫نَُغؿػَا‬ ‫نَُؾَٗا‬

raadeita

‫نشاط \ مشروع‬

ٍََٔٔ‫نَعؿَا د‬

study

‫ سمو \ فخر \ تفوق‬romraama

‫كسل \ إهمال‬

‫نَعؿَا دبُدؾسَِٗا‬

stationery, medal, decoration

qreita

‫سٌارة \ حافلة \ عربة‬

ink pen

pencil

qanya nsheepa

‫ قرطاسٌة \مٌدالٌة \نوط‬qarTaysa

‫فضابٌة‬

‫نَعؿَا‬

pencil

qanya d bidyaoota

‫قلم رصاص‬

ً‫شكلً \ رسم‬

‫نسٌقؿَا‬

qopya not true, inerasable, cheating

official, formal

‫َنًؿؿَٗا‬

satellite genocide, liquidation, finishing

laziness, lassitude, neglegence

tarmyaata

‫َزِِعَؿَا‬

projects, activities

‫ٗؿَعَٗا‬ ‫َٗعبَطسَِٗا‬ ‫َُٗظؿََٗا‬

‫ تؽذٌة مدرسٌة‬tarseita madrasheita school meals ‫َُٗغَؿَٗا ظَدََِؿَٗا‬ ‫ تساوي‬، ‫مساواة‬ ‫حكم \ سلطة‬ ‫ إزالة‬، ‫ مسح‬shyapta

shawyoota sholTaana

equality , equity

‫َِسؾسَِٗا‬

authority, government ‫ِسِطػَعَا‬

wipe ou, wipe up , annihilate , efface from ‫ِؿَكَٗا‬ ‫معهد‬

sharweita 70

Institute

‫َُِزؾَٗا‬



‫ نزاهة‬، ‫ واقع‬shareeroota

truth, integrity, reality

‫َُِيُزَِٗا‬

‫لطسِظَدَا ز ذَظصَظَٗا‬ ‫الكونفرانس والقاء الكلمات والمناسبات‬ Conferences and Speeches ‫صنؾ \ نوع‬

adsha

‫ٕخ‬٠‫أِبٔخ اٌّض‬

okhdaana

‫محاضرة‬

amoorya

job, specie , class, classification, type

‫اَدَِا‬ ‫ازِضدَعَا‬

City

‫اَظسَِؾَا‬

lecture United Nation

‫بٌؿعٌ – ازِظَٗعَؿُا‬

bet deena sorkhanaya Internationsl Tribunal Court

‫بٌؿٖ – ديعَا د غسَِضَعَا‬

‫االمم المتحدة‬

beini omtanaye

‫سب \ شتم‬ ‫مصٌبة \ كارثة‬

sawirta / gdaapa gonkha

‫ طرؾ‬، ‫ جهة‬،‫حزب‬

garwasta

‫ ٌنمو‬، ‫ ٌمسك‬، ‫ٌعتقل‬

dwaqta

ً‫هٌبة مجتمع مدن‬

daadit

‫ وضع الخاتم‬dreita d isikhta ‫محافظة \ والٌة‬

‫تُطؿسٌعََُا‬

growth, raising

‫تَُزَغَٗا‬

seize, arrest, work, grow

‫دبَهَٗا‬

announcing the marriage ring

‫دَؾَٗا دؾُػُهَٗا‬ ‫ذزِقَُقؿَا‬

Prvince, Governorate

zhaara

‫شذَََا‬

spare

zolhaaza

‫شزِطرَشَا‬

instability , trouble

movement, vowel, motion,velocity ‫شزٌؾَا \ شَزؾَا‬ ‫ضبَدَٗا \ غَعََُٗا‬

burial/ funeral rituals

khyarta al

look , glance, observe, check

‫ تقشؾ‬، ‫ إقتصاد‬، ‫ توفٌر‬kh ( H) sakhta ‫حرٌة‬

ًٖٗ‫دَؾ‬

hoparkiya

zooa

‫دَغَٗا قعسِِؿَؿَٗا‬

civic group

future

‫ طقوس الدفن‬khbadta / Tamarta ‫إلقاء نظرة على \ ٌفحص‬

‫تُطؿسِعسَِٗا‬

journalis

dasta knoshyayta

‫مستقبل‬

‫حركة \ علة \ سرعة‬

‫تؿبَا‬

side, party , around, toward

gilyoonaara

‫ تربٌة‬، ‫ تنمٌة‬، ‫نمو‬

‫عدم االستقرار \ إضطراب‬

‫تسِعطَا‬

gilyoonoota press / journalism

)...‫صحفً \ مراسل (جرٌدة‬

‫بغ‬١‫إدز‬

‫تدَقَا \ َٔؾسََِٗا‬

catastrophe, calamity

geibe

‫صحافة‬

cussing

‫مشاركة \ حضور‬

Toyaawa

‫تعازي الدفن‬

Tanta d khasha

‫ضػَكََٗا‬

saving, thrift, austerity

kheerota / Heerotha

freedom

attendance / presence death mourning

‫ضؿََُٗا ؾط‬ ‫ضًُزَِٗا‬ ‫غسؾَبََا‬ ‫غؿَعَٗا دضََّا‬

‫عناٌة \ رعاٌة‬

yasopota paying attention, tend, care, aegis ‫ؾَٕزِقسَِٗا‬

‫إلقاء كلمة‬

yahwalta dmamla

speak, give speech ‫ؾَر بََطَٗا د ظَعطَا‬

yahwalta d qaala

vote, give a vote

‫تصوٌت‬

71

‫ؾَربََطَٗا دنَطَا‬



‫تقلٌد‬

yoobaala

‫ؾسِبَطَا‬

tradition

yoolpunya being accustomed to, adaption ‫ؾسِطكسِعؿَا‬

‫تعود على‬ ّ \ ‫تكٌؾ‬ ‫إحتالل‬ ‫سٌطرة‬ ‫كومبٌوتر‬

kuwooshaaya

occupation

‫قبَسِِؿَا‬

kbashta

control

‫قبََّٗا‬

kumputer

‫نزاع‬

‫قسِظكؿسَُِٗ \ ََظسٌؾَا‬

computer

kootaasha

dispute

‫قسََِّٗا‬

‫ مراسٌم االكلٌل‬kleIta qam bet gnoona church marriage blessings ‫قطؿَٗا ندظ بؿٖ تعسِعَا‬ ‫تج ّمع \ حشد‬

knooshya

‫لجنة \ رابطة‬ ‫بلدٌة \ ذهاب وإٌاب‬ ‫تكرٌس \ عمل بإخالص‬

session/ meeting/ rally/ gathering

‫قعسِِؿَا‬

knooshta

society, committee

‫قعسَِِٗا‬

krokhya

municipality, round trip

‫قُزِقَؿَا‬ ‫قًَُّزَِٗا‬

kasheeroota

devotion, honesty, dedication

‫ مإامرة‬، ‫تآمر‬

lookhaasha

conspiracy

‫طسِضََّا‬

‫مإتمر‬

loomaaada

conference

‫طسِظَدَا‬

‫تباطإ‬

lkhashta

colluding

‫ططََّٗا‬

‫مساعدة \ عون \ من خالل‬ ‫مختار‬

mis’aayootha

mediation/ assistance, via

mokhtar

Chief of the area

) ‫مإتمر ( سنوي‬

mautwa

convention,

)‫منظمة ( حزبٌة‬

mTakasta

organization

‫مشارك \ مساهم‬

mTapsaana

‫إسهام \ مساهمة‬

mTapsanoota

‫دابرة \ مكتب‬

Makitwa

‫بند \ مقالة‬

mlooa

‫تؤثٌر‬ ‫ عرض‬، ‫تقدٌم‬ ‫إتهام \ تهمة‬ ‫قرٌة‬ ‫إصدار‬ ‫مصٌدة \ فخ‬ ‫ جدال‬، ‫ حوار‬، ‫تفاوض‬ ‫ تفقد‬، ‫ زٌارة‬، ‫تحدث‬ ‫محور‬ ‫ عقوبة‬، ‫قرار‬

‫إدارة‬ ‫نتٌجة \ حل \ مخرج‬

‫ظػَكَػَٗا‬

participation, including

‫ظػَكػَعسَِٗا‬ ‫ظَكُٗبََا‬

item / term / article

‫ظطسِاَا‬

influence sacrifice, provision, offering

marimyaanoota

accusation

achieving, deciding, issuing

nishba

trap, snare

siwaada

negotiation /dialogue

sakhbarta socialize, visit, tour to inspect sirna

pivot resolution, sanction, verdict, sentence

pornaasa

administration result, solution, an end 72

‫ظَؿُبٌدَعسَِٗا‬ ‫ظَهَُبََٗا‬ ‫ظَُظؿَعسَِٗا‬ ‫ظََٗا‬

village

mshararata

plaTTa

‫ظػَكػَعَا‬

office , Bureau

maqrauta

posqaana

ََُٗ‫ظسِق‬ ‫ظَسٗسَا‬

participant

mabdaanoota

matha

‫ظُٕؾَؿسَِٗا‬

‫ظََََُّٗا‬ ‫عُّبَا‬ ‫غُسِزَدَا‬ ‫غَطبََُٗا‬ ‫غُُعَا‬ ‫قسِغهَعَا‬ ‫قسَِعَػَا‬ ‫قَطَػَٗا‬



‫ناحٌة م‬

pneeta

‫قعًَٗا‬

suburb / town

psharta melt , dissolve ‫قََُّٗا‬ ‫محكمة العدل الدولٌة‬ qoobal Tayboota gratitude , thankfulness ‫نسٍبَط غؿبٌسَِٗا‬

‫ذوبان‬ ‫تثمٌن \ تقدٌر‬ ‫ قطري‬، ‫جمهوري‬

qoTnaaya

Republican

‫نسِغعَؿَا‬

‫مقر \ مركز‬

qinTron

headquarters, center

‫نُعػُزِع‬

rostaqa

County

‫َزِغَٗهَا‬

teiwil

world, globe

tagalta

demonstrations

‫قضاء‬ ً‫عالمً \ دول‬ ‫مظاهرة \ تظاهرة‬ ‫ نازح‬، ‫ مشرد‬، ‫مهاجر‬

tawtaawa

emigrant, immigrant

ُ١٘‫ ِفب‬، ‫ افىبع‬، ‫ آعاء‬takhmanta ‫صدفة‬

tapqo

‫ صدفة‬، ‫ لقاء‬، ‫مقابلة‬

thoughts, ideas, opinions

fluke, coincidence, accidental, incidental

‫ٍٗبَؿط‬ ‫َٗتَطَٗا‬ ‫َٗسَٗبََا‬ ‫َٗطعَعؿََٗا‬ ِ‫َٗكهس‬

tpaqta accidental, by chance , visit, interview ‫ٗكَهَٗا‬ tarmeeta

project, activity

‫َُٗظًَٗا‬

‫مساواة \ تساوي حقوق‬

shawyoota

equality, equity

‫َِسؾسَِٗا‬

‫ تطور‬، ‫ إزدهار‬، ‫تقدم‬

shooshaata

progress, development

‫ِسَِِػَا‬

‫نشاط \ مشروع‬

) ‫ضسِطعَعَا ز َِطعسَِٗا ( َٔطَعَٗسَِٗا‬ ‫الصحة والسالمة‬ Health and Well being ‫ ادوٌة‬، ‫ وصفة ادوٌة‬oshaaye

medications

‫ وصالت‬، ‫ مفاصل‬assoore ‫دكتور \ طبٌب‬

asya

‫طبابة \ تطبٌب‬ ‫مس ّكنات‬

asyootha ashe

ligaments, joints, connectors doctor curing/ treatmet painkillers

‫ صٌدلٌة لبٌع االدوٌة‬bet darmane ‫ مستشفى‬، ‫ مشفى‬bet kreehe

drug store, pharmacy hospital

‫ صٌدلٌة تركٌب االدوٌة‬bet sammane pharmacy(preparing the drug) ‫بكترٌا‬ ً‫ تعاف‬، ‫شفاء‬

baktirya bsamta

bacteria recovery, healing, recuperation

‫إستمتاع \ تمتع \ متعة‬

basemoota

happiness, fun, joy, rejoice

‫بحث \ إستقصاء \ فحص‬

sakhseta

examination, test, search

‫ صحة \ سالمة الجسم \ حٌاة‬sakhotha ‫ ؼٌر مرٌض‬، ‫سلٌم‬

well being

saakhi

well / not ill / alive 73

‫ازَِِؿُا‬ ‫اَغسٍَِا‬ َِ‫اَغؿَا \ دزقَٗس‬ ‫اَغًسَِٗا‬ ‫اَُِا‬ ‫بٌؿٖ _دََظُعا‬ ‫بٌؿٖ_ قُيرُ ا‬ ‫بٌؿٖ_غَعَعُا‬ ‫بَكٍُٗؾَا‬ ‫بػَعَٗا‬ ‫بٌَػًعسَِٗا‬ ‫َٔضٕؾَٗا‬ ‫َٔضسَِٗا‬ ٌ‫َٔض‬



‫ ؼٌر مرٌض‬، ‫ ٌتمتع بصحة جٌدة‬salamat ‫ تمزق‬، ‫جرح‬

slapta

‫جرٌح \ مجروح‬

sleepa

‫جٌد‬ ‫محظوظ \ جٌد الطالع‬ ‫ جسد‬، ‫بدن‬ ‫عصب‬ ‫ضؽط الدم‬ ‫نوم \ سبات‬

‫ٔطَكَٗا‬

laceration, injury, cut, rupture

‫ٔطًكَا‬

injured

spy

fine

ٌَ‫ٔق‬

gaddana

lucky

‫تُدَعَا‬

gushma

body

‫تسِِعَا‬

gyaada

nerve

‫تؿَدَا‬

dmma seeqa

blood pressure

dmakhta

sleep(ing) , dormancy

‫ جرح عمٌق‬، ‫تقٌح‬

darbanta

‫ادوٌة‬

darmane

‫معالجة \ تداوي‬

‫َٔطَعَٗـ‬

intact

‫دُظَا غًهَا‬ ‫دظَكََٗا‬ ‫دََبَعَٗا‬

injury, damage, sore medications, drugs, medicines

darmanta

‫دََظَعُا‬ ‫دََظَعَٖ ا‬

cure , treat , bandage

‫ مضادات حٌوٌة‬darqoolaya d qoorme D.Q. anti biotics ) . ‫ ى‬. ‫دََنسبَطَؿَا د نسَِظُا ( د‬ ‫حصبة‬

zaaTe

‫ ُمعدي‬kholanaaya ‫سحاٌا‬

trasnsferable,infectious, contagious ‫ضسِطَعَؿَا \ ظَػكًَعَا‬

khilba

Khanqo

‫إختناق \ شنق \ ؼرق‬

khnaqta

‫مرٌض \ مرٌض سرٌري‬

Toaama mabsamta

‫ تداوي‬، ‫ شفاء‬، ‫عالج‬

mabsamta

‫كوي \ كً \ تعقٌم‬ ‫ُمعدي‬ ‫عضلة‬ ‫مناعة \ حصانة‬ ‫مرٌض‬ )‫مصحة ( عزل المرضى‬ ‫حساسٌة‬ ‫نبض \ خفقان‬ ‫ وسٌلة‬، ‫نظام‬ ‫ تفسخ‬، ‫تحلل‬

needle , injection

‫ضعَػَا \ ظطَػَا‬ ٌ‫ضَعهس‬

diphteria strangle, drown, suffocate, hang vaccinate, immunize

kreeha

‫ متعة‬، ‫ تمتع‬، ‫تسلٌة‬

‫ضعََٕٗا دطُبٌَا‬

heartburn

‫ إبرة \ حقنة‬khmaaTa \ mkhaaTa ) ‫خناق ( سعال االطفال‬

‫ضُطبٌَا‬

meningitis

‫ حرقة المعدة \ حموضة‬khmaSa d libba

‫ٌطعم‬ ّ ، ‫ٌلقح‬

‫شَؾػُا‬

measles

ill / sick enjoy, have fun cure, treat, heal, recover

‫ضعَهَٗا‬ ‫غسِؾَعَا‬ ‫قُيرَا‬ ‫ظَبػَعَٗا‬ ‫ظبَػَعَٗا‬

m’aqamta sanitize, clean by antiseptics ‫ظدَقَؿَٗا \ ؾهَعَٖ ا‬ maTipyaana

contagious, infectious

maacha mreedoota

muscle immunity

mreeya

ill/ sick

mashpa nihoota

quarantine, infirmary

‫ظُيدزَِٗا‬ ‫ظُيؿَا‬ ‫ظَّكَا‬

heart beating , pulse

‫عكََٕٗا دُطُبٌَا‬

system , criterion, means

‫غديُزَِٗا‬

decompose, peril , get rotten

‫غكَػَٗا‬

sdeeroota spasta

‫ظَكَُا \ نسَُُِٔطَٗا‬

‫عُبَرزَِٗا‬

allergy

npasta d libba

‫ظَػُكؿَعَا‬

74



)‫مضمد (ة‬ ‫عورة \ عٌب \ خلل‬

nurse M.

‘aeba

flaw, shame , disgrace, blemish

plaTTa min

‫أرق \ عدم النوم‬

pradta d shinta parhazta

‫إلتهاب اللوزتٌن‬

‫ؾؿبٌَا‬

deviate, derail, result , outcome ‫قطَػَٗا ظُع‬

‫ إنحراؾ‬، ‫حصٌلة‬ ‫حمٌة‬

) ‫ؾَٕزِبٌَا (َٗا‬

assoba

‫قَُدَٗا د ُِعَٗا‬

insomnia

‫قَُذَشَٗا‬

prevention, diet

paqyaata

‫قَُنؿََٗا‬

tonsillitis

‫نسَِظَا‬

‫ جذر‬، ‫ جذع‬، ‫جرثومة‬

qorma

‫ؼدة \ ؼدد‬

qleede

glands

‫نطًدُا‬

) .... ‫أوعٌة ( دم‬

qanye

vessels

‫نَعؿُا‬

‫مرض التوحد‬

germ, stem, log, trunk

tokhilta

‫نظافة \ تنظٌؾ \ تطهٌر‬

tammazta

‫نزٌؾ‬

traa’a

‫ إنفلونزا‬، ‫برد‬

shoba

‫ِسٌبٌَا‬

running nose , cold, flue

‫نهاٌة‬

sholama

‫سعال‬

shoal

prescription, recipe

‫ِسِقَطَٗا \ََاقًَُٗا‬ ‫ِسِطرَبََا‬

inflammation

‫ِسِطَعَا‬

end

)‫َِسِؾطَا (ِسٌاطَا‬

cough

shakhta

‫صورة شعاعٌة‬

‫َُٗؾَا‬

bleeding

sholhaawa

‫وسخ‬

‫َٗعَصَٗا‬

clean, cleanse , purgate

‫ وصفة طبٌة \ طبخ‬shokakhta, raacheeta ‫إلتهاب‬

‫ٗسِضُطَٗا‬

autism

‫ُِطَٗا‬

pollution, contamination

shikla zeewaaya

‫سالمة‬

shalmootha

‫جدري‬

shalqo

‫َِكطَا شيسَؾَا‬

X ray

‫َِطعسَِٗا‬

intact (ness)

ٌ‫َِطهس‬

small pox

‫ تناول \ شراء االدوٌة‬sqalta d darmane buy medicines, take medicines ‫ِهَطَٗا دََظَعُا‬ ‫ح ّمى‬

sheita , (taaha) khimkhamta

fever

‫ََِٗا‬

‫ِسِنَا ز اُنعسِظًَا‬ Market and Economy ‫االلزصبص‬ٚ ‫ق‬ٛ‫اٌـ‬ ‫ؼالء‬

agraani

hard time, bad economy , expensiveness ٌ‫اتَُع‬

‫رخص‬

arzaaani

prosperity , good economy,

‫مصرؾ \ بنك‬

cheapness ٌ‫اََشَع‬

arpa/ banka bank , currency exchange center ‫بَعكَا \ ؾَُقَا‬ ‫مصالح‬

‫ استقالل‬، ‫ وجود‬haayayoota ‫بٌع‬ ‫شراء‬

hinyaane

interests

existence, sovereignity, independence zaabanta zwanta

selling buying, purchasing

75

‫ذُ عؿَعُا‬ ‫ذَؾَؿسَِٗا‬ ‫شَ بٌَعَٗا‬ ‫ش بََعَٗا‬



ً‫إحتٌاط‬

spare (adj.)

‫شذَََؾَا‬

money, currency

‫شزِشَا‬

zhaaraaye

‫نقود \ عملة‬

zooza

‫تذبذب (اضطراب) السوق‬

zoolhaaze

‫ إنحسار‬، ‫ خسارة‬، ‫ٌخسر‬

‫شزِطرَشَا‬

ups and downs

‫ضػََُٗا‬

khsarta/ Hsarta losing, loss, depression

‫قرض \ شراء بالدٌن‬

yahwalta bdeina

‫مٌراث \ ورثة‬

yorthaana

‫فابدة \ منفعة \ ازدهار‬

irpa

‫حصٌلة‬ ‫ٌكسب \ ٌربح‬ ‫مع ّدل‬ ‫ٌستعٌر \ ٌؤخذ بالدٌن‬

adj. ‫عُكَؿَعَا‬

harmful, detrimental

neesha

A.T.M ً‫بنك \ صراؾ مال‬

‫قُػكَا‬

income

nikhyaana

‫ ؼاٌة‬، ‫هدؾ‬

‫ؾسَُِٗعَا‬

advantage, prosperity

kispa

‫ضار‬

‫ؾسََِٗعَا‬

legacy/ inheritance

yootraana

)‫دخل ( الفرد \ العابلة‬

‫ؾَربََطَٗا بٌدؾعَا‬

loan

‫عًَّا‬

goal

‫ؾُُقَا‬

bank / money exchanger

plaTa

outcome

qramta / qneita

win, winning, get

shawya

average

shqalta bdeina

)‫قطَػَا ( َٗا‬ ‫نعؿَٗا \ نَُظَٗا‬ ‫َِسؾَا‬ ‫ِهَطَٗا بدؾعَا‬

borrow

non-verbal words (expressions) ‫ضَبٌٍُا طَا ظطًطُا‬ ‫ حركات واصوات‬body sounds ‫ٌ ّبن \ أنٌن‬

annanta

moan

‫تجشإ‬

gawarta

burp, belch

‫همسة \ ٌهمس \ وشوشة‬ ‫ازٌز‬ )‫خناق ( اطفال‬ ‫إختناق‬ ‫صوت الخبز المح ّمص‬ ‫شخٌر‬

wash washta Khazkhazta

whisper, interference

khnaqta

Tartarta

‫فواق‬ ‫تثاإب‬ ‫تش ّنج \ تقلص‬

stammer

mgaznata

whine

mashraqta whistle pukta

hiccup

pawarta

yawning

qarmaTTa

cramp, shrink

76

‫ضَُضََّٗا‬

shouting, rasing voice

laghlaghta

‫ضَُضَعَٗا‬ ‫ضَُضََُٗا‬

snore

‫إعالء الصوت‬

‫صفٌر‬

‫ضعَهَٗا‬

crack of crispy bread

kharkhashta whiz, hiss

)ً‫ٌتشكى ( شاكً باك‬

‫ضعسِنًَٗا‬

choking

kharkhamata

‫زَِسََِٗا‬ ‫ضَصضَصَٗا‬

diphtheria

‫حفٌؾ \ ازٌز‬ ‫تلعثم‬

‫تَؿسَََٗا‬

whiz

khnoqeeta

kharkharta

‫ عسِعؿَٗا‬،‫اَعاَعَٗا‬

‫غَُغَُٗا‬ ‫طَتَطَتََٗا‬

)‫ظتَصَعَٗا ( نبََطَٗا‬ ‫ظََُّنَٗا‬ ‫قسِقَٗا \ جَؿََٕٗا‬ )‫قَؿسَََٗا ( قَسَََٗا‬ ‫نَُظَػَٗا‬



)‫قرقرة (البطن‬

qarqarta

)‫تؤتؤة ( بالوالدة‬

tatata

‫صفنة مع تنهد‬

‫نَُنََُٗا‬

rumble stutter

‫َٗاَٗاَٗا‬

sigh

‫ٗعَطَٗا‬

tnakhta

‫ِعَرُا نعسِظَؿُا‬ Proper names ‫ُِعَعُا داعَُّا‬ ‫اٌشو‬

Esho

‫زوماٌا‬

zoomaaya

‫ٌوسؾ‬

Yousip

ً‫مت‬

Jesus, Christ Zomaya

marta

‫سرة \ سارة‬ ‫راخً \ راحٌل‬

Sarrah Rakhil

‫شوشً \ سوزي‬

shoshe

‫شوشن \ سوزان‬

Shoshan

‫اتور \ اتورٌنا‬ ‫أشور \ اشورٌنا‬ ‫ٌونان \ ٌونٌة‬ ‫صبري \ صبرٌنا‬ ‫سرجون \ سرجونتا‬

‫اوشعنا‬ ‫ستٌؾ \ إسطٌفان‬ ‫ٌوخنا \ ٌوحنا‬ ‫لوقا‬

‫شزِظَؿَا‬ ‫ؾسغُل‬

Joseph

mattay, maati

‫مرتا \ مرثا‬

‫ايري‬

Mathew Martha

‫ظََٗـ‬ ‫ظََُٗا‬

Sarah

‫غََُا‬

Rachil

‫ََضؿط‬

Suzie

‫ِسٌُِا‬

Suzan

‫ِسَِِع‬

Ator M. Atorina F.

‫اٗسَِ \ اٗسَِيعَا‬

Ashur M. / Ashorina F.

‫اَِسَِ \ اَِسَِيعَا‬

Jona M. \

Yoniya F.

‫غَبٌٍُ \ غَبٌُيعَا‬

Sabri M. Sabrina F. sargon M. / sargonta F.

Oshana

Jose, Josana

Istapanos

Steven

Yokhanan

John

Loqa

‫ؾسعع \ ؾسِعؿَا‬ ‫غَُتسِع \ غَُتسِعَٗا‬

‫ازٌَِؿعَا‬ ‫اُغػَكَعسِؽ‬ ‫ؾسضَعَع‬

Luke

‫طسِنَا‬

Mark

‫ظَُنسِؽ‬

‫مرقس‬

Marcus

‫بولص‬

Polis / paulis

‫بطرس‬

Patros

Peter

‫قَػُزِؽ‬

Sleemon

Solomon

‫ِطًعسِع‬

‫سلٌمان \ شلٌمون‬

‫ سمعان \ شمعون‬Shimon 77

Paul

Simon

‫قسطسِؽ‬

‫ِعؿسِع‬



‫ زعٌا‬، ‫زٌا‬

Zaya

‫اشعٌا‬

‫شؾؿَا‬

Isiah

Ishaaya

‫اَُِؿؿَا‬

Isaiah

‫ظديعٍَٗا‬ ‫المدن‬ Cities ‫اربٌل‬

Arbil

‫بؽداد‬

Baghdad

‫كلٌفورنٌا‬

Erbil

‫اَبًٌط‬

Baghdad

‫بَجدَد‬

Kalipornia

‫موصل‬

Claifornia

Mausil

‫نوهدرا‬

Nohadra

‫نٌوٌورك‬

Nyoyork

‫قَطًكسَِعؿَا‬ ‫ظسُِٔط‬

Mosul Dohuk / Itook New York

‫عسِذ َدََا‬ ‫عؿسِؾسَِض‬

‫نٌنوى‬

Ninwe

Ninevah

‫عًعسٍا‬

‫بارٌس‬

Paris

Paris

‫قَُيؼ‬ ‫عُرٍَا‬ ‫أنهر‬ Rivers

‫المحٌط الهادي‬

Pacific Ocean ‫ازِنؿَعسِؽ ذُدؾَا‬

oqyanus hidya

ً‫المحٌط االطلس‬Oyanus Atlantaaya Altaltic Ocean ‫ازِنؿَعسِؽ اَٗطَعَٗؿَا‬ Gomel

Gomil

‫تسٌظُط‬

‫دجلة‬

Dqlat

Tigris

َٖ‫دُنط‬

‫زاب‬

zaawa

‫كومل \ خازر‬

‫خابور‬

Khawora

Habour

)‫ البحر االسود ( قزوٌن‬Yaama Kumta

Black Sea

‫ البحر االحمر‬Yama Smoqta ‫نهر االردن‬ ‫النٌل‬ ‫فرات‬

‫شَزَا‬

Zab

Red Sea

‫ضَبَسََِا‬ ‫ؾَعَا قسِظَٗا‬ ‫ؾَعَا غعسِنَٗا‬

Jordan River ‫عُر ََا د ؾسَِدعَع‬

Nihra d yordnan Nihra Akoma

Nile

Prat

Euphrates

) ‫عُرََا اَقسِظَا ( عًط‬ َُٗ‫ق‬

‫ُِعَعُا د غسََِعُا زتَطًٍا‬ Names of the Mountains and Canyons ‫الجبال والودٌان والمضاٌق الجبلٌة‬ 78



‫جبال االلب‬ ‫انحدار صخري شدٌد‬ ‫كلً بالندة‬

eesaara

‫ايػََُا‬

steep cliff/ rock

galiya d balinda

‫كلً زاوٌته‬ ‫كلً زنطة‬

ٌ‫اَطب‬

Alb Alp Mountains Balinda Canyon

Galliyat d Zawita Galliya de Duhok

‫جبل كارة‬

Gaara

‫تَطًَا د شَزيَٗا‬

Zawita’s gorge

Galiya d ZanTa

‫كلً دهوك‬

‫تَطؿَا دبَطُعدا‬ ‫تَطًَا د شَعػَا‬

Zanta’s Canyon

Duhok Gully/ Canyon ‫تَطًَا ددذزِض‬ ‫تََُا‬

Gara Mountain

‫تٍُتَٗا‬

‫تل \ مرتفع‬

Girigta

hill

‫سهل نٌنوى‬

Dashta d ninwe

Ninevah’s Plain

‫دََِٗا دعًعسٍا‬

Tora Bora

rugged mountain

‫غسََِا بٌسََِا‬

‫الجبل الوعر‬ ‫جبل مه تٌنا‬

Mateena

‫وادي صبنا‬

Nohala d Sapna

‫جبل قندٌل‬

Sapna Valley

Qandeel

‫تل \ هضبة‬

Romta

Matina Mountain

‫ظًَٗعَا‬ ‫عسِذَطَا د َٔقعَا‬

Qandil mountain

‫نَعديط‬

hill / plateau

‫َزِظَٗا‬ ‫اَُٗزٍَٗا‬ Countries ْ‫االلطبع \ اٌجٍضا‬

‫امرٌكا‬

Amreeka

‫اٌران‬

Iran

‫بٌن النهرٌن \ بالد الرافدٌن‬

America

‫اَظُيكَا‬

Iran

‫ايَُع‬

Bit Nahrin Mesopotamia

‫ٌونان‬

yawnaan

‫كوٌت‬

Kuweit

‫لبنان‬

Liwnan

‫مصر‬

Misrin

‫سورٌا‬ ‫عراق‬ ‫تركٌا‬

Soriya Irak Torkiya

‫ؾسٌعَا ع‬

Greece Kwait

‫ كوردستان‬Kurdistan

‫بٌؿٖ – عَرَؾع‬

Kurdistan Lebanon Egypt Syria Iraq Turkey

ٖ‫قسؾ‬ ‫قسَِدُغَٗع‬ ‫طُبَعَع‬ ‫ظَُٕؾع‬ ‫غسَِؾَا‬ ‫ؾًَُى‬ ‫ٗسَِقؿَا‬

‫ ؾسٍظُا \ َنَؿؿٍَٗا‬- ُ‫غك‬ ‫بد‬١‫اٌفعبئ‬ٚ ‫االطاػبد‬ٚ ‫اٌّجالد‬ٚ ‫اٌجغائض‬

79



‫بهرا‬

Bahra

Light , illumination

‫زندا‬

Zanda

stalk, arm

‫ برنامج االمل‬Khorza d sawra

Hope Progam

‫ تلفزٌون‬Spar Khizwa

‫ضسَِشَا دغَبََُا‬ ‫غكَُ ضُصزَا‬

T.V.

‫ الجرٌدة الٌومٌة‬Spar yaume

‫غكَُ ؾسٌظُا‬

Daily News

Ishtar

Ishtar / document

‫ إذاعة‬Pras Qala ‫صوت‬

‫شَعدَا‬

Galgamish Magazine ْ‫ظَجَطَٗا دتُطتَعؿ‬

‫ مجلة كلكامش‬Maghalta d Galgamish

‫عشتار‬

‫بَر ََا‬

radio, broadcast

Qaala

‫قَُؽ نَطَا‬ ‫نَطَا‬

Voice

‫ فضابٌة‬Rqeeyata

َُُّٗ‫ؾ‬

Satellite

‫َنًؿؿَٗا‬ ‫َُِيُزََٗا‬ ‫ػاعاد‬ٌٛ‫ا‬ Ministries

‫وزارة‬

Shareerot

Ministry of

ً‫ االقتصاد الوطن‬iknomiya umtanaaya ‫التجارة‬

bazirganoota

National Economy

Foreign Affairs

birqa

Electricity

‫ الشإون االجتماعٌة‬Siwaata knoshyaaye Social Affairs ‫ الصناعة‬sinaate

Industries

‫ الداخلٌة‬Gawayoota

Interior

‫سٌاحة‬ ‫المال واالقتصاد‬

dyaaroota

Budget and Economy

‫ التموٌن واالرزاق‬Zwada w lakhma ‫ الزراعة والري‬zroota w karaakhoota ‫الصحة‬

Ration and Supply

‫بُُنَا‬ ‫ُٔبَسََٗا قعسِِؿَؿُا‬ ‫َٔعؿٍَٗا‬ ‫دؾَُزَِٗا‬ ‫شزِشَا ز انعسِظؿَا‬ ‫شزَدَا ز طَطعَا‬

Agricultura and Irrigation ‫شَزِؾَٗا ز قََُقَسَِٗا‬

kholmaana

Health

ً‫ الطٌران المدن‬Tausa mdeenaya ‫العدل‬

‫بََُؾسَِٗا‬

‫تَسَؾسَِٗا‬

tourism

Zooza w knomiya

‫اُنعسِظؿَا ازِظَٗعَؿَا‬ ‫بَصٍَتَعسَِٗا‬

Trade

‫ الخارجٌة‬barayoota ‫الكهرباء‬

_________________ ِٗ‫َُِيُز‬

Civil Airlines (aviation)

keinoota

Justice

‫ضسِطعَعَا‬ ‫غَسغَا ظديعَؿَا‬ ‫قُاعسَِٗا‬

malpanoota ileita w sakhseita bkherta ‫ظَطكَعسَِٗا ؾُطؿَٗا ز َٔضٕ ؾَٗا بطًُؾَٗا‬ ً‫التعلٌم والبحث العلم‬ Higher Education and Scientific Research maamarta w marweita ‫ظَؿعََُٗا ز ظَُبٌؿَٗا‬ ‫ االعمار والتنمٌة‬Cosntruction and development 80



‫االنتاج‬

mapiyaanoota

Culture and Information ‫ظَُدزَِٗا ز ؾسِدَؾَا‬

‫ الثقافة واالعالم‬mardoota w yoodaa ‫النفط‬

niwTa

‫التخطٌط والمتابعة‬

‫عُهػَا‬

Petrol

Planning and Follow Up ‫غسََِغَا ز ؾَهَبََٗا‬

soraaTa w iqauta

‫ الدفاع‬sootara ‫العمل‬

‫ظَكُُؾَعسَِٗا‬

Production

‫غسََُِٗا‬

Defense

polkhaane

‫قسِططَعُا‬

Employment

ً‫ االصالح الزراع‬tooqana zaraaya

‫َٗسنَعَا شََؾَؿَا‬

Agricultural reclamation

‫ التربٌة والتعلٌم‬tarbeeta w malapta Pedagogy and Learning ‫َُٗبٌؿَٗا ز ظَطَكَٗا‬ ً‫ التوجٌه القوم‬shoobala umtanaaya

‫ِسِبَطَا ازِظَٗعَؿَا‬

National Orientation

showaane w siwaata taudeetanaaye ‫ِسِبٌَعُا ز ُٔبٌسََٗا َٗسديَٗعَؿُا‬ ‫االوقاؾ والشإون الدٌنٌة‬ Endowement and Religious Affairs ‫ االشؽال واالسكان‬shole w mashkanta

‫ِسِطُا ز ظَّكَعَٗا‬

Housing and Work

‫ِسِعَؿَا ز ظَعػؿَٗا‬

shoonaya w mamTeita ‫ النقل والمواصالت‬Transporation & Communication

‫ِعَرُا قعسِِؿَؿُا‬ Collective Nouns Collective nouns are either masculine or feminine except those are in plural : ‫ مجموعة‬، ‫ جهة‬، ‫ طرؾ‬، ‫حزب‬ ‫جٌش‬ ‫شرطة‬ ‫حركة \ حركات‬

‫تُبٌَا \ تؿبَا‬

M. Plural: gabbe

geisa army M. Plural: geise

‫تًػَا‬

dakhsha policeman M . Plural: dakhshe

‫دَضَّا‬

)‫شزٌؾَا ( شَزؾَا‬

zoaa movement M. Plural: zowe

khokma Goernment M. Plural khokme ‫ضسِقعَا‬

‫حكومة‬ ‫لجنة \ رابطة‬ ‫فٌلق‬

gabba party

seta committee F.

‫غًؿَٗا‬

plural: seeate

qaushon Corps M. Plural : qaushoone

‫االبقار‬ ‫قطٌع‬

biqra

herd of cows

F.

bira herd / group of animals M.

‫قطٌع‬

kota

‫سرب‬

rappa

81

flock M.

swarm (birds)

M.

‫نسِسِع‬

‫بُهَُا‬ ‫بَُُا‬ ‫قسٌَٗا‬ ‫ٍَاقَا‬



‫شدّة‬

gidishta

‫مجموعة \ شبٌبة‬

stack

dasta

‫درزن‬

team, set

darzeeena

‫حفنة‬

82ye82in

‫ؼابة‬

aawa

‫بوتقة \ شدة‬ ‫إبهام‬

qocha

‫دَُشيعَا‬

handful M.

‫قََعتَا‬ ‫ؾَبََا‬

F.

wreath / bouqet ‫نَبٌدَا‬

thumb M.

These nouns are always in plural as mass nouns : ‫حمص‬ KhirTmane

‫دَغَٗا‬

F.

dozen M. forest

qabda/ qauda

‫تُدَُِٗا‬

F.

) ‫نسِقََا ( نسِقََٗا‬

‫ضُُغعَُا‬

garbanzos


‫عدس‬

Tlokhe

‫ماش‬

maashe Indian’s peas

lentils

‫ظَُّا‬ ‫اعَُّا ز ضُصظَعُا‬ ‫االقرباء‬ Relatives

) ‫ اخ \ اخت ( شقٌقة‬akhona \ khaata

brother \ sister

‫اَضسِعَا \ ضََٗا‬

‫ اخوة \ اخوات‬akhonwaata\ khatwaata brothers \ sisters ‫اَضُعسََٗا \ ضٗسٍَٗا‬ ‫ عدٌلة‬eedamta sister – in- law ‫ايدَظَٗا‬ ‫ اب \ ام‬baaba\ yimma

‫بَبَا \ ؾُعَا‬

father\ mother

‫ اباء \ امهات‬baabawata \ yimawata fathers\ mothers ‫بَبَسٍَٗا \ ؾُعَسٍَٗا‬ ‫ ابناء \ بنات‬bnoone\ bnaata ‫ ܘ‬bird aama \ birdit aama

sons\ daughters

‫بٌعسِعُا \ بٌعََٗا‬

cousin \ cousin (uncle’s) ‫بُُ د ؾَعَا \ بٌَُٗ ؾَعَا‬

‫ابن \ بنت‬

brona \ braata boy\ girl

‫بٌُزِعَا \ بٌََُٗا‬

‫ اخ الزوج‬barkhmaata sister –in-law ‫بٌَُضعََٗا‬ ‫ شخص بنفس االسم‬barsha ( someone carrying the same name )

‫بََُِا‬

‫ صدٌق \ صدٌقة‬khawra \ kawirta boy friend/ girl friend ‫ضَبََُا \ ضَبَُُٗا‬ ‫ نسٌب \ كنة‬khitna \ kalo

son –in- law \ daughter –in-law ) ‫ضَٗعَا \ َقَطسِ ( قَطَٗا‬ ‫ نسٌب \ ختن‬khitna brother-in-law

khitnawaata (e) \ kalawaata(e) sons/ daughters – in –law yeese \ yaaesyaate

‫ضُٗعَا‬

‫ضَٗعَسٍَٗا \ قَطَسٍَٗا‬

brothers –in-law \ sisters –in-law ‫ؾَايػُا \ ؾَايػؿٍَٗا‬

‫ عدٌل \ عدٌلة‬yaees\ yaeesta brother-inlaw\ sister–in-law ‫ؾَايػَا \ ؾَايػَٗا‬ ‫اوالد وبنات العم \ العمة‬cousisns

82

‫ؾَطسِعُا دؾَعَا \ بٌعٍَٗا دؾَعا‬



‫ خال \ خالة‬uncle \ aunt ‫قََاطسِعَا \ قََطَٗا‬ ‫ خاالت \ عمات‬uncles/ aunts ‫قََاطَسٍَٗا \ قََطؿٍَٗا‬ ‫ كنة‬kaalo ‫أحفاد \ حفٌدات‬

daughter-in-law

ِ‫قَطس‬

grand sons\ grand daughters ‫عَسٍتُا \ عَسٍتؿٍَٗا‬

‫ حفٌد \ حفٌدة‬grand son\ grand daughter ‫عَسٍتَا \ عَسٍتَٗا‬ ‫ عجز \ عجابز‬saawe\ sawyaata (e) old men\ women ‫غَبَُا \ غَبَؿٍَٗا‬ ‫ عجوز \ عجوزة‬saawa\ sawta

old man\ woman ‫غَبََا \ غَبََٗا‬

‫ قرٌب \ قرٌبة‬qareewa \ qariwta best friend/ God father

‫نَُيبََا \ نَُيبََٗا‬

qareeqe \ qarooyate best friends M. F. or God fathers ‫نَُيبَُا \ نَُيبٍَٗا‬ ‫ جٌران \ جارات‬shwaawe \ shwawyaate neighbors M. F. ‫ِبَبَُا \ ِبَبَؿٍَٗا‬ ‫ جار \ جارة‬shwaawa\ shwawta

neighbor M. F.

‫ِبَبََا \ ِبَبََٗا‬

‫ أشبٌن \ أشبٌنة‬shawshweena \ shawshwinta the best friend M. F. ‫َِسِبًَعَا \ َِسِبَعَٗا‬

Summary ‫الخالصة‬ ‫غسِؾَكََا‬ We can recognize the gender of Assyrian nouns or adjectives in singular through various parts of speech: :‫ٌمكن ادراك الجنس لالسماء المفردة فً اللؽة االشورٌة من خالل اجزاء الكالم المتعددة منها‬ : ‫اٌّض ( ا ) اَ ٌٍّظوغ‬ٚ ، ‫ وجود (تا ) َٗا فً نهاٌة االسم أو الصفة َٗا ٌٍّؤٔش‬.1 The feminine noun/ adjective has (ta) at the end and the masculine has (a) : ‫اَ ِبَبََا‬ ‫َٗا ِبَبََٗا‬ ‫ ) ذ ف ٌٍّؤٔش‬ٞ‫ ) ذ ز ٌٍّظوغ ( ئب‬ٚ‫ ظّبئغ اٌغأئت اٌّفغصح (ئب‬.2 The third person masculine is ( ao) and feminine is (ay) : ‫ؾَطدَا‬

‫ذز‬

‫بٌََُٗا‬

‫ذف‬

: ‫خ ) اُ ؾَا‬٠ ٗ‫( ئ‬ٚ ، ‫ح ) اُزَا ٌٍّظوغ‬ّٛ ‫ اؿّبء االكبعح (ئ‬.3 Demonstrative ( awa ) if masculine and (aya) is feminine: ‫اُ زَا تَبََُا‬ 83



‫اُؾَا بٌَكََٗا‬ : ‫ ٌٍّؤٔش‬..... ‫ ) ذ ٍ د‬.... ‫ ص‬ٞ‫ٌٍّظوغ ( ٘ب‬..... ‫ ) ذز د‬... ‫ ص‬ٚ‫صً (٘ب‬ٌٛ‫ ظّبئغ ا‬.4 The relative pronouns (haw d …..) is masculine and (hay d ..) feminine : .... ‫ذز د‬ ..... ‫ذ ٍ د‬ : ‫ال ) ٌٍّؤٔش‬١‫ (ئ‬ٚ ‫ ) ٌٍّظوغ‬ٍٟ١‫ٔخ ٌٍغبئت (ئ‬ٕٛ١‫ أفؼبي اٌى‬.5 The verb to be ( eele ) is masculine and ( eela) is feminine : ‫يطُر‬ ‫يطَر‬ : ٝ‫ (ال ) ٌالٔض‬ٚ ‫ ) ٌٍظوغ‬ٌٟ( ٟ‫ثشبصخ اٌّبظ‬ٚ ‫افك اٌفؼً ِغ اٌفبػً اٌّظوغ‬ٛ‫ر‬ٚ ‫ االكزمبق‬.6 The Verb conjugation agrees with the subject and in the past for example is (le) masculine and ( la) is feminine: ‫اٍَٗا‬

‫ طُر اٗ يطُر‬.....

‫اَٗؿَا‬

‫اًٗطَر‬

‫ طَر‬.....

: ‫ ( ئب ) ٌٍّؤٔش‬ٚ ‫ ) ٌٍّظوغ‬ٟ‫ ظّبئغ اٌزٍّه (ئ‬.7 After the noun as possessive ( ….eh) masculine ( …ah) feminine : ‫قسٌغُر‬ ‫ ُذ‬..... ‫قسٌغَر‬

‫َذ‬.....

‫ اٌجٕؾ (رب) ٌٍّؤٔش ( ئب ) ٌٍّظوغ‬ٟ‫ؿُ اٌّفغص ف‬٢‫ اٌصفخ رزفك ِغ ا‬.8 Adjectives must be accord to nouns in gender (……ta) for feminine and ( ……a) for masculine : ‫َِكًَُٗا‬ ‫َِكًَُا‬

‫غََُٗعَٗا دَِعَعُا ز ِسِظَرُا‬ Diminutives /Nouns and Adjectives : ‫غ ٌٍزذجت‬١‫ اٌـزصغ‬.1 Dimunitive noun for endearment When we add ----oona at the end of a noun, we make it like more close to the speaker for endearment : 84



young, teen

jwanqa

‫جبَعهَا‬

jwanqoona ‫جبَعهسِعَا‬ old sawa

‫غَبََا‬

sawoona

‫غَبَسِعَا‬

my relative

naashi

ٌَّ‫اع‬

naashooni ٌ‫اعَريِع‬ neighbor shwaawa

‫ِبَبََا‬

shwaawoona ‫ِبَربِعَا‬ father aaba ‫اَبَا‬ aboona ‫اَبسِعَا‬

title also for a an Archbishop, or Pastor behave lik his Dad (like father like son )

babiko

‫بَبُكس‬

ُ‫غ ٌٍذج‬١‫ اٌزصغ‬.2 Diminutives to lessen the size or the importance book

ktaawa

ktawoona ‫قَٗبَسِعَا‬

manual, booklet

small tiny, dwarf, elf, midget

deiqa

deiqoona

‫دَؾهَا‬ ‫دؾهسِعَا‬

marza ‫ظَُشَا‬

bank, edge, coast very narrow and on the edge

‫قَٗبََا‬

marzoona

‫ظَُشزِعَا‬

ٕٝ‫ اٌّؼ‬ٟ‫غ ف‬١١‫ رغ‬.3 Diminutives to change the meaning: house

beita

‫بٌؿَٗا‬

small room as an attick, small store

beitoona

‫بَؿٗسِعَا‬

meat fried in its fat and kept to be used later tobacco pipe 85

qalya

qalyoona

‫نَطؿَا‬ ‫نَطؿسِعَا‬



a cloth put on the ground to arrange food on

parsa

‫قَُغَا‬

a cloth that is used by women in Ninevah hanging from shoulder on one side ‫قَُشزِعَا‬ parzoona Nouns Map

86



‫اٌفصً اٌغاثغ‬ ‫َؾَّا د اََبٌؿَا‬ Chapter Four Plural System of Nouns ‫ِعَرُا غَتًَاعَؿُا‬ ‫ٔظبَ اٌجّغ‬

: ‫خ‬١ٌ‫ اٌٍغخ اٌضاعجخ ثبالكىبي اٌزب‬ٟ‫ جّغ االؿّبء ف‬ٟ‫أر‬٠ : ‫خ‬١‫ى‬١‫ اٌىالؿ‬ٌٝ‫ الغة ا‬ٟ٘ٚ ) ‫خ‬١ٔ‫خ ( اٌىٍضا‬١ٍٙ‫جخ اٌـ‬ٌٍٙ‫ ا‬ٟ‫ف‬ : ‫لجً (رب) َٗا‬

َ‫ف‬

‫ط‬ٚ‫ب ) ِؼص‬٠ ( ٌٝ‫ا‬

َ____ ‫ظغ شنَكَا‬ٛ‫صُ ر‬

ٍ ) ٞ( ‫ رمٍت‬.1

ٍ )ٞ( ‫ذزفع ثـ‬٠ ‫لض‬ٚ

1. By changing the long vowel /i:/ to a diphthong (ya) as in the following. This is the classical form of the plural :

‫ِشضّح‬ ‫مخدّات‬

pillow

spadeetha

‫غكَد يَٗا‬

pillows

spadyaatha

‫غكَد ؾََٗا‬

spadiyaatha

‫غكَد يََٗا‬

‫سرٌر‬

bed

shweetha

‫ِس يَٗا‬

‫أسرة‬ ّ

beds

shooyaatha

‫ِس ؾََٗا‬

shweeyaatha

‫ِس يََٗا‬

‫َٗسٍََٗا‬

‫ثمغح‬

cow

tawirTha

‫بقرات‬

cows

tawiryaatha

‫َٗسٍَؾََٗا‬

to:raathatha

‫ٗسٌ َََٗا‬

)‫حمِل ( نٌر‬ ِ

load

kartha

‫قََُٗا‬

‫أحمال \ حموالت‬

loads

karyaatha

‫قَُؾََٗا‬

karaath a

‫قَََُٗا‬

87



‫عامود خشبٌة‬

beam/ shingle

qaareetha

‫نَُيَٗا‬

‫اعمدة خشبٌة‬

qaryaatha

qaryaatha

‫نَُؾََٗا‬

qareeyaatha

‫نَُيََٗا‬

: ٟ‫َٗا وّب ف‬

) ‫ب ) فَ قبل ( تا‬٠( ‫ظغ‬ٛ‫ ر‬.2

2. Add (ya) before (ta) at the end of the noun. This also the classical form of the plural: ‫لطغح‬ ‫قطرات‬

‫عُػسِقَٗا‬

drop

niTopta

drops

niTopyaata

‫عُػسِ قؿََٗا‬

‫فغؽ‬

horse

soosta

‫غسِغَٗا‬

‫افغاؽ‬

horses

soosyaatha

‫غسِ غؿََٗا‬

‫اعََٗا‬

ْ‫اط‬

ear

ْ‫آطا‬

ears

nathyaatha

‫اعَٖ ؾََٗا‬

‫ٍخ‬٠‫جض‬

traid

SoSeetha

‫ٔ ز َٔيَٗا‬

ً‫جضائ‬

traids

Soseeyaatha

‫ٔ ز َٔؾََٗا‬

naatha

In Assyrian dialects, the rule is the same but (ta) is changed into ( te) : ‫قَكُكَٗا‬

‫تسِقَٗا‬

‫اعََٖ ا‬

‫ِسيَٗا‬

‫قَكُكؿٍَٗا‬

‫تسِقؿٍَٗا‬

‫ا عَٗؿٍَٗا‬

‫ِسؾٍَٗا‬

‫اذن‬ ‫اذان‬

‫سرٌر‬ ‫أسِ رة‬

‫قطرة‬ ‫قطرات‬ chipikta Chipikyaate

‫جبن‬ ‫اجبان‬

gupta gupyaate

88

naata natyaate

shweeta shweeyaate shoyaate shwiyaate



drop drops

cheese types of cheese

ear ears

bed beds

In all nouns with the nding plural with (te) or ( the ) , some dialects change the last (t) or (th) into ( h) : ‫بَؿسَِٗا = بَؿسِزَا‬

‫دَََٗا‬

‫ؾَطُطَٗا‬

‫غُكَٗا‬

‫بَؿسٍَٗا \ بَؿسِزٍَٗا‬

‫دٍَََٗا‬

‫ؾَططؿٍَٗا‬

‫غُكؿٍَٗا‬

ba’aota ba’aowaate request requsts

darta darate courtyard courtyards

yalikhta yalikhyate

sipta sipyate

kerchief kerchiefs

lip lips

Dialectal variances: Many communities change the last (t) or (th) to ( h) = (ha) or ( he ) sipyaahe ‫غُكؿَرَ ا \ ذ ُا‬ ‫ؾَطُطؿَر َا \ذ ُا‬ ‫\ ذ ُا‬

‫دَََ ذَ ا‬

‫بَؿسِزَ ذَا \ ذُا‬ Albazi dialect

(complete deletion of the last consnant)

sipyaa yalikhyaa daraa ba’awaa

‫غُكؿَا‬ ‫ؾَطُطؿَا‬ ‫دَََا‬ ‫بَؿسَِا‬

: ُ‫ ٌحول (ا ) اَ الى ( ص ) ا‬.2 3. Change (a) to ( e. This is the general form of plural in the classical Assyrian language and dialects:

‫ٗسٍطؿَا‬ ‫ٗسٍطؿُا‬ ‫صح‬ٚ‫ص‬

‫ِسََِا‬

‫غَؿَُا‬

‫قُاقَا‬

‫ِسٍَِا‬

‫غؿٍُا‬

‫قُاقُا‬

‫ع‬ٛ‫ؿ‬ 89

‫غ‬١‫غ‬

‫دجغ‬



‫ص‬ٚ‫ص‬

‫اع‬ٛ‫اؿ‬

‫ع‬ٛ١‫غ‬

towil‟aa towil‟ae

shoora shoo re

Tayra Tayre

ke:pa ke:pe

worm worms

fence fences

bird birds

stone stones

‫ادجبع‬

: ‫ االصً اٌّفغص‬ٟ‫خ االؿّبء ِغ إؿمبغ ا وزبثخ ف‬٠‫ب‬ٙٔ ٌٝ‫ إضافة (نص ) ا‬.4 ‫جبل‬

mountain

TO:ra

‫غسََِا‬

mountains

To:raane

‫غسََِعُا‬

‫حابط‬

wall

gooda

‫تسِدُا‬

‫حٌطان‬

walls

‫جبال‬

‫بستان‬ ‫بساتٌن‬ ‫رز‬

goodaane

Orchard

karma

orchards

karmaane

rice

rizza

‫ حقول \ انواع رز‬types / fields of rice

rizzaane

‫ثمرة جوز‬

nut

‫اثمار الجوز‬ ‫ػ‬ٛ‫اكجبع اٌج‬

fruit nuts

‫أماكن \ أمكنة‬ ‫سوق \ بازار‬ ‫اسواق‬

market markets

90

‫قَُظَا‬ ‫قَُظَعُا‬ ‫اٍَشَا‬ ‫اَ شَ عُا‬

go:za

‫تسٌ شَ ا‬

go:ze

‫تسٌشٍا‬

go:zaane

‫تسٌشَعُا‬

place

dooka

‫دزِقَا‬

places

dookaane

‫دزِقَعُا‬

( walnut trees)

‫مكان‬

‫تسِدَعُا‬

shooqa shooqaane

‫ِسِنَا‬ ‫ِسِنَعُا‬



‫صدٌق‬

)‫ضَبََُا (ضسٌََا‬

‫اصدقاء‬

friends

friend khooraane

khawra ) ‫ضُبََُعُا (ضسََِعُا‬

‫ال ٌفٌد‬

useless

puchkaana

‫قسِقَكَعَا‬

‫ال ٌفٌدون‬

useless

puchkaane

‫قسِقَكَعُا‬

‫مصٌؾ‬

summer resort

‫مصابؾ‬

resorts

‫شزٌشَع‬

zozan zozaane

‫شزٌشَعُا‬

. )‫خ ٌٍّفغص‬١ٍ‫خ االؿُ ( ِغ اؿمبغ االٌف االص‬٠‫ب‬ٙٔ ٌٝ‫ إظبفخ ( واتص ) زٍَٗا ا‬.5 Classical form, you add ( watha ) at the end: Assyrians dialects, you add ( waate) : ‫وطن\ قطر \ بالد‬

country

‫أوطان \ أقطار \ بلدان‬

atra / athra

countries

‫قرٌة‬

village

‫قرى‬

villages

‫وجه \ صفحة‬ ‫اوجه \ صفحات‬

atrawaate / athrawaatha

‫اََُٗا‬ )‫اََُٗزٍَٗا (َٗا‬ ‫ظََٗا‬

maata / maatha matwaate / ( math waatha )

face

paata / paatha

faces

patwaate / pathwaatha

‫أب‬

father

baaba

‫آباء‬

fathers

baabawaate/ babawaatha

‫ حفرة‬pit / crater ‫ ُح َفر‬pits / craters

cha’ale chala waate / chalawaatha

) ‫ظَٗسٍَٗا ( َٗا‬ ‫قََٗا‬ ) ‫قَٗسٍَٗا ( َٗا‬ ‫بَبَا‬ )‫بَبَسٍَٗا (َٗا‬ ‫قَُؿطُا‬ )‫قََؿطَسٍَٗا (َٗا‬

. ‫ تكرار الصامت االخٌر مع إضافة (ئص ) مع حذؾ االلؾ االصلٌة فً المفرد‬.5 6. Repeat the last consonant and add (e) to the end of the noun: This kind usually is with the noun of one closed syllable, or two syllables as a result of 91ye91ination ( shadda i.e., FataaH ). 91



‫غُكَا‬

‫ٕخ‬١‫ؿىخ \ ؿى‬

blade

ٓ١‫ؿىه \ ؿىبو‬

blades

sik ka ke

‫غُكَكُا‬

grass

gil la

‫تُطَطَا‬

vegetables

gil la le

‫تُطَطُا‬

‫ثمؼخ‬

spot

Tip pa

‫غُكَا‬

‫ثمغ‬

spots

Tip pa pe

‫لطؼخ‬

piece

Pich cha

‫لطغ‬

pieces

pich cha che

‫غ‬١‫جؼء صغ‬

small piece

nich cha

‫غح‬١‫اجؼاء صغ‬

small pieces

‫ق‬١‫دل‬ ‫اد‬ٚ‫سعغا‬

‫رىخ‬ ‫رىبد‬

sik ka

‫غُكَكُا‬ ‫قُكَُا‬ ‫قُكَكُُا‬ ‫عُكَُا‬

nich cha che

‫عُكَُكُُا‬

one of the pair

kat ta

‫قََٗا‬

very little

kat ta te

‫قٍَُٗٗا‬

There are some exceptions such as : ‫أثر‬

trace

shopa

‫ِسٌقَا‬

‫آصبع‬

traces

shopa+ pe

‫ِسٌقَكُا‬

) ‫ ِطًعُا ( ِعًصٍا‬- ‫ِعَرُا طَا‬ Irregular Nouns )‫خ ( كبطح‬١‫بؿ‬١‫غ اٌم‬١‫االؿّبء غ‬ ‫بٌت‬

house/ home

beita

‫بٌؿَٗا‬

‫بٌوت‬

houses/ homes

baate

‫بٍَٗا‬

92

‫ثٕذ‬

girl

braata

‫بٌََُٗا‬

‫ثٕبد‬

girls

bnaate

‫بٌعٍَٗا‬



ٓ‫اث‬

son / boy

broona ‫بٌُزِعَا‬

‫اثٕبء‬

sons / boys

bnoone ‫بٌعسِعُا‬

‫صبدت‬

owner

‫اصذبة‬

maara

‫ظََُا‬

marwaate ‫ظَُزٍَٗا‬

owners

eelanta

‫ايطَعَٗا‬

trees

eelaane

‫ايطَعُا‬

‫شخ‬١‫ثط‬

cantaloupe

bashilta

‫بٌَُّطَٗا‬

‫ز‬١‫ثط‬

cantaloupes

basheele

‫بًَّطُا‬

‫كجغح‬

tree

‫اكجبع‬

kirtopta

‫قُُٗسِقَٗا‬

potatoes kirtope

‫قَُٗسِقُا‬

‫ادضح‬ٚ ‫ثطبغخ‬ ‫ثطبغب‬ ‫ادضح‬ٚ ‫غّبغخ‬ ‫غّبغُ \ غّبغخ‬

potato

tomato

banjanta

tomatoes ‫ض‬٠ ٞ‫بص‬٠‫ا‬

hand hands

‫ك‬٠‫غغ‬

way / road

‫غغق‬

ways/ roads

‫اعض‬ ٟ‫اعاظ‬ The classical ( aatha) is used instead of (te) :

land / earth lands

banjaane

‫بٌعجَعَٗا‬ ‫بَجَاعُا‬

eeda

‫ايدَا‬

eedaate

‫ايدٍَٗا‬

orkha

‫ازَِضَا‬

orkhaate ‫ازَِضٍَٗا‬ ar’aa

‫اََؾَا‬

ar’aate

‫اََؾٍَٗا‬

. ‫ ُِقـ‬..... ‫ تََُزََٗا‬، ‫ ظَٗسََٗا‬، ‫ اََؾََٗا‬، ‫ ازَِضََٗا‬، ‫ايدََٗا‬

93



‫ِعَرُا ظَُقبَُا‬ ‫‪Compound Nous‬‬ ‫االسماء المركبة‬ ‫ظَُف بٌؿَٗا ‪landlord / house owner‬‬ ‫ظََُزََٗا دبٌؿَٗا‬ ‫ظَُزََٗا د بٍَٗا‬ ‫بٌُزعَا د ضعََٗا ‪son-in- law‬‬ ‫بٌعسِعُا دضعََٗا‬ ‫بٌعسِعُا دضعَسؾٍَٗا‬ ‫بَُٗ –ايدَا‬

‫‪glove‬‬

‫بٌَُٗ ‪ -‬ايدٍَٗا‬ ‫بٌؿٖ – قُير ُ ا‬

‫‪hospital‬‬

‫بٍَٗا دقُير ُا‬ ‫قَُضَا – طؿطُا‬

‫)‪bat (animal‬‬

‫قَُضٌ – طؿطُا‬ ‫بٌؿٖ – اََقُا‬

‫‪Library‬‬

‫بٌٍَٗا د اَقُا‬ ‫بٌؿٖ – قَٗبُا‬

‫‪Book store‬‬

‫بٍَٗا دقَٗبَا‬ ‫ضسََ دُنعَا‬

‫‪senator‬‬

‫ضسَ دُنعُا‬ ‫بٌؿٖ – ََؾكَا‬

‫‪bank / Currency exchanger, A.T.M. machine‬‬

‫بٌؿٖ – ََؾكُا‬

‫‪94‬‬



The principal forms are: (a) all plural in (ta) drop the (t) while retaining the vowel libawata = libawaaye = libaahe (b) most diasyllables in (eeta) drop the ( ee) –point f khwasa- in forming the sixth plural and add an euphonic vowel on the first consonant , as breeta = creature , plural (bir-yaate ) But (nweeta) plural ( nwiyaate) (c )Polysyllables may have two choices (1): koseeta = koseeyaata (2) drop (ee) = kosyaata (oxytone). (d) nouns in (95ye ) in forming the first plural , drop the (ee) the point of khwasa raa-yi = plan or advice ‫ََؾٌ = ََؾؿُا‬ but in some dialects is

‫ يسٍَٗا‬، ‫يسََٗا‬

(f) nouns in iyuta ‫ يسَِٗا‬form their plural ‫ يسٍَٗا‬، ‫يسََٗا‬ sing ‫ يسِزَا‬their plural ‫يسََٗا‬ (g) Many non-aramaic nouns ending in a closed syllable with short (zlama) lengthen the vowel in theplural as (rayis) a village headman , plural rayis se or ray yee si ‫ََؾًػُا‬ \ ‫ََيػُا‬ = ‫ََيُؼ‬ In non-Aramaic nouns ending in a closed syllable , the final consonant is often hardened in the plural , as qonakh , a lodging-place on a journey , qonaaqe ‫نسٌعَهُا‬

= ‫نسٌعَظ‬ 95



‫اٌفصً اٌشبِؾ‬ ‫َؾَّا د ضَعَّا‬ ‫ِسِظَرُا‬ ‫الصفات‬ Chapter Five Adjectives ‫ والصفة فً اللؽة االشورٌة ٌرٌطها مع ذلك‬. ‫الصفة قد تكون كلمة او اكثر تصؾ االسم الذي ٌسبقها او ٌلٌها‬ ‫االسم ( فعل ربط ) وهو (الكٌنونة) الذي ٌؽٌب اثناء اداء نفس الجملة فً اللؽة العربٌة وهذه الحالة تتحدد فقط‬ . )2000 ‫بالزمن المضارع فٌما ٌخص اللؽة العربٌة ( خوشابا‬

Adjectives An adjective can be one word or more to modify a noun that comes before or after. Adjectives in the Assyrian language in a sentence are linked with the noun by a copula (linking verb) or (verb to be). The copula (verb to be) in Arabic is absent in the present tense time or aspect. : ‫قارن اللؽات التالٌة‬ English ‫االنكلٌزٌة‬ The rabid dog

Kurdish ‫الكوردٌة‬ Assyrian ‫االشورٌة‬ Arabic ‫العربٌة‬ ‫الكلب المسعور‬ ‫قَطبٌَا َٔ َ زِ ضَا‬ ‫سة يص هار‬ Kalba sarookha Al kalb il mas‟aoor Say ye haar ٌ ‫كلب مسعور‬ This is a rabid ٌ ‫هذا‬ ‫اَزَا َٔ َ زِ ضَا قَطبٌَا ؾطُر ئة ثة سة ية كي هار ة‬ dog. Haatha Kalb(un) Ava say-yaki haar a Awa sarokha kalba mas‟aoor(un) y le ‫هذا الكلب مسعو ٌر‬ This dog is rabid. ‫ازَا قَطبٌَا َٔ َ زِ ضَا ؾطُر‬ ‫ئة ث سة يــها رة‬ Aw wa kalba Haatha Al kalb(u) Av sa y haar a mas‟aoor(un) sarookha y le

I can say: : ‫من المقارنة ٌمكننً القول‬ 1. Assyrian language has no definite article at all. (Demonstratives usually are the substitute for the definite semantics. Kurdish has gender markers that clearly substitute the definite concepts whether in a phrase or a sentence ( Bahdini/ Kurmaji) and also demonstratives as in (Surani). ً‫ أما ف‬. ‫ وبدابلها عادة هً اسماء االشارة‬. ‫بان اللؽة االشورٌة ال تملك ادوات المعرفة كالتً فً اللؽة العربٌة‬ ) ‫اللؽة الكوردٌة فعالمات المذكر والمإنث مع الترخٌم تعتبر بدابل ألدوات المعرفة ( لهجة بهدٌنان والكرمانج‬ . ) ‫وتساعد على ذلك اسماء االشارة اٌضا ً ( لهجة سوران‬

96



2. Nouns in Assyrian language are linked with the adjectives or other nouns by (linking verbs) known as (copula). Kurdish language agrees with the Modern Assyrian in this copula and it is conditioned at the end of the adjective or adjectival. .‫ا السماء فً اللؽة االشورٌة الحدٌثة انما تربط بالصفات او االسماء بافعال ربط او ما ٌعرؾ بفعل الكٌنونة‬ ‫تتفق اللؽة الكوردٌة مع االشورٌة فً ان فعل الكٌنونة ٌؤتً رابطا ً ومشروط على ان ٌؤتً فً نهاٌة الصفة او‬ .‫الكلمة االخٌرة فً العبارة الوصفٌة‬

3. Assyrian also has an ability to derive another adjective as (past participle) and when used for human being or even animals, the meaning will change a bit with a certain nuance. ) ‫واللؽة االشورٌة الحدٌثة لها القدرة على اشتقاق صفات من (اسم المفعول) لنفس الصفة من ( اسم الفاعل‬ . ‫ولكن بمعنى مختلؾ قد ال ٌدرك إالَ بالمقارنة الدقٌقة فً االستعمال الٌومً الدارج فً الكالم‬ Gerund (-ing ) form = sarookha Past participle form = sreekha

‫َٔ َ ز َضَا‬ ‫ٔ َ يطَا‬

= aggressive by nature ‫(عدابً ) بطبعه‬ = becomes/ gets aggressiveness ) ‫ك آسغ‬٠‫ ػٓ غغ‬ٚ‫ئزٗ ا‬١‫خ ِٓ ث‬١‫( اوزـت اٌصفخ اٌؼضائ‬

ْ‫لبع‬ Compare: 1. Kalba sarookha y le. ( the dog is born like that by nature) 2. Kalba sreekha y le ( the circumstances make “him” get this habit) 3. Kalba musirkhay le. (The owner has involved in making “him” behave this way) (gerund)

‫ قَطبَا ََٔزِضَا ؾطُر‬.1

(past participle)

‫ قَطبٌَا َٔيطَا ؾطُر‬.2

(past participle of the (meemated =be+ past participle) verb)

‫ قَطبٌَا ظسَُِٔضَا ؾطُر‬.3

Extra Examples: We need to distinguish between these two or three forms of adjectives. 1. Roya ( as a result of drinking) 2. rawaaya ( state as adjective) 3. Mirwiya ( by somebody or something) )‫( قد سكر‬ )‫ع‬ّٛ‫( دبٌزٗ ِش‬ ) ‫( أُؿ ِى َغ‬ 97

‫( سكٌر‬p.p.)

) ‫ َ زٌ ؾَا ( ؾطُر‬.1

ْ‫ ( ؿىغا‬gerund)

) ‫ ََ زَ ؾَا ( ؾطُر‬.2

(be + p.p.) ) ‫ ظسَِزٌؾَا ( ؾطُر‬.3



4. The placement of the copula in any sentence indicates some different meanings because of the emphasis that the sentence order carries: 1. shiktanta bakhta y la ( you may think she is floozy) 2. bakhta shiktanta y la ( normal order = has hygienic problems) 3. bakhta iy la shikhtanta ( generic statement) ) ً ‫ب‬١‫ؿشخ ( اسالل‬ٚ ‫ إِغأح‬. ‫ ُِطَٗعَٗا بٌَكََٗا ؾطَر‬.1 )‫ؿشخ ( ِٓ ػضَ اال٘زّبَ ثبٌٕظبفخ‬ٚ ‫إِغأح‬

‫ بٌَكََٗا ُِطَٗعَٗا ؾطر‬.2

‫ؿشخ‬ٚ ‫اٌّغأح‬

‫ بٌَكََٗا يطَر ُِطَٗعَٗا‬.3

.... ‫ ٌُ أفٍخ‬ٟٕ‫ٌى‬ٚ ً٠‫ٌذ اْ اجض ِضبي ثض‬ٚ‫ دب‬ٟٕٔ‫ اػزظع أل‬. ‫ إٌـبء‬ٌٝ‫ ال الصض ِٓ ٘ظا االِضٍخ اإلؿبءح ا‬: ‫( ِالدظخ‬ . ) ‫ االػزظاع‬ٜ‫ِغح أسغ‬ (Note: I do not want to describe women and put them down by using these sentences. I tried my best to find better examples but I failed. I, therefore, apologize). : ‫مواقع ( افعال الربط الكٌنونة) تتؽٌر لتؽٌر المعنى وفق التؤكٌد المراد اٌصاله كؤجوبة ألسبلة مختلفة‬ 5. The position of the (copula) changes according to the meaning that it conveys, as an answer to various questions. 1. tara dweera yle le masin (d) aw rin. 2. tara iy le dweera, chatoon yla li awart (L) e . 3. dweeray le tara, le maasin (d) awrin. 4. le masin dawrin minqam (muTul) tara dweera yle . 5. Tara la. Dweera yle . . ‫ طُا ظَُٕع ( د ) ؾَبٍَُع‬، ‫ َُٗؾَا دزيَُا ؾطُر‬.1 emphasis on copula . ‫ قَُٗسِع ؾطَر (د ) ؾَبٍَُٗ طُر‬، ‫ َُٗؾَا يطُر دزيَُا‬.2 . ‫ طُا ظَُٕع (د) ؾَبٍَُع‬، ‫ دزيَُا ؾطُر َُٗؾَا‬.3 . ‫ طُا ظَُٕع دؾَبٍُُع ظُعهَغ ( ظُػط ) َُٗؾَا دزيَُا ؾطُر‬.4 . ‫ دزيَُا ؾطُر‬. ‫ َُٗؾَا طَا‬.5 : ‫ وغص ٌـؤاي ِشزٍف‬ٟ‫ ػجبعح رأر‬ٚ‫وً جٍّخ ا‬ ) ‫خ‬٠‫(جٍّخ سجغ‬ .‫ي‬ٛ‫غ اٌضس‬١‫ال اؿزط‬ٚ ‫ اٌجبة ِغٍك‬.1 )‫ دبٌخ ( إٔغالق اٌجبة‬ٍٝ‫ض ػ‬١‫اٌزأو‬ . ِٕٗ ‫ي‬ٛ‫ِٓ اٌصؼت اٌضس‬ٚ ‫ إْ اٌجبة ِغٍك‬.2 ‫ي ِٓ اٌجبة ؟‬ٛ‫غ اٌضس‬١‫ ً٘ رـزط‬.ٌٗ‫ي ِٓ سال‬ٛ‫غ اٌضس‬١‫ال اؿزط‬ٚ ‫ اٌجبة ِغٍك‬.3 ‫ي ؟‬ٛ‫غ اٌضس‬١‫ٌّبطا ال رـزط‬ . ‫ي الْ اٌجبة ِغٍك‬ٛ‫غ اٌضس‬١‫ ال اؿزط‬.4 ‫ح ؟‬ٛ‫ً٘ اٌجبة ِفز‬ .‫ إٔٗ ِغٍك‬.... ‫ ال‬.... ‫ اٌجبة‬.5 6. Adjectives can be phrases as modifiers ( relative clause or phrase): 98



1. Beita deele binya al romta d bee khali le House + been + built + on + hill + of + uncle + is The House( which is ) built on a hill is of my uncle . ً‫ البٌت المبنً على التل هو بٌت خال‬.1 2. Beita qad banit le bayelookh zooza House + to + build + it + you + need + to + have + money. To build a house will cost you money. .‫ بناء البٌت سٌكلفك الكثٌر‬.2 ) ‫( البٌت لمن ما ٌنبنً ٌحتاجلك فلوس هواٌة‬ Note: see how Iraqi dialect copies the Assyrian language in sentence structure and the way people think how to express it. 3. Beita binya min marmar akran yle . house + built + of + marble + expensive + is The house built of marble is expensive. . )ً‫ البٌت الذي ٌبنى من المرمر مكلؾ ( ؼال‬.3 ) ً‫( البٌت المبنً من المرمر ؼال‬ 7. Assyrian has an order ( V. S. O.) / (S.V.O.) In any case, if object precedes the transitive verb, the verb needs to have “presumptive” pronoun to refer to the object which precedes the verb. 1. heimizman greeshaala l gaanoh Speech+ drew- it + she +to + herself O+V+S She takes it personal. .‫ ذ ؾعُص ظَع تُيَّا طَر طتَعسِذ‬.1 " ‫" الكالم سحبته على نفسها‬ ( aa ) in “greeshaala” is a “presumptive” pronoun which refers to ( heimizman) O+V+S .‫ إعتبرت الكالم ٌعنٌها‬.1 )‫جرت الكالم على نفسها‬ ّ ( If the sentence structure is ( V + S+ O ) Greshla heimizman lagaanoh Drew + she + speech + to + herself ‫تٍُ ِطَر ذُ ظُص ظَع طتَعسِذ‬ 99



Try to find out the differences from the forms (gerund), (past participle), and ( meemated) adjectives. ‫حاول معرفة االختالؾ فً المعنً من الصفات المشتقة كـ ( اسم فاعل) و ( اسم مفعول ) و ( الصفة المٌمٌة من‬ : ) ‫اسم مفعول‬ : ‫مثال‬ ‫ارتداء \ لبس‬

‫طبَََّٗا‬

lawosha

)‫ٍُ َجؾ‬٠ ( ‫ٍٕجؾ‬٠

‫طَبَسٌَِا‬

wearable / willing to wear

lweesha clothes moliusha

) ‫ملبوس ( مستعمل‬

‫طبًََّا‬

worn / second hand

)‫أٌلبس ( به من قبل آخرٌن‬

‫ظسِطبََُّا‬

have / has been dressed

1.lwashta n.

wearing

. ‫ايعَا ظَبٌؿسِعُا يطَر اَعٖ طُا ؾسٍٗ طَبَسَِِا‬.... ‫ اَؾَا ٔزِدََا ( ِسِنَٗا) َِكًَُٗا ؾطَر‬.1 . ‫ اَعـ ٔزِطُا ظَبٌؿسِعُا طبًَُّا ؾعَا‬.1 . ‫ قُّطَـ ظسِطَبَُّا جسِزطُا دتؿػَا ز قُّطرزِع ظريِدٍَا طُكطََّا ذُضٍ دطَا بٌَهََُٗا‬.2 1. Aya sodra shapirta yla ….eena mabyooni eela aat leiwit lawoosha. 2. anei soli mabyooni lweeshi yna . 3. pishlay molwish e joule d geisa wpishloon mshodre liplaasha hich d la baqarta. 1. This is a beautiful shirt ….but it seems you are not the one who wears good clothes. (Purchaser) 2. These shoes look like are used (worn). 2. They were obliged to wear the soldiers’ uniform and then were sent to fight without any question (without their consent). . ‫بشار‬ )‫ ولكنك لست (لباس‬.... ‫ هذا قمٌص جمٌل‬.1 ٍ .‫ تبدو هذه االحذٌة مستخدمة‬.1 .‫ لقد اجبروا على ارتداء البدلة العسكرٌة وأُرسلوا الى القتال بدون اي استفسار‬.2

Practice: 2. nkhapta n. a: nakhoopa

‫عكََكَٗا‬

‫استحٌاء \ خجل‬

‫عَكَسِقَا‬

‫خجول‬ 100

shame/ shyness shy

‫تطبٌقات‬



b: nkheepa

‫خجالن \ محرج‬

‫عكًَكَا‬

embarrassed

c: munikhpa embarrassed

‫تم احراجه‬

‫ظسِعكًَكَا‬

has /have been

3. gimrootha n.

‫حموضة \ مرارة‬

a: gamoora

‫تُعُزَِٗا‬

‫حامض \ مر‬

‫تَعسََِا‬

sour / bitter experienced

b: gmeera

‫مجرب‬ ّ

‫تعًَُا‬

c: mogumra (expert)

‫خبٌر‬

‫ظسِتُعَُا‬

a: sha’ootha

‫شاحب‬

b: sh’aeetha

‫قد شحب‬

c: moshi’atha

‫لقد تم شحبه‬

paleness

) ‫َِؿسَِٗا ( ِازَِٗا‬ ‫ِؿًَٗا‬ ‫ظسِِؿًَٗا‬

pale

got pale has/ have been made pale

‫بُُشزَِٗا‬

‫جبؽ‬٠ \ ‫جفاؾ‬

5. birzootha n.

has] have been trained

‫ِؿسِٗؿَا‬

‫شحوب‬

4. sh’aoothyia n.

bitterness/ sourness

a: barooza

‫ٌابس \ جاؾ‬

‫بٌَُزِشَا‬

dry

b: breeza

‫تٌبس \ تجفؾ‬

‫بٌُيصَا‬

dried

‫ظسِبٌُُشَا‬

‫قد تم تجفٌفه‬

c: mobirza

6.sirpootha ( saroopotha)

hotness ( such as peppers) ‫ََٔزِقسَِٗا‬

a: saroopa

‫حاد‬

‫ََٔزِقَا‬

b: sreepa

‫اصبح حاد‬

‫َٔيكَا‬

ً‫َجعِل حادا‬

6.n’aaasa n

‫ٌعض \ ٌلسع \ ٌلدغ‬

‫عؿَػَا‬

a: nawoosa

‫ الدغ‬، ‫السع‬

‫عَؿسِغَا‬ ‫عؿًػَا‬

‫ ملسوع‬، ‫ملدوغ‬

c: moneesa )‫قد تم لدؼه (سببه شخص ما‬

‫ظسِعُؿػَا‬ 101

‫حالة كون الشا حاد‬ hot

became hot (spent)

‫ظسَُُِٔقَا‬

c: mosirpa spent)

b: neesa

made dry

made hot (has been

biting, sting stingy stung\ bitten somebody made him be stung



‫ؿٍْك‬ َ

‫ِطَهَٗا‬

boiling

a: shalooqa

‫ٌنسلق‬

‫َِطسِنَا‬

boil(able)

b: shleeqa

‫مسلوق‬

‫ِطًهَا‬

boiled

c: moshilqa

‫تم سلقها‬

‫ظسُِِطهَا‬

had been boiled

8.shlaaqata n.

8.cho’aaootha n. a: chowa b: chiya c: mochiya

" ‫" ملوسة‬

‫قُؿسَِٗا‬

‫أملس‬

‫قُسِؾَا‬

َ ‫اصبح املسا‬

‫قًُؿَا‬

‫شخص قام بذلك‬

‫ظسِقًُؿَا‬

smoothness smooth became smooth has been made smooth

‫ؼضب‬

‫قَُبٌَا‬

anger

a: karooba

‫سرٌع الؽضب‬

‫قَُزِبٌَا‬

has temper

b: kreepa

‫ؼاضب‬

‫قَُيبٌَا‬

got angry

10.karba / krapta n.

c: mukribba

‫شخص اؼضبه‬

‫ظسِقُُبٌَا‬

made angry

ً‫طبخ \ طه‬

‫بََّطَٗا‬

cooking

a: bashoola

‫ٌنطبخ بسرعة‬

‫بَريِطَا‬

easy (fast) to cook

b: bsheela

‫مطبوخ‬

‫بًٌّطَا‬

cooked

‫ظسِبُّطَا‬

has been cooked

11.bashalta n.

c: mobishla

‫تم طبخه‬

12.jraTa n.

‫تزحلق‬

‫قُُ غَٗا‬

a: jarooTa

‫زلق‬

‫قَُُزِ غَا‬

slippery

b: jreeTa

‫تزلق‬

slipped

c: mujirTa

‫أُستدرج‬

‫قُُ يػَا‬

13. qraT-Taa n.

‫عض‬

‫ظسِ قُُُ غَا‬

sliding

has been dragged to

‫نَُغَٗا‬

102

biting ( such as a dog bite)



a: QaroTa

‫نَُزٌغَا‬

‫نذٌر شإم \ ؼضروؾ‬

b: QreeTa omens c: MoqreeTa

‫تم عضه \ من جلب الشإم‬

14.khrapta n.

‫ظَطَُقَٗا ٌُبري‬

a: kharoopa

‫حاد‬

b: Khreepa c: Mukhirpa

15. kopota n.

bad omen / cartilage

‫نُ يػَا‬

bitten / brought bad

‫ظس َنُ يػَا‬

)‫تم قطعه \ تفصٌله (قماش‬

\ ‫ٌح ّد \ ٌشحذ‬

honing/ sharpening

‫ضَُزِقَا‬

sharp

‫ضُيكَا‬

sharpened

ً ‫اصجخ دبصا‬

‫ظسِضُُقَا‬

‫تم شحذه من قبل شخص‬

‫قٌسِقسَِٗا‬

‫وضاعة \ إهانة‬

been cut/ been tailored

has been sharpened

humiliation, humbleness

‫قٌسِقَا‬

humble/ humiliation

b: keepa

‫واطا \ وضٌع \ مهٌن‬ ً ‫أصبح واطبا ً \ وضٌعا‬

‫قًكَا‬

become low / humble

c: mukeepa

ً ‫َج ِعل َ واطبا ً \ وضٌعا‬

‫ ظسِقًكَا‬somebody made that low ( bent head )

16.zdoota

‫خوؾ‬

a: kopa

a: zadoo’aa b: zdee’aa c: muzdee’aa

‫شدزِؾَٗا‬

‫خابؾ‬ ‫ٌساوره الخوؾ‬ )‫أٌخٌؾ ( من قبل شخص‬

fear

‫شَدزِؾَا‬

afraid ( by nature)

‫شديؿَا‬

haunted by fear

‫ظسِشديؿَا‬

has been frightened

Comparative and Superlatives ‫درجات المقارنة والتفضٌل‬ :‫الصفة‬ ‫ِسِظَرَا‬ adjective ‫ قًََُّا‬، ‫ ظَكًكََا‬، ‫ غُكَُعَا‬، ‫ ِطًعَا‬، ‫ظَُدَا‬ kasheera , makeekha, sikraana, shakheena, marda hard worker, meek, indecent, hot/warm/, generous ‫ مجتهد‬، ‫ حلٌم‬، ‫بذٌا‬ ،‫ حار \ ساخن‬، ً‫سخ‬

103



Comparative ‫مقارنة بٌن شٌبٌن‬

more

/ ……er

ِٓ‫ بٌس‬.1

. ‫ؾسغُل بٌسِٓ ظَُدَا ؾطُر ظُع اَضسِعسذ عََٗع‬ Yosip bush marda yle min akhonu Natan. Joseph is more generous than his brother Nathan. .‫جوزٌؾ اكرم من اخٌه ناثان‬ Superlative ‫تفضٌل واحد على كل االخرٌن‬

the most

/

‫ ظُع قط ؾرف‬.......... ِٓ‫ ََبٌَا ( َزٌبَا ) بٌس‬.2

..est

‫ؾسغُل ََبَا بسِٓ ظَُدَا ؾطُر ظُع قطؿرف‬ yosip raaba bush marda yle min kule . Joseph is the most generous one. ‫ف اوضغُ٘ ؿشب ًء‬٠‫ػ‬ٛ‫ج‬ ‫ِسِظَرُا اَعَهَؿُا‬ ‫صفات ضرورٌة‬ Necessary Adjectives ٓ١ّ‫ ص‬، ‫غبي‬

agran

expensive, precious

‫اَتَُع‬

aktaaya rancorous, due to hatred

‫اَقَٗؿَا‬

‫ مقدس‬، ‫سري‬

raazaaya

‫اََشَؾَا‬

‫ زهٌد‬، ‫رخٌص‬

arzan

cheap

‫ متعجب‬، ‫ منذهل‬، ‫مندهش‬

bheela

amazed, astonished, surprised

‫ ناتج عن حقد وكراهٌة‬، ‫حاقد‬

‫ مبهج‬، ‫منور‬ َ ‫عاطل‬ ‫ مقبول‬، ‫محبب‬ ‫ بخٌل‬، ‫ٌابس‬

secret, mysterious

bahraana baTeela biya breeza

bright , illuminated, clear

‫اََشَع‬ ‫بٌريطَا‬ ‫بَرََعَا‬

unemployed, have no work, idle ‫بَػًطَا‬ loved , liked , appealing dry, miser

‫بُؿؿَا‬ ‫بٌُيصَا‬ ‫بًٌّطَا‬

) ‫مطبوخ ( مستوي‬

bsheela

‫عطشان‬

sihya

thirsty

‫ُٔذؾَا‬

‫جٌد‬

spaye

well

ٌَ‫ٔق‬

‫ معلن‬، ‫مكشوؾ‬

gilya

‫ ذو خبرة‬، ‫محنك‬

gmeera 104

cooked

revealed, overt , open, outright experienced

‫تُطؿَا‬ ‫تعًَُا‬



ganaawa

thief

‫تَعَبََا‬

‫ شباب‬، ‫ٌانع‬

jwanqa

young

‫جبََعهَا‬

‫تعبان ومنهك‬

jihya w nihya

‫لص‬

‫ ناشا‬، ً‫ فت‬، ‫شباب‬

jihil

‫كاذب‬

young

‫جًرُط‬

liar

‫دَتَطَا‬

dagaala

‫ مستقٌم‬، ‫ صابب‬، ‫على حق‬

dooz

‫مؽلق‬

‫دزيَُا‬

closed

hamizmaana

talkative

‫ هزٌل‬، ‫ضعٌؾ‬

zaboon

weak

‫ منحرؾ‬، ً‫مثل‬

zdoomaya

homosexual

‫ ٌإتمن به‬، ‫صدوق‬

zidya

‫عادل‬

‫شدزٌظَؿَا‬ ‫شَدزِنَؿَا‬ ‫شدُؾَا \ شديؿَا‬ ‫شَديهَا‬

fair, just, righteous

zihya

‫ احتٌاطً \ لالحتٌاط‬zahaaya

bright, full of delight,wonderful

spare, something as back up, reservist

‫شٍذؾَا‬ ‫شَذَؾَا‬

zolheeza broken down, instable, chaotic ‫شزِطريصَا‬

‫ فٌه فلتان‬، ‫ فوضى‬، ‫متدهور‬ ‫خفٌؾ‬

zaleela

‫ مسرور‬، ‫ فرحان‬، ‫سعٌد‬ ‫ بدون حذاء‬، ‫حاؾ‬

‫ضُدؾَا \ قَٕزِضَا‬ ‫ضسقؿَؿَا‬

shoeless , bare foot

khizya bgaano

‫مذنب‬

happy

have self esteem, be his own ‫ضُدؾَا بٌتَعسِذ‬

khopyaaya

‫ شاٌؾ نفسه‬، ‫متبختر‬

‫شَطًطَا‬

light, not heavy , slight

khidya / pseekha

‫ االعتزاز بالنفس‬khidya bgano

self conceited

‫ضُصؾَا بَتَعسِذ‬ ‫ضَؿَبََا‬

khayaawa guilty

‫قوي‬

khaylaana

‫ مستعد‬، ً‫منته‬

khleesa

‫ مذنب‬، ‫مخطا‬

khleeTa

strong tight, tied , ready, finished wrong

leavened , fermented , pasteurized

ً‫ منحن‬، ‫مختبؤ‬ ‫ مدبب‬، ‫ حاد‬، ‫حار‬ ‫مختوم‬

‫شَبَسِع‬

afraid

zadeeqa

ٍ‫ زاه‬، ‫باهر‬

‫ فٌه عطل‬khreewa

‫ذَظُصظَعَا‬

zadooqaaya trustworthy, be trusted

‫خابؾ‬

‫متخمر‬

‫دزِش‬

correct, straight, right

dweera

‫ مهذار‬، ‫كثٌر الكالم‬

‫جَرؾَا ز عُرؾَا‬

tired, exhausted

khipya kharoopa

hidden m croaching pointed, sharp, hot

‫ضؿطَعَا‬ ‫ضطًَٕا‬ ‫ضطًػَا‬ ‫ضعًَُا‬ ‫ضُكؿَا‬ ‫ضَُزِقَا‬

out of order, does not work, faulty, damaged ‫ضُيبََا‬ khteema

‫ضًٗعَا‬

sealed

‫ معتم‬، ‫مظلم‬

khishkaana

dark

‫ضُّكَعَا‬

‫ ال بؤس‬،‫جٌد‬

Tawta

Okay

‫غَبََا‬

‫ ظلم‬، ‫مظلومٌة‬

Tlomya

injustice, inequity

yareekha

long

‫ مدٌد‬، ‫طوٌل‬

105

‫غَطسِظَا‬ ‫ؾَُيكَا‬



ً‫ ناص‬، ‫واطا‬ ‫ نزٌه‬، ‫صادق‬ ‫تعبان‬

keina

just , honest

kcheekha

tired

‫ منحسر‬، ‫ واقؾ‬، ‫ راكد‬kilya ‫ كبٌب‬، ‫حزٌن‬ ‫ ؼٌر معلن‬، ‫مؽ ّطى‬ ً‫منهك \ تعبان جدا‬ ‫جوعان‬

‫قسِقَا \ ضُٗؿَا‬

kopa / khitya low, humble

kisya

sad, depressed

‫قُػؿَا‬ ‫قػًطَا‬

tired , exhausted

kpeena

‫قُطؿَا‬

‫قعًَُا \ قسٌغًدَا‬

concealed, covered, covert

kseekha

‫قصٌر‬

‫قكًَطَا‬

stagnant, stopped, slow, standing

kmeera

‫حاد المزاج‬

‫قؿعَا‬

‫قكًعَا‬

hungry

karooba

tempered, easily agitaed ‫قَُزِبَا‬

kirya

short

kreeba

angry

‫ؼضبان \ زهكان‬

‫قُُيَا‬ ‫قُيبَا‬

‫ مجتهد‬، ‫ حرٌص‬kasheera deligent, hard worker, dedicated ‫قًََُّا‬ ‫ ردٌا‬، ‫ؼٌر جٌد‬

la spaye

‫ال بؤس‬ ‫ؼٌر محرج‬

lela khirba

not bad

la mankheepana

‫ ال ٌدرك‬، ‫ال ٌرى‬

ٌَ‫طَا ٔق‬

not good not embarrassing

la mitkhazyaana

invisible

‫طُا ؾطَر ضُُبَا‬ ‫طَا ظَعكًَكَعَا‬ ‫طَا ظُٗطَصؾَعَا‬ ‫طُبعَا‬

‫ شجاع‬، ‫ جسور‬، ‫جرٌا‬

libbaana

‫ متلكؤ‬، ‫متؤخر‬

laabaara

behind, procrastinated

‫طَبََُا‬

‫ مواكب‬، ‫ متطور‬، ‫متقدم‬

laqaama

progressed, forwarded

‫طَهَعَا‬

ً‫ مبك‬، ‫ٌجلب العطؾ‬

courageous , bold

mabikhyaana

‫ نخبة‬، ‫مختار‬

mgobya

causes pity

selected , elite

‫مإمن‬

mhomna

‫مثقؾ‬

mordinna

‫مخٌؾ‬

mazidaana

faithful, believer educated

‫ظَبكَؿَعَا‬ ‫ظرتِبٌؿَا‬ ‫ظرزِظعَا‬ ‫ظسَِدُعَا‬

cuases fear , fearful ‫ظَصٍدؾَعَا‬

makhimlaana entertainer ‫ظَطعُططَعَا \ ظػؿبٌَُعَا‬

ً‫ مله‬، ً‫مسل‬

‫ كثٌر الشكوى‬، ‫ كاتم اآلسرار‬mTamiTmaana keeps secrets, complains a lot ‫ظػَعػُعَعَا‬ ‫ملٌا‬ ‫متكلم‬

milya

mal laa la

‫مسرع‬

obnoxious, bothering ‫ظَػُهدَعَا‬

breaking news, urgent, immediate ‫ظػٍَُذبََا‬

‫ عجٌب‬، ‫ ٌجلب الدهشة‬majibaana wonderous, marvelous ‫سخً \ كرٌم‬

‫ظَطًصَعَا‬

put others down, rebukes others ‫ظَػطُؿَعَا‬

masiqdaana

‫ عاجل \ طارئ‬msarihwa

‫ظُطؿَا‬

eloquent, a good speaker ‫ظَطَطَا‬

maleezaana in hurry

‫ متهكم‬، ‫ منتقد‬masilyaana ‫ مزعج‬، ‫مضجر‬

full

marda generous 106

‫ظَؿجبَعَا‬ ‫ظَُدَا‬



ً‫ وقح \ ما ٌستح‬mar-ra-kha/ le: naakhip unshameful, impudent ‫ظََُضَا\ طُا عَطُل‬ ‫ ؼٌور‬، ‫ذو ؼٌرة‬ ‫مشؽول‬

mar qerat

mar shoola ‫مرٌض‬

‫ متؤخر‬، ‫ بطٌا‬، ‫متلكؤ‬

ًَُٗ‫ظَُف ن‬

conscientious

‫ظَُف ِسِطَا‬

busy

mreea

‫ظُيؿَا \ ؾُذَا‬

ill/ sick, got hurt

mtokhiraana

‫ ٌُدرك‬، ‫ٌرى‬

mithzhazyaana

‫ متمكن‬، ‫قادر‬

mitmasyaana

‫ظٗسٍقََُعَا‬

lags behind, slow

‫ظُٗطَصؾَعَا‬

visible

‫ظُٗعَٕؾَعَا‬

able, capable

‫مستلق على ظهره‬

mshortekha

reclined

‫ دسم‬، ‫دهٌن‬

mishkhaana

fatty, greasy

‫ظريٍَغًطَا‬ ‫ظُّطَعَا \ دزِذعَعَا‬

weak, feeble , frail ‫عطًطَا \ شَبٌسِع \ شَؾًل‬

‫ سهل الكسر‬، ‫ ضعٌؾ‬، ‫ واهن‬nkheela

conservative, kept himself clean ‫عػًَُا‬

‫ نذر نفسه‬، ‫ محافظ‬nTeera

‫عَػَُعَا ط‬

‫ ملتزم‬naTraana guard, observer, appliant to ‫منافق‬

nasbay bappe

‫مرتاح‬

neekha

) ‫ رأس‬، ‫ ساقط (من شجرة‬، ‫منتشر‬ ‫شبعان‬

saawa

sweeya

‫عًَُٗا‬

scattered, spread

‫غَبََا‬

old, senior

‫غبًَؿَا‬

full, not hungry

radical, extremist, fundamentalist ‫غَسقَعَا‬

‫ متعصب \ متطرؾ‬sopaana ‫ أحمق‬، ً‫ؼب‬

idiot, stupid

‫غكَطَا‬

salaamat healthy, safe

َٖ‫غَطَع‬

sakala

‫سلٌم \ معافى‬ ‫ ؼٌر مرؼوب فٌه‬sinya ‫محتاج‬

‫عًطَا‬

comfortable

ntheera

‫ كاهل‬، ‫عجوز‬

‫عَػبـ باَقُا‬

hypocrate

be hated , unliked, persona ne grata

‫غُعؿَا‬

sneeqa

needy , does not have

‫غعًهَا‬

‫فارغ‬

speeqa

‫غكًهَا‬

empty, hollow

‫ اصٌب بالملل‬، ‫منزعج‬

sqeeda

unhappy, upset, bothered ‫غهًدَا‬

‫ جمٌل‬، ‫مصقول‬

sqeela

beautiful, well decorated ‫غهًطَا‬

‫ؾ‬ ٍ ‫ نا‬، ‫ ناكر‬sarwaana

showing denial, a person who denies ‫غََُبََا \ غَُبَعَا‬

‫ صارم‬، ‫شدٌد‬ ‫ ال شٌا فٌه‬، ‫فارغ‬ ‫سٌبة‬

‫غُُد‬

sird

firm , tough

sreeqa

empty, vaccumed, hollow ‫غُيهَا‬

sreeta

)‫غُيَٗا (غُيَّا‬

bad

‫ نازح‬awaara

displaced, emigrant

‫ؾَبََُا \ اَبََُا‬

ً‫ دٌن‬، ً‫ كنس‬eetanayya church related, religious ‫ سوي‬، ً‫ طبٌع‬، ‫ عادي‬eeyadaya ‫ مبهم \ ؼامض | معتم‬amooTa ‫عرٌض‬ 107

‫ؾُدَٗعَؿَا‬

usual, normal, ordinary

‫ؾؿَدَؾَا‬

vague, opague, blackened

‫ؾَعسِغَا‬

Ptokha

wide

‫قػسِضَا‬



‫ ؼٌر مستقٌم‬، ‫اعوج‬

pcheela

prokaana

‫ محلول‬، ‫ذابب‬

psheera melted, dissolved

qilya

qneeza

qeeda

‫حابز \ كاسب \ رابح‬

ridya

‫ مستعد‬، ‫جاهز‬ raama

ripya

‫ تابه‬، ‫مفقود‬ ‫ متواضع‬، ‫ودٌع‬

‫مخبول \ مخبل‬

‫ٗسيَُا‬

taleela

wet , rainy

‫َٗطًطَا‬

tleeqa

lost , aimless

‫ٗطًهَا‬

humble

‫َٗعًعَا \ ُٗعًعَا‬ ‫َٗعبَط‬ ‫ٗكًؿعَا‬

got rotten, fermented

‫ِتًََّا‬

worried , confused

shooharaana sholkaaya

‫ ترقٌع‬، ً‫ ؼٌر منهج‬، ‫ أخرق‬shoriglla

‫جمٌل‬

tweera broken

tameema

ahgheesha

‫ِسِذَََعَا‬

snobbish

‫ِسِططَؿَا‬

nude, indecent

roasted , barbequed, grilled

‫ إستسالمً \ خنوع‬shorgilla

‫مسلوق‬

‫ٗسيعَا‬

tanbal lazy

‫ مشوي‬shooya/ Tooya

‫ وسٌم‬، ‫أنٌق‬

‫ٍَقؿَا‬

numb

‫ رطب‬، ‫مبلل‬

‫عار‬

high , above , upper ‫ََؾعَا \ ؾطسٌؾَا‬

get lost, aimless, absent minded ‫ٗسيرَا‬

‫ تخ ّدر‬، ‫ تن ّمل‬tweena ) ‫مكسور ( القلب \ الخاطر‬

‫متكبر‬

‫َشيتَا‬

ready, alert

loose, soft, untie

tpeena

‫ٍَدؾَا‬ )‫َذيبََا (ؾَا‬

terrorizing

rzeega

‫ بدون هدؾ‬، ‫ تابه \ شارد الذهن‬tweeha

‫ قلق‬، ‫مرتبك‬

‫نُيطَا‬

thick, dense, strong, severe ‫نُّؿَا‬

rheewa

‫عال‬

‫نَُظَعَا \ نَعَؿَا‬

winner

satisfied, persuaded, contend

‫ قد اكله الخوؾ‬، ‫مرهب‬

‫ رخو‬، ‫راخ‬

‫نًدَا‬

faded

‫ كثٌؾ‬، ‫ قاس‬qishya

‫ متهدل‬، ‫تعبان‬

shrinked, introvert(ed) ‫نعًصَا‬

burned, over cooked

qreekha

‫ مقتنع‬، ‫راض‬

‫نُعػَا‬

dangerous

qarmaana / qanaaya ‫باهت‬

‫قًَُّا‬ ‫نُطؿَا‬

qinTa

‫ منطوي‬، ‫قنوط‬ ‫محروق‬

coward

fried

‫ خطٌر‬، ‫خطر‬

‫ متخمر‬، ‫متعفن‬

‫قُزِقَعَا‬

‫ جفالن‬، ‫جبان‬ ً‫مقل‬

‫كسالن‬

‫قكًُطَا‬

crooked, not staright

‫ِسؾؿَا \ غسؾؿَا‬

submissive, capitulation(ist) (al)

‫ِسَِتُطَا‬

pitchy patchy, sloppy , not systematic ‫ِسٍَِتطَا‬

shorshiya

tired , hanging

shazaada

gorgeous, elegant, handsome

‫ِسَُِِؿَا‬ ‫َِصَدَا‬

boiled

‫ِطًهَا‬

shapeera beautiful, pretty

‫َِكًَُا‬

sheedana

‫ًِدَعَا‬

shleeqa

mad, lunatic, crazy 108



‫نزٌه \ أمٌن‬ ‫ صامت‬، ‫ساكت‬

shareera

right, correct, honest,fair

‫َُِيَُا‬

shteeqa

silent , mute

‫ًِٗهَا‬

In general, past participle/ gerund/ present participle adjectives have tendency to use the masculine plural instead of (ta / or te) of feminine plural. Gerund/ present participle has temper ‫قَُزِبَا \ قَُبَعَا‬

past participle got angry ‫قُيبَا‬

‫قَُزِبٌَٗا \ قَُبَعَٗا‬

‫قُيبٌَٗا‬

‫قَُزِبُا \ قَُبَعَا‬

‫قُيبُا‬

Women related pure adjectives sometimes are emphasized as feminine gender in the plural morph to show positive gentleness, beauty, and/ or merits of locality. But sometimes it is emphasized to show pejorative (negative) meaning as simile . bnata beebatnayaata = for locality beauty of the girls ‫بٌعََٗا بًبػعَؿََٗا َِكًُؾََٗا‬ bnaata najibyaata =to show feminine praise as being gentle ‫ضَدقعَا بٌعََٗا عَجُبٌؿََٗا‬ ‫ضدقعَا بَعٍَٗا غَػَعؿٍَٗا \ غسِغؿٍَٗا \ ِسِظَعؿٍَٗا \ ًِدَعؿٍَٗا‬ simile = devilish, uncurbed, playful, crazy The Modern Assyrian has almost abandoned using (tha) ‫ ٍٗا‬، ‫ َٗا‬as feminine plural adjectives except in cases of women related issues the way we described above for instance: kpeene/ ‫ قكًعُا‬hungry; speeqe ‫ غكًهُا‬vacant, empty ; are not pluralized feminine with ( tha) etc. We need to differentiate between (human being feminine ) gender and inanimate feminine for this purpose. Nouns should not be confused with adjectives as well.

109



‫اٌفصً اٌـبصؽ‬ ‫َؾَّا ؾَُّٗا‬ ‫اٌجٍّخ اٌّؼمضح‬ ‫ظُا ظَُا نػًَُا‬ ‫‪Chapter Six‬‬ ‫‪The Complex Sentence‬‬ ‫‪The complex sentence usually consists of a main clause and one subordinate clause or‬‬ ‫‪more. The connector is the word that precedes the subordinate clause and defines it‬‬ ‫‪as , noun clause, purpose clause, reason clause, contrast clause, if clause, relative‬‬ ‫‪clause, additional clause etc.‬‬ ‫ظُاظَُا نػًَُا قُا ضَبَْ ظع ُٗف ؾَع بسِٓ شزدَا قُٗجَعُا قًّػُا زقُا ظَدبَهطسع ظُع ؾسِدَطُا اَغسٍَِا د ذَظََّا‬ ‫قُا عَكُطٌ طُهدَظ ظع قُٗجَعَا ادَِعَؿَا زاعٌ ايػسٍَِا قُا ظَدؾٌ اَدُِا د قُٗجَعُا اؾض ُِعَؿَا ‪ ،‬ؾَع غَبَُ َؾَا ‪ ،‬ؾَع‬ ‫ظُػطَؿَا ‪ ،‬ؾَع غَهسِطَؿَا ‪ ،‬ؾَع َُِغَؿَا ‪ ،‬ؾَع ِسِظَرَ ؾَا ‪ ،‬ؾَع ظَطسِٗسَِٗؿَا ‪ ...‬زُِقـ ‪.‬‬ ‫رزى‪ ْٛ‬اٌجٍّخ اٌّؼمضح ِٓ اوضغ ِٓ جٍّخ ا‪ ٚ‬جٍّز‪ ٓ١‬رغثط‪ٙ‬ب ( رغثط‪ّٙ‬ب) اص‪ٚ‬اد ( اصاح) عثػ اٌز‪ ٟ‬رمغ لجً اٌجٍّخ‬ ‫اٌزبثؼخ ِجبكغح ‪٘ٚ‬ظٖ االصاح ٘‪ ٟ‬اٌز‪ ٟ‬رذضص ٔ‪ٛ‬ػ‪١‬خ اٌجٍّخ اٌزبثؼخ وأْ رى‪ ْٛ‬جٍّخ اؿّ‪١‬خ ‪ ،‬غغظ‪١‬خ ‪ ،‬ؿجج‪١‬خ ‪،‬‬ ‫رٕبلع‪١‬خ ‪ ،‬كغغ‪١‬خ ‪ٚ ،‬صف‪١‬خ ‪ ،‬أ‪ ٚ‬جٍّخ ربثؼخ ٌإلظبفخ ‪.. .‬اٌز‪.‬‬ ‫ظُاظَُا نػًَُا ‪:‬‬ ‫‪The Complex Sentence‬‬ ‫‪1. Direct Speech:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ظَعطَا ذُ َِؿَا ‪ :‬الكالم المباشر‬ ‫ظَطكَعا بًعََُا ؾطُر‬

‫ُ‬

‫َ ؾبَُزِع ؾط قطَؼ اَديَا َ‬

‫”‪The teacher says: “Enter (your) classroom now.‬‬ ‫ٌقول المعلم ‪ " :‬ادخلوا الصؾ اآلن ‪" .‬‬ ‫‪2. Indirect Speech:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ظَعطَا ظريَِ ََُا ‪:‬‬

‫‪110‬‬



‫‪When we report the speech the two sentences are connected and necessary changes‬‬ ‫‪are made to make it meaningful.‬‬ ‫ايعَع اَزَا ظَعطَا بُد قا ؾْ ظريٍَِ ََا ‪ ،‬قُٗجَعُا َُُِِؿَا ( ٍََِعَؿَا ) ز قُٗجَعَا اَدَِعَؿَا بٌد نَػٍُ عٌ بؿسِ دَ طُا بؿد‬ ‫ايػسََِا ( قَد ) زِسِضطَكُا بُد بٍَُ ؾط ضطل ‪ِ -‬عَرُا قَُٔزِقَؿُا ز ؾط – ظُطَٗا شٍا ‪ .‬قُا بٌَُؾَا ازم ظُطَٗا بٌُد‬ ‫َِطُطكَا ‪.‬‬ ‫ظَعطَا ظريٍَََِا ‪:‬‬

‫‪Reported speech‬‬ ‫‪ +‬قَد‬

‫قُٗجَعَا َُُِِؿَا‬ ‫‪main clause‬‬ ‫اٌجٍّخ اٌغئ‪١‬ـ‪١‬خ‬

‫‪+‬‬

‫قُٗجَعَا اَدَِعَؿَا ُِعَؿَا‬

‫‪noun subordinate clause + connector +‬‬ ‫‪ +‬اصاح اٌغثػ‬

‫‪ +‬اٌجٍّخ اٌزبثؼخ االؿّ‪١‬خ‬

‫ظَطكَعَا اظُُطُر قَد اَغكسِطَؿُا د ؾَبٍَُ ؾط قطَؼ ذََ برف ؾُدَعَا ‪.‬‬ ‫‪The teacher told students that they (should) enter their class soon at that time.‬‬ ‫نادى المعلم طالبه ودعاهم للدخول الى الصؾ فوراَ ‪.‬‬

‫قارن ‪ :‬قسِ ضَعَا‬ ‫ظَطكَعا بًعََُا ؾطُر‬

‫‪Compare :‬‬ ‫ُ‬

‫َ ؾبَُزِع ؾط قطَؼ اَديَا َ‬

‫‪Direct speech‬‬

‫ظَطكَعَا اظُُطُر قَد اَغكسِطَؿُا د ؾَبٍَُ ؾط قطَؼ ذََ برف ؾُدَعَا ‪Reported speech .‬‬

‫ظَعطَا ذُ َِؿَا‬ ‫ظَعطَا ظريِ ٍَ ََ ا‬

‫‪The Purpose clause‬‬ ‫الجملة التابعة الؽرضٌة‬ ‫قُٗجَعَا اَدَِعَؿَا غَبََُعَؿَا‬ ‫نَد ) ‪The subordinate clause of purpose is preceded by certain connectors such as ( qad‬‬ ‫‪and ( al imood ) . Simply the two connectors mean ( to ) or ( so that) , (for) as in the‬‬ ‫‪following examples .‬‬ ‫قُٗجَعَا اَدَِعَؿَا غَبََُعَؿَا قَا اٍَٗا بٌُٗ اَغسٍَِا ( نَد ) ؾَع ( ؾط اُظسِد ) ؾَع َُِ قؿرؾع اؾض ديعَا ظس َبٌرٍَا برتٍ د‬ ‫غسِغُا د بايَٖ ؾعَا ‪:‬‬ ‫‪111‬‬



to , so as to , in order to ( infinitive to) = ‫ند‬ In this case, (qad) is not a connector , it is an infinitive particle. In this phrase, it is not a connector but it is an infinitive particle. to prosper = ‫نَد ظَعٍٗا‬ . ‫ اعََّا قُا قَطُظ ند ( غَطُد ) ظَعٍٗا‬.1 nasaha ke paalikh qad mante . Man works to prosper. . ) ً ‫ٌعمل االنسان للرفاه ( ٌصبح ثرٌا‬ When (qad) is followed by a sentence = subject + verb + object, it is a connector and it s translated ( so that ) …………………….. so that

( a connector)

= ‫ نَد‬.1

. ‫شبُعطسِع جسطُا ضَدٍٗا نَد طَبًُّطسِع تَسٍد د ضطسِطَا‬ zwin(L)oon joule qad lawsheelon gawid khloola. They bought new clothes so that they would wear in the wedding. . ‫ دفٍخ اٌؼفبف‬ٟ‫٘ب ف‬ٚ‫غرض‬١ٌ ‫ضح‬٠‫ا ِالثؾ جض‬ٚ‫إكزغ‬ ‫الجملة التابعة الؽرضٌة‬

The purpose subordinate clause:

: ‫قُٗجَعَا اَدَِعَا غَبََُؾَا‬ ‫اَغسََِا‬

connector

= ‫نَد‬

. ‫طَبًَّطسِع تَسِد د ضطسِطَا‬ they will wear them in the wedding. . ‫سٌرتدونها فً الزفاؾ‬ will = would (in English) for the reason of Grammar and past time.

in the hope that

112

= ‫د‬

‫ ؾط اظسِد‬.3



‫َ ضُّطٌ ذزط َٗعَا ؾط اظسِد د َٗكهُعرزَا بًٌؿريع‬ rkhishwaalee hol taama „al imood d tapqin hwaa biyaayheen . I went there in the hope that I (would) see them. . ‫ذهبتُ الى هناك فً امل اللقاء بهم‬ . ‫ بس ما شفتهم ) لهجة عراقٌة‬..... ‫( رحت لٌهناك علمود اشوفهم‬ In this case ( hwaa) indicates that the hope did not happen, it is , therefore, translated to ( would). (hwaa) is an aspect of perfection, an indicator that the action is unlikely to happen. ٟ‫ اٌضاعط ف‬ِٟٛ١ٌ‫ٓ ِٓ االؿزؼّبي ا‬١‫ جٍّز‬ٚ‫ جٍّخ ا‬ٍٝ‫مزصغ ػ‬٠ ‫ اْ اػزّبصٔب‬ٌٛٚ ‫ً ٌٍجٍّخ اٌّؼمضح‬١ٍ‫جبص رذ‬٠‫زٕب ا‬٠‫غب‬ ‫ اٌىزت‬ٚ‫ب ِٓ اٌمصص ا‬ٙ‫زُ الزجبؿ‬٠ ‫اء‬ٛ‫ظٖ اٌٍغخ اؿ‬ٙ‫ة ث‬ٛ‫ اٌّىز‬ٞ‫ً جًّ ِٓ االٔزبط إٌضغ‬١ٍ‫ّىٓ رذ‬٠ ٓ‫ٌى‬ٚ َ‫اٌىال‬ .‫ب‬ٙ‫ز‬١‫ػ‬ٛٔ ‫ض‬٠‫رذض‬ٚ ‫اد عثػ ِزؼضصح‬ٚ‫ ِؼغفخ اص‬ٌٝ‫صً ا‬ٛ‫طخ ) ٌٍز‬١‫طخ ( اٌجل‬١‫ اٌجـ‬ٚ‫خ ا‬١‫ثخ ثبٌٍغخ االصث‬ٛ‫خ اٌّىز‬١ٕ٠‫اٌض‬ Introduction We aim at analyzing a complex sentence relying on one or two sentences taken from the conversational language of the speakers of the Chaldo-Syrio-Assyrian language dialects. Linguists can expand this analysis by taking excerpts from prose writing style of the literary language or colloquial language known as (simple) so that we can get to know more connectors and define their kinds as clauses. ‫قسَِٗطَا‬ ‫عًّع ظع اَذَ َُُِِا طًَّعَؿَا قًَّا ؾطُر ظسِٗبََا نَا ٔضٕؾَٗا دظُاظٍُا ِهًطُا ظُع طَُّعَا غسَدَؾَا دظطكؿَٗا ظُع طُؿصٍا‬ ‫ طَُّعَعُا قُا ظَٕ ٍ ( قَعٕ ٍ ) َِهطٌ قُػهُا ظُع قَٗبَؿٍَٗا دغَكَُؾسَِٗا نَد‬. ‫ غسٌَؾسؾسٌ – اَِسََِؾَٗا‬- ٌ‫دازِظَٗا قطدز‬ . ‫دظَػٌ طًدَؾَٗا زتطَؿَٗا دضدقعَا اَغسٍَِا ضَدٍٗا زدؾؿَٗا داَدُِا د اَعٌ قُٗجَعُا‬ ‫قُٗجَعَا ظػطَؿَا‬ Subordinate clause of reason ‫الجملة التابعة السببٌة‬ ‫ طَا قطُػطٌ ظع بؿَٗا ظُعهَغ ظُػَُا بًَٗؿَا ؾسَا ضؿطَعَا زطَا ضصيطٌ نغ تَعٌ دأٍٗع ذزَا طكُػطسِقَسِع‬.1 . ‫ِٗعَطـ‬ . ‫يطَر قٍد اضعع طُا َٗطعُعَظ بٌَٕطًطسَِٗا‬

‫زؾُطَٗا‬

‫ ذُضٍ طُا ظَعُٖ ؾَظ‬.2

. ‫ طُا ؾَدؾُظ نَعسدٍ طُاؾطُر ظُضسِغُا نَا َاَُِعسَِٗا د نسِغعَا‬.3

113



1. le palTikh min beita minqam miTra beetaya yla w laa khzeeli qam gaani d aatin wa l kislokhoon timal. 2. hich le manityakh w „ailta ila kad lei takhminakh b saleelootha . 3. le yad‟aakh qaamoodi leile markhoTi qaa reishaanootha d quTna . 1. I did not go out because it was raining heavily and I was not ready to come over yesterday. 2. We never prosper and the reason is that we do not think deep enough (about our future). 3. We wonder why he does not run for presidency ( of the country). . ‫ لم اخرج من البٌت ألن المطر كان ٌهطل بؽزارة ولم اجد نفسً مستعداً للمجٌا الٌكم ٌوم امس‬.1 . ) ً ‫ب‬١ٍِ ( ‫ إٔب ٌُ ٔفىغ ثؼّك‬ٌٝ‫ اٌـجت ا‬ٜ‫ؼؼ‬٠ٚ ً ‫ع اثضا‬ٛ‫ف ٌٓ ٔزط‬ٛ‫ ؿ‬.2 . ‫ذٗ ٌغئبؿخ اٌجٍض‬١‫ ال ٔؼغف ؿجت ػضَ رغك‬.3

Using ‫ظػط‬ is very archaic and it does not fit the conversational or colloquial language. It is very classical. Using

ٌ‫غَب‬

\ ‫ظػَبَب‬

is common but slang. . ‫َؾُّطٌ ظُع ُِعَٗا ََبٌَا دََعت‬

ٌ‫غَب‬

‫ طَا اًٗطٌ ( اٍٗاطٌ ) طريِجطَا‬.4

4. La teeli l shoola sab ( [ m] sabab) rishlee min shinta raaba dirang . ‫ لم آت للعمل ألننً استٌقظت متؤخراً من النوم‬.4

‫قُٗجَعَا غسِ نَطَؿَا‬ Subordinate clause of contrast ‫الجملة التناقضٌة التابعة‬ Examples ‫غسِغُا‬ ‫امثلة‬ . ‫اَقُع دقُاٗسِع يطَر طعَعٗؿَٗا‬

‫ بٌد قَططُظ‬.1

. ‫ قسِططَعع طؿٗطُر قطؿَٗا‬، ‫ ؾَغ قط ( د اَعٌ ) نُسَعديعسغُا‬.2 . )‫ ظٕ يطسِع د ضَؿٌ ذط اَدؾَا ظُعُد قط َدزِقؿُا داًٗطرزع بٌُيّؿرٍ (ع‬.3 . ) ‫ نٍُ يطُر ( نٍُا طُر ) ََبٌَا ايعَا طَا ظسٍعًٗطُر ( ظسِعٍٗا طُر‬.4 1. bid paal khikh aapin d chaatoon yla l manteita . 114



2. „am kul qeiwandeenosi , polkhanan leitle kleita. 3. mSeelon d khay ye hil adiya mind kul rdopye d teeloon breishay (hin) 4. qreele raaba , eena la monteele 1. We‟ll work though it very difficult to prevail (succeed). 2. Despite all hardships, our work will never stop. 3. They were able to survive till now although they underwent many persecutions. 4. He studied a lot, but he never succeeded. .‫ سنعمل بالرؼم من صعوبة إحراز النجاح‬.1 . ‫ عملنا ال ٌتوقؾ رؼم كل المشاكل‬.2 . ‫ استطاعوا البقاء على الحٌاة رؼم كل االضطهادات التً مروا بها‬.3 . ً ‫ درس كثٌراً إال انه لم ٌحقق نجاحا‬.4

‫قُٗجَعَا غسِؾَكَؿَا‬ Result clause ‫جملة النتٌجة التابعة‬ Examples ‫غسِغُا‬ ‫امثلة‬ . ‫ زظُع ذَدَض طَا ظسِعًٗطسِع برت د َٔضٕؾَٗا اضُؾَٗا‬، ٍ‫ طَا ظسِقكَططسِع تَعؿر‬.1 ‫ ايَٗا طُا ؾَدؾُظ طعسِدٍ بُد دَؾَُع ضدا تَرَا اضُيَٗا‬، ‫ ظُعدؾَع ز ظَٗسََٗع قُّطسِع شزِبػُعُا ز ِهًطُا ظُعَع‬.2 .‫طأَُٗع‬ . ‫ ز بسِ د د (اَذَا ) ( ذَ دَ ض ) شَذظَٗـ بٌعسِعُا د ظُطَٗـ بٌد د َؾٍُ طَاَُٗا‬، ‫ اَضعَع شٍدنَع قُّطَـ ( قُّعَا ) غُيبُا‬.3 1. la muk chikhloon ganeh khareita

, wmin haadakh la munteiloon bgawd sakhseita

2. mindiyan w matwaatan pishlon zubtine w ishqeele minan , eeta le yad‟aikh lmoodi bid da‟arikh khda gaha kheeta l atran. 3. akhnan zidqan pishlon ( pishna) sreewei, wbud d daaha (haadakh) zahmat bnoone d millat bid da‟aree l atra. 1. They did not put efforts, therefore, they did not pass the final test. 2. Our properties and villages are taken and usurped. We wonder why we then will come back again to the country. 3. Our rights are denied, and hence it is very difficult for the sons of our nation to come back to the country. .‫ ولهذا لم ٌنجحوا فً االمتحان االخٌر‬، ‫ لم ٌبذلوا الجهد‬.1 .ٓ‫غ‬ٌٍٛ ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ علٌه ٌا ترى لماذا سنعود صب‬، ‫ اموالنا ومدننا اؼتصبت وانتزعت منا‬.2 115



. ‫خ‬١ٔ‫غٓ صب‬ٌٛ‫ ا‬ٌٝ‫ص اثٕبء كؼجٕب ا‬ٛ‫ؼ‬٠ ْ‫ ٌظٌه ِٓ اٌصؼت ا‬، ‫ب‬ٙ‫ؼزغف ث‬٠ ‫لٕب ال‬ٛ‫ دم‬.3 ‫قُٗجَعَا َُِ غَؿَا‬ ‫الجملة الشرطٌة‬ if : ‫اُع‬ ‫ لو‬، ‫ إذا‬، ‫إن‬

Conditional Connector : If

1. likely to happen

‫ظعكسٍ بد بٍَُا‬

2. Unlikely to happen

‫طُا ؾطَر ظعكٌسِع نَد بٍَُا‬

3. Hypothetical

‫ضَّبََٗعَؿَا‬

1. Likely to happen: . ‫ بٌُد ضَعطُٖ ََبٌَا ظُعَع برتٍ) د( د اَعُا غسََِعُا ز تَطًٍا‬، ‫ اُع ؾٍَٖٗ طكُػطَع بهؿػَا‬.1 in yaatit lkislan bqeiTa , bid khamlit raba minan bgo dan Toranei w galy-yei . 1. If you come over here in summer, you will enjoy a lot (being with us among) these mountains and gorges. In Arabic we have 2 possibilities: ( in ) + (present tense) lau + ( past tense verb) = classical Arabic .‫ ( سـ ) تتسلى كثٌراً معنا بٌن هذه الجبال والودٌان‬، ‫إن تؤتً فً الصٌؾ الى مناطقنا‬ Classical (if) ( lau) .‫ لتسلٌت كثٌراً بٌن هذه الجبال والودٌان‬، ‫لو اتٌت فً الصٌؾ الى مناطقنا‬ The Influence of the Assyrian language is clear on the Iraq dialect: .‫ راح تتسلى وٌانا هواٌة بهل جبال ول ودٌان‬، ‫لو تج ً ٌمنا بصـ صٌؾ‬ The influence is using (present tense verb) after ( lau) , a grammar that is not acceptable classically. In classical Arabic ( lau) must be followed by the (past tense verb). ____________________________________________

2. Unlikely to happen: . ‫ بٌد ضَصٍٗ ذ زَا طُر‬، ‫ اُع ذ بُٖ ذ زَا اُٗؿَا‬.1 116



. ٖ‫ ٌىٕذ رغا‬، ‫ذ‬١‫ ار‬ٌٛ‫ل‬ Iraqi dialect ) . ‫ جنت تشىفه‬،

ٞ‫جب‬

ٌٛ (

in hawit wa itya , bid khazit wa le 2. Had you come, you would see him. _________________________________ 3. Hypothetical: . ) ‫ بُد ذَبُٖ ذزَا ضُصؾسٌذ ( ضُص ؾَا بًس‬، ‫ اُع ذَ بُٖ ذ زَا اُٗؿَا‬.2 . ٗ‫ز‬٠‫ ٌىٕذ عأ‬، ‫ وٕذ لض ارجذ‬ٌٛ Iraqi dialect

) ‫ ضان شفته‬، ٞ‫ ضنت جب‬ٌٛ (

in hawit wa itya , bid hawit wa khizyo ( khizya bio) 3. Had you had come, you would have seen him. Less common usage . More common usage.

. ‫ قطَا اَؾَا طُا ذَبَؿَا ذزَا بٌُيَٗا‬، ‫اُع اًٗرزَا طسِض طاَقََا‬ ) .‫ قطَا اَؾَا طُا ذَبَؿَا ذزَا بٌُيَٗا‬، ‫( اُع ذَبُٖ ذ زَا اُٗؿَا طَاقَا‬

in theiwaalokh lakha , kula aya lei barya wa .

(Carefully used and less common)

____________________________________ Conditional connector ( supposition) :

‫االفزغاض‬

: ‫ضَّبََٗا‬

Had you have come here, all this would not have had happened. . ‫ ظسدٍ بٌُد ذَبُٖ ذ زَا اظًَُا نَا تَعسِض‬، ‫ضُّبَ ضدَا ظُعدٍ بٌٍُ ذ زَا طُر‬ Supposedly something had happened, what you would have said to yourself. Compare Kurdish structure: ( Bahdini and Kurmanji only) 1. Likely to happen 2. Unlikely to happen 117



3. Hypothetical . ‫ دا بطني‬، ٍ ‫ ئه ظه ر تى بص‬.1

1. hagar tu beiy , daa bicheen.

. ‫ دا وٍ بًين‬، ٍ‫ ئه ظه ر تى هات با‬.1

2. hagar tu hat bay , daa wee beeni .

. ) ‫ دا تى ضٌ بصذ يا خى ( ه‬، ٌ‫ ئه ظه ر ته قه زه ك ضص با ب‬.2 3. hagar taqazak chei baa bee, daa tu chee beizh ya kho (wa. 1. If you come, let us go. 2. Had you come, you would see him. 3. If something wrong had had happened, what you would have said to yourself. ________________________________________________ Conditional Connector

whenever

‫قط ايعَع‬

‫ عندما‬، ‫كلما‬ . ) ‫ قُا ٍَضهُع ظعسِذ ( ظُعؿر ) نَد طَا نَّدَُ بٌ زِذ ( بًٌؿر‬، ‫ قط ايعَع دضَصيطُر‬.1 kul eeman d khazeele , ke rakh qin mino qad la qashdir bio . Whenever he(A) sees him (B), he(A) avoids him(B) so that he(A) won’t get in trouble with him (B). ( In English, we need to use proper names to avoid confusion). . ‫ ٌحاول االبتعاد عنه لكً ال ٌدخل معه فً مشكلة‬، ‫كلما ٌراه‬ . ‫قُا ََضهُع ظُعسِذ قط ايعَع د ضَصيطُر نَد د طَا نَّدَُ بٌؿسِذ‬ Parenthetical clause ( kul eeman dkhazeele connector : whatever, however

: ) ‫قط ظَا = قعَا = ( قسِظُد‬ ‫ظَهَا‬ ‫ّب‬ِٙ

. ‫ ذََ طُا ؾعَا غبًَؿُا ضُؿَطسِذ‬، ‫ قسِ ظُد ( قعَا ) د ؾَبَدُٗ نَٗسِذ‬.1 Chaldean dialect

) ‫ طَض غَبَؿُا‬، ‫( ظَهَا دؾبَدُٗ غَطُر‬

Kumud d audit qaato, har leina Sawye khiyaalo(h). Whatever you do for him, he never satisfies. . ‫ لن تنال رضاه‬، ‫مهما تقدم له من خدمة‬

118



‫نَا‬

Connector : However

‫اُع نَػطُٖ تٍعا‬ ‫ّب‬ِٙ

. ) ٍ ‫ اعٖ ذََ طُا ؾسٍٗ ٍَ د ؾَا ( َ َ ش‬، )‫ اُع نَػطَا طَر تَعسِذ نَٗسِض ( غَطسِض‬.2

in qaTlaala gaanoh qaatokh, at har lei wit ridya (raazi ) However hard she works for you, you are still unsatisfied. ٍ ‫ فانت لست براض‬، ‫مهما تقدم لك من خدمة‬ The influence of Assyrian is clear on Arabic i.e., the way it is said. Iraqi dialect

) ً‫ ( مانك راض‬. ً‫ انت ما راض‬، ‫لو تقتل نفسها إلك‬

Connector: whatever, however

: ‫ظُعد ٍ د ؾَبَد‬ ‫مهما‬

. ‫ طُا ؾطُر نبًٌطَا‬، ُٗ‫ ظُعد ٍ دؾَبَد‬.3 mindee d awdit , leile qbeela . Whatever you do, it is refused. . ‫ٌخ‬ٛ‫غ ِمج‬١‫ غ‬ٟٙ‫ّب رمضَ ِٓ سضِخ ف‬ِٙ The influence of Assyrian language is clear in the way it is phrased in Arabic. Iraqi dialect . ‫ ما مقبوول‬، ‫شما تسوي‬

‫قُٗجَعَا شَ بَعَؿَا‬ Time sequence clause Connector:

after : : َُٗ‫ب‬ ‫بعد‬

. ‫ ُِعُا‬22 ‫ ِسِ َ يطٌ ظَهُ زِ ؾُا بٌرت عسِ ذَ د ََ ا نَا‬، ‫ بٌَُٗ د ِهُطٌ نَُغًػَا ظُع بؿٖ ٔ زٌ بَا د ظسِ ٔ ط‬.1 bar dishqilee qarTeisa min bet Soba d mosil, shoreeli maqroye bgo nuhadra qa 22 shine. 1. After I got my certificate from Mosul University, I started teaching in Duhok for 22 years. The influence of the Assyrian language is clear in that there I a past tense verb after ( anna) , a broken rule that ( anna ) must be followed by the present tense form. This is the Only case that ( anna) is followed by the Past tense verb. 119



. ‫ سنة‬22 ‫ بدأت ا ّدرس فً مدٌنة دهوك لمدة‬، ‫ بعد ان نلت الشهادة من جامعة الموصل‬.1 Connector : before : ) ‫نَغ ( ندَ ظ‬ ‫قبل‬ . ) ‫ قُا نٍَُ ذ زَا برت بٌؿٖ ٔ زِ بَا د ظسِ َٔ ط ( عًعسٍا‬، ‫ نَغ د اٍَٗاُ ( اٌَٗ ) ذ زَا ط د زِ ذ ز قـ‬.2 qam d aatee hwa l mosul, ke qaaree hwa bgo Soba d Mosil ( ninwe). Before he came to Duhok, he was studying in Mosul University. Connector

when

: ‫ا يعَع‬ ‫ػٕضِب‬

. ‫ ايٖ ذ زَا ا عَُّا بػبٍَُ طَٗعَا‬، ‫ غَس ٌغَا د غَع ذزٌ شٍا‬- ٖ‫ ايعَع د ظػُؿطٌ ط بٌؿ‬.1 eeman dimTeilee lbeit Tosa d San Jose , itwa naashe bispaaree l taama . 1. when I got San Jose airport, there were people waiting for me there. . ٟٔ‫ٕزظغ‬٠ َِٓ ‫ وبْ ٕ٘بن‬، ٞ‫ػ‬ٛ٘ ْ‫ ِطبع ؿب‬ٌٝ‫صٍذُ ا‬ٚ ‫ػٕضِب‬

Connector while

: ‫قَد‬ ‫بٌنما‬

.ِ‫ ٗكُهطٌ بؿس‬، ‫ قد ܒَ ضََّا ؾسِع ذ زَا طبٌؿَٗا‬.1 kad birkhsha win wa l beita, tpiqlee biyo . While I was going home, I met him.

120

. ‫ إلتقٌت به‬، ‫بٌنما كنت أسٌر الى البٌت‬



‫الفصل السابع‬ ‫َؾَّا دَِبَؿَا‬ ‫ظُطَٗا ضَريَِِٗا‬ ‫ي‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٟٕ‫اٌّج‬ Chapter Seven

Passive Voice Modern Assyrian language has a very clear passive voice and in a very analytical way i.e., the auxiliary verb that shows passive voice is written alone as one word before the full verb. the auxiliary verb is (payish) + (full verb ) past participle ‫قُّطُر ظريِدََا‬ pishle mshodra . pishle (is, are )+ it-masculine + full verb ( past participle form). It –M. is sent. or / It-M. has been sent. . ‫بُد قَؿُْ ظريِدََا‬ bid payish mshodra will + be + past participle It-M. will be sent.

. ‫بُكؿََّا ؾطُر ظريِدََا‬ bi+pyasha + yle + mshodra is + being + is-M. + past participle It-M. is being sent. . ‫قًَّا ؾطُر ظريِدََا‬ peesha + yle + mshodra has ( was) + been + past participle it-M. has been (was) sent.

Full verb (payish) = remain , stay, be, keep payshin

‫أبقى‬

‫قَؿُّع‬

payshakh

ٝ‫أثم‬

‫قَؿَّع‬

payshit

ٝ‫رجم‬

ُّٖ‫قًؿ‬

payshat

ٝ‫رجم‬

‫قَؿَّٗـ‬

ْٛ‫رجم‬

‫قَؿًّٗسِع‬

payshitoon payish

ٝ‫جم‬٠

ُْ‫قَاؾُْ \ قَؿ‬

paysha

ٝ‫رجم‬

‫قَؿَّا‬

payshee

ْٛ‫جم‬٠

ٌّ‫قَؿ‬

121



Payish as auxiliary verb of the passive voice: Time / aspect

Passive sentence

partic le

Auxiliary conjugat ed morphs

Past participle

y k payish Progressive bi pyaasha Aspect Future bid payish

y k bi

payish

khizya khizya

bid

Pyaash a payish

khizya

‫بُد قَؿُْ ضُصؾَا‬

Past

Pish le

le

pish

khizya

‫قُّطُر ضُصؾَا‬

Perfect Aspect

ypayish hwa bipyasha hwa bid payish hwa pish hwa le

hwa

khizya

‫ؾكَؿُْ ذزَا ضُصؾَا‬

Present

Assyrian

‫قُا قَؿُْ ضُصؾَا‬

Arabic

*)‫ٌرى (عادة‬ ُ

‫ٌُرى (االن )* بُكؿََّا ضُصؾَا‬

‫بُكؿََّا ذزَا ضُصؾَا‬ ‫بُد قَؿُْ ذزَا ضُصؾَا‬ ‫قُّرزَا طُر ضُصؾَا‬

‫سـ ٌُرى‬ ) ‫تم (ت‬ ‫رإٌته‬ .. + ‫كان‬ * ‫تحتاج‬ ‫العربٌة الى‬ ‫ظروؾ زمنٌة‬ ‫لتحدٌد الزمن‬

‫وفٌما ٌخص الجنس (المذكر والمرنث ) فٌمكن ان نستنبط القاعدة فً ان المفرد تظهر ضمابره الشخصٌة المتصلة‬ . ‫ دبٌخ اٌّفغص‬ٟ‫غ اٌجٕؾ ف‬ٙ‫ظ‬٠ ٗ١ٍ٠ ٞ‫ي اٌظ‬ٛ‫ أِب اؿُ اٌّفؼ‬. ‫اٌؼضص‬ٚ ‫غ اٌجٕؾ‬ٙ‫بالفعل المساعد ( قَؿُْ ) رظ‬ Number

Sentence

singular

Payshin khizya Payshan khzeeta Payshit khizya Payshat khzeeta Payish khizya Paysha khzeeta

Gender remarks

in / a an\ at

Past participl e Khizya Khzeeta Shows gender

Assyrian

Arabi c

‫قَؿُّع ضُصؾَا‬

ٜ‫اُع‬ ٜ‫اُع‬

‫قَؿَّع ضصيَٗا‬ ‫قَؿُّٖ ضُصؾَا‬ ‫قَؿَّٗـ ضصيَٗا‬ ‫قَؿُْ ضُصؾَا‬ ‫قَؿَّا ضصيَٗا‬

Plural

Payshakh khizye Paysheeton khizye Payshee khizye

a/ e Khizye i:+u:n/e both i: / e gender

‫قَؿُّظ ضُصؾُا‬ ‫قَؿًّٗسِع ضُصؾُا‬ ‫قَؿٌّ ضُصؾُا‬

ٜ‫رُغ‬ ٓ٠‫رَغ‬ ٜ‫ُغ‬٠ ٜ‫رُغ‬ ٜ‫ُٔغ‬ ْٚ‫رُغ‬ ْٚ‫ُغ‬٠

The effect of the Modern Assyrian language is very clear on the Iraqi Arabic and Levantine ( Syria, Lebanon …) in that the passive voice has been imitated and used the way the versatile language of the East one day was, Assyrian. 122



If you watch how complex and unusual the way of saying ( I will be seen ) in the classical Arabic is: Sa+ ura , a structure which is not been used in the real classical Arabic writing. Even when used, the speaker tends to go further to explain by paraphrasing or to use dialect to make themselves clear and normal. This aloofness forces the Arabs to tend to use their dialect so that to be clear and accurate in what they are saying. They (Arabs); therefore, tend to imitate the Assyrians ( I will be seen = raaH anshaf using measure VII or raH yshoofooni ( I will be seen). No way, the standard Arabic can express itself that clear in the classical Arabic. This verb (posh) is a regular full verb and its familiar meaning is (stay)

posh laakha = stay here

‫قسِٓ طاَقََا‬

posh bsheina = Good bye

‫قسِٓ بّؿعَا‬

posh lkislan = be our guest ) ‫قسِٓ طكَػطَع ( طتؿبَع‬ pishle laakha timal

= Yesterday he stayed here

. ‫قُّطُر طَاقََا ٍٗعَطـ‬

kim mopishlan psheina w zillei =He said good buy to us and left . ‫قُغ ظسِقُّطع بّؿعَا زشٍطُر‬ pishle kslan kha leile w kharta kishle = . ‫قُّطُر طكُػطَع ضدَا طؿطُا زضََُٗا ضُّطُر‬ He stayed with us one night and then he left pshle nasaakh ( mreea) = He got sick ) ‫قُّطُر عَػَظ ( ظُيؿَا‬ pishle bikthaawa

= He started writing

eetin pyaasha khda saat = there is one hour left

123

‫قُّطُر بُكَٗبَا‬ ) ‫ايٍٗع قؿََّا ضدَا غَؿَٖ ( َِؿَٗا‬



‫الفصل الثامن‬ ‫االفعال‬ ‫َؾَّا دٍٗعَعؿَا‬ ‫ظُطَٗا‬ Chapter Eight Verbs All verbs, here, are imperative i.e., orders. : ‫تؤتً أالفعال على شكل افعال امر‬ ‫ُكل \ ا ُ ُكل‬

khol

‫ أنشا‬، ‫عِد‬

bnee

‫اقَسِط‬

eat

ٌ‫بٌع‬

count, build

ٌ‫بؿ‬

‫أحب‬

bee

‫إسبح‬

skhee

‫ نادي‬، ‫أصرخ‬ ‫و ّقع‬

srokh

scream, call , shout

grosh draana

sign, put your signature

‫ت ّذكر‬ ‫نام \ نم‬ ‫عود‬ ‫ضع‬

tkhor

love

ٌَ‫ٔضٌ \ ٔق‬

swim

‫َٔزِع‬ ‫تُزِٓ دََؾعَا‬

remember

َِ‫دقَسَِ \ ٗكَس‬

sleep

‫دظسِقَـ‬

dmokh dor

return, come back, go back

dree

pour / put

َِ‫دؾس‬ ٍَ‫د‬

dree khaeila

try hard, put endeavors

‫دٍَ ضؿطَا‬

‫هٌا \ تعال‬

hay , taa

come

‫ َٗا‬، ‫ذَ ف‬

‫قدم نصٌحة‬

hwil naseehat

‫كن مح ّبا‬

hwi baayaana

‫حاول \ اسعى‬

‫ساعد‬ ‫ت َكلم \ إتحدث‬ ‫أهمس‬

haayir

give an dadvice love, try to love

help, give assistance

hamzim wash wish

speak whisper

‫خاؾ‬

zdee

be afraid of, fear

‫ارم‬

zdee

throw away , drop, throw

‫إفرح‬ ‫ أخِط‬، ‫خ ٌّط‬ ‫إستحم‬

Khdee koT khop

be happy , rejoice sew take a shower, bathe 124

‫ذبَُط عَٕيرَٗ \ عٗسِط‬ ‫ذبٌَ بَؿؿَعَا‬ ُُ‫ذَؾ‬ ‫ذَظصٍظ‬ ٍٓ‫زَِس‬ ٌ‫شدؾ‬ ٍ‫شد‬ ٍ‫ضد‬ ‫ضسِؽ‬ ‫ضسِم‬



‫انظر‬

khor

) ‫َر ( ٌرى ) ( شوؾ‬ khzee ‫ شد‬khlos ‫ي‬ٚ‫ دب‬، ‫ض‬ٙ‫اثظي ج‬

ٍ‫ضص‬

see , understand

ِٔ‫ضطس‬

tie, tighten, harden

khpoT

‫ ٌحاصر‬، ‫ٌلؾ‬

َِ‫ضس‬

look

‫ضكسِؽ‬

try, attempt, try hard

khardee

wrap, coil around, cordone

ٌ‫ضَُدؾ‬

‫أطلب‬

Tlob

ask, demand

َ‫غطسِب‬

‫قود \ سوق‬

Tree

drive

ٌ‫غُؾ‬

‫قؾ‬

klee

stop, stand, rise

‫أؼلق \ سِ د‬

chom / dwir

‫إجمع‬

ٌ‫قط‬ َِ‫قُؿسِظ \ دبَس‬

close, shut

kaapish

ُْ‫قَك‬

collect

َٖ‫طَا تَعب‬

‫ال تسرق‬

laa ganwit

‫ال تزنى‬

laa zaanit

do not commit adultery

‫التهدم‬

la kharwit

don not destruct, pull down

la krob

don‟t get angry

‫ال تؽضب‬ ‫ال تضرب \تصفع‬

la makhit

‫ال تستعجل‬

la malyiz

‫ال تنسىل‬

do not steal

ُٖ‫طَا شَع‬ ُٖ‫طَا ضَُب‬ ٌ‫طَا قُزِب‬ ُٖ‫طَا ظَط‬

do not hit, beat, hurt, slap

do not be in a hurry, take your time ‫طَا ظَطؿُص‬

manishyit, manshee

do not forget

ٌّ‫طَا ظَعّؿُٖ \ ظَع‬ ُٖ‫طَا ظَٗطه‬

‫تفوت‬ ّ ‫ ال‬la mtalqit

do not lose, waste

‫ال تتؤخر‬

do not be late , do not lag behing ‫طَا ظَُٗنُط‬

‫ال تكره‬

la mtarqil la saanit

‫ ال تقتل‬la qaTlit

‫أعجن‬ ‫أُخبز‬ ‫ زور‬، ‫ إشرح‬، ‫ب ٌّن‬

do not revenge, no vengeance ‫طَا َِهطُٖ ٗسٌؾط‬

lpee

bake ( bread only )

mabsim

‫تمتع \ إستمتع‬ ‫أُطبخ‬

mabsim

ٍُٖٗ‫طَا َِرب‬

do not covet make a dough, mix together

‫عالج \ داوي‬

‫طَا ٗطسِى‬

do not get lost , do not lose

losh mabien

ٍَُٗ‫طَا َٗب‬

do not break, do not put down

ً‫ ال تشته‬la shahwitit ‫ ال تنتقم‬la shaqlit tol

ُٖ‫طَا نَػط‬

do not kill

‫ ال تكسر \ تخرق‬la tawrit ‫ ال تضٌع‬la tloq

ُٖ‫طَا غَع‬

do not hate

ِٓ‫طؿس‬ ٌ‫طك‬ ‫ظَبُؿُع \ ظبَاؾُع‬

explain , come and visit,

‫ظبَػُغ‬

cure, treat , heal

‫ظَبٌُػُغ‬

enjoy

mbashil / bashi

‫ظبَُّط \ بَُّط‬

cook

‫ ٌخ ّفض‬، ‫ ٌن ّزل‬maslee lower down , make less, distract, give discount ٌ‫ظَٕط‬ ‫تقٌؤ‬ ‫ٌُتعِب \ ٌنهك‬

mgasee vomit, throw out, have a hang over, puke mjahe / majhe \ makchikh 125

make tired

ٌُ‫ظتَػ‬

‫ظَجرٍ \ ظَككَُكَـ‬



) ً‫َذ ّكر ( ن‬ ‫ٌرجع‬ ّ ‫ هٌا نفسك‬، ‫ر ّتب‬ ‫ساعِد‬

matkhirr madir

‫جدّد \ إستانؾ‬ َ‫اع‬ ‫شوؾ‬ ّ \ ‫أر‬ ِ )‫أؼسل ( وجه\ أٌادي‬ ‫ٌخرب‬ ّ ‫ جٌب‬، ‫أجلب‬ ‫احترم‬ ‫حاول‬ ‫أطفا‬ ‫أشعِل \ ش ّؽل‬ ‫ استعجل‬، ‫أسرع‬ ‫ع ٍّلم‬ ‫صل‬ ّ ‫و‬ ‫ٌسقط \ ٌطٌح‬

madras gannokh

َُ‫ظرَؾ‬

confess, admit , acknowledge, recognize

ٍ‫ظَسد‬

mazid mkhadith

drop, throw, throw away

makhzee

show

makhroo

ٍ‫ظَطص‬

sabotage , hurt , destruct, devastate

may / mayte myaaqir

ُْ‫ظكُاط‬

try hard

extinguish, turn off ‫ظَكُعؿٌ \ ظَدؾُكَـ‬

machmee / madikh

ignite, kindle, turn on

ٌ‫ظَطرٍ \ ظَػك‬ ‫ظَطؿُص‬

hurry up , be in a hurry, speed up

‫ظَطُل‬

maalip

teach

mamTee

deliver/ take…to

mampil

drop, topple

mankhis

admonish , rebuke

ٌ‫ظَعػ‬ ‫ظَعكُط \ ظَعكُط‬ ‫ظَعطُؼ \ ظَعكَُؼ‬ ‫ظَعطُؼ‬

admonish

mankhith

ُٖ‫ظَعط‬

lower

reduce, lessen , down size, lose(weight) ُٕ‫ظَعكُؼ \ ظَعه‬

masim bala

‫أفرغ‬

maspiq

‫ٌضاٌق‬

masqdit msee

take care, beware, watch out

َٖ‫ظَػُغ بَط‬ ‫ظػَكُو‬

empty

ُٗ‫ظَػُهد‬

bother, harass, annoy wash ( clothes but not other things)

‫ع ّبر‬

maawir

‫ٌُهزم‬

maariq

make someone run, elope

‫أضرب‬

mkhi

hit, beat, strike, inject

mpaakhil

forgive

‫ذوب‬ ّ ‫علٍّم \ د ِّّرس‬

ُُ‫ظؿَه‬

respect, show appreciation

malhi

َ‫ظَطٍُب‬ ٌٗ‫ظَـ \ ظؿ‬

bring

mchalish

‫ٌإنب‬ ّ \ ‫خ ّفض‬ ‫نزل‬

‫اؼفر‬

‫ظطسٌطُو‬

wash ( dishes, hands, using water ) ‫ظططُط‬

mkhalil

malyiz

ٍٖٗ‫ظطَد‬

resume , start again

mHoliq

mankhis

)‫أؼسل ( مالبس‬

‫ظَصٍد‬

add

‫ال تإنب‬

‫ إعتنً بنفسك‬، ‫دٌر بالك‬

ِ‫ظَدٍَؽ تَعسِض‬

be ready, prepare yourself

give assistance, extend hand of help to

mhaayir

‫ ٌنقص \ٌخفض‬manqis, mankis

ُُ‫ظَدؾ‬

bring back, return, puke

‫ إعترؾ‬maudi ‫أضؾ‬

ٍَ‫ظَدقٍُُ \ ظَدقَأ‬

remind

spend , let enter , let it go

mapshir

dissolve, melt

maqree

teach 126

ٌ‫ظػ‬ ُُ‫ظَؿب‬

‫ظؿٍُى \ ؾُزِى‬ ) ‫ظطٌ ( ضعَػَا‬ ‫ظكَطُط‬ ُُّ‫ظَك‬ ٍُ‫ظَه‬



‫ أؼلً الماء \ الحلٌب‬mardikh

‫ظَُدُع‬

boil water/ milk

‫ ٌصالح‬، ً‫ ٌرض‬mardee satisfy, convince , make somebody contend ٌ‫ظَُدؾ‬ ّ ‫نظم‬ maryiz organize, put in order ‫ظَُؾُص‬ )‫ َو ّعً (شخص‬، ‫أٌقظ‬

marish

‫أرخ‬ ‫ضع‬ ‫ف ّكر‬ ‫َن ّظؾ‬

ٌ‫ظَُق‬

matiw, mato

َ‫ظَِٗب‬

put, place

ponder upon, think loudly about ‫ظَٗطعُع‬

mtaamiz

‫ ودّي‬، ‫خذ‬

nobil

‫راعً \ أحرس‬

nTor

‫ عٌب علٌك‬، ً‫إستح‬

spor

‫إنزعج‬

sqood

‫إذهب \ رووح‬

observe, guard, watch , wait

َِ‫عػس‬

shame on (you), stop this (shit)

‫عكَسِم‬ َِ‫غكس‬

wait

‫غهسِد‬

bother , get bored

ٌ‫غ‬

go

wid, wod

‫ؾبَسِد‬

do

woor

‫اهرب \ إنهزم‬

َِ‫عكَس‬

slaughter, cut

َِ‫ؾبَس‬

cross , forget (woor mina)

a‟moosh

ٌَّٗ‫ظ‬

‫عسِبُط \ طَابٌُط‬

take

see

‫سوي‬ ّ \ ‫إفعل‬ ‫ادخل \ اهمل‬ ‫ ٌطمس‬، ‫ُؼص‬

to offer drink, to make others drink …

nkhora

‫انتظر‬

ٌَّٗ‫ظ‬

water, serve beverage (drink)

nkhop

‫ إقطع‬، ‫إذبح‬

ٌّ‫ظ‬

clean, mop

mashtee

mashtee

َُ‫ظَّد‬

send

mshee

ً‫ أسق‬، ‫أسق‬

‫ظَٗعُص‬

clean, mop

mshadir

‫إمسح‬ ......‫أسقً \ قدم الماء‬

marpee lossen , make less tight , soften mtakhmin

‫إرسل‬

ُْ‫ظَُؾ‬

awake, wake …. up

ِٓ‫ؾعس‬

dive, submerge

roq / rkhT

run, escape, jog

‫ؾُزِى \ َضسٌؽ‬ ‫قَطسِع‬

‫إعمل‬

plokh

‫أخرج بـ‬

plot

go out , come up with

‫قطسِؽ‬

prosh

isolate, distinguish, separate

ِٓ‫قُز‬

‫ مٌز‬، ‫ إفصل‬، ‫فرق‬ َ ‫ توسل‬، ‫إستجدي‬

work

parpil

beg , entreat

ً‫أقض‬

qdee

‫إتقرب‬ ّ

qroo

come nearer, approach

‫إقرأ‬

qree

read, call, invite

‫تعلَّم‬ ‫أجلس‬ ‫إستٌقط‬ ‫اصعد الى االعلى‬

eelop

spend ( time, vacation …)

learn, get a lesson

eeto / too rosh

sit wake up

rom go up, take high altitude, promote 127

‫قَُقُط‬ ٍ‫ند‬ َ‫نُزِب‬ ٍُ‫ن‬ ‫يطسِم‬ ِ‫يٗسِ \ ٗس‬ ِٓ‫َ ؾس‬ ‫ َؾسِظ‬، ‫َزِظ‬



‫ إستعد‬، ‫ تهٌؤ‬rzog be ready, pack ( yourself ) ‫إبتعد \ َو ّخر‬ rkhoq stay away from ً‫ إرم‬، ‫إرم‬

rappee

‫د ّبر\ أدِر‬ ‫ف ّكر‬

tagbir

‫اترك \ أؼفر‬

shwoq

‫اقفز‬ ‫إرسل‬ ‫ إمسح‬، ‫أشطب‬ ‫إهدأ \ إذعن‬

arrange , administer , procure think, believe leave, forgive

shwor/ shwir shaadir shoop

ٌُُ‫َٗتب‬ ‫َٗطعُع‬ ‫ِبَسِى‬ َِ‫ِبَس‬

jump

َُ‫َِد‬

send

expunge, cancel, erase, wipe out

shlom

‫َضسِى‬ ٌ‫ََقؿ‬

throw

takhmin

‫َشزت‬

obey, be quiet, stop doing…..

‫ِسِم‬ ‫ِطسِظ‬

boil (egg/ potatoes) ) ‫ِطسِى (بُؿؿَٗا | قُُٗسِقُا‬

‫أسلق‬

shloq

‫خذ‬

shqol

take , carry

‫ِهسِط‬

‫أصفر‬

shroq

whistle

‫ُِزِى‬

‫أسكت \ ال تتكلم‬

shtoq

‫إشرب‬ َ

shtee

shut up, silent drink

‫ِٗسِى‬ ٌِٗ

‫ لم احذؾ حروؾ الجر الطوٌلة فً االمر او النهً فٌما ٌخص العربٌة الفصحى ألنّ اللهجة العراقٌة‬: ‫مالحظة‬ . ‫تحتفظ بها اثناء الكالم العادي‬ To make your “imperative” a polite request, you need to use these courteous words:

A: The polite request starts :

‫الطلب المإدب ٌبدأ بـ‬

. ‫ اعطنً هذا الخبز‬...... ‫ إذا ال تمانع‬.‫ ذَطٌ ازُا طَطعَا‬................... ‫ اُع بٌػعَا طسِض‬.1 . ‫ إدفع هذه العربانة‬..... ‫ بدون زحمة‬. ‫ شزقطَر اُؾَا ؾََُبَعَا‬............ َٖ‫ اُع طَا ذَزؾَا شَذظ‬.2 1. in basmalokh ... hallee awwa lakhma. 2. in laa hawya zaamat ….. zopla aya arabaana. 1. If you do not mind ( literal : If you‟d like) …. give me this bread. 2. If you do not mind ….. push this cart.

B: the answer

‫الجواب‬

128



1. paqid . Yes, here it is . ‫تفضل‬ 2. Lei daqra . You are welcome ‫ال تهتم \ على الرحب والسعة‬ C: the reply

‫الجواب‬

Basima . Thank you ( man) )‫شكراَ ( للمذكر‬ Basimta . Thank you ( lady ) ‫للمإنث‬ Baseeme . Thank you ( plural) ‫للجمع‬

129



‫اٌفصً اٌزبؿغ‬ ‫َؾَّا د ٍّٗؿَا‬ Chapter Nine de - Functions )‫وظابؾ (الدال‬ The Chaldo-Syrio-Assyrian Language has a very intricate mechanism to reduce the number of connectors into one. The case is clear in the relative pronoun connectors which are reduced into only one letter or sound ‫ ( د‬d) to replace at least four words or connectors in English: who, whom, which, that . ‫اٌّمضِخ‬ ‫ظبئف‬ٚٚ ‫غح‬١‫غ ػٓ ِؼب ٍْ وض‬١‫ب رـزشضَ دغ ف ( اٌضاي ) ٌٍزؼج‬ٙٔٛ‫ ثى‬ٞ‫ع‬ٛ‫ آك‬ٟٔ‫ب‬٠‫ ؿغ‬ٚ‫جبد اٌلؼت اٌىٍض‬ٌٙ ‫ّؼ‬١ّ‫رز‬ ِٟٛ١ٌ‫طخ ِٓ سالي االؿزؼّبي ا‬١‫ ٘ظٖ اٌضعاؿخ اٌجـ‬ٟ‫ب ف‬ٙ‫ي ولف‬ٚ‫ٕخ ٔذب‬١‫خ ) ِؼ‬١ٌ‫ىبٔؼَ ( آ‬١ّ‫خ ِزؼضصح رؼًّ ث‬٠ٛ‫ٌغ‬ ‫ الدع‬. ‫خ‬١‫اٌؼغث‬ٚ ‫خ‬٠‫ؼ‬١ٍ‫ٓ االٔى‬١‫ اٌٍغز‬ٟ‫صً اٌّزؼضصح ف‬ٌٛ‫ً ٌعّبئغ ا‬٠‫رـزشضَ وجض‬ٚ ‫ فبٌضاي لض رـزشضَ ٌٍزٍّه‬. َ‫ٌٍىال‬ : ً١ٍ‫االِضٍخ ٌغغض اٌزذ‬ . ‫ اعََّا د دَيرزَا طٌ ِطَعَا ؾُطسِذ نَغ ضَدقَُا دَؾعَا دزِقَٗسَِ يطُر‬.1 naasha dreiwaale shlaama a‟alo doctor eeli . The person whom I greeted shortly before now is a doctor. . ‫ت‬١‫ غج‬ٛ٘ ً١ٍ‫ٗ لجً ل‬١ٍ‫ ؿٍّذ ػ‬ٞ‫اٌلشص اٌظ‬ : ً١ٍ‫اٌزذ‬ ‫خ‬١‫ـ‬١‫قُٗجَعَا ٍَ ا َِعَؿَا جٍّخ عئ‬

main sentence = naasha

. ‫اعََّا دزِقَٗسَِ يطُر‬

dokhtor eele .

(The person doctor is) The person is a doctor. . ‫ت‬١‫اٌلشص غج‬

130



‫قُٗجَعَا اَ د َِعَؿَا‬ ‫جٍّخ ربثؼخ‬

subordinate sentence =

‫دَيرزَا طٌ ِطَعَا ؾُطسِذ نغ ضَدقَُا دَؾعَا‬

dree waali shlaama

ilo qam khacha daana

greeted I peace on him before short time I greeted him shortly before now ً١ٍ‫ٗ لجً ل‬١ٍ‫ؿٍّّذً ػ‬ connector =

‫د‬

whom

ٞ‫اٌظ‬ . ‫ بٌؿَٗا د يسٍع ذ ز َا يًٗبَُا تَسؾر ( تَسزذ) نغ ضَد قَُا دَ ؾعَا د ذ ز (ازٌ) دزِقٗسَِ يطُر‬.2 Beita dee wikh waa yteewe gaaho qam khadcha daana d O: doktor eele .

The house which we were sitting in shortly before now belongs to (is of) that doctor. . ‫ت‬١‫ص ٌظٌه اٌطج‬ٛ‫ؼ‬٠ ً١ٍ‫ٗ لجً ل‬١‫ وٕب لض جٍـٕب ف‬ٞ‫ذ اٌظ‬١‫اٌج‬ : ً١ٍ‫اٌزذ‬ main sentence =

. ‫بؿَٗا د ذز ( ازٌ) دزِقٗسَِ يطُر‬ beita do: doctor eele ‫ت‬١‫ذ طٌه اٌطج‬١‫ث‬

prepositional modifier ) of that =

dO:

ٌ‫( دذز \ از‬ ‫ ٌظٌه‬ٛ٘

subordinate sentence = ‫يسٍع ذزَا يًٗبُا تَسؾر نغ ضدقَُا دَؾعَا‬ eewikh wa y teewe qam khacha daana ‫د‬

connector = which

ٞ‫اٌظ‬ . ‫ ذُ ضٍ طُا ظَعُّع (ازٌ) بٌؿَٗا د تسِ َ زٍ ؽ ذ زَ ا طٌ بٌؿُؿر د ذز (اَزٍع ) قعَا بٌَػًعَا ؾرزَا‬.3 hich le manshin o: beita d gorwiswaalee biyee d aawin kmaa baseema y waa. 131



I never forget the house that I was raised in how (much) enjoyable (that) it was. .ْ‫ذب ً وب‬٠‫ٗ وُ ِغ‬١‫ذ ف‬١‫ رغث‬ٞ‫ذ اٌظ‬١‫ اٌج‬ٝ‫ال أـ‬ ً١ٍ‫اٌزذ‬ main sentence = . ‫ذُضٍ طُا ظَعُّع ( بٌؿَٗا ) قعَا بٌػًعَا ؾرزَا‬ I never forget how (much) enjoyable it was. . ْ‫ذب ً وب‬٠‫ وُ ِغ‬ٝ‫ال أـ‬ subordinate clause = ‫بٌؿَٗا د تسَِ زٍؽ ذ زَا طٌ بٌؿؿر‬ the house which I was raised in ٗ١‫ذ ف‬١‫رغث‬ connector

=

connector =

ٞ‫اٌظ‬

which

‫د‬ ‫داز‬

that

) ‫ ( ػبئض ٌـ‬ٞ‫ٌظٌه ا‬ . ) ‫ غَؿَػَٗا دطَا غَؿَػَا ( قؿطسِغَا‬.4 Tayasta d la

Tayaasa .

Plane without a pilot. = drone . ‫بع‬١‫ْ غ‬ٚ‫غبئغح ثض‬ The modifier in this case is a possessive (negative) pronoun. without

= negative pronoun ‫دطَا‬

Summary Through analysis of the speech, Chaldo- Syrio-Assyrian Dialects show that (d) ‫د‬ has various meanings, and it functions differently as different morphs. It can be possessive as in (4). It can also function as connectors to create difficult sentences by replacing [who, whom (1), which (2), and that ( 3) ] for singular and plural nouns.

132



The position of (d) is always after the noun that it modifies or describes or defines even when it is a possessive modifier, regardless whether it is singular or plural, animate or inanimate, male or female noun or nouns. ًّ‫رذ‬ٚ ‫ إّٔب رـزشضَ ( اٌضاي ) ألغغاض عثػ ِزؼضصح‬ٞ‫ع‬ٛ‫ آك‬ٛ٠‫ع‬ٛ‫ ؿ‬ٚ‫جبد ٌٍلؼت اٌىٍض‬ٌٍٙ‫ً ثبْ ا‬١ٍ‫غ ِٓ اٌزذ‬ٙ‫ظ‬ . ‫ ِزفغلخ‬ٟٔ‫ِؼب‬ . ‫ن‬ٌٍّّٛ‫ ثؼض اؿُ ا‬ٟ‫رأر‬ٚ ‫غ اٌزٍّه‬١ّ‫ اٌزٍّه رؼزجغ ظ‬ٟ‫ ف‬.1 (d) is a possessive pronoun and it follows the “head” noun. The house door . The door of the house ‫ذ‬١‫ ثبة اٌج‬. ‫َُٗؾَا د بؿَٗا‬ Martha‟s car . The car of Martha. ‫بعح ِبعصب‬١‫ ؿ‬. ‫ََدؾَٗا د ظََُٗا‬ : ُ‫صف ثؼض االؿ‬ٌٍٛ ٟ‫ ربر‬.2 (d) is a modifier after a noun = wooden door / the door made of wood =

“ head noun” + of __________.

tara‟a d qeisa

‫َُٗؾَا د نؿػَا = ثبة اٌشلت‬

: ‫خ‬١‫صف‬ٌٛ‫ اٌؼجبعح ا‬ٟ‫ ثؼض االؿُ ف‬ٟ‫ رأر‬.3 The house of that old man . ‫بؿَٗا د ذز ( ازٌ ) اعََّا غَبََا‬ Phrase of modification = “head noun” + of that _______. The house that its door is open

. ‫بٌؿَٗا د يطُر قًٗطَا َُٗؾسٌذ‬

Clause of modification = “head noun” that ….. is ….. ) ‫ح‬ٛ‫ ( ثبثٗ ِفز‬..... ٗ‫ح ثبث‬ٛ‫ ِفز‬ٞ‫ذ اٌظ‬١‫اٌج‬ . ‫بٌؿَٗا ديطُر قًٗطَا َُٗؾسٌذ َِكًَُا ؾطُر‬ The house that (which) its door is open is beautiful. The house with the open door is beautiful. . ً١ّ‫ح ( ٌـ ) ج‬ٛ‫ ثبثٗ ِفز‬ٞ‫ذ اٌظ‬١‫اٌج‬ ‫ جّبص‬ٚ‫ْ االؿُ إٔـبْ ا‬ٛ‫خ ثغط إٌظغ ػٓ و‬١‫صً اٌؼغث‬ٌٛ‫ض ػٓ وً ظّبئغا‬ٛ‫صً ) ر ؼ‬ٚ ‫غ‬١ّ‫ اصاح عثػ ( ظ‬ٟ‫ رأر‬.3 ، ٟ‫ اٌالئ‬ٟ‫ار‬ٌٍٛ‫ ا‬، ٓ٠‫ اٌظ‬، ٟ‫ اٌز‬، ٞ‫ض (اٌضاي) ػٓ اٌظ‬ٛ‫ؼ‬٠ ٜ‫ ثؼجبعح اسغ‬ٞ‫ ا‬. ‫ ِفغص‬ٚ‫ جّغ ا‬، ‫ ِؤٔش‬ٚ‫ ِظوغ ا‬، . )3( ، )2( ، )1( ‫ االِضٍخ‬ٟ‫ٓ وّب ف‬١‫ىبٔؼَ ِؼ‬١ّ‫ٓ ث‬١‫ اٌٍز‬، ْ‫ اٌٍزب‬، ٓ٠‫ اٌٍظ‬، ْ‫اٌٍظا‬

133



Wh-queston words & Connectors of the Subordinate Clause ‫ادوات االستفهام وادوات ربط للجملة‬ ‫التابعة‬ It is clear that certain words may function differently in the system and mechanism of Language. The Wh-question words are used for 2 purposes: raising questions, connecting clauses. ‫ فادوات االستفهام ٌمكن ان‬. ‫من الواضح جداً ان بعض الكلمات تقوم بوظابؾ متعددة فً مٌكانزم ونظام اللؽة‬ . ‫ وادوات لربط الجمل التابعة‬، ‫ طرح االسبلة‬: ‫تقوم بوظٌفتٌن‬ Raising Questions: :‫د َ ؾَٗا د بٌسِ نََُا‬ 1. Who ?

maani , mann

2. What?

Moodi , maha, mee

: ‫طرح االسبلة‬ ِٓ

ٌ‫ ظَع‬، ‫ظَع‬

‫مِبطا‬

ٌ‫ ظ‬، ‫ ظَر َ ا‬، ٍ‫ظسِد‬

3. Where? eeka , ayka , eika

ٓ٠‫ا‬

‫ ايكَا‬، ‫اَؾكَا‬

4. When

ٝ‫ِز‬

‫ايعَع‬

eeman

5. Why qaamoodi , lmee , lmaha, limmo, lma, tamee 6. Which eeni , aynee , eima, imne, id

ٞ‫أ‬

daakhee, dikh,

‫ف‬١‫و‬

8. How much kmaa, kmaha, maaqa

ُ‫و‬

7. How

‫ٌّبطا‬

‫ طعَر َا‬، ٍ‫ طعسِد‬، ٍ‫نَعسِد‬

‫ اُظعُا‬، ‫اَؾعَا‬ ‫ دُض‬، ٌَ‫داق‬ ‫ ظَهَا‬، ‫ قعَر َا‬، ‫قعَا‬ ‫غسِغُا اِضٍخ‬

Examples

‫ اَعٗـ ظَعٌ ؾسَٗـ ؟‬.1 aat maani ywit ? Who are you ? (you singular feminine ) ‫ت؟‬ ِ ‫من ان‬ ‫ ظسِدٍ يس ُٗ بايعََُا ؟‬.2 modit beemaara ? What do you say? (are saying Masculine ) ‫ماذا تقول ؟‬ 134



‫ اؾكَا ؾسٍٗ بُطَؿَا ؟‬.3 ayka ywit bikhaaya ? Who are you? (You singular masculine) ‫من انتَ ؟‬ ‫ ايعَع بُد اٍَٗؿٖ ؟‬.4 eeman bid aatit ? When are you coming? ( you singular masculine) ‫متى ستؤتً ؟‬ ‫ نَعسِدٍ طُا ؾسٍٗ بُٗكَهَا بًَُع ؟‬.5 qaamoodi leiwit bitpaaqa biyan? Why don’t you visit us? ( you singular masculine) ‫لِم َ ( لماذا ) ال تزورنا ؟‬ ‫ اَؾعَا ( اُظعُا ) ظَد ََ َِٗا بٍُ ضَّا ؾسٍٗ ؟‬.6 ayma ( imne) madrashta birkhashawit (brikhshaywit)? Which school are you going to? ‫الى اي مدرسة تذهب ؟ ( فً اي مدرسة انت) ؟‬ ‫ داقٌَ قا ظَُٕ ؾَٗـ د ضَؿَٗـ ٗاَظَا ؟‬.7 daakhee ke maaSit d khaayat taama ? How can you live there? ( you singular feminine) ‫ق ٕ٘بن ؟‬١‫ٓ اٌؼ‬١‫ؼ‬١‫ف رـزط‬١‫و‬ ‫ قعَا ؾسِ ظَعُا بُد قَؿُّٖ َٗاظَا ؟‬.8 kma yoomaane bid peishit taama ? How many days will you stay there? (You singular masculine) ‫كم ٌوما ً ستبقى هناك ؟‬ ‫اَغٍَُا د قُٗجَعَا اَد َِؿَا‬ Connecting subordinate clause: ‫ادوات الربط للجملة التابعة‬ ٌ‫ ظَع‬.1 . ‫بُد ذٍ بُُا تسِ بَؿَا دَُِيٍُا ز قط ضَد قُا ظَُٕا ؾَربَط نَطسِذ ؾط ظَعٌ د بَؿُا‬ bid haawe goobaya w kul kha ke maaSe yahwil qaalo ‘al maani d baayee. There will be elections of the ministers, and everybody can give his vote for anyone he wants. . ‫هناك انتخابات الوزراء وان كل شخص ٌستطٌع ان ٌدلً بصوته لمن ٌرٌد‬ ٍ‫ ظسِد‬.2 . ‫ضَدَا ََدؾَٗا قهُؿطَر بؿسِظَا دَؾبََُ ز ذُ ٓ طُا ؾطَر ظسِبؿَعَٗا ظسِدٍ ؾطُر بُُؾَا‬ khda raadeita pqi’ala byooma da’awar wheish Leila mubyanta moodee yle birya. A car exploded the day yesterday and it is not yet clear what has happened. . ‫سٌارة م ا انفجرت فً اللٌلة الماضٌة ولم ٌتبٌن بعد ماذا قد حدث‬ ‫ اؾكَا‬.3 . ‫قَطَُّا اظُُطَـ ( اظُُ عَا ) ٍُُِا ََ بَا ضؿطَعَٗا ؾطَر ز طُا ؾَدؾٌُ اَؾكَا ظػٌَُّ طَر تَعَرٍ (ع ) ظُع تسِططُا د قسَِِعتُا‬ 135



paalaashe mirlay ( mirna) shar-re khaylnta yela w lei yad’ee ayka mTaashee la gaaneiheen min gulle d pooshange The troops said that the battle was fierce, and they do not know where they hide themselves from the bullets. . ‫اعلن المقاتلون بان المعركة شرسة وال ٌعرفون اٌن ٌخببون انفسهم من رمً االطالقات‬ ‫ ايعَع‬.4 . ‫ذُ ٓ طُا ؾطَر ظس َبؿَعَٗا ايعَع بُد َُِؾَا اَؾَا َُٗظًَٗا‬ heish Leila mubyanta eeman bid sharya aya tarmeeta. It is not clear when this project will start. . ‫لٌس واضحا ً متى سٌبدأ المشروع‬ ٍ‫ نَعسِد‬.5 . ‫ذُط اَدؾَا طُا ؾطَر يدُ ؾَٗا نَعسِ د ٍ ظؿسَِنُطر زَا طرزِع بازَِ ضَا‬ hal adiya Leila eedi’ata qaamoodi m’aorqilwaalon b urkha . It is not yet known why they delayed. . ‫ال ٌعرؾ لحد اآلن لماذا تؤخروا فً الطرٌق‬ ) ‫ اَؾعَا ( اُظعُا‬.6 . ‫اَ ضعَع طُا ؾسَع د َُ ؾُا نَغ بَطَع اؾعَا ( اُظعُا ) دزِقَٗا بُد قؿُّظ اَد طؿطُا‬ akhnan leiwakh dirye qam gaanan eima dukta bid peishikh ad leile. We have not decided in which place we will stay this night. . ‫لم نقرر فً اي مكان سنبقى هذه اللٌلة‬ Negative =

le …….. hich ٍ‫ ذُض‬....... ‫طُا‬

at all

ً‫ابدا‬

. ‫ ايعَا قُّطَع‬. ‫اَضعَع طُا ؾسََع دُ َ ؾُا نَغ بٌَطَع ذُضٍ نَد قَؿُّظ ذزَا َٗاظَا‬ akhnan leiwakh dirye qam baalan hich qad peishakh wa taama . eena pishlan. We have not decided at all that we would stay (remain) there. But we stayed (remained). . ‫ ولكننا مكثنا‬. ‫لم نكن نضع فً اعتبارنا ابداً البقاء هناك‬ ٌَ‫ داق‬.7 . ‫تََُض ظَُؾُص ُع تَعَع داَقٌَ بُد ظَػَظ ؾط عًَّع‬ garak maryizakh gaana daakhee bid maaTikh ‘al neeshan We must organize ourselves how ( so that ) we can achieve our goal. . English is a bit different. . ‫ٌجب ان ننظم انفسنا للتوصل الى الهدؾ المنشود‬ ‫ قعَا‬.8 . ‫شَ ذ ظَٖ يطَر ؾُطَع نَد َٔطعُعُظ قعَا ش زِ شَ ا بُد ؾَر بَُظ نَد بَعُظ اَزَا بؿٖ – قُ يرُ ا‬ zahmat eela qad Salminakh kmaa zooza bid yahwikh qad banakh aawa bet- kreehi It is very difficult for us to imagin how much money we will pay to be able to build this hospital. . ‫من الصعب ان نخمن كم من المال سندفع لكً ٌتسنى لنا بناء المستشفى‬

136



‫اٌفصً اٌؼبكغ‬ ‫اٌزٍّه‬ ‫َؾَّا د ؾُػَُا‬ ‫اؾعَؿسَِٗا‬ Chapter Ten Verb “to Have”

We can divide possession into three categories: (a) verb to have (b) suffix as inflection attached to the end of a noun (c) possessive pronouns as free morpheme by itself which comes immediately after the noun. e.g. itli ktawa

= I have a book

ktaawi

= my book

ktaawa diyi ( deedi) yle = the book is mine

‫( اؾٗطٌ قَٗبَا‬a) ٌَ‫قَٗب‬

(b)

. ‫ ( قَٗبََا ديـ ( ديدٍ ) ؾطُر‬c )

Persons A word immediatly after the noun Attached to the end Verb to have ktawa diyi ) ٍ‫بَا ديـ ( ديد‬ َ ٗ َ ‫ق‬ ktaawi ٌَ‫قَٗب‬ itli ٌ‫ اؾٗط‬First

ktawa diyan

) ‫( ديدَع‬

‫قَٗبََا ديَع‬

ktaawa diyokh ) ‫قَٗبَا ديسِض ( ديدزِض‬ ktawa diyakh

) ‫قَٗبَا ديَكَـ ( ديدَقَـ‬

ktawa )‫قَٗبََا ديسقَسِع ( ديدزِقَسِع‬ diyokhon ktawa diyeh ) ‫بَا ديُر ( ديُدُذ‬ َ ٗ َ ‫ق‬ ktawa diyah ktawa diyei

) ‫( ديَدَذ‬

ktaawan

‫قَٗبَع‬

ktaawukh ِ‫قَٗبَسِض‬ ktaawakh

‫قَٗبَكَـ‬

itlan ‫اؾٗطَع‬

Person

itlokh. ِ‫ اؾٗطسِض‬Second itlakh .ِ‫اؾٗطَض‬

Person

‫ قَٗبَسقَسِع‬itlokhon ‫اؾٗطسِقَسِع‬ ktaawaukhon plural ktawih ‫قَٗبَُر‬ itle ‫ اؾٗطُر‬Third

‫ٗبَا ديَر‬ َ ‫ق‬

ktaawah

‫قَٗبََر‬

itla ‫اؾٗطَر‬

)‫قَٗبَا ديرف (ديدَف‬

ktaawei

‫قَٗبَؿرف‬

itlon ‫اؾٗطرزِع‬ Plural

137

Person



A word immediatly after the noun ktawa diyi yle = The book is mine ktawa diyan yle = The book is ours

Attached to the end

ktawa diyokh yle = The book is yours m. ktawa diyakh= The book is yours f. ktawa diyokhon= The book is yours Plural ktawa diyeh yle = the book is his.

Ktaawukh = your m. book ktaawakh = your f. book ktaawaukhon = your book plural ktawih = his book ktaawah = her book ktaawei = their book

Ktaawi

= my book

Persons

Verb to have Itli = I have itlan = we have

First Person

ktaawan = our book

ktawa diyah yle = the book is hers. ktawa diyei = the book is theirs. plural

Itlokh= Second You m. have . Person itlakh = you f. have itlokhon = you have plural Third itle = he has Person itla = she has itlon = they have Plural

‫كتاب مالتي‬

) ٍ‫( ديد‬

Persons Attached to the Verb to have end ‫قَٗبََا ديـ‬ ‫كتابي‬ ٌَ‫عىدٌ قَٗب‬ ٌ‫ اؾٗط‬First

‫كتاب مالتنا‬

) ‫( ديدَع‬

‫قَٗبََا ديَع‬

‫كتابنا‬

‫قَٗبَع‬

‫عىدوب‬

‫كتاب مالتك‬

) ‫قَٗبَا ديسِض ( ديدزِض‬

‫ك‬ َ ‫كتاب‬

ِ‫قَٗبَسِض‬

‫عىدك‬

ِ‫ اؾٗطسِض‬Second

‫كتاب مالتج‬

) ‫قَٗبَا ديَكَـ ( ديدَقَـ‬

ِ‫كتابك‬

‫قَٗبَكَـ‬

ِ‫عندك‬

َ‫اؾٗطَكـ‬

)‫قَٗبََا ديسقَسِع ( ديدزِقَسِع‬ ) ‫كتاب مالتكم ( ماالتكم‬ ‫كتاب مالته‬ ) ‫بَا ديُر ( ديُدُذ‬ َ ٗ َ ‫ق‬

‫كتبكم‬

‫قَٗبَسقَسِع‬

‫عندكم‬

‫اؾٗطسِقَسِع‬

‫كتابه‬

‫قَٗبَُر‬

‫عنده‬

‫ اؾٗطُر‬Third

‫ٗبَا ديَر‬ َ ‫ق‬

‫كتابها‬

‫قَٗبََر‬

‫عندها‬

‫اؾٗطَر‬

)‫قَٗبَا ديرف (ديدَف‬

‫كتبهم‬

‫قَٗبَؿر ف‬

A word immediatly after the noun

‫كتاب مالتها‬ )‫كتاب مالتهم ( ماالتهم‬

) ‫( ديَدَذ‬

This is how the effect of Assyrian is on the Iraqi dialect. 138

‫اؾٗطَع‬

‫اؾٗطرزِع عندهم‬

Person

Person

Person



‫الفصل الحادي عشر‬ َُ‫َؾَّا د ضَدُؾػ‬ ‫ؾُدَٗا ز ضَّطََٗا‬ ‫االصطالحات الكنسٌة‬ Chapter Eleven Church Terminology

‫اآلب‬

aaba / aawa

ٓ‫االث‬

ibra/ awra/ brona

ً‫إنجٌل‬

iwingalaaya

‫إنجٌل‬

iwangaliyoon

‫ االنانٌة‬، ‫األنا‬ )‫سٌادة ( المطران‬ ‫االقنوم‬ ‫التملك‬ ‫صدقة \ تبرع‬ ‫قداس \ سر‬ ‫اسرار الكنٌسة‬

‫اُزٍعتَطؿسِع‬

akhilqarsa

‫بتول \ بتولٌة \ ؼٌر متزوجة‬

‫اؾض \ ظسِض \ ضَد بؿد بَبَا‬

Satan / Lucifer

aalaaha

‫اَقَطهََُٔا‬ ‫اَطَرَا‬

God

aanayoota

apisqopa title of the archbishop iqnoma

‫اَعَؿسَِٗا‬

ego, selfishness

‫اَقُػهسِقَا‬ ‫اُنعسِظا‬

being, entity, part

eenayoota

possession

irwana

offering, donation, pledge

raaza

‫ايعَؿسَِٗا‬ ‫اَُزَعَا‬ ‫اََشَا‬

Mass

raze d eeta

Church mysteries

‫اََشٍا دؾًدَٗا‬

a degree less than archbishop )‫اََقَدؾَهسِ (ع‬ ‫بٌؿٖ نَسبََُا‬

bet qoora cemetery

‫ صوم نٌنوى \ ٌوم الرماد‬bawota d ninwaaye ‫ سٌبة‬، ‫شر‬

‫ازَِِؿعَا‬

Hosana , palm day

‫ خوري‬archadyaqon ‫مقبرة‬

‫اُزٍعتَطَؿَا‬

Bible

‫مساو لالب فً الجوهر‬ cosubstatial with the Father ٍ ‫هللا‬

‫اُبٌَُا \ اَبََُا \ بٌُزِعَا‬

son

evangelist (istic)

‫ عٌد السعانٌن‬oshana ‫شٌطان \ ابلٌس‬

‫اَبٌَا \ أَبٌََا‬

Father

bishta

an ash day

‫بَؿسَِٗا دعًعسَؾُا‬

evil

btolta

Virgin, unmarried girl

‫بًٌَّٗا‬ ‫بٌٗسِطَٗا‬

‫صوم‬

soma

fasting

‫َٔزظَا‬

‫صالة‬

slota

pray, praying

‫ٔطسَِٗا‬

ٟ‫ لبغغ اٌطغق \ كم‬gayaasa triumphant in faith ,thief, gangster, mobster 139

‫تَؿَػَا‬



‫ئخ‬١‫ سط‬، ‫طٔت‬

gnaaha

‫ سلوك‬، ‫تصرفات‬

doobare

‫ إحٌاء ذكرى‬، ‫عٌد قدٌس‬

‫دزِبٍَُا‬

commemoration

‫دزِقََُعَا‬

dla mooma

‫اٌمان \ عقٌدة‬

zadeeqa

‫حبة \ محبة‬

‫ضسِبٌَا‬

khTeeta

‫ جرٌمة‬، ‫إرتكاب ذنب‬

khilTa

)‫ؼسل االرجل ( خمٌس الفرح‬

fatal sin

‫ضػًَٗا‬ ‫ضَؿَبَسَِٗا‬

crime, felony

‫ضُطػَا‬

mistake, fault , sin

‫ضعُّبٌَّبَا د قُٕضَا‬

khamshawsheba d piskha

damage, destruction, vandalism, sabotage ‫ضَُبََٗا‬

khrawta ‫طٌبة \ صدقة‬

Tawta

‫نعمة \ طٌبة‬

Tayboota / nimta

‫سإال \ طلب \ توسل‬ ‫فرقة \ جوقة‬

‫ضػًَٗا ظَعَٗعًَٗا‬

sin, fault

khayaawoota

‫خطؤ \ سهو‬

‫ضسِغَؿَا‬

forgiveness of sins

khTeeta mamtaneta

‫خطٌبة‬

‫ضسِؾَدَا‬

solidarity, unison

khosaaya

‫خطٌبة قاتلة‬

‫شُديهَا‬

love

Khoyaada

‫تكفٌر عن خطاٌا \ ؼفران‬

‫ذؾعَعَٗا‬

mortgage, deposit, a trust honest , fair

khoba

‫ وحدة‬، ‫إتحاد‬

‫ذَؾعَعسَِٗا‬

faith , belief

haymanta

‫ صدوق‬، ‫عادل‬

‫دطَا ظسِظَا‬

immaculate

haymanoota

)‫أمانة ( شٌا ٌوضع كثقة‬

‫تخرٌب‬

manners, behavior (s)

dokhraana

‫بال دنس \ بال عورة‬

‫تعَرَا‬

sin

‫غَبََٗا‬

goodness grace

‫غؿبٌسَِٗا \ عُؿُعَٗا‬

Tlabta entreat , demand , ask , query

joqa/ jahla

‫ ٌوم القٌامة‬yoma d nookhaama ‫ عٌد الشكر‬yoma d shakarta ) ‫ ٌوم المحبة ( الحب‬yoma d khoba ‫ آمٌن‬، ‫ نزٌه‬، ‫ عادل‬keina

‫ؾَرطَا \ جسِنَا‬

choires / band

‫ ٌوخارستٌة \ تحول الخمر الى دم والخبز الى جسد‬yukaristiya

‫ؾسِقٍَُغػؿَا‬

Eucharist

the doomsday

‫ؾسٌظَا د عسِضَعَا‬

Thanksgiving Day

‫ؾسِظَا د َِكََُٗا‬

Valentine Day

‫ؾسِظَا دضسِبٌَا‬

Just, fair, honest, trustworthy

) ‫ للقب ( البطرٌرك‬komra title for the Patariarc ‫كٌان \ طبٌعة‬ ‫كؤس‬

kyana kasa

‫غطَبٌَٗا‬

‫قُاعَا‬ ‫قسِظَُا‬

entity, nature

‫قؿَعَا‬

cup, chalice

‫قَػَا‬

) ‫ لقب ( مطران‬kasse\ sayidna titles for archbishops ‫قُػٌ \ غُؿُدعَا‬ ‫ بال رحمة‬، ‫ خشن‬، ‫ كافر‬kapora infidle, blasphemous, tough

‫قَكسََِا‬

... ‫ قراءة من‬، ‫ وعظ‬، ‫ كراز‬karozota preaching, reading form saints ‫قَُزشزَِٗا د‬ ‫ال ٌدرك‬

la mithdarkane

‫ٌعترؾ‬

modeita

‫موهبة \ نعمة‬

agnostics, cannot be fathomed

confession, acknowledge, recognize

‫طَا ظُٗدََقَعُا‬ ‫ظَسدؾَٗا بـ‬

mawhaota gift, bestow, grace , talent ‫ظَسذَبََٗا\ ضُطُؿَٗا \ قَكَُا‬ 140



‫مٌالد المسٌح‬

mawlada d maaran Christmas

‫ عورة‬، ‫دنس‬

mooma

‫مزمور‬

‫ظَسطَدُا دظَُع‬ ‫ظسِظَا‬

blemish

‫ظَصظسََِا‬

mazmoora psalm

mkhallata d khtayaata cleansing sins ‫ظطَططََٗا د ضػؿََٗا‬

‫ ؼسل الخطاٌا‬، ‫طهارة‬

‫ تحرٌم \ طرد‬makhramta excommunication, deprivation , taboo ‫ظَطَُظَٗا‬ ‫مطران‬

maTran

‫ مطرانٌة‬، ‫ ابرشٌة‬MaTraaniya ‫ماء مقدس‬

‫ظَػَُع‬

archbishop

miya mqodshe

‫ طرد‬، ‫ تنزٌل‬، ‫ اٌقاؾ‬، ‫ إخراج‬makleita

‫ظَػَُعؿَا‬

Diocese

‫ظؿَا ظهسِدُِا‬

holy water

‫ظَكطؿَٗا‬

demotion, lay off, fire

‫ إؼضاب‬makrabta make angry , tease, make somebody mad ‫ظَكَُبَٗا‬ ‫موعظة \ عظة‬

‫ نسٌان‬mansheita

forgetting, not remembering

‫ إنتقاص من قٌمة‬، ‫ إنتقاد‬masleita ‫معمودٌة‬

miTrapolita

) ‫ قدٌس‬.... ‫ لقب ( مطران‬mar

msheekha

oils of the mysteries (3-4) ‫ظُّطُا داََشٍا‬

) ‫صعود ( عٌد‬

‫عبَؿَا‬

prophet

‫ عٌد رشاش الماء‬nosardeil ‫ سجود‬sgadta

‫ظًّطَا‬

Jesus, Messiah

nwiya nitgasham

‫عسِغَُدؾط‬

water day

‫عُٗتََّغ‬

incarnate, embed

kneeling to pray , prostration, worship saTana

‫ معهد دٌنً \ سٌمنار‬Seminare

‫غجَدَٗا‬ ‫غسِطَهَا‬

soolaqa ascension, assumption

‫شٌطان‬

‫ظَُف‬ ‫ظٗسِظَؿَا‬

eternal, immortal

)‫ انواع زٌت مقدس فً الكنٌسة‬3 ( mishkhe d raze ً‫نب‬

‫ظًػَُقسِطًػا‬

title for all archbishops and above

‫ سرمدي \ ابدي‬mtoomaaya ‫المسٌح‬

Patriarch

reconcile, satisfy, make happy ‫ظَُدؾَٗا \ ظَُدَؾَٗا‬

‫ إرضاء‬mardeita

‫غَػَعَا‬

Satan, devil, demon

Seminar Priesthood School (theology) ُ‫غُعُعؿ‬

the church gatekeeper, the church key holder ‫غَؿسََِا‬

‫ نكران‬، ً‫ نف‬srawta ‫نكران هللا‬ ‫ ستارة‬sitra

‫ظَؿعسِديَٗا‬

baptism

mpalaTa d beeshe exorcism, exorcise ‫ظكَطَػَٗا دبًُّا‬

‫بطرٌرك‬

‫ ساعور‬، ‫ سدانة‬sa’aoora

‫ظَعّؿَٗا‬ ‫ظَػطؿَٗا‬

criticize , put down

maamodeeta

‫إخراج االرواح الشرٌرة‬

‫تجسد‬

ٌ‫ظَكَُشَٗا ب‬

makrazta homily , praching about

‫غَُبََٗا‬

denial, deny

srawt al aalaha

atheist

‫غَُبََٗا طَاطَرَا‬

curtain between the altar and the worshipers

‫ مهرجان‬ad eida

festival, carnival

‫ كنٌسة‬a’ eita / umra 141

church, Kenesat

‫غَُُٗا‬ ‫ؾَدؾُدَا‬

‫ؾُدَٗا \ ؾسِظَُا‬



‫ إعانة \ مساعدة إنسانٌة‬odrana ‫كنٌسة‬

umra

‫ؾسِظَُا‬

church

‫ عٌد‬eeda

feast, usually Christmas and Easter

‫ؾؿدَا‬

the deceased’s celebration rituals

‫ؾَعًدَا‬

ً‫ وفاة \ صالة على المتوف‬aneeda ‫ اٌعاء‬، ً‫‘ وع‬a eerotha

‫ؾسِدََعَا‬

aid, help , assistance, relief

raising awareness, awakening, consciousness ‫ؾًُزَِٗا‬

) ‫ جمعة االحزان ( اآلالم‬rota d khasha

‫ؾُزبََٗا د ضََّا‬

Great Friday

‫ؾُزبٗا دظًٍٗا‬

‫ جمعة القدٌسٌن‬rota d meethe Friday f all saints

religious sedition ‫قسِطَجَا ٗسديَٗعَؿَا‬

‫ فتنة طابفٌة‬polaga tadeetanaaya ‫ؼفران \ إعتذار \ إعفاء‬ ‫البطرٌرك‬

pakhalta patiryarka m

Patriarch

paapa

Pope

‫بابا‬

‫ توبة‬pashamta ‫ سماح‬، ‫ قبول‬qbalta ‫قبر‬

‫قَػَُؾَُقَا‬ ‫قَكَا‬

qadeeshe

‫نَبََُا‬ ‫نَديُّا‬

saints

)‫نَديريَِٗا (ُذ‬

title : his (His) holiness

holy bread , communion ‫نسَِبَعَا نَديَّا‬

‫ قربان‬qurbana qadeesha ‫ قٌامة \ عٌد الكبٌر‬qyamta

‫نؿَعَٗا‬

resurrection, Easter day

‫نُؿَكَا‬

‫ال ٌعرؾ الرحمة‬

Qayaapa

‫مذبح‬

altar/ temple separated by a curtain

‫قربان \ تناول القربان‬ ‫ قسٌس‬، ‫قس‬ ‫ٌسوع‬

ruthless, merciless

qrawta

qaasha / qasheesha isho

‫ روح القدس‬rokha d qodsha rakhme

‫مساء \ لٌل‬

ramsha

‫إشارة الصلٌب‬ ‫الهوت‬

rshamta teiologiya

‫ عقٌدة‬، ‫ دٌن‬، ‫ مذهب‬taw deeta

‫ََبَعَٗا‬ ٌ‫ََب‬

teacher, priest

‫َزِضَا د نسِدَِا‬

Holy Spirit , Holy Ghost

‫ََضعُا‬

mercy

‫ََظَّا‬

evening

..... ‫ََِعَٗا د‬

ordain, anoint

rshamta dsleewa

‫ تابب‬tayaawa

‫يريِف‬

nun

‫ رابً \ معلم‬raaby \ rabbi

‫ََِعَٗا دٔطًبََا‬

cross sign

‫ٍٗازطسِجؿَا‬

theology

faith, denomination, religion ‫ٗسديَٗا‬

repentant, (someone) remorses

‫ توبة‬tyawoota repentence 142

‫نَُبََٗا‬ ‫نََّا \ نًََّّا‬

preist

Jesus, atonement

‫رحمة‬

‫نَعكُا\ ظَدبٌطَا‬

offering , taking communion

‫ ماسٌر \راهبة‬rabanta

‫ترسٌم‬

‫نبَطَٗا‬

grave

‫ قداسة‬qadeeshoote

qanke

‫قََّعَٗا‬

regret , remorse, repentance

acceptance / indulegence, admission qawra

‫قدٌسٌن‬

‫قَطَطَٗا‬

forgiveness, excuse

‫َٗؿَبََا‬

‫ٗؿَبَسَِٗا \ َٗبََبَٗا‬



‫ تلمٌذ \ زمالة‬talmeetha

‫َٗطعًدَا‬

students of scholarship

ً‫ الثالوث اإلله‬tleeytayoota qadishta Holy Trinity

‫ٗطًَٗؿسَِٗا نَديَّٗا‬

‫ المجد هلل‬toshbokhta lalaaha Glory to God

‫ٍّٗبٌسضَٗا طَاطَرَا‬

‫عالقة ؼٌر جٌدة‬

‫ِبََهَٗا دطُبٌَا‬

shwaqta d libba being in bad terms with

‫ سهرة \ ٌقظة‬shaharta

vigil, stay late at night, night gala, alert

‫ِسِبَهَعَا دضػَرُا‬

‫ ؼفران ( عن ) الخطاٌا‬shoqana di khTahe forgiving sins

‫ شكر‬shakarta gratitude, gratefulness, thankfulness ‫ رسول \ ساذج‬shleekha

‫َِرَََٗا‬ ‫َِكََُٗا‬ ‫ِطًطَا‬

disciple, naïve

‫ اسم الرب‬shimma d maaran The name of the Lord

‫ُِعَا دظٍَُع‬

‫ سامري‬، ‫ سومري‬shamraaya/ shomaraya Sumerian / Samaritan ‫َِعَُؾَا \ ِسِظََُؾَا‬ ‫ شماس‬shamaasha ‫ ٌستجدي‬، ‫ٌتوسل‬ ‫ٌستؽرق‬ ‫ٌتناول القربان‬

‫َِعََّا‬

deacon, the service man

‫َِكطَكَٗا‬

shaplapta entreat , beg shaqla daana

take communion

‫ِهَطَٗا دنسَِبَعَا‬

biography , career, resume

‫َُِبَا‬

shqalta d qorbana

‫ سٌرة ذاتٌة‬sharba

‫َِهطَا دَؾعَا‬

last v. , take ( time )

‫ سٌرة الشهداء‬sharba d sahade biography ( chronicles ) of the martyres

143

‫َُِبَا د غَردُا‬



‫الفصل الثانً عشر‬ ‫َؾَّا د ٍُُٗؾػَُ‬ ‫ؾط ظُطَٗا‬ ‫‪Chapter Twelve‬‬ ‫‪Adverbs‬‬ ‫الظروؾ \ الحال‬

‫)‪Adverbs / Adverbials are of three types: (1) Time adverbials (2) Place adverbials (3‬‬ ‫‪Manner adverbials.‬‬ ‫تقع الظروؾ تحت ثالث انواع (‪ )1‬الظرؾ الزمنً (‪ )1‬الظرؾ للمكان (‪ )2‬الظرؾ لالسلوب‬ ‫ؾَط ظُطَٗا بُٗطََٗا َٗرٍََا ؾطَر ‪ )1( :‬ؾط ظُطَٗا دشبَعَا (‪ )1‬ؾط ظُطَٗا د دزِقَا ( ‪ )2‬ؾط ظُطَٗا د داقَؿسَِٗا ‪.‬‬ ‫‪The time adverbials (1) fall under four catogaries: past, continous, future:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬الظرؾ الزمنً ٌقع تحت اربع انواع ‪:‬‬ ‫ماضً ‪،‬مضارع بسٌط ‪ ،‬مضارع مستمر ‪ ،‬مستقبل‪ ،‬الحالة التامة لالفعال‬ ‫دَؾبََُ ‪ ،‬نَاؾغ ؾؿَدَؾَا ‪ ،‬نَؿغ غسِؾَُعَؿَا ‪ ،‬دَؾًٗد ‪ ،‬شَبَعُا قعًطُا‬ ‫شَبَعَا دَؾبََُ اٌّبظ‪ٟ‬‬ ‫‪Past Tense‬‬ ‫)‪Adverbs (ials‬‬ ‫ضصًؾطٌ ( ضصٍا طٌ )‬

‫اُٗعَطـ‬

‫‪ timal‬أمس‬

‫‪yesterday‬‬

‫‪khzeeli‬‬

‫اُدؾسِظ نؿدَظَٗا‬

‫‪saw+him + I‬‬

‫َِبَسِؾَا دَؾبََُ‬

‫‪I saw him‬‬

‫ُٗطٍٗا‬

‫‪2 years ago‬‬

‫ُِٗهُع‬

‫‪last year‬‬

‫عأ‪٠‬زُٗ‬

‫ًَِٗا‬

‫دَؾبََُ‬

‫بُصزِبَعُا‬ ‫بصزِبَعُا‬

‫‪today morning‬‬

‫‪ idiom‬هذا الصببح‬

‫‪ shawoo’a daawar last week‬االسبىع المبضٍ‬ ‫‪ talthe‬السنتين الماضيتين‬ ‫‪ shitqin‬العام المنصرم‬

‫‪ sheeta da’war a year ago‬العام الماضي‬ ‫‪ baz zoone‬العامين الماضيين‬

‫‪2 years ago‬‬ ‫‪last year/ a year ago‬‬

‫ضُصؾَطٌ ( ضُصؾأطٌ )‬

‫ؾَُضَا دقًدطُر‬

‫‪month ago‬‬

‫‪khizyaale‬‬ ‫‪saw + her + I‬‬ ‫‪I saw her‬‬

‫َِعَٗا دقًدطَر‬

‫‪last year‬‬

‫‪144‬‬

‫‪ bzoone‬العام الماضي‬

‫‪ yarkha d pidle‬الشهر الفائت‬ ‫‪d pidla‬‬

‫‪ shaata‬السنة الماضية‬



‫ب‬ٙ‫ز‬٠‫عأ‬

In this case, the Assyrian language has one word for ( two years ago) : talte/ bazzoone. َ‫شَبَعَا دنَاؾغ قًّػَا ( ؾؿَدَؾَا ) اٌّعبعع اٌؼب‬ Simple Present Tense adevrbs ( ials) ً ‫عادة \ دابما‬ ‫كل النهار‬

Hamasha kulid yoma

‫كل يوم‬ ‫كل يوم سبت \ اسبوع‬

often/ always

‫ذَظََّا‬ ‫قطد ؾسِظَا‬

all day

kud yom

‫قسدؾسِظ‬

kud shabta

every week ‫قسِد َِبٌَٗا‬

‫بالصدفة‬

btapqo

‫أحيانا‬

gahata

‫ضَصٍعطُر‬

by chance sometimes

ٌ‫بَٗكهس‬ ‫تَرََٗا‬

‫ف‬ ‫قـ \ قُا‬

y/ k + khaz +in + le y/k

+ see+ I + him

I (often) see him ‫أرا ُه‬

khakma gahe every now and then ‫ضَدقعَا بُرعُا‬ ‫في بعض االحيان‬ ‫ في بعض االحيان‬khakma gaahe occasionally ‫ضدقعَا تَرُا‬

‫قا ضَصٍعطَر‬

‫قط ضَدبٌَّبٌَا‬

y/ k + khaz + in + la

every week ‫قط َِبَسِؾَا‬

y/k + see + I + her I ( often) see her ‫اراها‬

‫كل يوم احد‬ ‫كل اسبوع‬

kul khaosheiba kul shawoo’a

145



‫شَبَعَا نَاؾغ اَظًعَا ( غسِؾَُعَؿَا ) اٌّعبعع اٌّـزّغ‬ Present Tense Adverbs ( ials) Before any explanation to be made . Verb ( to see ) in English is static i.,e., we do not say ( I am seeing), but instead: ( I see now ) . The progressive aspect structure of any sentence in Assyrian language comprise of : Pattern 1: ‫بُطصَؾَا ؾسَع‬ bi + verbal noun verb+ verb to be progressive aspect + Subject bi + khzaaya ing + see seeing We see .

+ ywakh + we we

‫اآلن‬

adiya

‫االن‬

haadiya

‫الٌوم‬ ‫فً النهاٌة‬ َ‫حاال‬

idiom bkharta

now now today

‫اَدؾَا‬

‫بُطصؾَا ؾسٍع‬

‫ذَدؾَا‬

bikhzaya ywok h

‫اُدؾسِظ‬

‫نرى‬

later ‫بٌطََُٗا‬

baya idaana right now ‫بٌُاؾَا ؾُدَعَا‬

Pattern 2: When we have an object as pronoun, it usally comes at the end of the progressive verb as in this pattern 2 : ‫يسٍع‬

‫= بُطصَؾُر‬

‫بُطصَؾُا‬

‫= بُطصَؾَر‬

‫بُطصَؾَا‬

‫بُطصَؾَاف = بُطصَؾرف‬ 146



Sentence structure : progressive + object + subject bi bi bi

+ khzaa + khzaa + khzaa

+ yeh + yah + yehe

ywokh

ing + Verbal noun + object + subject seeing + him + we seeing + her + we seeing + them + we We see ( are seeing) him. We see ( are seeing) her. We see ( are seeing ) them.

‫نراه‬ ‫ٔغا٘ب‬ ُ٘‫ٔغا‬

The verb (see) in English is static. In Assyrian it is not and it goes as (are seeing). In Assyrian adverbs do not define the time of the verbs because the structure of the sentence (syntax) indicates the aspect and the time of the sentence. Pattern 3: When the object is a noun and not a pronoun , the structure of the sentence is: Object

Subject Copula ‫ؾسِع‬

‫ايطَعُا‬

eelaane

‫ؾسَع‬

‫بُطصَؾَا‬

ٍٗ‫ ؾس‬bikhzaaya ‫ؾسَٗـ‬ ‫ؾٗسِع‬ ‫ؾطُر‬ ‫ؾطَر‬ ‫ؾطرزِع‬

147

Progressive



preogressive + subject + object

bi khzaaya + ywin / yawn/ ywit/ ywat/ yton / yle / yla/ ylon seeing + subject copula

+ eelane + trees ً‫شَبَعَا دَؾًٗد اٌّـزمج‬ The Future Tense

َ ‫ ؼدا‬sapra َ ‫ ؼدا‬qudme

tomorrow tomorrow

‫ هذه اللٌلة‬ad leile ‫ثانٌة‬ ‫بالتالً \ فً النهاٌة‬

midre

‫ؿـ‬

‫اف تَرَ ا \ ذؾتَا‬

ٜ‫ٔغ‬

‫ف‬ٛ‫ؿ‬

at the end

‫ دهر الدهور \ ابد االبدٌن‬almin amin ‫ بسرعة \ على عجل‬blayzoon

ٜ‫ٔغ‬

again

bkharta

‫ ل‬bid khaazukh

‫اُد طَؿطُا‬

tonight

then, that time

‫بُد ضَصٍع‬

‫نسِدظُا‬

tomorrow ‫اٍٗعَط د اَٗؿَا‬

ً‫ ؼدا‬timal datya ‫ آنذاك\ حٌنذك‬ayga

‫َٔقَُا‬

‫ظُدٍَا‬ ‫بٌطََُٗا‬

for ever ‫ؾَطَغ ؾَطعًع‬

hastily )‫بٌؿَطصز \ بطؿصز (ع‬

shabta d beetayila next Saturday ‫َِبٌَٗا د بًٌَٗؿَا ؾطَر‬ ‫السبت القادم \ االسبوع القادم‬

Analysis :

The Assyrian as the versatile language for centuries in the past has an effect on the dialects of Levantine (Syian, Lebanese …) in this respect . (byiktib) = b is but the Assyrian (b) an indicator of the continuous aspect (-ing form). Assyrian must have (verb to be ) conjugated as person. The Arabic does not have any copula (verb to be) in the present tense. e.g, byaakul = bi+ khalla+ ( yle verb to be) = he is eating ً‫ ٌل‬+ ‫ خاال‬+ ‫بٌاكل = بـ‬ For future (bido = bid (Assyrian) , an indicator for the future. 148



bido yshoof = bid + khaze = he will ( wants to)see . ‫ خازي‬+ ‫ ٌشوؾ = بد‬+ ‫بدو‬

In case, we have an object : bid + full verb + subject + object . ‫بُد ضَصٍع ( ضصزِع ) طُر‬ bid + Khaz+ ukh + le will + see + we + him We will see him.

Adverbials

Object

Subject

149

Full verb morph

Future auxiliary Indicator



qodme tomorrow ‫نسِدظُا‬

‫طُر‬

‫َٔقَُا‬

‫طَر‬

sapra tomorrow

‫ُع‬ ‫ؾَع‬

‫طرزِع‬ Le = him La = her Lhon = them

‫ضَص‬

‫بُد‬

First Person In = I Yan = I

ُٗ ‫ؾَٗـ‬ ‫يٗسِع‬ Second Person

it = you Masculine singular

yat = you Feminine singular

yton = you Plural

‫ُا‬ ‫ؾَا‬ ٍ Third Person

e: = he ya = she ee = they

The Place adverbials (2) can be listed as below: ‫ؾَط ظُطَٗا د دزِقَا‬ Adverbs ( ials) of place : ‫ظروؾ المكان‬ ‫ اسفل‬iltakh ‫خارج‬

under / beneath , below ٖ‫اُطٍٗط‬ ََ‫لطبَد‬

lwadar outside

ْ‫ وً ِىب‬ٟ‫ ف‬bkul dooka everywhere ‫بكط دزِقَا‬ ‫ خلؾ‬bathir / bar ‫ هنا‬laakha

after

‫بَُٗف‬ ‫طَاقََا‬

here 150

‫ايطَـ ( ايعَا ) قُطؿُا‬ eelay kilye They are standing ‫واقفون‬



‫ فً الخارج‬lbaraye outside, abroad , overseas ‫جانب‬ ‫داخل‬

‫(هم ) واقفون‬

‫تُابَا‬

lgeiba side lgaawa

‫بََُؾُا‬

inside

‫تَسَف‬

‫ ٌمٌن‬lyamne to the right ‫ؾَععُا‬ ‫ ٌسار‬lsimmala to the left ‫غُعَطَا‬ ‫‘ اعلى‬alil up , upper

‫ؾطُط‬

‫ امام‬qam before , in front ‫نَدظَـ‬ ‫قرٌب‬

‫ بعٌد‬rikhqa ‫هناك‬

‫نسَِبَا‬

qurba near taama

ً‫ الى \ ف‬il

‫ٍَضهَا‬

far there

‫َٗا ظَا‬ ‫ط‬

to , in

ً‫ ِمبث‬barqol in exchange , cross, facing

‫بَُنسبَط‬

. ) ‫بُد اٍَٗر ظُع اَقََا ط َٗا ظَا ظُعدٍَٓ ( ظُدٍَا‬ bid aate min laakha il taama midresh . He will come from there to here again. . ‫سٌؤتً من هناك الى هنا ثانٌة‬

‫ؾط ظُطَٗا د دأقَؿسَِٗا‬ The adverb(ials) of manner : : ‫ظروؾ الكٌفٌة‬ The adverb ( ial) is an adjective + eet ammena + eet = permanently Sometmes adjectives act ( function) as adverbs such as ( spay = good / well) ( khirba = bad / or badly = severely ). ‫ بشكل دابم‬،َ‫ دابما‬ameenaait for ever/ permanently ً ‫ ممعا‬moodaale together 151

ٖ‫اَظًعَاي‬ ‫ظازٌدَطُا‬

ٌ‫بُد ضَع‬



‫هادبٌن‬

bhidyoota

‫بشكل جٌد‬ ً ‫مإقتا‬

spy

‫بشكل سًء‬ ً‫كلٌا ً \ شامال‬

khirba

‫بارتٌاح‬ ‫بفرح‬ ‫مساوٌن‬ ‫بحق‬

quietly, calmly

well

zawnaanayit

neekha shawyaayit shareerayit

ٌ‫ٔق‬

ْٛ‫ل‬١‫ؼ‬١‫ؿ‬ They will live

‫ضُُبَا‬ ٖ‫قطَاعأي‬

completely, fully

‫عًطَا‬

comfortably

pseekhayit

bid khaami

ٖ‫شَبَعَعَاي‬

temporarily bad

kulaanayit

‫برُدؾسَِٗا‬

)ٖ‫* قٕيطُا (ي‬

happy(ily)

ٖ‫َِسيَاي‬

equally

) ٖ‫* َُِيٍُا (ي‬

truly, a real life

adjectives

= ‫ قٕيطُا‬، ‫َُِيٍُا‬



‫غَُبََٗا‬ Negative ً‫النف‬ ‫طُا ضَصٍع‬ ‫طُا ؾسَع بُطصَؾَا‬ ‫ذُضٍ طُا ؾسَع بُطصَؾَا‬ ‫ذُضٍ طُا ضَصٍع‬

‫شَبَعَا قعًطَا الزمن التام‬ Perfect Aspect Perfect aspect can be used in all tenses to indicate that the verb as an action has been done and completed and the function may differ from one tense to another according to the context. The Past tense perfect may indicate that the action happened only once . The present continuous pefect may indicate that the action happens at a long range of time ( the duration was long ) and this may function as confirmation or testimony. The simple present in the perfect aspect may indicate the repetition of the action in the past time. The future perfect may indicate that the action was unlikely to happen and it did not take place,but , otherwise, “ it could have happened.” Adverb

Object

Subject Perfect Object 152

Subject Full verb

time


‫‪particle‬‬

‫بُ‬ ‫‪bi‬‬

‫قُا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫‪Ke‬‬ ‫‪Y‬‬

‫بُد‬ ‫‪bid‬‬

‫‪Morph‬‬ ‫ضص‬ ‫‪Khz‬‬ ‫دَؾبََُ‬ ‫‪Past‬‬ ‫ضصَا‬ ‫‪Khza‬‬


‫‪aspect‬‬ ‫ذزَا‬

‫ٍ‬ ‫‪ee‬‬ ‫‪/i:/‬‬

‫ؾَسَ ٗـ‬

‫‪ya‬‬

‫ؾؿَدَؾَا‬ ‫‪Simple‬‬ ‫‪present‬‬ ‫ضَص‬ ‫‪Khaz‬‬

‫‪it‬‬

‫ؾَا‬

‫‪Li‬‬

‫ذزَا‬

‫‪ywit‬‬

‫غسِؾَُعَؿَا‬ ‫‪Present‬‬ ‫‪continous‬‬ ‫عَ ش‬ ‫‪Khaz‬‬

‫طٌ‬

‫‪wa‬‬

‫اٗعَطـ‬ ‫‪timal‬‬

‫اَغكسِطَؿُا‬ ‫‪wa‬‬

‫ذزَا‬

‫ندَظ ضَدقُا‬

‫‪askolaye‬‬

‫‪Qam khacha‬‬

‫ضبََُزََٗسذ‬ ‫‪wa‬‬

‫‪Khawrawato‬‬

‫طرزِع‬ ‫‪Lon‬‬

‫ـُٖ‬

‫ذزَا‬ ‫‪wa‬‬

‫طَر‬ ‫ضَبَُٗسِض‬ ‫‪La‬‬ ‫‪khawirtokh‬‬

‫دَؾًٗد‬ ‫‪Future‬‬

‫الفصل الثالث عشر‬ ‫َؾَّا د ٍٗطَٗؿػَُ‬ ‫ضَّطََٗا ظَطسِقَؿََٗا‬ ‫‪Chapter Thirteen‬‬ ‫‪Some other functional words‬‬ ‫المفردات الوظٌفٌة‬ ‫المفردات الوظٌفٌة هً الكلمات التً تتكرر بٌن لحظة واخرى وتدخل فً مٌكانزم اللؽة وهً ال تحمل النبرة فً الكالم فتراها‬ ‫تؤخذ اشكاالَ ضعٌفة فً الكتابة ‪ .‬وتشمل حروؾ الجر نَديعسِٗ غؿَعُا ‪ ، prepositions‬والظروؾ ‪، adverbials‬‬ ‫والكمٌة والعدد ‪ ، quantifiers, and qualifiers‬وادوات النفً ‪ ، negation words‬وكلمات الترتٌب‬ ‫‪ ، consequence words‬وتعابٌر االٌضاح ‪ clarification phrases‬وتعابٌر التعجب ‪Exclamation marks‬‬

‫‪153‬‬



‫نَديعسِٗ غؿَعُا‬ ‫حروؾ الجر‬ prepositions of

‫= د‬

‫َُٗؾَا دبؿَٗا‬

„s

‫= د‬

‫طَطعَا دِسِنَا‬

‫ ط‬، ‫ د‬، ٌ‫ ب‬: ‫نَديعسِٗ غؿَعُا يعَا‬ ‫ دَاض‬، ِ‫ ظسض‬، َُٗ‫ طب‬، ‫ طهَدظ‬، ‫ ؾَغ‬، ََ‫ طبَد‬، ‫ تَس‬، ٌٍُٓ‫ ب‬، ‫ تؿبَا‬، ‫ ضسٍِٗد‬، ‫ ؾط‬، ‫ بؿط‬: ‫اََشبَعُا \ ضَدَُزَعُا‬ َdakh, mokh, lbar,lqam, am, lwadar, go, brish, geiba, khothit, al, bel like, such as , after/ behind, in front/ before, with, outside, inside/ in,over,side,under,on, between

(see chapter 12 – Adverbs of place )

..... ِٗ‫ ٗطس‬، ‫ طكسِد‬، ‫ غَطُد‬، ‫ نَا‬، ‫ ذزِط‬، ‫ ذ ط‬، ‫ ظُع‬، ‫ طكُؼ‬، ‫قُؼ‬

We have discussed this topic in Chapter 12

‫ؾَطعُطَٗا‬ )‫الظروؾ ( ظرؾ الحال‬ ‫ الكٌفٌة‬، ‫ الزمان‬، ‫ المكان‬: ‫وتنقسم الى ثالث‬ Three kinds of adverbs: : ‫دزِقَٗا‬ place .... ‫ بَُنسِبَط‬، ‫ ٍَضهَا‬، ‫ نسَِبَا‬، ‫ َٗعَا‬، ‫اَقََا‬ barqol, rikhqa , qorba , tama, akha cross, far, near, there, here

154



: ‫شَبَعَا‬ time ...... ‫ ِٗعَط‬، ‫ نسِدظُا‬، ‫ قط ؾسِظ‬، ‫ َٗبٌه ِس‬، ‫ ضَد ضَد تَرُا‬، ‫ ذَظََّا‬، ‫اُدؾسِظ‬ timal, qodme, kul yom, tapqo, khakha gaha,hamasha, idiom yesterday, tomorrow, everyday, by chance, sometimes, often, today ‫دَقَؿسَِٗا‬ manner ...... ‫ بكًَُّزَِٗا‬، ‫ دطَا ظطُبٌَا‬، ‫ بَٗعبَطسَِٗا‬، ‫ بطؿطَا‬، ‫ نسِؾَا نسِؾَا‬، ‫ بطؿصزِع‬، ) ‫اَظًعَايٖ ( بدَؾُعسَِٗا‬ bkasheerota, dla mlibba, btambaloota, bkheila, qoya qoya, bleizoon, bdayimoota/ amminaayit deligintly, carelessly, lazily, by force, strongly, hastily, permanently

Quantifiers & Qualifiers ‫كمٌة ونوعٌة‬ Quantifiers ..... ‫ بَؼ‬، ٌُ‫ اَضدق‬، ‫ ضد دََؾَا‬، ‫ ذَظَاع‬، ‫ ضدَا عَسَا‬، ‫ ََبَا‬، ‫ نَُٕا‬، ‫ ضَدقعَا‬، ٌُ‫ضدق‬ bas , akhche, kha darya, hamman, kha naawa, raaba, qissa, khakma, khacha…. enough, only, a number of, a little, little, a lot, little, a few, a few / little ٌ‫اؾٗط‬ itle kha darya maghalyaate = I have a number of magazines ‫ضدَا دََؾَا ظُع ظَتََطؿٍَٗا‬ ‫عندي جملة من الكتب‬ 155



Nouns ‫نَعطَا‬

Quantifier little ٌُ‫ضَدق‬

‫ كتب‬ktawaane books ‫قَٗبَعُا‬

‫نَُٕا‬ khacha / qissa a few / ‫ضدقعَا‬ some khakma ‫ضَد دََؾَا ظُع‬ a number of kha darya ‫قَبًٌَُا‬ a lot / many / much kabeera

‫ قمح \ طحين‬qamkha flour

Verb

ٌ‫اؾٗط‬ itlee have + I I have

Qualifiers ‫نوعٌة‬ ‫ ٔقَـ‬، ‫ قؿغ‬، ‫ بَٕزََِا‬، ِٓ‫ بَس‬، ‫ شزٌدَا‬، ‫ ََبَا‬، ‫ازِضكَُا‬ kim, basora, bush, zoda, raaba, ukhcha …. less, less, more, more than, a lot\ over , too Negation words Vs Positive Words .... ٌ‫ ضَػط‬، ‫ ذَضٍ دَؾعَا‬، ‫ اَقطَا‬، ٍ‫ ذُض‬، ‫طَا‬ khasle , hich daana , apla , hich, laa God forbid, no time , nor , nothing, no

Possibility ..... ‫ نَعسِدٍ طَا‬، ‫ قُا ذَزؾَا‬، ، ُٖ‫ بَطك‬، ‫ نَسظَا‬، ‫بَُؾَٗا ؾطَر‬ qaamoodi la , ke haoya , balkit, qoma, bareita yle ,….. why not , it could be , perhaps, probably, might be, …. 156



Positive/ confirmation ...... ‫ طُا بَؿؿَا ذُظَصظَع‬، ‫ دطَا ُِكسَِٗا‬، ٖ‫ قؿَعَاي‬، ‫ دطَا دزِضطَطَا‬، ‫ دطَا قسَِِكََا‬، ‫ذُا‬ le baya heimazman, dla shikoota, kyanayit, dla dokhlalal , dla poshaakha, hei …. no question about it, undoubtly, automatically, no hesitation, no doubt, yes…..

Connector/ conjunctions ‫ادوات الربط‬ : ‫اَغٍَُا‬ addition ‫لالضافة‬ ..... ‫ شٍا‬، ‫ بسِٓ شزٌدَا‬، ِ‫ ذَ َ ذَدَض‬، ‫ ازِم‬، ‫ز‬ ze, bosh zoda, har hich, oop, wa…….. contrastive ‫تناقض‬ ، ِ‫ ظُع ذَدَض‬، ‫ اُيعَا طَا‬..... ‫ أَقُع‬، ‫ايعَا‬ min haada(kh) , eena la , aapin, eena ……. this is why, but no, though, but ……………… Time sequence ً‫ترتٌب زمن‬ .... ‫ بؿدَعَا‬، ‫ ذََ ايعَع‬، َُٗ‫ ظُع ب‬، ‫ظُع نَدظ‬ min qam, min bar, har eeman, b’idaana …. before, after, when, the time……………….. Conditional ‫شرط‬ ..... ‫ بُد‬.... ‫اُع‬ in ……………, bid …………….. If …………………, .. will……… 157



Exclamation ‫التعجب‬ ‫ظُٕؾَؿسِٗ غؿَعُا‬ ..... ‫ ذزقؼ‬، ‫ زَاز‬، ٌ‫ از‬، ‫ ؾَا‬، ‫ طَا‬، ‫ ازٌذُا‬، ‫ اَذ‬، ‫ اُع قعَا‬، َ‫ اف‬، ‫ ازٌع‬، ‫ ازٌضِ ز أزِقَُا‬، ‫اَذَا ظسِؾطَا‬ woops, waw, oh, ya, la, ohe, haah, in kma…, le.., aay, aakh, okh, aaha moyla …. woops, waw, Oh,yah, no, pains, haaah, whatever….., no , Yes, unhappy sound, the pains of life , what is this………………………………………………………………

Most of these expressions, conjunctions, prepositions, exclamations are already explained and used in the previous 12 Chapters under different headings. The main thing is that these words usually are not stressed unless for a purpose.

References 1. Mercer, S. (1961) Assyrian grammar with Chrestomathy and Glossary. Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. New York. 2. Khoshaba, M. (2003) Neo-Assyrian language. California, USA. 3. Khoshaba, M. (2011) Chaldo-Syrio-Assyrian language. Medius Corporation, San Jose, USA. 4. Khoshaba, M. ( 2006) Iraqi dialect VS Standard Arabic .

158



Medius Corporation, 1800 Dobbin Drive, San Jose, USA 5.

‫سٕب‬ٛ٠ ‫ؽ‬ٚ‫ \ أضعا‬ٞ‫ػ‬ٌٛٙ‫ٔبْ ا‬ٛ٠ ٟٔ‫ب‬٠‫ –ؿغ‬ٟ‫ؽ ػغث‬ِٛ‫غا لب‬ٙ‫ث‬ 1998 )156 ( ‫ضاع‬٠‫خ علُ اال‬١ِ‫ ٌٍشضِبد االػال‬ٛ‫ً ِىزت الِبؿ‬١‫اعث‬

6. Assyrian –Arabic Dictionary ( Hilqa) De Lishana by Odisho M.Gewargis Ashita 1997 ‫ عام‬127 ‫مطبعة اوفسٌت المؽرب االٌداع‬ ‫كنٌسة المشرق – بؽداد‬ 7. Scott, C.(1978) practical Arabic . librairie Du Liban.

Chaldo-Syrio-Assyrian Villages

159



Almost all the survivors in these villages in this map still speak Assyrian Language using at least one of its dialects: Chaldean, Syriac, Assyrian of the same Aramaic characters, vocabulary, morphology, syntax, with variations in pronunciation. These indigenous people of this area are survivors of at least 2- genocide wars 19141918 & 1933, and they desperately need help from the UN organizations such as UNISCO and/or International Educational institutes all over the world to further maintain and teach this language to the new generations; otherwise, the Modern Assyrian is among the endangered languages and is vulnerable to die . We are in the hope that Mosul University or Duhok University, or any other University in the plains of Mosul will coordinate internationally to establish an Assyiology department to teach and revive the cuneiform language to the Iraqis, an intiative that will certainly raise the awareness of the world about this Mesopotamian civilization, a mother and a universal source to all modern Semetic languages especially Hebrew and Arabic. http://www.atour.com/news/assyria/images/VMAAB-lg.jpg

160



Learning Modern Assyrian language Dialects: Chaldo-Syrio-Assyrian

‫يطَكَٗا دطَُّعَا اَِسََِؾَا‬ : ‫طُؿصٍا‬ ‫ اٗسََِؾَا‬- ‫ غسَؾس‬- ‫قَطدز‬ 1511 ‫تع ّلم اللؽة‬ ‫االشورٌة الحدٌثة‬ ‫اللهجات‬ ‫كلدانٌة – سرٌانٌة – أشورٌة‬

Widad Paulis I. Born in the Upper Land of Nineveh / Duhok North of Mosul _________________ Mosul University 1971 B.Sc . Physics

Authors Matti Phillips Khoshaba Al-bazi MATFL & Widad Paulis I. M.A. Education & Technolgy All Rights Reserved

Personal Computer Publications 1821 Buckingham Drive Salinas, Ca, 93906 USA

161

Chapman University USA 2007 Master of Arts Education & Technology