136. UNIVERSITAS. S A R AVIEN SIS. Lecture 5. IS in Systemic Functional
Linguistics. I.Kruijff-Korbayová. Information Structure. MPI, November 2007. 137.
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Outline • Halliday’s information structure
Lecture 5
• Halliday’s thematic structure • Word order modeling using a combination of constraints
IS in Systemic Functional Linguistics
• Daneˇs’s thematic sequences
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SFL: Halliday
M. A. K. Halliday (1967, 1970, 1985, . . . )
Information Structure:
• initially inspired by the Prague School works • two independent (though interating) dichotomies: – Information Structure: Given-New – Thematic structure: Theme-Rheme Close semantic relationship (though they are not the same!): “[O]ther things being equal, a speaker choses the Theme from within what is Given and locates information focus, the climax of the New, within the Rheme.”
• information unit – not exactly any unit in clause grammar (marked when boundaries overlap) – made of two functions/elements: ∗ Given (optional; info presented as recoverable) ∗ New (obligatory, marked by prominence; info presented as nonrecoverable) – Given typically preceds New (cf. CB/NB) • Halliday discusses information structure in relation to intonation (in English)
• Information Struture is listener-oriented • Thematic Structure is speaker-oriented I.Kruijff-Korbayov´a
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cont’d
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Theme in “normal” declarative clauses
SFL: Halliday
Theme is the first experiential element (= participant or circumstance). In declarative clauses marked iff not the Subject.
Thematic structure: • Theme is the point of departure of a message; Rheme is the remainder
Subject
nominal group
I had a little nut-tree.
Subject
nominal group
A wise old owl lived in an oak.
• Theme grammaticalized in many languages: – e.g., English: first position – Japanese: suffix -wa – tagalog: particle ang and typically clause final (Martin, 1992)
Subject
nominalization
What I want is a proper cup of coffee.
Adjunct
adverbial group
Merrily we roll along.
Adjunct
prep. phrase
On Saturday night I lost my wife.
• Theme is a textual notion (related to global text-organization strategies; e.g., dates/places in biographies, places in geographical descriptions) (Fries, 1981), locations (e.g., menus, tollbars) or means (e.g., clicking on an icon, mouse button) in software manuals
Complement
nominal group
A bag-pudding the King did make.
Complement
nominalization
What they could not eat that night the Queen next morning fried.
Predicator
(lexical) verb
Forget it I never shall.
then
Ann
structural
conjunctive
vocative modal interpersonal
surely
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Part of the Theme textual continuative
Textual themacity of markers of rhetorical structure Interpersonal the themacity of interactional information but
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Definitions of parts of Theme
Only a limited set of typed of words appear before the first experiential element.
continuative textual Theme
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Maximally extended Theme
Well
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wouldn’t
the best idea
mood-marking
topical experiential
be to join the group ∗
interpersonal
structural conjunctive vocative modal mood-marking
experiential
topical
Can contain only such an element: a member of small set of discourse signallers (yes, no, well, oh, now) an obligatory thematic element∗ an conjunctive Adjunct∗ any vocative item (personal name etc.) a modal Adjunct∗ finite verbal operator or a WH- interrogative or imperative let’s the first experiential element
Defined later.
Rheme I.Kruijff-Korbayov´a
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Type
Meaning
Examples
and, or, nor, either, neither, but, yet, so, then when, while, before, after, until, because, if, although, unless, since, that, whether, (in order) to even if, in case, supposing (that), assuming (that), seeing (that), given that, provided (that), in spite of the fact that, in the event that, so that which, who, that, whose, when, where, (why, how) whatever, whichever, whoever, whosever, whenever, wherever, however
appositive corrective dismissive summative verificative additive adversative variative temporal comparative causal conditional concessive respective
i.e., e.g. rather in any case in short actually and but instead then likewise so (if . . . ) then yet at to that
that is, in other words, for instance or rather, at least, to be precise in any case, anyway, leaving that aside briefly, to sum up, in conclusion actually, in fact, as a matter of fact also, moreover, in addition, besides on the other hand, however, conversely instead, alternatively meanwhile, before that, later on, next, soon, finally likewise, in the same way therefore, for this reason, as a result, with this is mind in that case, under the circumstances, otherwise nevertheless, despite that in this respect, as far as that’s concerned
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how likely? how often? how typical? how obvious? I think I admit I assure you I presume how desirable? how reliable? how valid? how sensible? how expected?
probably, possibly, certainly, perhaps, maybe usually, sometimes, always, (n)ever, often, seldom occasionally, generally, regularly, for the most part of course, surely, obviously, clearly in my opinion, personally, to my mind frankly, to be honest, to tell you the truth honestly, really, believe me, seriously please, kindly (un)fortunately, to my delight/distress, regrettably, hopefully at first, tentatively, provisionally, looking back on it broadly speaking, in general, ion the whole, in principle, strictly speaking (un)wisely, understandably, mistakenly, foolishly to my surprise, surprisingly, as expected, by chance
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Oh soldier, soldier, won’t you marry me. Please doctor don’t give me any more of that nasty medicine. On the other hand maybe on a weekday it would be less crowded. So why worry.
Just to remember: Part of the Theme
Can contain only such an element:
textual
a member of small set of discourse signallers (yes, no, well, oh, now) an obligatory thematic element∗ an conjunctive Adjunct∗ any vocative item (personal name etc.) a modal Adjunct∗
interpersonal
Modal Theme contains modal adjuncts.
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probability usuality typicality obviousness opinion admission persuasion entreaty desirability reservation validation evaluation prediction
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Examples
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Real examples of extended Theme
Modal Adjuncts are the following expressions: Meaning
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Modal Theme Type
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Conjunctive Theme contains conjunctive adjuncts.
Structural Theme contains obligatory thematic elements.
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definite indefinite
Examples
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Conjunctive Adjuncts are the following expressions:
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Type co-ordinator subordinator
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Conjunctive Theme
Obligatory thematic elements are the following expressions: Class conjunctions
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experiential
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continuative structural conjunctive vocative modal mood-marking topical
finite verbal operator or a WH- interrogative or imperative let’s the first experiential element
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WO in Czech and English Intructional Texts • Flexible context-dependent WO generation in Cz and En in procedural instructions in software manual texts (Kruijff-Korbayov´a et al., 2002) • Several contextual factors determined by text and sentence planning:
Information- and Thematic-Structure In Automatic Text Generation
– Status of entities referred to: familiarity and identifiability – Information structure: topic-focus articulation (Sgall et al., 1986) – Discourse organization: genre-specific thematic scaffolding; theme as “point of departure” (Halliday, 1967; Halliday, 1985) • Language-specific constraints imposed by grammaticality and defaults (unmarked ordering) • Realization by a systemic functional grammar in KPML; general WO algorithm
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Examples of WO Factors
Familiarity and indetifiability:
Information structure:
(126) Otevˇrete nov´y soubor. Nakreslete kruh. Open a new file. Draw a circle. a. Soubor uloˇzte. File save. Save the file. b. # Uloˇzte soubor. Save file.
(127) Obr´azek obsahuje kruh a obd´eln´ık. The drawing contains a circle and a rectangle.
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Examples of WO Factors
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a. Kruh vymaˇzte. Circle delete. Delete the circle. (saying something about the circle) b. Vymaˇzte kruh. Delete circle. Delete the circle. (saying what should happen next) MPI, November 2007
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Examples of WO Factors Theme as point of departure:
a. To open a file press Ctrl-O. b. Press Ctrl-O to open a file.
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Contact thematic sequences:
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a repetition of the preceding rheme a derivation from the preceding rheme a repetition of the preceding theme a derivation from the preceding theme the preceding utterance a summarization of utterances U i . . . U j a hypertheme (the theme of a supera text paragraph) Information Structure
Notation T i +1 = R i T i +1 ⇐ R i T i +1 = T i T i +1 ⇐ T i T i +1 = U i T i + 1 = I i ,j T i +1 ⇐ T ∗
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Daneˇs (1979, 1985) studies thematic sequences, provided that utterances are divided into Theme (what is talked about) and Rheme (what is said about it).
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IS and Thematic Progression Types
Thematic sequence thematization of the preceding theme continuous theme thematization of preceding utterances theme is derived from ordinate text unit, e.g.
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(Purpose)
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Thematic Progression Types
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a. By pressing Ctrl-O open a file. b. Open a file by pressing Ctrl-O.
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(Location)
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a. In the File menu choose the Open command. b. Choose the Open command in the File menu.
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Thematic Progression Example 0.
N´ arodn´ı muzeum T 0 #R0 stoj´ı na V´ aclavsk´em n´ amˇest´ı. The National museum T 0 #R0 stands on the Wenceslas square.
1a. Toto n´ amˇest´ı T 1a #R1a je jedn´ım z nejruˇsnˇejˇs´ıch m´ıst v Praze. This square T 1a #R1a is one of the most busy places in Prague. 1b.
T 1a = R0
Horn´ı ˇca ´sti tohoto velk´eho prostranstv´ı T 1b #R1b se tak dostalo kr´ asn´e The top part of this large area T 1b #R1b has thus received a nice dominanty. dominant.
T 1b ⇐ R0
2. Tato skuteˇcnost T 2 #R2 je zn´ ama snad kaˇzd´emu n´ avˇstˇevn´ıkovi Prahy. This fact T 2 #R2 is known perhaps by every visitor of Prague
T 2 = U0
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T 1 − R1 (T 1 − R1 ) conj (T 2 − R2 ) (T 1 conj T 2 ) − R1 T 1 − (R1 conj R2 ) (T 1 cond (T 2 − R2 )) − R1 or equivalently T ∗ −R T 1 − (R1 cond (T 2 − R2 )) or equivalently T − R∗
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T-R Condensation Example
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Summary
From (Korbayov´a and Kruijff, 1996) 1. Prvn´ı autorovi zn´amou prac´ı, T 1 #R1 The first work known to the author T 1 #R1 2. kter´a T 2 #R2 se zab´yv´a struktur´aln´ım programov´an´ım which T 2 #R2 is concerned with structural programming 3. T 3 #R3 a op´ır´a se o gramatick´y formalismus (afixov´e gramatiky), and T 3 #R3 relies on a grammar formalism (affix grammars), 4. je pr´ace Silvarberga (1978). is the work of Silvarberg (1978). The complex utterance can be analyzed as (T 1 cond (T 2 − (R2 conj R3 ))) − R1 where T 3 = T 2 , and T 3 is elided Information Structure
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Notation one T-R nexus conjoined nexuses conjoined topics conjoined foci nexus T 2 − R2 incorporated into topic if T 2 = T 1 ∨ T 2 = R1 , T 2 can be elided nexus T 2 − R2 incorporated into focus if T 2 = T 1 ∨ T 2 = R1 , T 2 can be elided
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T4 ⇐ T∗
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simple text units conjoined (paratactic) text units condensed (hypotactic) text units
4. Jin´ a mimoˇra ´dnˇe v´yznamn´ a praˇzsk´ a budova, N´ arodn´ı divadlo, T 4 #R4 je Another remarkably important Prague building, the National theatre, T 4 #R4 is
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Complex utterance
T 3b ⇐ T 0
um´ıstˇena na Smetanovˇe n´ abˇreˇz´ı. situated on the Smetana embankment.
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T 3a = T 0
Sb´ırky N´ arodn´ıho muzea T 3b #R3b pˇredstavuj´ı v´yznamnou The collections of the National museum T 3b #R3b represent an important n´ arodn´ı kulturn´ı hodnotu. national cultural value.
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{to} T 3a velmi pam´ atn´ a budova. 3a. Je a very memorial building. {It} T 3a is
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• Information Structure (Given/New) and Thematic Structure (Theme/Rheme) separate but related: ‘[O]ther things being equal, a speaker choses the Theme from within what is Given and locate information focus, the climax of the New, within the Rheme.” – Theme ≈ point of departure – a textual notion related to global text organization strategies – one topical element and optionally further textual and interpresonal elements – grammaticalization of Theme • Thematic structure as additional source of word order constraints • Systematic relationships of Themes to preceding Themes/Rhemes • Condensation “basic” Theme-Rheme pairs in complex utterances
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