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exchange

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backbone

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workstation

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bridge

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exchange or switch

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public or private WAN

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workstation

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gateway

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time domain

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bandwidth

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10 9 sampled signal

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sampled, quantised signal

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t

4 3 2 9

1 0

4

2

6

3

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quantisation levels

y :~/pVl m6x/y /mx/y {m /mr}:o pg?y mo

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source

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transmitter

transmission channel

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receiver

demodulator

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:y qmx/y &mo ? ~/po6:y ~/p@x/y ry :6x/~/oun(y ry :6x/~/oy ~/po6:y ~/px/ y npq6x/y x/w:p ~mx/p mx e¥w:y w :y xDm~/p@x/~m?ry x?x/p`| m x/gy npq6x/y x/w:pxm~?x-m pq pmw :y xu6n(w:y }0pq~/ry x x/w:p~/ppqy pq~Cx/ ~/~/px/o y npq6x/y gpmwg:y xCy gx/w:pDx/~m?ry x?x/pgrp//mpu¶vy xCm~/p:pqpq~C?pq6xCy ny y nmo o u[n(w:pqgm~/p ~/:}0pgx/px/w:pq~Cy ?pqrpq6x |"qmo o p% q³4 s4 0 u ~ :o n fgy Cx/w:p¤ry :y r¤:r ?pqrpq6x :mxmx/wmxqm 0p ?pq6D x e¥y x/w pmw x/~m?ry /?y 4u ³ ?mo o |"m rp//m p e¥y o o6xmy r m ?w :o n fnqu mw :o n f y p Q:y m~/wm~mx/pq~-y npq6x/y y : x/w:p xm~?xmpq ¥x/w:pg:o n f"uQlrpx/y rp |!:o n fn m~/p-mo ?~/p pq~/~/p_x/_m p u m:ny x/y gx/ :y x?w:~/:y /mx/y |6x/w:p@~/ppqy pq~(r¤x mo ?}:~/y np ~mrp-?w:~/:y /mx/y |}0pq~/ry x?x/y :x/w:p@~/~/px(y npq6x/y h0qmx/y gx/w:p@xm~?xCm pqg{pmwg:o n f"u n(w:p¤x}0p rpx/w:n ?p npq}0pq: x/w:p?:~p¤!x/w:p¤x/y ry :gy n ~/r mx/y 4u x/w:p¤x/y ry :gy x/w:p ~/ppqy pq~¥y ¥pq:pq~mx/pg_x/w:p@~/ppqy pq~ |:?pq}m~mx/pqo _ ~/r+x/w:p-x/~m?ry x?x/pq~ |nx/w:p-x/~m?ry /?y y (x/pq~/rp p: 4 t 0 0 u {x/w:p-x/y ry :_y ¥pq:pq~mx/p` |ny ~/px/o ~Cy ny ~/px/o |: ~/r+x/w:p-x/~m?ry x?x/pq~ o n fS|nx/w:p x/~m?ry /?y y (x/pq~/rp 4 t 0 0 u ~ ?w:~/: x/~m?ry /?y @y ?p- ~{o e :mxm ~mx/p!x/~m?ry /?y @m¤xm µmo :pp o6:y }:rpq6xu n(w:p :o n f o pq:x/wQy D:o :mxm :y x |4}0pq~/ry x?x/y : ny "pq~/pq6x¤o n fn> e¥y x/w:o m}:}:~/t jny r mx/p ?w:~/:y ?r x/Q0p ?p u ¶pq~/ rr:o |!x/w:p :y x~/pq}:~/p?pq6x m ~l wm~mx/pq~u ~ x/w:y ~/pm? |¶ ~mrp ?w:~/:y /mx/y y ( x/pq ~/p pq~/~/p x/_m¥wm~mx/pq~(?w:~/:y /mx/y y m?w:~/:?nx/pqr qu lw:~/:-x/~m?ry /?y y ¤?p ~ w:y wY:mxm ~mx/p_x/~m?ry /?y 4u n(w:p_x/y ry : y ¤pq:pq~mx/pQ ?pqny : m?pq}m~mx/po n f ?y mo |~(pqr¤0p:ny :x/w:px/y ry : y n ~/r mx/y y 6x/ x/w:pDx/~m?ry /?y 4u n(w:y y n ~/r mx/y y ¤?pQx/ ?w:~/:y ?p x/w:pg~/ppqy pq~¤y ~:y x/~/ x/ x/w:p_x/~m?ry x?x/pq~o n f"u vpqm?p_x/w:p o n fn¥m~/pD?w:~/:y ?p` |r¤w o :pq~(:o n f_o pq:x/wCm~/p}06/?y :o pu n(w:px}0p¥ ~mry : |wm~mx/pq~~¶:o n fS|y ¶?rpx/y rp?p@x/Dy ny qmx/3 p e¥w:px/w:pq~!m?nx/pqr ?p¶m? w:~/:D~¤?w:~/:x/~m?ry /?y 41 u n(w:y Dx/pq~/ry :o np-/:~/px/w:p_y r}0~?xm6x¤ny "pq~/pqp 0pLx epqpqgx/w:p@ny "pq~/pq6x¥rpx/w:n:¥x/y ry :_6x/~/ou ~=x}:y qmo4m?w:~/:wm~mx/pq~ ~mrp-?y x¶m q pn ( | Upn p m :pD~(Lx ex/} :y xq[u n(w:pDxm~?x(:y x¥y ¥w:6?pq x/wmpm }:}06?y x/p}0o m~/y xx/¤x/w:p q³ Uq³ xmx/pu x(m~/~/y mo"qm?p m y no p :x y no pDx/~m?y x/y |nx/wmx y ny qmx/p¥x/x/w:p@~/ppqy pq~(x/wmxm wm~mx/pq~(y m~/~/y y :Yu n(w: p _:mxm :y x-m~/p¤x/w:pqQ/mr}:o p ~ q³4 s0 x/w:~/:w x/w:p~/ppqy pq~6 u n(w:p x/} :y x ~/px/:~/ x/w:po y :p x/gx/w:p y no p@xmx/p y :~/ p :t u

data bits

start bit

0

1

0

1

0

0

stop bits

1

1

0

1

1

idle

clock

y :~/p:l~ ?w:~/:(wm~mx/pq~(~/ppqy pq~(}:~/y y }:o p

n(w:p¤o n fy :y mw:y pqp g}:~/y ny : x/w:p@~/ppqy pq~3e¥y x/w m_o nf ~/:::y :_?pqpq~mo"x/y rp¥³mx/pq~¥x/wm x/w:p:y x~mx/p y :~/p u x/w:y e(m| wmy :gy npq6x/y hp x/w:p y no p xm~?x:y xx/~m?y x/y |"x/w:p ~/ppqy pq~ qm pm?y o y npq6x/y x/w:p m}:}:~/tjny r mx/p-pq6x/~/p-¶pmw :y xu¥vpqm?p-:o :mxm:y x m~/pDx/~m?ry x?x/p`| x/w:p¤o n f_:pqpg:o 0p¤m}:}:~/tjny r mx/p nm_ ny "pq~/pqp-0pxLepqpqgx/~m?ry x?x/pq~ mg~/ppqy pq~¥o nfn¥qm 0p@x/o pq~mx/p u xD?w::o 0p¤~/p:y ?p x/wmx>e¥y x/w rnnpq~/ o nf y ~:y x/~/|0m +pq~/~/~¥y o nfg~mx/p y ¥m pq:~/rpq~/~/~u

4 ticks

8 ticks

8 ticks

idle

receiver clock sampling pulses

y :~/p

l~

?w:~/:~/ppqy pq~(}0pq~mx/y 1e¥y x/w o nf

(w:p¤m:ny x/y !xm~?xm x/} :y xC~/pnp¥x/w:p@y n ~/r mx/y ~mx/p-¶x/w:p¤wm::pqou !:p¤xm~?x m x/}:y x m~/p ?p`|x/w:p :mxm~mx/py x/y rp-x/w:pg?y mo y : ~mx/pu=n(w:y @y @m pq:pq~mo¶~/p?:o xu=n(w:p m:ny x/y gx/y ry : y n ~/r mx/y mo e(mn~/pnpx/w:p-y n ~/r mx/y g~mx/pDx/w:p@wm::pqou ~ ?w:~/:(x/~m?ry /?y y ?p ~Cx/~m?ry /?y C:} x/ qu3kIw:pq x/w:p:mxm ~mx/p@y w:y w| x/w:pm:ny x/y ~mry :¤wm~mx/pq~¶m~/:pmw6x/p 0prp!pq~/¤y :p(}_y pq6xu xy mx/:~mo:x/e¥y ?w x/ y ~/pm?p x/w:p :o n f o pq:x/w | x/ r m jny ry ?p x/w:p_:mxm ~mx/pu C epqpq~ |4mDx/w:p :o n f o pq:x/wQ0prp o :pq~ |4? pq~/~/~ y ~/ppqy pq~Do n f ~mx/p o p/Dpm? x/gx/o pq~mx/p |40pqm?p x/w:pq m~/pmq:r¤:o mx/y pu ~ p j:mr}:o p |y !m ¤:y x ~mrp-y C?p` |"m1 ( ep@:pqpgx/_r my 6xmy gx/w:p /mr}:o y : }0y 6xCx/! e¥y x/w:y x/w:p pq6x/~mo4 4x/w:pD:y xC}0pq~/y n` |6x/w:pDr m jny r¤:rto n f ~mx/ppq~/~/& ~ epDqm_x/o pq~mx/py ¥¤}m~?xy u ?p o6:pqp |:m?w:~/:!x/~m?ry /?y gy (y m}:}:~/}:~/y mx/p ~Cw:y w :mxm~mx/p |nm ?w:~/: x/~m?ry /?y r¤xC0p-?p u kIw:pq ?y :_?w:~/:x/~m?ry /?y |:?}0py mo4}:~/npn:~/p(r¤xC0p¤mn}nx/p x/ }0pq~/ry x¥x/w:p@::y o6:p y npq6x/y h0qmx/y ¥x/w:p_ ~mrpz u n(w:y @y mw:y pqp ?px?x/y : x/w:p p pV6 x/ m }:~/pnpx/pq~/ry :p }mx?x/pq~/ y :~/p u= &x/~m?ry /?y |mY~/pq}0pmx x/w:y _}mx?x/pq~/7y &x/w:p :mxmQy _npx/~/p x/w:p m:ny x/y Y :y m~/ iqpq~/p |{x/wmx_m~/pg~/pqrpm6my &~/ppq}nx/y 4 u n(w:y }:~/np/¤y f: e¥&m ( q u lw:~/: ~/ppqy pq~ ~/p o6:y ~/pm x/y ry : ?y mo ~/r x/w:px/~m?ry x?x/pq~ u ~Cm:ny x/y mo¶wm::pqo¶r m 0p ?p7y 7x/w:p ?nx/pqr x/x/~m?ry x_x/w:p o n f&?y mo8 u n(w:y _y ! e(mx/p :o -m e¥y x/w |Cm7y x y n

6

F

H

D

F flag

D data

H header

C checksum

C

F

y :~/p Vl pq:pq~mo4x/~nx/:~/pD{m¤ ~mrp-?p y ?w:~/:x/~m?ry /?y

r~/p x/r m~/@x/¤pqr¤0px/w:pCx/y ry : ?y moVe¥y x/w:y _x/w:pCx/~m?ry x?x/p_:mxm@x/~/pmr ?p 4?:y xm:o p pqnny :u :> p e(m pqr¤0p:ny : x/w:p x/y ry :?y mo"y !x/ pqnnp x/w:pD:y m~/ ?y mo0y g?wgm6e(mmx/ pq?:~/p mQ _x/~m?y x/y J e¥y x/wQpmw :y xu1n(w:y Dx/~m?y x/y y -?p x/ pq:pq~mx/p x/w:p o nf ?y mo¶?p x/w:p ~/ppqy pq~u qpn U³ y :~/p y -mQp(j:mr}:o p¥?wQm nnpu!n(w:y D?p@m x/w:~/pqp o pqpqo o y :p ô x(x/_~/pq}:~/p?pq6xCm @m1 ô x(x/_~/pq}:~/p?pq6xCm V|m o x¥0pLx epqpq x/~m?ry x?x/y :_m D~ :u¶vy }0o m~¥pqnny :y Cmg(p j:mr}:o pD¶m 6 /V 6 u &y nnpu data

Tx clock

+ Bipolar encoding Rx clock

Rx data

y :~/p l¶vy }0o m~¥pqnny :

~C:x/w:pq~D( p j:mr}:o pm x/y ry : nnp/w:pqrp y Up: ~ p: tq6 U³ y :~/p 6 u x/w:y /w:pqrp|"m q p: ³0 y o xmp-o pqpqo y ?p x/_~/pq}:~/p?pq6xm ¤~0iqpq~/|0~mx/w:pq~¥x/wm m_o xmp o pqpqo{y x?pqo L | ? :o m_xLe o pqpqo{o y :py :pqpnp u6~$ y ~/pq}:~/p?pq6x/p m o e w:y w x/~m?y x/y m m_w:y w o ex/~m?y x/y 4R u ~ x/~m?y x/y nq:~Cy x/w:p ry :no p pmw :y xun(w:y y Dm p(j:mr}:o p¤m 0 / 6 /V 6 uLx&y nnp@m ~/p o6:y ~/p¥m¤xLeo pqpqo o y :pu n(w:p?p nnp_m~/p pq~/ y :( p }_y pq6xgy 7x/w:pqy ~ ?p -m e¥y x/w4u vx/w3nnp_~/po6:y ~/p mn::o y : m e¥y x/w pq~x/w:p@~/y y mo":y x µx/~/pm% r |e¥y x/w :y ~/pm?pDy :mxm ~mx/pu m:ny x/y mo o _~/p o6:y ~/p(m x/w:y ~ ?y mo"o pqpqo e¥y x/w :y ~/pm?py :mxm ~mx/pu n(w:y -y ~/pm?pqmQ0p_my np ?y : m npqy p qmo o pQm U pVq>Up: q³4 s0 ^q³4 uL - y u n(w:y ?p¥m 0 p u s |6x/w:p-?y mo"y Y h~x / 6 6 V ³ 06 uLx y nny : y :~/ s pqnnp u n(w:pq |x/w:p s ?y mo:y ¶}:~/nnp@x/w:pC~/:o p¥x/wmxm¥y x/w:p s g?y mo:}:~/nnp :wm:p y x/w:p-s ?y mo |e¥w:y o p-m ¤y _x/w:p-s ?y mo0}:~/nnp(m wm:p y x/w:pDs ?y mou

data

Tx clock Manchester encoding Rx clock

Rx data

y :~/p6l mw:px/pq~(pqnny :

n(w:p npxmy o @x/w:p | 7:pqpQ:x pq~/Qqu=~Co oYep :pqp x/ :npq~xmQy Dx/wmxm | Iwm x/w:p-}:~/}0pq~?xx/wmx|Ve¥w:pq }:~/p?pq6x/pCe¥y x/w m¤x/y ry :_?y mo |y x qmgpq:pq~mx/pDm ?p x/y ry :_?y mo y ?w:~/:y ?r e¥y x/w_x/w:0 p h~xun(w:y (?p ?y mo0y ?px/ o nf x/w:pD:mxmDx/w:~/:w x/w:p~/ppqy pq~uUn(w:p | wm¥m ?px?x/o y :x/y rp x/w:p@~/~/pxx/y ry : ?y mo"y (:xCpq:pq~mx/p_y xm6xm:pq?o u!pq~?pqo | x/w:p | Qwm y :pq~?x/y m 0y D x e¥y o o{6x/y :pDx/_pq:pq~mx/p@mq:~mx/pDx/y ry : m x/pq~Cx/w:p n~/y y : ?y mo wm x/:~/:p b {0 u n(w:p?p@}:~/}0pq~?x/y pC}0pq~/ry x x/w:p¤:y x µx/~/pmr$y x?pqo ¶x/_0p¤?p m m_n~/y pq~u mpq~mp |x/w:p :y xx/~/pm^ r e¥y o o:}:~/p?pq6x!? }_y pq6xC Dm (wm:px/-pq?:~/p¥xm:o p¥nx/}:nx¶ ~/r x/w:p | !u n(w:p }:~mx/y ?p-¶:y x µx/ } :_ x/pq wm(x/w:p¤?pg :x/y ¶pq?:~/y :_? }_y pq6x ¤x/~m?y x/y ( ~Cx/w:p p e¥y x/w m p z q³ ?y x/y : | !Vu kIw:pq ?y :_m | [ |y x y ¥:pp//m~/ x/ }:~/ppnpDx/w:p- ~mr ?w:~/:y /mx/y _wm~mx/pq~[ e¥w:6?p:o :x/y gy x/ }0pq~/ry x(x/w:p | x/?px?x/o pD0p ~/p x/w:p p pV6 ~ q pn ( 0 p 6x/p¥m~/pD~/pm u

data

NRZ

NRZI

G

_MNYX

y :~/p Vl¶s

IN\9NPTKUTVNLWYXDMzWYX

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pqnny : ~¥?pe¥y x/w |

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tcVKUT_8KX

0KUTK

Q 0KXDX0_I QSK DKQ`NPT

x/w:p@rpx/w:n:np/~/y 0pgy x/w:y ?px/y |Vep@wmpD :gx/wmxCx/w:p¤w:y p-¶rnn:o mx/y x/pw::y o6:p

}:o mpDmgo y ry x- x/w:p :mxmg~mx/pun(w:y o y ry x@y Dy r}06?p x/w:p:r¤0pq~-o pqpqo y pmw ?y mo y :

y 6x/pq~/mou ~ m :y m~/&?nx/pqr%|(y x/w:pq~/p y xLeo pqpqo }0pq~ ?y mo y :Qy 6x/pq~/mo |¥mYx/w:p r mjny r¤:r :mxm ~mx/p po6mo Dx/w:p_?y mo y : ~mx/puk p wmp mo ? ?pqpq x/wmx@x/w:p_m:ny x/y Q ~mry : m x/y ry : y n ~/r mx/y e¥y o onpq~mnpgx/w:p :mxm~mx/p|?x/wmx y Ipq:pq~mo | ~ mQ:y m~/&?nx/pqr%|(x/w:p :mxm~mx/p e¥y o o³mo o¶0pqo ex/w:p ?y mo y : ~mx/pun(w:p?p o y ry xmx/y p(jny xD y ~?x/:p }:~mx/y ?p|":xD}:~/y y }:o p 4 y 6x/~/nny :r~/p-r}:o (p jgy ~:y x/~/ mg?y mo }:~/np/?y :epDr m_y ~/pm?px/w:p-:mxm~mx/pu ~C m:ny x/y mo o y ry xmx/y g :mx m ~mx/p y ?rp-?nx/pqr (m~/y ?p(n:px/ ³ "6 z q[³ "6 6 m fpqy npq6x/y h0qmx/y C:p :y x n:p_x/ x/w:p }:~/p?pqp_ m u y u l y @x/w:p mrp y pqx/ x/w:p ry xb :y xCy m:pqy w0~/y :¤x/y r(p µ?o x y :~/ p [u n(w:p-y r}0~?xmp- l m~/y p¥mq~ny :¤x/x/w:p@?nx/pqr u xD(p "px-qm 0p~/pnp ?y mo{}:~/np/?y : |4mo x/w::w ?y r}:o p x/pw::y o6:p x/ }0pq~? ~/r x/w:y Dr m ~/p o6:y ~/p m y ~/pm?py Qm e¥y x/w4u x-(p "px@qmQnry mx/p_?nx/pqr -~/pqo y : Q~/np y w:pq~/pq6x npx/px/y 4Uu n(w:p:mxm ~mx/p!n}nx/y qmo h:~/p4y ?mo o Dnpx/pq~/ry :p-x/w:p:pqpDx/ ?pq}m~mx/p!:y x y 6x/pq~/mo ? }_y pq6x/o _x/ my l u

y :~/p

6x/pq~?r¤0o y 6x/pq~? pq~/pqp l

m~/o y pq~|&ep y 6x/~/nnp&x/w:p m~?x/o pq lwm::&o mtetx/wmxgxmx/p x/wmx_x/w:p r mjny r¤:r ~mx/p mx!e¥w:y w y n ~/r mx/y qm 0p x/~m?ry x?x/p pq~/~/~ ~/pqp@pq~m rr¤::y qmx/y wm::pqoy x/w:pwm::pqo{qm}my x |:y pq po6mx/y Vl D

o

e¥y x/w |:x/w:y ¥~/pqo mx/y xmx/px/wmx m x/pq:(x/y h:y x|0? npx/w:p@qm}my xu x ~Cm y pqgm y Cm}:}m~/pq6xx/wmx¥x/w:p@rpx/w:n:3epDwmp x np/~/y 0p1e¥y o o4:x /mx/y x/w:y ¥o mte-u[n xmbfp-v l | ~ p(j:mr}:o p |x/w:p-r m jny r¤:r$qm}my x y gx/w:p@m?pqpD:y ?pDy ¥po6mo"x/ x/w:p@?y mo y :~mx/pu n(w:y Cy m:y o y x x/g/mx/y x/w:p m~?x/o pq lwm:: p o6mx/y y C x/pq (p jn}:o my :p mte(m_ xmx/y : x/wmxy x y (m-x/w:pq~/px/y qmo0~/pqo mx/y |m x/wmx ep wmpCx/ npmSo e¥y x/w_x/w:p}:~mx/y qmo e~/o u n(w:y y :pqy x/w:pq~(m¤n :~!~/~/px(p jn}:o mmx/y 4u n(w:p(o tm eYy {mo y @ ~!?nx/pqr e¥w:6?p(y :}:nxm¤nx/}:nx{r m-xbm fp¥m-mo :pu ly p¤x/w:y y :xx/~/:p¤:~?nx/pqr |0x/w:p p o6mx/y y :xD/mx/y L hp` |":nxx/w:pq~/p y : ~/pm?= e¥w y x ?w::o 0pu k p r m npq~/y p¤m mo x/pq~/mx/y p@~/pqo mx/y ~:y m~/ wm::pqo qu =n(w:p ~/pqr mg~ fm:o pD pmx/:~/p x/w: p m~?x/o pq lwm::go tm e y (:x(x/wmxC:~Cwm::pqo ¥n:xC0pq_y xC:nx¥x/wmx¥x/w:p-rp//mpr m_0p x/~m?ry x?x/p 6 & u n(w:y Cy Cm mx/:y ?w:y :~/p?:o xu ep-?y npq~C:~¥~/p?:o x¥¶m0R p ep-qm ?pqpx/wmx | ~@1 m h:y x/p ?y mo x/b :y ?p¤~mx/y |ep_mo e(mnwmp 1 m h:y x/p }:~/m:y o y x (pq~/~/~u x¤y Dx/w:p p jny x/pqp{m wm::pqo qm}my x |:x(y x :x/y mo" ~/% ( r |6x/wmx¥r bm fpp o6mx/y ?wgm y r}0~?xm6x ~/pqo mx/y ?w:y }4u x_y y r}0~?xm6x x/Q:npq~xmYx/w:p ny x/y x/y I0pLx epqpq&r m jny r¤:r :mxm ~mx/p m7qm}my xu n(w:p r m jny r¤:r :mxm ~mx/pCy npx/pq~/ry :p x/w:pD?nx/pqr np?y |nm y m/?ny mx/p

e¥y x/w m@y pq_pq~/~/~!~mx/pu

(w:p wm::pqoqm}my x¤y ¶x/w:pCr mjny r¤:r ~ mx/p(x/wmx!x/w:pwm::pqoqmx/~m?ry x:mxm-pq~/~/~ ~/pqp|y pqy x np?y 4u o pm~/o |0x/w:pwm::pqo¶qm}my x qm ::xDp(j:pqp x/w:pr mjny r¤:rµ:mxm_~mx/puCepqpq~|Sep¤wmp m(px (/my :x/w:y : pq~/:y :w:e pq~//~ ~ ~/pqpCx/~m?ry /?y ry w6xC0p@mw:y pqp u n

79:;: p e¥y x/wg ~/p o6:pqu ~

single pair

twisted pair

central conductor

ribon cable

outer (braided) conductor

insulating cover

dielectric co-axial cable

y :~/p Vl!lrp-ny "pq~/pq6x¥x}0p(x/~m?ry /?y o y :p

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60 C

60

0C

50

40

30

20

10

0 0;1

1

10

100

1000

f (MHz)

y :~/pVl~^fpxwg~m}:w ¶mx?x/pqmx/y gy :u @ y w 6mjny mo qm:o p

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m

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cladding

core

y :~/p

Vln(w:pDm?y Dx/~/x/:~/p-{m6h:~/p-}nx/y >e(mpq:y np

?y r}:o px/pq~/r |4x/w:p_mx/y Q¥m1e(mpq:y npqmQ0p }m~?x/y mo o :npq~x/n ?y npq~/y : x/w:p_~mn

n e¥-x/w:[p h:~/pUu ~Yo y w6x e(mp¶pq6x/pq~/y :¥x/w:pYh:~/py pqy x/w:pq~~/p ~mx/pDy 6x/Cx/w:p(o m:ny :|m@mx?x/pqmx/p`| ~@y Dx/xmo o y 6x/pq~/mo o ~/p(px/pQmx@x/w:p ~/p o m:ny :g0::m~/u Qx/w:y @r m::pq~-y x@x/~mpqo -mo : x/w:p¤o pq:x/w ¶x/w:ph:~/pu0n(w:p@r mjny r¤:r m:o p@mx>e¥w:y w y xr mgpq6x/pq~Cx/w:p¤:y np¤mgx/~mpqo4 x/xmo y 6x/pq~/mo~/(p px/y y x/pq~/rp x/w:p p: p: p: q³ y :~/p t u xDy Dmo ? }06/?y :o p@ ~x/w:pe(mp x/ o o e=m w:pqo y qmo4}mx/w n e¥ x/w:p-:y npu n(w:p?p-~mn(m~/pDqmo o p s0 r/ p 4 u C epqpq~ |x/w:y Cy p ey ¥x/_?y r}:o p-x/_(p jn}:o my mo o4 pmx/:~/p¥ e(mpq:y npD0pqwmy :~u ³mx |y x y C:x }06/?y :o p ~@x/w:C p e(mpx/ xbm fp m ~m n e¥Qx/w:p :y npuQ :o pq~?xmy ~mn@qm0p_xbm fpq4# u n(w:p?p ~mn m~/p qmo o pz u ~-m }m~?x/y :o m~C ~/p o6:pq |"x/w:pq~/p y Dm ny "pq~/pq6xD~m u n(w:p rn:mo¶mx/y ! m e(mpq:y np@y Dmg?p o6:pqp¤!x/w: p e(mp@mx/:~/p !x/w:p ~mny mx/y 4 u ~ 0 V U y m

acceptance cone A acceptance angle

core

C

cladding

B

A

propogated by total internal reflection

B

evetually lost by radiation

C

shortest path along fibre

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loss (dB/Km) 6

5

4

3

2

1

0 0.7

0.8

Visible and ultraviolet

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

wavelength (micrometres)

Infrared

net loss

infraread absoprtion

Rayleigh scattering

absoprtion due to OH- ion

ultraviolet absoprtion

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diameter

refractive index

y :~/pVl!l6x/pq}:}0py np(jCh:~/p

diameter

refractive index

G

0_

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0G

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FUNCTION

(SUB) LAYER

Higher layer functions

Higher layers

Convergence

CS

Segmentation and reassembly

AAL

SAR

Generic flow control Cell header generation/extraction Cell VPI/VCI translation

ATM

Cell multiplex and demultiplex Cell rate decoupling HEC sequence generation/verification Cell delineation Trsnamission frame adaption

TC Physical

Transmission frame generation/recovery layer Bit timing PM

Physical medium

ATM


VPI


AAL


VCI


CS

convergence sublayer

TC

transmission convergence

SAR

segmentation and reassembly

PM

physical medium

HEC

header error control

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B-ISDN

U

N

N

U

U

B-ISDN user

network to network interface (NNI)

N

network node

user to network interface (UNI)

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SB B-TE1

TE2 or B-TE2

TB B-NT2

R

UB B-NT1

SB B-TA

Reference point

B-TE TE

functional group

y :~/p

terminal equipment for B-ISDN terminal equipment

B-NT

network termination equipment for B-ISDN

B-TA

terminal adaptor for B-ISDN

Vl¶vY l |

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TE star B-NT2

B-NT1

B-NT2

B-NT1

B-NT2

B-NT1

B-NT2

B-NT1

TE

bus

TE

TE

TE

TE

starred bus

TE

TE

TE

TE

ring

TE

TE

B-NT

network termination

B-TE

terminal equipment

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6

S

T

B

B

B-TE1

B-NT2

B-NT1

Customer Premesis Network

B-TE

terminal equipment

B-NT

network termination

y :~/p

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.

CBR

VBR

ABR

UBR

Signalling Network layer

ATM adaptation layer Link layer ATM layer Physical layer Physical layer

ATM


ABR

available bit rate

CBR

constant bit rate

UBR

unspecified bit rate

VBR

variable bit rate

y :~/p Vl¶vY l | s

0Ar}m~/p!e¥y x/wgx/w:p

Dl rnnpqo

~ ¤x/w:pq~/pgy ¤::o y fpqo Qx/ 0p m ?pq~ y 6x/pq~?³mpgny ~/px/o Qx/ x/w:p=~D~ [|{y o np y Yx/w:y 6h:~/pgm~/p_x/w:p y 6x/pq~?³mpx/ x/w:p@?pq~/y p-o m/?p(np(h:pg x/w:p~n3 ~/:r+ ~(x/w:p s l

m

m

¤0 q p: " ¥ pn= ug %yt{ n(w:p¥v Y?pq~/y pb "pq~ m pq~/D?y r}:o p |~/pqo y m:o pm~m6x/pqp-wm : pqo"x/wmxCp("px/y pqo mx¥m¥my ~:y xCpqr¤:o mx/y 4un(w:p l x/w:y C?pq~/y pr¤xC0pDr my 6xmy :p x/w:~/:w:nx¶x/w:p o y px/y rp m v I::px/y |m¶x/w:p:mxm-~mx/pCy p(jn}0px/px/¤0pxm6xu x y y 6x/pqnp ~?p¤ m}:}:o y qmx/y 0e¥y x/w x/~/y :pq6x~/pmo x/y rp x/~my 6xC npqo m m y x?x/pq~| pu un~/pmo x/y rpDy npqu pn p q³ ¥ pn% u %yt{ n(w:y ?pq~/y py mo ?Cy 6x/pqnp- ~ ?pDD~/pmo x/y rpm}:}:o y qmx/y qu

Cepqpq~|y xny "pq~! ~/r+v 7y x/wmxy x(np!:xp(jn}0px!x/w:p:mxm-~mx/p¥x/@0pxm6x|yu pux/w:p

m

?:~pr m _?pDm~/y m:o pD:y xC~mx/p-nny : ~¥p(}_y pq m mo ? 0p@xmx/y x/y qmo o _r¤:o x/y }:o p(jnp u ?pq~g?rp npq~/pqp w VpVqp q³ & pn.uLw %yt{ n(w:y g?pq~/y p o m/_b"pq~_x/w:p vY l | s ³my ~/:p/ |:m mo ? 6x/~/o ¶o 6/(~ npqo m! e¥y x/w ~/p?}0pxCx/ Sl |::nx y ¥y 6x/pqnpg ~C: ~/pmo x/y rp m}:}:o y qmx/y qu xy !o y fpqo @x/wm& x ~ v l xmx/pqrpq6x e¥y o o0?}0py ¤x/wmx!x/w:pq~/p m~/p(ry :y r¤:r mqpq}nxm:o p}m~mrpx/pq~ |:nx(x/wmxCy {0px?x/pq~ l ?w::o 0prp-mmy o m:o p x/w:pqgy 0 x e¥y o o 0p-?p u ~ v 7y !y 6x/pqnp ~?p¥ ::y x ~/y pq6x/pm}:}:o y qmx/y ?w m:mxmm?p¥mqp/!mpqo px/~/:y r my ou g pn u %yt{4 v =y ¥y 6x/pqnp ~Cm}:}:o y qmx/y x/wmx ?pq :mxm pq~/ ?}0b ~mny qmo o m x/w:p ?p v | v ~ ~ v e:o 0 p e(mx/p :o!~/p?:~pqu ³mx | x/w:y ?pq~/y p¤o m/Cy (p "px/y pqo m 0px (p "~?xDm}:}:~/6m% w e¥w:y w y ?y ry o m~Cx/_x/n:m 6x/pq~/:px ?y : p e:o wmp: ~/pmo{x/y rp_~/p o6:y ~/pqrpq6x-m :x¤0p & u ~C}:}:o y qmx/y Dx/wmx¤?px/w:y ¤?pq~/y

x/ ?pq?y x/y px/o 6/ |npu u ho pDx/~m pq~qu m

G

_cVKUTVNLWYX

KX

KNXYT_X0KXDQS_

(w:p-}0pq~mx/y gmgr my 6x/pqmp 0 ~Dz x/w:p@vY l | s:pxLe~gf wm&hpDr my mx/y l n

m

m

m

m

m

6 p: 0U ³ { mmp pq6x/y x/y p@m~/p6x/y :?o ~D}0pq~/y nny qmo o r:y x/~/p y g~npq~(x/pq:pq~mx/pr my 6x/pqmpDpqpq6xCy n ~/r mx/y 4u gD p:U pVq³ 6 6³0 Y{ !~/~/~ ~ r mo :x/y y -x/w:pr mmp-pq6x/y x/y pm~/pnpx/px/p ~}:~/pny x/p_~/p?:o x/y :¤y x/w:ppq:pq~mx/y _ r my 6x/pqmp pqpq6x(y n ~/r mx/y _~(?pq~/y pmo m~/r qu 4q ³0Y { n ¥b "pq~?rp!npq~/pqp¶6³m:o x4x/o pq~mp |qx/w:p!(p "px ³my o :~/p y -r mmp pq6x/y x/y p m~/p{ry :y ry ?p-Cx/w:p!?p!nm f:} |xmnn ~4x/w:pq~4~/p?:~p |qmx/w:p¶³my o pDpq6x/y x y ((p j:o np ~/r x/w:p-:~/r mo"}0pq~mx/y gx/w:p@?nx/pqr u pVq³ 7 6 p: ³ pn ³0Y { rr¤::y qmx/y ¥³my o :~/pgm }0pq~? ~/r mp_y ~/r mx/y m mo m~/r -x/ x/w:pq~ r mmpQpq6x/y x/y p y x/w:pgr mmpqrpq6x }:o m:pJ u ~Co ?Qmx m¤m ~/p?}0?pD?pq~/y px/ xmx/(~/pq}0~?x¥~/p o6:pxqu p:U q q³4 pVq³ pn ³0Y {( ?pDx/px ?nx/pqr |:0x/w y 6x/pq~/mo m (p jx/pq~/mo |x/_npx/pq~/ry :p e¥w:px/w:pq~ y n ~/r mx/y gm0nx¥³m:o x¥y ¥r}:o px/p-~C? }_y pq6x( ~¥x/w:pq~Cmx/y x/xbm fp}:o mpu

n(w:p?pmx/y m~/p?:}:}0~?x/p_ x/w:pD?p ¶0~D y n ~/r mx/y !eC!y _x/w:p~n3 o mpq~m !wn?y qmo o mpq~ y :~/p u Cx/w:pq~Dr mmpqrpq6xDqm}m:y o y x/y pD?w m ?p !x/w:p x u q³ U³p ³0 p: Up 0 "!x 6r¤ tsUy r m mo ?_0p¤pqr}:o p y :x/y ze¥y x/w ~ y x/pm x/w:p ~Du 0

+* G

M

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cVKXDM Z_c

W 0_

_}:~/y npx/w:p¤:pe^vY l | s ?pq~/y p|:?p@!mx/pw::o qmo o p p:4 t 0 0_q p: 6 y @m ::px/y ~/y pqnx/p x/pw::y o6:p m?p x/w:p ?p &hVjnp uLw y y @?}0py hp n u~n3 ?y iqp¥}m fpx{x/pq~/rp qq³ u n(w:p?pCpqo o m~/pC Dnx/px!y _?y iqp|e¥y x/w Dnx/px¶?p ~¶x/w:p qqpV6 | m_x/w:p-~/pqr my :y : nx/px ~C:mxm y :~/p u n(w:p¶x/pq~/r p: 4 t 0 0¥q p: 6 :pqp: ?rp¶(p jn}:o mmx/y 4uUn(w:p[e~: q p: 6 /m x/wmxx/w:y x/pw::o y (?}0py h0D e(m 4x/~m?ry x?x/y :m_ e¥y xw:y :¤x/w:~/:w x/w:p:pxLe~gf"un(w:p x/pq~/r p: 4 t 0 0 ~/p pq~Dx/ x/w:p_³mx@x/wmx¤x/w:p pqo o ¤m~/px/~m?ry x?x/p?y : m?w:~/: x/pw::y o6:p | m x/w:p Lx egpq }0y 6xD:pqp :x-wmp ?w:~/:y ?p o n fnq6 u ~Co ? | x/w:p?p m mo o nqmx/y (pqo o m&x/w:pqy ~ ?:?p o6:pq6x r¤:o x/y }:o (p jny :Ym7x/~m?ry /?y &x/w:~/:w7x/w:p :pLx eg~ fYy npx/pq~/ry :pIy 3m n

OAM virtual channel connection virtual channel level

info flow

F5 virtual path connection

ATM layer

virtual path level

F4 transmission path

transmission path

F3

level digital section Physical digital section level

F2

layer

regenerator section regenerator section

F1

level

ATM


OAM

operation and management

end points of corresponding level

connecting point of corresponding level

y :~/p l0~D y n ~/r mx/y !eC(y gx/w:p~n3 o mpq~¥m ! wn?y qmo o mpq~

5 octets

48 octets

Header

Information field

y :~/p l~C#~n3Apqo o

m?w:~/:!³m?w:y |:pu u: npqr m`|mgy ¥y npq}0pqnpq6x x/w:p@?pq~ y :~/p m y :~/p u ~n3 e¥y o o?:}:}0~?x@0x/w y ~:y x¤e¥y xw:pQm }mfpx¤e¥y xw:p ?rpx/y rp-~/p pq~/~/p x/ m U m p: s06 |6~/p?}0px/y pqo V ?pq~/y pqu time slot

c1

c2

cn

c1

framing information

cx

c2

cn

channel number x

user data

y :~/p

(w:p-}:~/y y }:o pD¶?w:~/:!x/~m pq~¥rnnp

Vln

cell

c1

c2

not

c1

c3

c2

c1

used

header (routing id)

cx

channel number x

user data

y :~/p

(w:p-}:~/y y }:o pD¶m?w:~/:!x/~m pq~¥rnnp

ln

n(w:pq~/p y r¤w x/6f:e3m0nx ~n3|w:epqpq~|w:pq~/pDepDe¥y o o"?y npq~:o x/w:pCx/~m?ry /?y _m?}0px| o fy :_mxCx/w:p!wn?y qmo o mpq~Cmgx/w:p6~n3Ao mpq~u&n(w:pq~/p@m~/p@?pqpq~mo"x}0p¥!pqo o (x/ ?y npq~| ?rp m~/pC}m/?p_mo o:x/w:p>e(m¤x/w:~/:w ~/r x/w:p !wn?y qmoo mpq~¶x/@x/w:p>~n3 o mpq~|e¥w:y o p x/w:pq~!:pqpq~ }:~/npqp 0pq_x/w:p !wn?y qmo"o mpq~ l

m

m

m

m

w 0 ¤ qqL{ ~n3W mpq~ ~$pqo o e¥w:y w y ?px/ }:~/y np_x/w:p ?pq~/y p_x/ x/w:p w:y w:pq~ o mpq~quUn(w:y ¥y (x/w:p-pqo o x}0pDx/wmxCy (?pgy gx/~m?}0~?x/y :¤x/w:p-w:y w:pq~¥o pqpqo | u gU p: 0 7 qqL{> ~n3 mpq~ Y~C=~n3 o mpq~¥pqo oè¥w:y w y (:x m m/?y :pgpqo ou pVq qqL{ !wn?y qmo¶o mpq~ >~CQpqo o¶x/wmx np-:x¤6xmy Qw:pmnpq~@pq~/~/~ | pqy x/w:pq~@x/w:~/:w ?qp/ :o"x/~m?ry /?y ~Cm x/pq~¥0pqy :_~/~/px/p_ x/w:p-}:wn?y qmo o mpq~u VpVq3 qqL{ !wn?y qmo4o mpq~ ~ pqo Uo e¥y x/w m pq~/~/~Cy y x w:pmnpq~¥x/wmxDqm :x0p¤~/~/px/p u x e¥y o o40p@ny /qm~np x/w:p-}:wn?y qmo o mpq~u 3

(Uq³& qqL{ !wn?y qmo!o mpq~ R~tpqo o!x/wmx y ¤y ?pq~?x/p p(jx/~mx/p x/w:p }:wn?y qmoo mpq~- ~@x/w:p }::~/}06?p{}mo 6m qm}my x_m:m}nxmx/y 4u m

~ ( p jn}:o my :ppm~/o y pq~|x/w:pq~/pgm~/p_xLe y 6x/pq~?³mp@x/ x/w:p vY l | s+x/Q?y npq~, x/w:pg?pq~x/b:pxLe~gf y 6x/pq~?³mp ³ s m_x/w:p:pxLe~gf x/b:pxLe~gf¤y 6x/pq~?³mp s s u ~x/w:p?pxLe¤y 6x/pq~?³mpx/w:pDy 6x/pq~/mo x/~/x/:~/pDx/w:p~n3Apqo o w:pmnpq~¥y C?o y w6x/o ny "pq~/pq6x|:m¥?w:e¥gy y :~/p m y :~/p :u n(w:p-m~/y }m~?x( x/w:p@pqo o4w:pmnpq~Cm~/ pl

6 ³ { rA0 "q q6u yt{& _:y x | p³m:o xmo :p :u n(w:p@p(j:mx ?p@{x/w:y 0hpqo y | mpx|::x¥ :o o gnp(h:p u[n(w:y (y ¥?p :o y m/?y :p_~¥:m/?y :p yu pu~n3 o mpq~¥pqo o u pVqpn . " 6 u yt{ Q~ :y x n(w:y y ?p& ~ }:wn?y qmo¥o mpq~ ~/nx/y :| m 1 U x/px/w:pq~ e¥y x/wgx/w:p pVq! U " 6= uC yt{ @:y x Yn(w:y y ?p y g :x/y Ce¥y x/w_x/w:p hpqo m 1 U x/ }:~/y np¤}:wn?y qmoo pqpqo{~/nx/y : u m pqo o > e¥y x/w ny "pq~/pq6x r m wmp@x/w:p /mrp u lrp mo :p¥m~/pD}:~/(p µm/?y :p ~C?}0py mo4}::~/}06?p nm:o p u pV `z u yt{ D:y x ¶lrp YnYmo :p , " 6 u y , m~/p(}:~/(p µm/?y :p m Dp q³ ! ~C?}0py mo }::~/}06?pqu nm:o p e¥w:px/w:pq~C~¥:x(x/w:y pqo o4qm 0p@n~/}:}0pgy qqYq³0 ³ ug¤ 6yt{[ -:y x o m xmx/y : m ¤ x/w:p }:~/p/pqp@:pLx eg~ f :px/y ~ x/w:pq~:pLx eg~ f ny }_:o x/y pq u ~ mo :p rpmCx/wmx x/w:y ¥pqo o4wm(w:y w }:~/y ~/y x_mg?w::o g:x¥0p@ny /qm~np u pV6 Q6 Q0 "q qCu yt{0 :y x n(w:y @y @?pQ x/w:p }:wn?y qmo!o mpq~D ~¤npx/px/y : m mg~/~/px/y : pq~/~/~y gx/w:p@pqo o4w:pmnpq~u m

BIT 8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

GFC

VPI

1

VPI

VCI

2

VCI

3

VCI

PT

CLP

HEC

VPI virtual path identifier VCI virtual channel indentifer HEC header error control

y :~/p

G

OCTET

4 5

PT payload type CLP cell loss priority GFC generic flow control

Apqo o4w:pmnpq~ ~ s

Vl~n3

0K 0TKUTVNLWYX

K Y_c

n(w:p }::~/}06?p¤¶x/w:

p ~n3 ~ :m}nxmx/y mpq~ ~D~ U Cy x/gm:m}nx x/w:p | }m/?p ne¥ ~/r$x/w:p w:y w:pq~¥o mpq~(6x/!~n3Apqo o quY~ (x/w:p-w:y w:pq~¥o pqpqo | ¥r m y pq:pq~mo"0p@¶m m~/:y x/~m~/_?y iqp|? :p-x/w:p-Lx e_?::o mpq~y x/w:6 p ~D~ y ¥~/p?}0?y :o pD ~ "pn³0 p: U3 p: z q ugw %y ¶x/w:p¤w:y w:pq~o mpq ~ | q> u n(w:p¤x/w:pq~?::o mpq~ |:x/w:p 0 06 0 Q qp 06 ug Uy |0y ~/p?}0?y :o p

BIT 8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

VPI

1

VPI

VCI

2

VCI

3

VCI

PT

CLP

4

HEC

VPI


VCI

virtual channel indentifer

HEC


C

:o ~Co o ~Co o Co o

~

Co o :o ~

5

PT

payload type

CLP

cell loss priority

y :~/p V l~n3Apqo o4w:pmnpq~ ~Cs s g

m/?y :pgpqo o px m µ?y mo y : 7o y V f_:pLx eg~ f r mmpqrpq6x fx/w:p I?pqrpq6x yu pu:o }:m 7pq x/b pq r mmpqrpq6x fx/w:p 7pq x/b pq yu pu:o }:m ly mo y :y }0y 6x x/b }0y 6xCmqp/ s & (:pLx eg~ f r mmpqrpq6x s R lnD

m:o pl ! ~/p(µm/?y :p n

OCTET

~n3

~/:r!

mo :p ~0~n3Apqo o

~}mfmy :x/w:p¤w:y w:pq~o mpq~ | e¥y x/w m m:ny x/y moy n ~/r mx/y ~/po6:y ~/pg ~ x/w:p m:m}nxmx/y :pp//m~/ m_b "pq~/y :mgy 6x/pq~?³mp x/¤x/w:p-vY l | s=?pq~u~ (rpq6x/y :p }:~/pqy ?o |x/w:pq~/p-m~/pr m m m~/y p¤~/p o6:y ~/pqrpq6x ~!m}:}:o y qmx/y ¶?y :x/w:p vY l | sImmx/w:pq~/pCm~/p¥?pqpq~mo~D~ }:~/x/no n(p h:p [u n(w:p-o m/?y h0qmx/y _ x/w:p?pD}:~/x/no Y e(m:y np_ ?y npq~/y :@x/w:p o o e¥y : }m~mrpx/pq~l n w:p : L µ~/po6:y ~/pqrpq6x ~!?w:~/:y /mx/y @0pxLepqpq¤x/w:p(~/ppqy pq~{m

³ qpn³0 U&{ ( m m m

?pqnpq~u pn{ xm6x¥~¥m~/y m:o pu ¤0 ³0 { ::px/y g~/y pq6x/p ~C::px/y :o p/qu

3?:rr m~/@0x/w:p ?pq?y :o pt ¶r¤:y mx/y {0x/w:p?pC}m~mrpx/pq~y ¶y pqy y :~/p :u mw 0x/w:p?p o m/?pr m0po 6?pqo m/?ny mx/pe¥y x/w_x/w:p x/w:p~n3 ~/:r+o m/?pnp/~/y 0p_}:~/pqy ?o Sl!o m/&~| v 4o m/ v>| v 4o m/DD|S~ v y ?w o m/ | | v -u`n(w:y Cr m}:}:y :gmo ?_y p@p(j:mr}:o p@?p¤ x/w:p-m~/y (o m/?pqu n(w:p-m~/y ~D~ o m/?p(m~/pD}:~/y np_ ?pqpq~mo`~D~ Q}:~/x/no y npq6x/y hpg mx}0p¤:r¤0pq~3 u n(w:p¤?p@!m }m~?x/y :o m> ~ ~D~ Qx}0p@ ~Cx/w:p¤}:~/y ?y gm}m~?x/y :o m~?pq~/y p-y C:x e¥w:o ! epqo o4n(p h:p u o ~D~ =x}0p :nx_y wCw

` { n(w:y y (p "px/y pqo &m s ~D~ !u x y :x_~/pmo o m&b }_y m3 rpq6x/y :p ~Cr}:o px/pq:p/qu ~D~ ^x}0p y :~/r mo o &?p7 o m/! ~ v D _?pq~/y pq^ u n(w:p :x/y wCw

` { n(w:y 1 }0pq~? ~/rp x/w:y 0 ~D~ m~/p l ~

:

lpqrpq6xmx/y gmg~/pm/?pqr¤:o ?pq~¥y n ~/r mx/y 4u mno y :¶pqo o4npqo m_m~/y mx/y y x?x/pq~ u mno y :¶pqo o ~/pm/?pqr¤:o m~/y mx/y 4u mno y :{o 6xCm ry ?y ?pq~?x/p pqo o qu l:~pDo n f ~/p o6:pq_~/ppq~/ mxC~/ppqy pq~u l:~pD:mxmx/~/x/:~/pD~/ppq~/ mxC~/ppqy pq~u :y x/~/y :m wmno y : ~D~ ` ( R }:~/x/no 6x/~/o y n ~/r mx/y :y xCpq~/~/~qu :y x/~/y :m }06/?y :o V (~/~/px/y :¤x/w:p-:y xCpq~/~/~y x/w:p-?pq~¥y n ~/r mx/y Chpqo u |nr:y x/~/y : m r my 6x/pqmpD{pq x/b pq l"u ~Cy ~:y x¥pqr¤:o mx/y m m m m m m m m m

~D~ x}0pRe:o _0pD?pCe¥y x/w o m/(v v D uVn(w:y x}0pDy :x3epqo o4np(h:p

` `{ n(w:y 3 mQy x?pqpqr @}06/?y :o p x/wmx¤x/w:p_y x r m 0p rpq~/p e¥y x/w~D~ v n}0p _y x/w:p_ nx/:~/pu lrp ¥y x :x/y Cm~/p-?y ry o m~x/!~D~ 7l wCw

lpqrpq6xmx/y gmg~/pm/?pqr¤:o ?pq~¥y n ~/r mx/y 4u mno y :¶pqo o4npqo m_m~/y mx/y y x?x/pq~ u mno y :{o 6xCm ry ?y ?pq~?x/p pqo o qu l:~pDo n f ~/p o6:pq_~/ppq~/ mxC~/ppqy pq~u :y x/~/y :m wmno y : ~D~ ` ( :y xCpq~/~/~qu :y x/~/y :m }06/?y :o V (~/~/px/y :¤x/w:p-:y xCpq~/~/~y x/w:p-?pq~¥y n ~/r mx/y Chpqo u m m m m m m

x mo ? wm(x/w:p?p-m:ny x/y mo" :x/y l mno p@l | ( ~/r$m m~/y m:o p:y x ~mx/pD?:~pu m

n m

m

~m pq~x/y ry : y n ~/r mx/y g0pxLepqpq ?:~p-mgnpx/y mx/y 4u sCx/y _x/w:p-w:y w:pq~(o mpq~{:~/~/pxm:o ppq~/~/~y =~D~ !u

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w

qq

0 : : p p

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m:o pl ! ~/p(µm/?y :p

Yn

n

6 _ 6 ³

¤0 0q ³0 `6 ³

w UV p q

,

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, , mo :p ~0~n3 pqo o

p e(mCp?pq}m~mx/6 p n}0p mzn}0p %~D~ | :nxx/w:pq wmp¤:e^0pqpq wCw

` { n(w:pq~/ rpq~/p un(w:y ~D~ y (:e3y 6x/pqnp_x/?:}:}0~?x¥0x/w o m/C ~ v D (m o m/ | ³ v D ?pq~/y pqu ~D~ [|x/w:ppq~/pqp¥?::o mpq~!y ?}:o y xy 6x/@xLe y :~/p :t |x/w:p 6 ³ 0 06 x/w:y & 0 qp 06 =ugUU Uy m x/w:p 0 zpn ¤0 06 0 qp 06 =ug 6 Uy un(w:pDl:l(l y m}:}:o y qmx/y npq}0pqnpq6x |"yu puCy xD:o 0p@ ~m v ^y npq m}:}:o y qmx/y 4u0n(w:p ((lgy ~/p?}0?y :o p ~(x/~/x/y : | x/wmx¥qm_0pD?pq6xx/¤x/w:px/w:pq~pq_?pq~u n(w:pq~/pm~/p¥Lx e 4}0pq~mx/y ~D~ p 0 m qq p ³ u n(w:p@rp//mpDrnnp@y Cy 6x/pqnpg ~ ? p e¥y x/w ~mrp :mx m e¥w:pq~/pDx/w:6 p ~D~ ` l | y mo y qmo4::y x :mxD m e¥y x/w¤~/p?}0pxx/ x/w:p¥Y v l | sY?pq~ y :~/p u x¶mo o eC4x/w:px/w:px/~m?}0~?x{0m ?y :o p ~D~ ` l | y :p¥~ }nx/y mo o V r~/p(x/wm:p ( l | u n(w:p( l | r m@0p¥x/w:pq :~?x/w:pq~?}:y o x!y 6x/@?pqpq~mo l ~ | q[u n(w: p ~D~ ` l | qm 0p-{m m~/:y x/~m~/_?y iqpu p ~D~ ` l | ¥m~/p hVjnp ?y iqpDm_:p~r~/p 4x/w:pqr+r m 0p x/~m?}0~?x/p gx/~/pmry :¤rnnp |x/w:R y m?y :o p¤( l | y :~/ p u m% w ~D~ ` l | y Cnpqo y pq~/p y m ?pq}m~mx/p-l ~ | u 70x/wIqm?p |!x/w:p l ~ )?::o mpq~}:~/y np pq~/~/~ npx/px/y Im&0x/w&x/w:p?p rnnp qm&b "pq~ x/w:p o o e¥y : 6 pn ³0U pVqY 4 l 6 pn³0 Y{ o eA6x/~/o@m~/px/~m?ry /?y ry /?y :I~ pq~/~/:pq%~D~ ` l | qu o e 6x/~/o~/px/~/y x/p x/ }0y 6xx/b}0y 6x-::px/y mx x/w:p~n3 o mpq~m }0y 6x x/b r¤:o x/y }0y 6x e=6x/~/o"}06/?y :o pu x 0 p: 76 pn³0 Y{ sC~/px/~m?ry /?y {ry /?y : ~¥pq~/~/:pq¥l~ | qu( }nx/y mo o npqo y pq~ pq~/~/:pq | Cx/g?pq~R u ~Co o e8 e 6x/~/o ~}0y 6xx/b}0y 6xD::px/y C:nx :x¥}0y 6x x/b r¤:o x/y }0y 6xu w

m

m

(w:y 0~D~ x }0p-mo ?}:~/y npr¤:o x/y }:o p(jny :_mx(x/w:p¤l~ ?::o mpq~u wCw

``{ ~D~ #e(m y 6x/pqnp ~?1 p e¥w:pq~/p_x/w:pq~/1 p e(m m ::px/y ~/y 6x/py 6x/pq~?³mp_x/ x/w:p ?pq~m 6xmy ?pqpq~mo¥6x/~/o hpqo : y 7x/w:p w:pmnpq~x/wmxg:o &0p pqo y ry mx/pYx/}:~/y np m?y ry o m~ px ?y r}:o y hp?pq~/y p% u n(w:y -y -x/w:p_}::~/}06?p_3 ~D~ % e¥w:y wy ¤mo ? qmo o p x/w:p q³ p:U ³ " p ?w: eC¥w: e x/w: p ~D~ ` l | > ~ ~D~ y :~/ fpq n e¥ y 6x/ pVUp pn ³0 qp 06 ug w y u y :~/ ~n3Apqo o q[ u ~D~ ¤wmx/w:pD o o e¥y :y r}0~?xm6x( pmx/:~/p l n

(w:p¤(l | qmg0p-x/w:p@/mrp-?y iqp-m3~D~ u n(w:p¤(l | r¤xC0p 6x/pDmo y :p u n(w:pq~/p-m~/p:o 6x/p( ( ~(x/w:p (l | , /x w:p~D~ pVq u n(w:p@ l ~ =o mpq~(y ¥p("px/y pqo ms :x/y 4u n

m

m

m

m

Class A Source/destination timing relationship

Class B

Class C

Bit rate

Required

Connection mode

Constant

Not required

Variable Connection oriented

Class D

y :~/p Vl~D~ ?pq~/y p-o m/?y h0qmx/y

Connectionless

SSCS CS AAL

CPCS

SAR

service access point (SAP) CS


SAR

segementation and reassembly

SAR

SSCS

service specific CS

CPCS comman part CS

y :~/p:l~D~ ?:o mpq~/y :

:o y fp~D~ |V~D~ ¤}:~/y np:r¤:o x/y }:o p(jny :_mx¥y x¥?pq~¥y 6x/pq~?³mpu m

~D~ :o ¤m:mpq~/¤?y r}:o p pVq m¶m x/~my o pq~{x/Dx/w:p0~D~ `l | u n(w:p¥x/~/x/:~/p¥x/w:y {xmy o:y !?w:e¥ y y :~/p6nu n w:p-m~/y Yhpqo :¥}0pq~? ~/r x/w:pD o o e¥y :¤ :x/y l ( qp 06 Y6 /V 6J " 6 u =yt{ n(w:y ¤(p "px/y pqo Qy npq6x/y hpm 6 ³p: p ~D~ Q?pq~¥y 6x/pq~?³mpu ³ "=ugw 6y ~ mx(x/w: ¤ 0 pn ! " 6 zug yt{ n(w:p-?pDx/w:y &hpqo gy ¥:np(h:p mx¥}:~/p?pq6xu Y{ ~C y 6x/pqpq~¥mo :pD0pxLepqpqm 6| 6nu 4 q³ U Up: t s ug ! yt{ ~Dpq~/~/~npx/px/y !, :x/y h0qmx/y pq~/~/~ m~/p ?pq6x x/ x/w: p ~D~ Q?pq~u wCw

m

m m m

Cy y 6x/pqnp- ~{?p v Y?:~pe¥y x/w¤x/y ry :~/pqo mx/y ?w:y }¤0pxLepqpq ?:~pm¤npx/y mx/y 4u ~D~ 7-m% ~D~ m~/pD:x¥?pgr¤w4u ~D~ wm¥0pqpq w:6?pq_ ~¥x/w:p-}:~/y ?y x/w:p@vpqo o ~/p r t Uq p 6Upnp 6 p !:~/}0pm_pq~?y e¥w:y w y !x/w:p 0 ³0U q³ pV p: U Upnp 6 ³ ³ug =Uy |x/w: ug =Uy u ~D~ ¥wm 0pqpq ?pqo px/p-x/w:p Yn x/ }:~/y np ?pq~/y p4pq ~ ~n3u ~Co ? |y x{y ?pD ~{?y mo y : }::~/}06?p(y gx/w:p@6x/~/o"}:o m:p |e¥w:pq~/pDy xCy 3 f: e¥ mx/w:p 0U pVq³ wCw ugwCw y u ~D~

AAL-SDU

CS-PDU

SAR-PDUs

(sub-)layer header

AAL


(sub-)layer padding

CS


(sub-)layer trailer

SAR


y :~/p

l~D~

rp//mprnnp@?pq~/y p

AAL-SDUs

CS-PDU

SAR-PDUs

(sub-)layer header

AAL


(sub-)layer padding

CS


(sub-)layer trailer

SAR


y :~/p Vl~D~ x/~/pmry :rnnp-?pq~/y p

6

AAL-SDU

0 - 47

8

octets CS-PDU

SAR-PDUs

(sub-)layer padding

AAL


AAL 5 tail

CS


SAR

y :~/p l~D~ ?pq~/y p

1

1

2

4

UU

CPI

length

CRC

UU

AAL user-to-user identifier

CPI

common part identifier

CRC

cyclic redundancy check

G


0MNQSKI

K Y_c

octets

y :~/p6l~D~ ¤xmy o4x/~/x/:~/p

KX

v l | s |"Lx egx/~m?ry /?y ~mx/pDm~/p :~/~/pq6x/o ?}0py hp b m |4mo x/w::w y x ~@Y y @w:y w:o o y fpqo x/wmx¤x/w:pq~@w:y w:pq~@~mx/pe¥y o o0p xm:m~ny ?p nm:o p u%n mw:y pqp x/w:p?p_~mx/p| x/w:p }:wn?y qmo(o mpq~ ?p mQx/~/x/:~/y :qmo o p 4 t 0 0U pVq U³6 pn t ug y uYn(w:y y m n xm:m~ m?p w:pmy o pm~/o y pq~0e~gf %~ sl qmo o p 4 t 0 0 ³pVqC 6r¤ ts ~ | :o ~/p pq~/pqp¤x/ ug x y u ~-:~-y 6x/pq~/px x/w:pLx e m~/p }:~mx/y qmo o y npq6x/y qmo | mQ? :~?x/w:pq l | 8e¥y o o40p-r mnp |Ve¥y x/w ?}0py h0-ny "pq~/pqp(y ls Yn30pqy : w:y w:o y w6x/pC e¥w:pq~/pD:pp//m~/u n(w:po m0pqo y :Cnx/w:pm~/y 4~mx/p4y 6 nm:o p Cm~/p!m/?ny mx/pR e¥y x/w-x/w:px/~/x/:~/y : x/w:p}:wn?y qmoo pqpqo :mxVm ly ls Yn^?px/w:p pq}nx-x/w:p 4 t 0 0 q p: U q³ ug Uy ~ ³ pVq 0U pVqRu pn ³6 y%u y m l | ?p(x/w:p 4 t 0 0q p: U q³J ug y u l | ^y Cm }0y 6x x/b }0y 6xC}:wn?y qmo o pqpqo"x/~m?}0~?xC?nx/pq. r e¥w:6?p-x/~/x/:~/p-y Cnpq}:y x/pgy y :~/ p :u n(w:pDx/~/x/:~/p y (?}:o y x(y 6x/ ³0 | q³ m pn |e¥y x/w o y qmor mmpm:o p pq6x/y x/y p(npqo y ry x/y : }m~?x{0x/w:pCx/~/x/:~/pu{ly :o pC?px/y ¶?y x¶ h:~/tp {qm:o px/wmx!y x/pq~/ry mx/p @p o6:y }:rpq6x?w m¥~/pq}0pmx/pq~(x/wmxm~/px/pq~/rp ³0 76 ³U pn ³0 I U "= ug y Su n(w:p@m~/y ¥?px/y ¥ qm:o p o y V f x/px/w:pq~- e¥y xw:p~Dr¤:o x/y }:o (p jn~ , q³ Q6 ³U pn ³0 = U "J u y , x/ ~/r m o y :p% u n(w:p_pq x/b pq x/~m?ry /?y }mx/wy @n(p h:pQ x/w:p x/w:p_}:~/p?pqp pn 6 ³U pn ³0 U "% u y mx(x/w:p-pq:¥ x/w:p-}mx/w4u

LTE

PTE

LTE

STE

STE

STE

LTE

STE

section section

STE

STE

STE

PTE

section section

line

line

path

LTE

line termination equipment

PTE

path termination equipment

STE

section termination equipment

y :~/p

(w:p@x/~/x/:~/pD¶m l | =x/~m?ry /?y g}mx/w

Vln

l | ?}0py hpm-w:y pq~m~w@4?y mo {x/wmx(m~/p¥r¤:o x/y }:o p!nu x/¤mw:y pqp¥w:y w:pq~:mxm-~mx/pqu ~ y xmp|:x/w:p b (~mx/p|"l | ?p m_ nx/pxC ~mrpu0n(w:y ¥ ~mrp@y C~/pq}0pmx/p%e¥y x/w m ~/p o6:pq 0i|"?gmw:y pqy : m_~mx/p¤Cb y :~/p uRn(w:p@ ~mrp ?y xC :@nx/px ³0 7 06 pVug y m_x/w:p-~/pxC x/w:pD ~mrp|Ve¥w:y w1epe¥y o o qmo o"x/w:p p q³pV |y ho o p e¥y x/1 w ~n3 pqo o qu n(w:pqm}my x mmy o m:o pCx/@x/w:p:pLx eg~ f?pq~y !x/w:pq x/w:p p q³ pV& pn [u n(w:p pn u n(w:1 p ~ }0y 6x/pq~¤y p x/w:p o nqmx/y Q¥x/w:p [ 06 pV u y m~/p_?}0py mo6x/~/onx/pxq# 6xmy :pq~ e¥w:y w w:o :x/w: p ~n3Apqo o q[u n(w:pq~/pDr m_:x¥0p@m y 6x/pq~mo":r¤0pq~¥¶pqo o (y gx/w:p [ u n(w:p C~mx/p qm 0pmw:y pqp ?y r}:o (p jx/pqny : x/w:p b l | ~mrp y ~/pm?y :_x/w:p hpqo ?y iqp y :~/ p u lrp (x/w:p !wn?y qmo!o mpq~¤?}0py h0qmx/y - ~¤x/w:p }nx/y qmo!x/~m?ry /?y ¥x/w:pg?y mom~/p_y pqy nm:o p u

x

lnCl lnC l lnC l lnC l lnC l lnC l

- - - - - -

,

n

1p p

ln3%

ln3%

ln3% ln3% ln3%

n

Cp

: n u nu u u :u 6 :u

Dp q³pV

n

Cp

: :u :u :u u 6nu u

m:o p Vl!ls Yn m l | :mxm ~mx/p(mg}mo 6m_~mx/p n

x?x/pqmx/y ~m:p n ~m?ry /?y grpny :r }0pq~mx/y :

e(mpqo pq:x/w wm::pqo nny : ~

7q³ ³0 :v r:brnnp>h:~/p|n:p ~¥pmw ny ~/px/y : :r : ~/px/:~/ x/

iqpq~/ s ` `

,

m:o p l }nx/y qmo y 6x/pq~?³mp-wm~mx/pq~/y x/y q! ~l | n

9 octets

3 octets

261 octets

SOH

STM-1

1 octet

AU-4 SOH

5 octets

AU-4 pointer VC-4 C-4

VC-4 POH

53 octets 1 octet ATM cell SOH

section overhead

ATM


POH

path overhead

C

container

AU

administrative unit

VC

virtual container

STM

syncronous transport module

y :~/p

l

~mrp-x/~/x/:~/p ~-b ¥l | 3m?p y 6x/pq~?³mp

9x4 octets

3 octets

261 x 4 octets

SOH

STM-4

1 octet SOH 5 octets

AU-4 pointer VC-4-4c C-4-4c

POH

53 octets ATM cell

1 octet

SOH

section overhead

ATM

POH

path overhead

C-4-4c

container 4 concatenated

AU

administrative unit

VC-4-4c

virtual container 4 concatenated

STM

syncronous transport module

y :~/p

Vl

~mrp-x/~/x/:~/p ~


¥l | 3m?p y 6x/pq~?³mp

G

H

WYXDX0_QTVNLWYXDIL_MM

_c 0NQS_

v l | s=qmgmo ?¤}:~/y npm ::px/y :o p/ U ?pq~/y pun(w:y x}0p?pq~/y p y o y fpqo x/ 0pDy r}0~ Y xm6x¤m-:px/w:ph~x@?pD¥vY l | s y -o y fpqo x/ 0p ~ s #~ s y 6x/pq~::px/y 4u! 6x¤~ s m1 #~ s ¥?p Q?pq~/y p¥m }:~/x/no (mx¥x/w:p@?:::pxLe~gf o pqpqo |npu u ¶x/w:pq~/:pxu n(w:pq~/p y -mo e(mnCx/w:p}06/?y :y o y x ³U U }:~/y ?y ¥7?pq~/y p }:nx?x/y : x/w:p ¤ 6 ³ v l | s :pLx eg~ f7m3?y : ~n3 ::px/y | yu pu(m ~/r ³0 ^ ug¤ Dy nx?y np x/w:pQY ?y r¤:o mx/pQ y :~/p u n(w:p_l e:o ?

p ~n3 ::px/y x/_x/w:p~/p o6:y ~/p npx/y mx/y qu n(w:p?p ::px/y :o 0p ?pqry L µ}0pq~/r m:pq6x ¥ |6}:~/(p µ h:~/p?pq~/y p!?}0py mo o ?:}:}:o y p x/w:p :pLx eg~ f }:~/y npq~ ~ e¥y xw:p ::px/y ?px:} npqr m u x/w:p o mx?x/pq~Dqm?p |x/w:p ?pq~ x/b :pLx eg~ f ?y mo y :! e:o :pqp x/ 0p pq~/ ³mx-m (p }_y pq6xDm x/w:p ¥=?px :} x/y r p e:o wmp x/_0p@ry :y ry ?p y ~npq~(x/wmxCx/w:p¤wm~mx/pq~/y x/y q{x/w:p ?pq~/y pD(p jn}0px/p x/w:p¤Yv l | s^?pq~ m~/pDr my 6xmy :p u ?p- x/w:p-}0pq~/r m:pq6xC~(~/p?pq~/p ¥(y ¥y ?o e(mx/p :o {~/p?:~pqu ~ ::px/y :o p/C?pq~/y p-qm mo ? 0p@}:~/y np x/w:p¤Y v l | s^ny ~/px/o u ¤0 ³0U q³6 ³ ³0 ug¤ ¥ y e:o @0p(pqm:o p@pqy x/w:pq~{@m?}0py mo y ?p¤::px/y :o p/?pq~/y p}:~/y npq~~ x/w:pDY v l | s y x?pqo u n(w:p@ ?pq~/y D p e:o ?p?}0py mo"::px/y 0pLx epqpq x/w:p?pq~(mx/w:p@l | e¥w:y w7:o Y0p }0pq~/r m:pq6 x |(?pqry }0pq~/r m:pq6x~ e¥y xw:p&y ~:y xquIlpqry }0pq~/r m:pq6x_::px/y :o 0p_pqy x/w:pq~ ( e¥y x/w ?pqpq~mo ¥-b "pq~/y : I?pq~/y p | ~¤m ?y :o p ¥ u kIy x/w e¥y xw:p ::px/y ` e:o D:o Dmo o e x/w:p!?p!:mC?y :o p ¥ mxmx/y rpu Dx/w:pqm?p¶:mC e¥y xw:p-::px/y ?pq~/y p |6y x/w:pD::px/y qm_:x0p pxm:o y ?w:p e¥w:pq_x/w:p:mxm-x/~m pq~y ~/p o6:px/p` |6x/w:p:mx m e¥y o o 0p-~/p px/pg x/w:p l u n(w:p pq:pq~mo}:~/x/no"x/~/x/:~/pC ~::px/y :o p/:~/6mnm ?pq~/y pCy npq}:y x/p_y y :~/p: u n(w:p ::px/y :o p/{}:~/x/non?p e:o ¤}:~/y np(rpwm:y ?r { ~!mo o e¥y :x/w:p¥?pq~{x/@?}0py m:n~/p/?y : m l y n ~/r mx/y | mD epqo o{m }:~/y ny :_~/nx/y : :x/y qR u n(w:

p ~D~ _> ~ ~D~ 7_:o 0p ?p x/ r m} x/w:p_:}:}0pq~@o mpq~ ::px/y :o p/ }:~/x/no{ x/# ~n3u ~ 6mx/p e(m= e:o x/w:pqQr m} 0pLx epqpq¤x/w:p 0 ³0U q³C 6 r¤t szp:D 4 q&ug¤Yx=w 6y m@x/w:p¥mx/mo}:~/x/no6?p mxDx/w:p Y v l | s y 6x/pq~?³m p , 0 ³0U q³g 6 r¤t s ³ "6 p: 4 qug¤Yx 6y u C epqpq~ | e¥w:y o p(x/w:pq~/p¥y !mDo y qmo:?pq}m~mx/y ¤r mnp¥y x/w:pCrnnpqo:0pLx epqpq D s ~m_ s |y ~/pmo y x-x/w:p?p r m_0p-pq~/_?y ry o m~Cm ?¤x/w:p-r m}:}:y : e:o 0p@?y r}:o pu

B-ISDN customer

SB or T B CLSF S or T B

Private

B

B-ISDN

connectionless

ATM

network

switched capabilities

customer

B-ISDN customer

ATM

asynchronous trsanfer mode

CLSF

connectionless service functions

y :~/pVl ny ~/px¥}:~/y ?y ¶::px/y :o p/(?pq~/y pD vY l | s

B-ISDN M Provider of connectionless data services

P CLSF ATM switched capabilities

CLSF

P CLSF

SB or T B B-ISDN customer

ATM

CLSF

asynchronous transfer mode connectioneless service functions

y :~/p- Vl | y ~/pxC}:~/y ?y {::px/y :o p/¥?pq~/y p vY l | s

:

ME

AAL 3/4 or AAL 5

CLNAP

CLNAP

CLNIP

CPCS SAR

CPCS SAR

CPCS SAR

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

PL

PL

PL

PL

PL

CLAI

CLNI

ATM


CLNIP

connectionless network interface protocol

AAL


CPCS

common part convergence sub-layer

CLAI

connectionless access interface

ME

mapping entitiy

CLNI

connectionless network interface

SAR


PL

physical layer

CLNAP connectionless network access protocol

y :~/p-:l::px/y :o p/(?pq~/y pD}:~/x/no m~w:y x/px/:~/p ~CvY l | s

?!2

'$ ='

l e¥y xw:y :gy pq~/:p=e¥y x/w ::px/y rr¤::y qmx/y pq}0y 6xDe¥y x/w:y m :pxLe~gf1e¥y x/w nx x/w:p:pqp ~¥ny ~/px|nnpny qmx/p ::px/y 0pxLepqpqgmo ox/w:p}06/?y :o ppq}0y 6xy _x/w:p:pxLe~gf"u x }::~/}06?p(y {x/-p(}_y pq6x/o npx/pq~/ry :p(x/w:p¥x/~m?ry /?y ¤o y Vfn{x/wmxm~/p(?p y x/~m?}0~?x/y :Dy n ~/r mx/y 0pLx epqpq Lx e pq }0y 6xqu x y Cp/?pq6x/y mo o gm !wn?y qmo4 mpq~ mpq~@t (m | mxmµ4y Vf mpq~ mpq~ ( :x/y |4m mo x/w::w y xDnp/~/y }nx/y = e¥y o o{y o p@?rp np/~/y }nx/y !~/nx/y : x}0p }:~/:o pqr | y x ?w::o :xC0p@n ?pC e¥y x/w sCpLx eg~ f o pqpqo mpq~ ~/nx/y : :x/y qu

*

GF

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NETWORK

BIT

COMPLEXITY

RATE

simple

fixed bit rate circuit switching

multirate circuit switching

fast circuit switching


frame switching

frame relay

packet switching

complex

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input controllers

output controllers

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USERS: A, B A = 3, B = 5

inputs

MUX

TSI

MUX TSI

A = 5,, B = 3

MUX

multiplexor time slot interchange

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Memory

input controllers

output controllers

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outputs

TDM bus

input controllers

y :~/p :l~

output controllers n

|

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input controllers

y :~/p

output controllers l~

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0 1

0 1

2 3

2 3

4 5

4

6 7

6

8 9

8

5

7

9

10 11

10 11

12

12

13

13

14

14

15

15 Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

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Distribution network

Banyan network

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Sorting network

Trap network

Banyan network

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HIPPI-LE

HIPPI-FC

HIPPI-IPI

HIPPI-FP

HIPPI-PH

HIPPI

HIPPI-SC

high performance parallel intreface

HIPPI-LE

HIPPI LAN encapsulation (IEEE 802.2)

HIPPI-FC

HIPPI fibre channel

HIPPI-IPI

HIPPI intelligent peripheral interface

HIPPI-FP

HIPPI framing protocol

HIPPI-PH

HIPPI physical layer

HIPPI-SC

HIPPI switch control

y :~/p Vl }:~/x/no ?:y x/p

D

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H

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HIPPI device

H

HIPPI switch

HIPPI

D

high performance parallel interface

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idle

I-field

connection

idle

packet

packet

packet

packet

burst

parity check

burst

parity check

256 words

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BITS

1 L

2 1 W

1

2

1

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12

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source address

destination address

L

1 indicates locally defined format

W

1 indicates 64 bit connection

D

1 indicates swap source and destination addresses

PS

path selection

C

camp on

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W

W W

W

W

A traditional W

LANs

A W

W

E

A

A

E B-ISDN

A

W

E

ATM hub

ATM workstations

ATM equipment

ATM

asynchronous stransfer mode

public network to network interface

private network to network interface

y :~/p Vl~C p(j:mr}:o p~n3A~ s^h:~mx/y

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from MAC unit

to MAC unit

4 bits

4 bits

4B/5B encoder

125MHz local clock

4B/5B decoder

5 bits

5 bits

NRZI encoder

clock synchroniser

optical transmitter

latency buffer

optical receiver

transmission control unit

fibre out

MAC

medium access control

m

fibre in

NRZI

non-return to zero inverted

y :~/pl!lnw:pqr mx/y { || }:wn?y qmo"y 6x/pq~?³mp

4 p ts3 u Uy l ?r¤0o C6xmy :y :_m :y xD C un(w:p (l pq~x/w:p pqo : D| | ~|0l~|:y n ~/r mx/y m (l"u U q 6 =u =y l4D~ n=6x/~/o ?r¤0o qu 4 p ¤qpn6uDUy l ?r¤0o e¥w:y w¤m~/pm r¤:y mx/y @ Ym¤l@?r¤0o y ny qmx/y :y :x/w:p ~mrpDwm¥0pqpq ?pqpq _x/w:p¤npx/y mx/y xmx/y mgy ¶y x wm¥0pqpq }:y pg x/w:p@npx/y mx/y xmx/y 4u m

h

m

n(w:p¥}0pq~mx/y {|| y !r¤w x/w:pC/mrpCm{x/fpq ~/y :u~3xmx/y r¤x!0pCy }06/?p/?y ¤4mx/fpq 0 p ~/p y x¥qmx/~m?ry x(m_y n ~/r mx/y ~mrpu pCy x(wm?pqpq x/w:pC ~mrp ¤m~/:x/w:p ~/y :¤y x(qm x/w:pq ~/pqpq:pq~mx/pDx/w:p-x/fpq mo o e¥y :_?rpq:p@pqo ?p-x/ x/~m?ry xu Cepqpq~|nx/w:p¤}0x/pq6x/y mo o go m~/p@?y iqp x/w:p {|| ~/y :rpmx/wmx¥y xCwm(m w:y w:pq~(o mx/pq x/wm x/fpq ~/y : m ?r~/p x/wmg:p ~mrp r m 0p y ~:o mx/y : m~/: x/w:p ~/y : mx-m y pq x/y rpu n(w:p}:wn?y qmoy 6x/pq~?³mpe¥y o o{x/w:pq ~/pq}0pmxDx/w:p `~|:l | | 7m | ~ hpqo _0p ~/py x f: eCy x/w:y y y x( e¥ ~mrD p e¥w:y w y x¥?w::o _~/pqrp¥ ~/r x/w:p ~/y :u x/w:y ¥nq:~ |nx/w:p@xmx/y x/}¥?pqny :_m_r~/p-x/w:pD ~mrp@mgy x/pmg?pq:¥nx | ?r¤0o :6x/y o y x(~/ppqy pm l | y ny qmx/y :m:x/w:pq~ ~mrpu n(w:y & e¥y o o"o pm x/¤r m ~mrpC ~mrpq6x m~/:_x/w:p-~/y : e¥w:y w ?w::o 0p-~/pqrp_ ~/ppqy y :xmx/y qu ~Co o xmx/y mo ?6 fpqpq} m@:x/p4x/w:p s0 Y pn ³0 u y e¥w:y w_y x/w:p x/y rppqo m}?p_?y p x/w:p xmx/y o mx/tm e x/w:p¥x/ fpq4u ~ {x/w:pCo 6m¤ x/w:p {|| :pLx eg~ f-x/w:y ¶x/y r0 p e¥y o o:y ~/pm?pu n(w:0 p n n qm 0p r}m~/p_x/ m}:~/p?px mo :p¤qmo o p x/w:p pn 06_ s0 3 pn ³0 I u

y x/ mo o e=m }:~/y ~/y x}0pq~mx/y _/w:pqrp l{:o }:~/y ~/y x ~mrpqm 0p x/~m?ry x?x/p_y 4x/w: p n nIy ~/pmx/pq~!x/wm_x/w:p n3n nDu ~tx/y rpq~_qmo o px/w:p s0 q 6v u y mo ?Q6x/~/o @x/w:p :~/r mox/~m?ry /?y D:mxm:u kIw:pq m xmx/y ~/ppqy p(x/w:p-x/ fpq y xCx/~m pq~(x/w: p n n x/ x/w: p n Dn e¥w:y w xm~?x¥x/ :6xn e¥4u

0 "q q ¤ z q |

n

l

: : : : :

z q

:

Y n D~ n

m:o p l { || 6x/~/o nnp-?r¤0o n

SYMBOLS

16

2

2

PA

SD

FC

4/12

4/12

0 - 9000

8

1/2

3

DA

SA

information

FCS

ED

FS

FCS coverage SYMBOLS

16

2

2

1/2

PA

SD

FC

ED

token

PA

preamble

SA

source address

SD

start delimiter

FCS

frame check sequence

FC

frame control

ED

end delimiter

DA

destination address

FS

frame status

y :~/pl { || ~mrp ~/r mx

(w:p xmx/y qm x/w:pqQ6x/y :p¤x/ x/~m?ry x ~mrpDmo :gm x/w:pn Dn ~/pqr my ~/pmx/pq~ x/wm x/w:p n3n nDu ³mx¤x/w:p%n Dn+npx/pq~/ry :p@x/w:pgr mjny r¤:rA:r¤0pq~ Cnx/px ?r¤0o -x/wmx qm 0pg?pq6x y :p {|| ~mrp |¶m-x/w:p_x/w:p1n Dn npx/pq~/ry :p@x/w:p r mjny r¤:r x/y rp_x/wmxm xmx/y qm ~/pqr my x/~m?ry x?x/y : :mxm:u {|| y m¤::px/y :o p/!?nx/pqr m y np?y :p ~(:mxm-}::~/}06?p!:o u 31 y m_pqo nx/y {|| e¥w:y w&qm 0p ?pqpqYm m ?:}0pq~?px {|| u

x e(m¤npqpqo }0p m xm:m~:@}:~/ px¤x/wmx }:~/}06?p m:ny : y ?nw:~/:-x/~m?ry /?y Y?pq~/y p-x/ {|| ? x/wmx y

x e(m¤}06/?y :o p_x/Q?:}:}0~?x ~/pmo x/y rp m}:}:o y qmx/y -?wQmDr¤:o x/y rpny m:C u n(w:p}:~/}06/mo¶y o np-m rpwm:y ?r ~@ny y ny : x/w:p x/w:p@ ¶y 6x/¤?pq}m~mx/p¥wm::pqo |pmw ` e¥w:y w e:o 0pmo o nqmx/p¤ ~m@pq~?xmy ?p |6pu uy npq | ::~x :mxVm |npx[u n(w:y ¥rnnpD{}0pq~mx/y y ¥qmo o p m(}:}06?p_x/x/w:R p p: ³ }0pq~mx/y x/wmx¥y ¥(p "px/y pqo {|| u n(w:pD?pD x/w:pDx/~m?ry /?y rpny m y (: e x/~/x/:~/pgm 4 q³ |:pmwgno p-mo o e¥y :¤x/w:px/~m?}0~?x x/~m }_Dm(m~/y r p:U It Up: q³# u ¤ y [u n(w:y ¥y ¥npq}:y x/pgy y :~/p :u n(w:p@no pDy | D:y xo : m wmm@}:~/pmr¤:o p |6w:pmnpq~(m }mo 6m u n(w:p}mo 6my ?}:o y x(y 6x/ U³ pn p: s06 0 {% uL y m pmw ~/:}y (y npq6x/y hp m ?y :o pnx/px mxx/w:p-xm~?x¥mg 6x/p :o n f y x/w:p }mo 6m Uu n(w:p@ 6x/p¥:o n f y m~/~m:p mC -6x/p wm::pqo ,6k3vCqu n(w:pq~/pCr m 0p-r m no p¥mx¥:pDx/y rp- x/w:p {|| ~/y :u no pm~/pCpq:pq~mx/p x/w:p 4 q³ p:q6 | e¥w:¤y (w:6?pq ~/r mo ox/w:pDxmx/y x/w:p~/y : n:~/y : mQy :y x/y mo y x/y }:wm?p1 u n(w:p_no p r mx/pq~¤6x/~/o Dnx/y o y /mx/y x/w:p wm::pqo qu l6xmx/y -:pqx/y mx/p n

?pD{m wm::pqoSe¥y x/wgx/w:p-no pDr mx/pq~(?y :¤x/w:p-r mmpqrpq6x¥?:?nx/pqr {|| m(m rp//my : ?nx/pqr un(w:y y Dmbfy x/ ?px?x/y :g:}Qm ::px/y "0p ~/p:mxm_x/~m pq~Dqm xmbfp }:o mp|"w:epqpq~m o y qmo0::px/y np:xp(jny xu[~¥ x/pq~x/w:y :pqx/y mx/y wm0pqpq!h:y ?w:p`|x/w:p?p 4x/w:pDwm::pqo y ¥6x/~/o o p ?y : x/w:p 4 q³# pV6 m¥npq}:y x/pgy y :~/p l n q 6 =ug=y ly ny qmx/p¥xm~?x¥¶no p /mrp-m {|| u 4 t 0 U³pn³0 0 "q q!ug Vy l@mo o eCD?w:~/:y /mx/y ¥xmx/y qu~ :µ?w:~/:y ?p xmx/y ?px x/w:p ?r¤0o-u`n(w:p no p¤r mx/pq~?pxCx/w:p?r¤0o¶l%e¥w:pq mo o{xmx/y wmp¤? w:~/:y ?p u e¥w:pq w:6?y :gm :p e no p r mx/pq~u 4 0 "q q ug y l ?p y :x/y e¥y x/w lpx¥x/ n:~/y : x/w:p@w:6?y : }:wm?p |:m x/w:pq ?px¥x/_l x/w:p@no pDr mx/pq~u u n(w:p¤mo :p x/ _m~/p@~/p?pq~/p 4 q³ ug Uy lxbm fp m_mo :p@0pLx epqpq m nD ~-?p n:~/y :gx/w:p_w:6?y : x/w:p_no p r mx/pq~u_l6xmx/y R e¥~/y x/p_% m 0U VpVq³ y 6x/ x/w:y hpqo ` | m x/w:p_xmx/y e¥w:y w y p x/w:pw:y w:px-mo :p0prp-no pr mx/pq~u_ p x/w:p no p r mx/pq~(wm(0pqpq w:6?pq |6x/w:y ho pgy ~/pqrpq6x(r:x/:y qmo o ~/r x/ |e¥~m}:}:y :m f x/ |:mx/y : mno pDy npq6x/y hpq~u D p ³ & qpnv u y l@x/w:y ¤?px¤D ?r¤0o -y ny qmx/p-x/w:p_?p ¥pmw k3vC , y ny qmx/px/w:pD?p k3vC [u n(w:pD?r¤0o 3y y ny qmx/px/wmx k3vC y 0pqy : ?p_ ~Cm?w:~/::mxmm m?r¤0o l y ny qmx/p(y ?nw:~/:?pu 4t 0 0 pV³ "U p: t Up: q l!?pD:xCpxCn(p h:p u p

m m

m

m

m

m

(w:p-wm::pqo qm 0p-mo o nqmx/p ~(?py ?wgm6e(m x/wmx¥y x¥y (}06/?y :o p x/ wmp r¤:o x/y }:o p( wm::pqo qu C epqpq~ |40pqm?p_p(jny x/y : {|| wm~e(m~/pe:o 0p :m:o px/ wmp}:o :by :}:~mnp-mJe¥y x/w x/w:p@mnpq6x¥ ~n3A ~ s Cm | | v>|nx/w:y ¥}nx/y g {|| r m_:xC0p@?w:pmy o _npq}:o p u n

&G

NMTcN >

]3T_

]0_]0_

]0KI

]DM

n(w:p U³qq UpVq uL y :pxLe~gf ?p_mny "pq~/pq6x!fy &#~ +rpx/w:n m?p _x/w:p-?pD{mny x/~/y :nx/p1o6:pq:y : mo ~/y x/w:r+qmo o p gp:s06!U³qq r t u 6 y mm ?o x?x/pQ~/y : m~/~m:pqrpq6xu x ?pDxLe :::px/pQ::y ny ~/px/y mo!:?p|Ue¥w:y w m~/p@:~/r mo o y r}:o pqrpq6x/p m m ?pq~/y pC}0y 6x x/b }0y 6xD?pqrpq6xqu | | v^mo ?_(p jn}0pxCx/w:p ?p¤ }nx/y qmSo h:~/pDo y V fnqulrp- x/w:p@wm~mx/pq~/y x/y q | | v m~/pDy pq y = nm:o p :u n(w:p | | v ~ s ~ #~ s x/~m?}0~?xD:mxm y hVjnp ?y iqp qq³ |e¥w:y w wm}:}0pq x/ o f pq~/ r¤w o y f p ~n3Apqo o y :~/pD m u C epqpq~ |nm | | v3b "pq~( m #~ I?pq~/y p |x/w: p #~ 7 ~mrp r m :pqpgx/_0p ?pqrpq6x/pgy 6x/ ?pqpq~mo4pqo o C0p ~/p-x/~m?ry /?y y :~/p u n(w:p pqo ox/~/x/:~/p ~ | | v=y mo r6x y npq6x/y qmo x/_x/wmxDmz ~n3 pqo oR u n(w:y ?y ry o m~/y xg0pLx epqpq x/w:p pqo o¶x/~/x/:~/p wm(0pqpq r mnp-? x/wmx¥x/w:p | | v e¥y o o40p@r}mx/y :o R p e¥y x/w Yv l | s@u ~ | | vQpqo o6ny "pq~ ~/r=m ~n3+pqo oy -y x4w:pmnpq~mDy x4}mo 6m u -x/w:p!w:pmnpq~4x/w:p | | v pqo o x/w:pq~/p y :¤y ~?x/mo0}mx/w y npq6x/y hpq~ !m x/w:p y ~?x/mo"wm::pqo0y npq6x/y hpq~ !wmm m:ny x/y mo :y xqR u n(w:6 p h~x _:y x ¶x/w:p | | vw:pmnpq~C ~/r m mqp/ 6x/~/o hpqo ~ y ~n3 x/w:y y x/w:6 p h~ x :y x!x/w:p ù ~Co ? |"x/w:p :(p j x g:y x x/w: p hmo g:y x!x/w:p y ~n3z C ~/r)x/w:p h~x :y x(x/w:p u ~Co ? |x/w:p@pqo o4}mo 6m_y ¥x/~/x/:~/p` l m

.

4

"¤ ùg y :l y npq6x/y hp(x/w:p@pqo o m(:pD x/w:pD o o e¥y :l

1 cycle = 12,500 bits cycle body/payload 2.5

OCTETS

12

P

129

129

129

129

cycle Group header 0

Group

Group

Group

OCTETS

1

2

11

16 x 8

1

DPG0

WBC0

WBC15

P

preamble

DPG

dedicated packet group

WBC

wideband channel

y :~/pVlno p-x/~/x/:~/p ~ { ||

programming template SYMBOLS

2

1

1

2

1

SD

C1

C2

CS

P0

1 P15

2 IMC

SD

start delimiter

CS

cycle sequence

C1

syncronisation control

P

programming symbol

C2

sequence control

IMC

isochronous maintenance channel

y :~/p

{|| no p-w:pmnpq~

l

#~ 7 ~mrpq6xmx/y Ce(m~/po6:y ~/p u ³ q³ " l:o x/w:y C?pqrpq6x :! q " l x/w:pRh~xCpqo o4¶m?pqrpq6x/p1#~ 7 ~mrp ³ "6 Upn " l x/w:p-y 6x/pq~/rpny mx/p-pqo o ¥y m¤ ~mrpq6x/p1#~ & ~mrpu qp:q " l x/w:pRhmo4pqo o4{m ?pqrpq6x/p1#~ & ~mrp

p | y x/w:p-/mrp ~¥mo o | | v3pqo o ~/r x/w:p@/mrpR#~ p 01 " 6z u (=y lx/w: ~mrpun(w:y Cmo o eCx/w:p-y npq6x/y h0qmx/y g{y 6x/pq~/rpny mx/p-?pqrpq6xqu p #~ 7 ~mrp-6x/pq6xqu pn ³0 l }m~?xC x/w: hpqo u û xzy lx/w:p-o pq:x/w x/w:p-y n ~/r mx/y C p e¥w:o p-pqo o4}mo 6m u ! l:pq~/y : pqpq~/6x/w:y :¤x/w:

m

m m m

(w:p@pqo o w:pmnpq~C6xmy x/w:pD o o e¥y : y n ~/r mx/y l n

ln :y xCx/wmxDm~/p@?p w 0 "q q q uLw! Dy l0x/w:y 6xmy ¥x/w:p v l m y x/w:p }0pq~mx/y x/w:p l rpwm:y ?r un(w:p_v l :y x@y ny qmx/pDx/w:p x/w:p_?o x-y -y ?pu n(w:p ln3:y xCy C?px¥y m?o x¥gm :nnpDx/wmx¥y 3e(my x/y : x/ x/~m?ry xu pVq¤t Up: q6 " 6 uC y ln(w:y ¤y ¤:x¤?py Ym | | v9#~ stm-x/w:pq~/pgm~/p : m 1 U o y qmo::px/y 0 e¥w:y w ~/p o6:y ~/p@r¤:o x/y }:o p(jny : ,gx/w:pln m# | hpqo : y x/w:p¤}mo 6m m~/p ?pgy x/pm u m | | v ~ s e¥y x/w m }:~/y mx/p s |:x/w:pq~/p-y ¥x/w:p@}06/?y :y o y x_ ~ m}:}:o y qmx/y x/r bm fpD?pDx/w:y hpqo u ~n3u pVI ` u y l0/mrp-m3 m Dp q³ ~n3u qqYq³0 ³ 8ug¤ 6y l/mrp-m3 m ¤ pV6 _6 g0 "q qu y l0 C7 ~(x/w:p-w:pmnpq~u m m

~ | | v :pxLe~gf y -r}:~/y ?p xLeg:?px/wmxDx/~m?ry x@pqo o Dy }:}06?y x/p ny ~/px/y Dm pmw :nnp y ::px/pYx/0x/wI:?pqu n(w:p ::px/y _m~/p :~/r mo o }0y 6xx/b}0y 6x|:nxgm~/p x/pq npq}:y x/p y x/w:p¤xm}:}0p: x}0p h:~mx/y m?w:e¥ y y :~/p u-vx/w x/w:p?p :?pDmo e(mn wmpDm xm6x(:r¤0pq~C{?o x¥y ~:o mx/y : x/w:pqr uY~^?o x¥g:p-:(y C}:y p_x/x/w:pDx/w:pq~u n(w:0 p e(m@x/wmx!x/w:p | | vY:pLx eg~ f¤}0pq~mx/p{y !?px?x/y :@:}_mD:x/y 4m-ny x/~/y :nx/po6:pq:p mxpmw :nnpu n(w:y y n:p?y : m :6x/pq~ , l n7:6x/pq~ C , x/wmx(~/p~:!w: eIr m:nnp 6Upn p:6 ³q ³ sCpxLe~gf_qm}my x sCpLx eg~ f_ h:~mx/y m jny r¤:r+o pq:x/w m jny r¤:rtny xmpD0pxLepqpq xmx/y m jny r¤:r+:r¤0pq~¥¶xmx/y #~ 7rpx/w:n !wn?y qmo"rpny m }nx/y qmò e(mpqo pq:x/w vy x¥pq~/~/~(~mx/p wm::pqo4nny : 4y :p-nny :

m:o p n

,

pn³0

}:o m::p xLe ::y µny ~/px/y mo :?p r n

l 8e¥y x/w ?o x?x/pgmqp/ r:brnnp~¥r¤:o x/y rnnpRh:~/p :r '& v v7nny : s

!lrp@wm~mx/pq~/y x/y q |

Vl

| v

m~/pDe(my x/y :@x/@x/~m?ry x¥mw:pm x/w:y :nnpy _x/w:pRo6:pq:pu?y npq~ y :~/p¤ e¥w:y w ?w:eCm@:nnp x/w:p | | v7:pxLe~gf"u! :o x/w:py :}:nx ~/r x/w:p xLe¤:?p!x/¤x/w:p :nnpDm~/p?w:e¥| ~(?y r}:o y y xu v -y gx/w:po6:pq:pRepDrpm m_:nnp(:}x/~/pmr ~/pqo mx/y px/ x/w:pRe ¶pqo o ?o x ¶ ~/r+x/w:y :nnp& u n(w:p@:6xC e(my x/y ::nnp¥y ¥y ~/pqrpq6x/pgg:6x/y :_m ?px v l :y x¥y }m/?y : ?o x v0 ~@u n(w:p-:6xCy ¥np~/pqrpq6x/p g?pqpqy : m_?px l n3:y x¥ v¥vu p |e! p e¥y o o(?y npq6 ~ e¥wmx¤wm}:}0pq6 e¥w:pq y x e¥y ?w:p-x/ x/~m?ry x v6~@u y ~x/o |¶y x ~@x/w:y ¤:nn e(my x{ ~mD}m/?y :-?o x!_v! v e¥y x/w_m mmy o m:o p l n :y x | e¥w:y w y x!x/w:pq_?px{x/-y ny qmx/pCy x y3 e(my x/y : x/x/~m?ry xu xCx/w:pqgx/~m pq~x/w: p CImo :pDx/ m n e¥ :6x/pq~ ³| u | 3: e=6xmy x/w:p :r¤0pq~4:nnpmw:pm x/w:y :nnp y _x/w:> p o6:pq:pu | Yy np~/pqrpq6x/p ?o x!}m/?y :@

e¥y x/w v l :y x¥?px |ny ny qmx/y : ?o x pqo o ?p _x/w:pq~¥:nnpx/wmx m~/pDmw:pm_y gx/w: p o6:pq:pu kIw:pq | 0prp V|x/w:pq x/w:y :nnp¤qm x/~m?ry x vD ~@Su ~Co x/w::= w ep@wmp@:o ?y npq~/p vD ~|"m y npq6x/y qmo }:~/npn:~/pDy o o ep y x/w:p-:nn p e¥y ?w:px/ x/~m?ry xC v¥vu }:~/y ~/y x x/~m?ry /?y o pqpqo |e¥w:y wm~/p mo ? m?p m~/: m ny x/~/y :nx/pJ o6:pq:p | | v mo ? wm ?nx/pqr+?y : :6x/pq~ |yu pu:pmw :nnp-(p "px/y pqo _wmC o6:pq:p |e¥y x/w m CIm | 7 ~¥pm1 w o6:pq:pu n(w:p(}:~/y ~/y xDo pqpqo m~/py ny qmx/p¤ :~?x/w:pq~ l n:y x{y @x/w:3 p ~ y ¤x/w:p¥pqo ow:pmnpq~ |o m0pqo p -| | m u n(w:p-w:y w:px }:~/y ~/y x_y & u n _qmx/pq~¥ ~¥x/w:p@}:~/y ~/y x_o pqpqo |nx/w:p@0pqwmy :~¥ CIm | Ir¤xC0p-rnny hp m o o eC l m m

m

C7r¤x :6xCmo o ~/po6:px¥:y x¥{y x¥}:~/y ~/y x o pqpqo ~¥w:y w:pq~u | Ynp~/pqrpq6x!y 4m pqr}nx pqo o}m/?p¶_vY~|6m¶x/w:y [e¥y o o00pC?pme(my x/y :-:nnpDe¥y x/w m w:y w:pq~¥}:~/y ~/y x :~?x/w:pq~Cne¥x/~/pmr u o6:pq:p- vCvu | Iy ~/pqrpq6x(y {y x ?pqp¥mm l n3:y x¥ ~Cm w:y w:pq~¥}:~/y ~/y x!

OCTETS

5

1

1

44

1

header

ST

MID

information

LEN

CRC coverage ST

segment type

LEN

data length

MID

message identifier

CRC

cyclic redendancy check

y :~/p

Vl~

|

| v pqo o

1 CRC

:

BIT 8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

ACF

1

VCI

2

VCI

3

VCI

PT

CLP

4

HEC

5

VPI


PT

payload type

VCI

virtual channel identifer

CLP

cell loss priority

HEC


ACF

access control field

y :~/p Vl~ |

| v pqo o w:pmnpq~

6 6 MAC frame

5 H

4

DA SA

2

C

44

2

S/M

L/C

5 H

2

44

2

S/M

DQDB cells

L/C

5 H

MAC

OCTET

medium access control

2

44

S/M

2 L/C

H

header

DQDB distributed queue dual bus

DA

destination address

S/M

segemt type and message identifier

SA

source address

L/C

length and cyclic redundancy check

C

cyclic redundancy check

y :~/p

Vl#~

7 ~mrp-?pqrpq6xmx/y y |

| v

Bus B

R B

a DQDB network node

B R

R

slot (cell) generator

B B R

R

B

a DQDB cell showing: R B

B

busy bit

R

request bit

B R

R B B R

Bus A

DQDB

distributed queue dual bus

y :~/p ln(w:pD}0pq~mx/y g{m |

| v3:pxLe~gf

B Bus A

+ RC

DC -

Bus B

R

B

BUSY bit

RC

request counter

R

REQUEST bit

DC

down counter

y :~/p l

|

| v3:nnp-o o px/y :o6:pq:p-y n ~/r mx/y m0nxCv0~

B Bus A

+

-

RC

DC -

Bus B

R

B

BUSY bit

RC

request counter

R

REQUEST bit

DC

down counter

y :~/p Vl |

| v3:nnpe(my x/y :¤x/_?pqg v3~

Lecture notes for M.Sc. Data Communication Networks and ...

Lecture notes for M.Sc. Data Communication Networks and ...

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Lecture notes for M.Sc. Data Communication Networks and ...