lectures

LECTURES

1

2

L 1.01 - Climate change and its likely effects on food production Farquhar G. ([email protected]), Lim W.H., Sun F.B., Wong S.C., Roderick M. Environmental Biology Group, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, GPO Box 475, Canberra City, ACT 2601, Australia. We examine scenarios for future climate change, noting that the Framework Convention on Climate Change includes the direct effects of changes in carbon dioxide concentration itself as part of the definition of climate change. There could be a range of effects on food production, from the direct environmental ones to those on trade and the diversion to biofuel production, and including such biological issues as temperature effects on plant development and meiosis. The possible changes in rainfall and in the incidence of drought, changes in evaporative demand, and CO2 effects on transpiration efficiency are the issues most relevant to this conference. The basic nature of the water vapour feedback in climate change, and hence on the temperature increase to be expected for a doubling of carbon dioxide concentration, is still uncertain as it is sensitive to the changes in humidity in the upper troposphere. Nevertheless, we will examine the predictions of models that all have conventional treatments of this feedback. We examine the outputs of the models used in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Total global changes in rainfall are easier to predict than regional ones. We take Australia as an example to examine in detail, and will discuss China if there is time. We discuss the chaotic nature of climate and the implications for interpreting both observations and modelled predictions. Some models are thought to predict more climatic variability. What do IPCC AR4 models say about variability in rainfall? The other climatic side to water use is evaporative demand. We examine past trends, including the pan evaporation paradox. We examine the role of solar dimming (caused by aerosols) and ‘stilling’, the reduction in windspeed. We speculate about future changes in evaporative demand. Finally we turn to biological issues. We examine the effects of changing carbon dioxide concentration on photosynthesis and transpiration, and in particular on their ratio, transpiration efficiency (TE). We consider how increased [CO2] should improve TE. We speculate on adaptation of Rubisco to changes in the environment ([CO2] [O2] and temperature). We emphasise that many of the projected difficulties associated with adjustment or adaptation to climate change are ones that farmers have dealt with before, and emphasise that research on water-use efficiency and drought tolerance for present-day problems will be valuable for future climates, just as will research on improvement of yield potential.

3

L 1.02 - Maintaining food production under environmental challenge: the biologists response Zhang Q.F. ([email protected]) National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.

4

L 1.03 - Water resource for agriculture development in China Peng S.Q. ([email protected]) National Agro-Technical Extension and Service Centre, MOA. In the past nearly 60 years, China's agriculture has been rapid development. The food supply has been greatly guaranteed. The other agricultural products have greatly improved people's lives. In all of the technologies, such as varieties, cultivation, fertilizers, pest and disease control, the development of irrigated agriculture has played a very important role. China's irrigated land has expanded impressively from 15.9 million hectare in 1950’s to 57.8 million hectares in 2007. It covered 47.4% of the total arable land. The amount of water use for irrigated land has increased 368 in 1978 billion cubic meters, accounting for 66% of the total water resources supply a year. With urbanization and improvement of people's living standards, amount of water use for domestic and industrial has also increased. If the absence of new water sources exploitation, much of water supply will be diverted to domestic and industrial. According to an annual average of 320 billion's irrigation water supply, the matching of land and water resources is about 2670 m3 / ha. The development of agriculture is increasingly constrained by the shortage of water resources. China still accounted for 60% of the land area is the arid and semi-arid areas. In this region, agricultural production relies on natural rainfall exclusively with the lower and unstable yield. Each year, Agricultural production also suffered the threat of severe drought. The direct reduction of grain output reached 20 billion kilograms a year. The area of orchards and vegetables is growing rapidly. It is becoming a new growth point of the irrigation water use. Water-saving and raise efficiency of water use in agriculture is an important guarantee for agricultural development in the future. China needs to maintain agriculture in the existing conditions of water supply, especially the steady growth of grain. In accordance with national strategy, the grain production capacity will reach more than 550 billion kilograms by comprehensive grain production capacity will increase more than 50 billion kg in 2020. This paper attempts to have an analysis on the water use and problem in China's agricultural development in the past nearly 60 years, forecasting demand of water resources for agriculture development in 2020. This paper also will discuss the potential of China's agricultural development and requirement of the technologies.

5

L 1.04 - The Engineering of C4 photosynthesis into C3 crops: implications for water use efficiency Sage R. ([email protected]) Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, On M5S3B2 Canada. The water use efficiency (WUE) of C4 photosynthesis is two to four times greater than that of C3 photosynthesis, resulting in greater biomass yield of C4 plants on restricted supplies of water. The greater WUE of C4 plants arose in later phases of C4 evolution, when the C4-metabolic cycle (the C4 pump) was established. High activity of the C4 pump may further increase WUE in plants from arid environments, as it can compensate for very low stomatal aperture by pumping sufficient CO2 into the bundle sheath tissue to sustain high rates of photosynthesis. Thus, C4 photosynthesis is more flexible than C3 photosynthesis in responding to drought, and hence would be a desirable trait to engineer into C3 crop plants. Engineering C4 photosynthesis into C3 crops has long been considered an overly ambitious if not insurmountable challenge, because dozens if not hundreds of genes would have to be altered in a C3 plant to establish a functioning C4 pathway. The recent realization that C4 photosynthesis independently evolved over 50 times indicates it is not a difficult trait to develop. With this in mind, the International Rice Research Institute has initiated a project to engineer the C4 pathway into rice, the most important C3 crop in warm climates. The project envisions a 20 to 25 year timeline with the initial phase being the discovery of the genes controlling the expression of Kranz anatomy and the C4 pump, and the identification of efficient transformation systems for moving C4 genes into rice. Successful engineering of C4 rice could enhance rice yield per hectare by up to 50%; however, large improvements in rice stocks could also occur because high WUE C4 rice could be grown over a much larger land area than at present, due to less water required for a successful harvest.

6

L 2.01 - Water scarcity and the FAO model AQUACROP Steduto P.1 ([email protected]), Hsiao T.C.2, Fereres E.3, Raes D.4 1

Land and Water Division, FAO, United Nation, Rome, Italy; Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, USA; 3 IAS-CSIC and University of Cordoba, Spain; 4 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, K.U. Leuven University, Belgium. 2

Demographic growth and economic development are putting unprecedented pressure on renewable, but finite water resources, especially in arid regions. By 2025, 1.8 billion people are expected to be living in countries or regions with “absolute” water scarcity (50% polymorphism in amino acid sequence per gene), which has proved so useful for the mapping of QTLs, limits the identification of candidate genes. None-the-less some candidate genes stand out such as auxin transporters for root-growth QTLs and aquaporins for drought avoidance. Physiological studies on root responses to auxin and root hydraulic conductance supporting the candidature of these genes have been conducted. Further investigation of these candidates is continuing with an association population in collaboration with Cornell University where functionally significant allelic variation is being characterised across 371 rice cultivars. Allelic variation is being combined with phenotype data from IRRI in preliminary efforts to provide evidence of allelic variation associated with field performance. We are currently aiming to verify these in a more balanced study in controlled environments.

31

L 4.06 - Arabidopsis EDT1/HDG11 confers drought tolerance with improved root system and increased biomass in both dicots and monocots Xiang C.B. ([email protected]) China Sci. & Tec. Univ

32

L 4.07 - Photosynthesis and carbon metabolism under drought – early warnings and ultimate constraints Chaves M.M.1,2 ( [email protected]) , Pinheiro C.1 1 2

Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, UNL, Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.

Photosynthesis is one of the key processes to be affected by water deficits, via decreased CO2 diffusion to the chloroplast and/or metabolic down-regulations (1). The relative impact of those limitations will vary with the intensity of the stress and the occurrence (or not) of superimposed stresses and the species we are dealing with. Total plant carbon uptake is further reduced due to the concomitant or even earlier inhibition of growth. Slower growth was suggested as an adaptation for plant survival under stress, because it allows plants to divert assimilates into stress protective molecules and/or to maintain root growth, improving water acquisition (2). It is acknowledged that leaf carbohydrate status, altered in quantity and quality by water deficits, acts as metabolic signal. Drought generally leads to increased or to constant concentration of soluble sugars in leaves, in spite of lowered carbon assimilation, because growth and export are also inhibited. Under very severe dehydration soluble sugars may decrease. The signalling role of sugars under this context is not totally clear. Some relevant questions include how early acts this signalling, which are the initial metabolic alterations and how are they triggered? Apparently, sugar signalling occurs in very early stages of stress development and is closely related with ABA signalling cascade. Sugars traveling in the xylem of droughted plants are likely to exert an influence on stomatal sensitivity to ABA. On the other hand, molecular analysis indicates that ABA enhances IVR2 vacuolar invertase activity and expression. This may explain the rapid accumulation of glucose and fructose in leaves of droughted plants at the expenses of sucrose, with positive impact on osmotic adjustment. Furthermore, it is acknowledged that a depletion of sugars in the leaves may trigger an increase in photosynthetic activity, presumably due to a de-repression of sugar control on transcription, whereas an accumulation of sugars may have the opposite effect. We will revise the constraints posed to carbon uptake and metabolism in plants subjected to water deficits and their regulatory systems, from the early signaling to the ultimate effects on crop performance.

33

L 4.08 - Evaluation of diverse wheat genotypes for drought tolerance using intrinsic mesophyll efficiency and cell membrane stability Munjal R. ([email protected]) Wheat & Barley Section, Department of Plant Breeding, CCSHAU, Hisar- Haryana, India. India has firmed up its position as the second largest producer of wheat, in the world, only next to China harvesting 78.4 million tones during last crop season from an area of about 27.7 million hectare with a productivity of 2.83 t/ha. The area under wheat crop in India has been hovering around 26-28 million ha. Nonetheless, challenges to wheat production are still considerable, especially in the developing world, not only because of increased demand but also because of the increased scarcity of water resources ever more unpredictable climates. Cultivars with a higher tolerance of drought are required to obtain higher and more stable seed. To achieve this, it is necessary to identify genotypes with good drought tolerance trait as well as developing efficient methods to evaluate levels of drought tolerance traits in genetic resource. The present paper presents the result of an evaluation of drought and heat tolerance screening nursery through physiological parameters An important strategy in the development of drought tolerance in plants is the maintenance of cell membrane integrity during drought stress. Also genetic progress in increasing yield potential is closely associated with increased photosynthetic activity. Intrinsic mesophyll efficiency (Intercellular CO2 concentration/Stomatal conductance) is often considered as a good estimate of photosynthesis. Since no single method is completely successful in discriminating tolerant and sensitive genotypes, the combination of different methods to evaluate diverse germplasm produce better results. Therefore, 56 genotypes evaluated was analysed for cell membrane integrity and intrinsic mesophyll efficiency. Up regulation of the photosynthetic system appears to play a role in drought tolerance of wheat, with tolerant genotypes maintaining relatively higher photosynthetic function. Data observed revealed that there was correlation between intrinsic mesophyll efficiency and cell membrane stability in tolerant genotypes. So it is assumed that intrinsic mesophyll efficiency and cell membrane stability can be used as physiological parameters to screen wheat genotypes for drought tolerance.

34

L 4.09 - Heterosis in maize is the result on differences in water status Araus J.L.1,2 ([email protected]), Cabrera-Bosquet L.1,2, Sánchez C.2 1 2

Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batán, Mexico.

While heterosis confers stress tolerance in maize the physiological mechanisms underlying remains elusive. A set of 16 inbreeds of tropical maize (Zea mays L.) from La Posta Population and the derived single crosses using a common tester were grown in the field. Three different water regimes were assayed: fully irrigation and two levels of water stress imposed by stop irrigation before anthesis, with an averaged ratio between total water input (rainfall plus irrigation) and reference evapotranspiration of 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5, respectively. Total plant biomass was measured about two weeks after flowering and further grain yield and its agronomical components were assessed at maturity. Plant water status was evaluated by instantaneous and time-integrated measurements. The first consisted in periodical measurements of leaf stomatal conductance and leaf temperature from just prior water treatments were imposed, until middle grain filling. Integrated traits included total mineral (ash) accumulated in the whole leaves of plants harvested during grain filling as well as the enrichment in stable isotope 18O (Δ18O) in the dry matter of the same leaves as well as in mature kernels. Within each growing conditions hybrids showed a better water status, differences being already evident under the fully watered trials. Therefore, for a given water regime, lines exhibit poorer water status than hybrids. Taken the 6 trials together the water status within each trail related almost linearly with the total biomass accumulated during grain filling. The traits best fitting biomass were ash content and Δ18O of leaves and grains (R2 = 0.82, 0.91 and 0.92, respectively). However when the water status traits were correlated with grain yield (R2 = 0.92, 0.90 and 0.76) as well as with total number of kernels per plant (R2 = 0.86, 0.87 and 0.75), the relationship moved to non linear with a threshold where any improvement in water regime increase strongly grain yield and kernel number. Results suggest that differences in biomass as well as in grain yield between lines and hybrids are basically the consequence of differences in water regime.

35

L 4.10 - Cytokinin-dependent photorespiration and the protection of photosynthesis during water deficit. Rivero R.M., Walia H., Blumwald E. ([email protected]) Dept. of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Drought accelerates leaf senescence, leading to a decrease in canopy size, loss in photosynthesis and reduced yields. On the basis of the assumption that senescence is a type of cell death program that could be inappropriately activated during drought, we hypothesized that it may be possible to enhance drought tolerance by delaying drought-induced leaf senescence through the stress-induced synthesis of cytokinins. We generated transgenic plants expressing an isopentenyltransferase (IPT) gene driven by pSARK, a stress- and maturation-induced promoter. Remarkably, the suppression of drought-induced leaf senescence resulted in outstanding drought tolerance where the transgenic plants expressing pSARK-IPT displayed vigorous growth following a long drought period that killed the control plants. We investigated the effects of IPT expression and cytokinin production on several aspects of photosynthesis in transgenic plants grown under optimal or restricted (30% of the optimal) watering regimes. There were no significant differences in stomatal conductance between leaves from wild-type and SARK-IPT transgenic plants grown under optimal or restricted watering. On the other hand, there was a significant reduction in the maximum rate of electron transport as well as the use of triose phosphates only in the wild-type plants during growth under restricted watering, indicating a biochemical control of photosynthesis during the growth under water deficit. The transgenic plants displayed an increase in catalase inside peroxisomes, a physical association between chloroplasts, peroxisomes and mitochondria and an increase in the CO2-compensation point, indicating the cytokinin-mediated occurrence of photorespiration in the transgenic plants. The contribution of photorespiration to the tolerance of the transgenic plants to water deficit was also supported by the increase in transcripts coding for enzymes involved in the conversion of glycolate to RuBP. Moreover, the increase in photorespiration-related transcripts was further enhanced in the transgenic plants grown under restricted watering conditions, indicating a cytokinin-induced increase in photorespiration and the contribution of photorespiration to protecting photosynthetic processes and playing a beneficial role during water stress. Array-based analysis indicated major expression level difference between the tolerant and wild-type plants for genes involved in photosynthesis processes localized to the chloroplasts. Some of the key genes of PSII, PSI and, ATPase complexes were strongly repressed in the wild-type stressed plants but were unaffected or marginally repressed in stressed PSARK::IPT plants. The production of drought-tolerant crops able to grow under restricted water regimes without diminution of yield would minimize drought-related losses and ensure food production in water-limited lands.

36

L 4.11 - Identification and functional analysis of unique proteins associated with drought tolerance in C3 and C4 perennial grass species Xu C.P.1, Zhao Y.2, Du H.M.2, Wang Z.L.2, Huang B.R.1 ([email protected]) 1 2

Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Plant Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.

Drought stress has major adverse impact on perennial grass growth, especially C3 grass species. C4 grass species is generally known for its superior drought tolerance to C3 grass species. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the differential stress tolerance in C3 and C4 species are not understood. In addition, research for perennial grasses generally lags behind that of the major Poaceae crops, and perennial grass species as a group have received little attention, despite their importance in turf and forage management, as well as bioengery production. The analysis of differential proteomic responses to drought stress in C3 and C4 perennial grass species may provide insights into metabolic and molecular factors regulating drought tolerance in perennial grass species for improving grass growth and production in dry land areas. Studies were conducted to identify proteins differentially-expressed in C3 Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and C4 bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) using genotypes differing in drought tolerance for each grass species and to examine biological functions of differentially-expressed proteins involved in drought tolerance in both grass species. Physiological analysis revealed significant genetic variation in leaf desiccation tolerance within and between the two species, as evaluated using relative water content and photochemical efficiency, and cell membrane stability. Proteins were extracted and separated using differential two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The sequences of proteins differrentially expressed under well-watered and drought stress in Kentucky bluegrass and bermudagrass were determined using mass spectrometry, and protein functions were analyzed. Many proteins involved in amino acid metabolism or energy metabolism were down- regulated under drought stress, but most proteins were maintained at a higher level in the drought-tolerant bermudagrass and Kentucky bluegrass genotype. Our studies demonstrated that C3 and C4 grass species shared some common metabolic pathways, such as maintaining amino acid and energy metabolism, for adaptation to drought stress. Most interestingly, C3 and C4 grass species expressed unique proteins responsive to drought stress that were specific for each species. Kentucky bluegrass tolerance to drought stress was associated with the up-regulation of proteins involved in electron transport (ferredoxin-NADP oxidoreductase and oxygenevolving complex) and carbon assimilation, such as Rubisco activase, controlling photosynthesis and the accumulation of heat shock proteins, whereas bermudagrass drought tolerance was related to the accumulation of dehydrins and proteins involved in antioxidant defense, such as ascorbate peroxidase and dehydroascorbate reductase. The differential expression of unique proteins may account for the genetic variation in drought tolerance in C3 and C4 perennial grass species.

37

L 4.12 - Aquaporins: molecular gears for adjusting root and leaf hydraulics to a changing environment Maurel C. ([email protected]), Postaire O., Boursiac Y., Tournaire-Roux C., Sutka M., Li G.W., Santoni V., Luu D.T., Verdoucq L. Biochemistry and Plant Molecular Physiology, CNRS/INRA UMR5004, 2 place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier, France. Aquaporins are water channel proteins present in the plasma and intracellular membranes of plant cells. Genetic approaches in Arabidopsis based on the analysis of knock-out mutants and of naturally occurring genetic variations of root water transport have provided complementary insights into the role of PIP plasma membrane aquaporins during root water uptake. A combination of pharmacological and reverse genetic approaches also showed that PIPs contribute to water transport in the inner tissues of leaves and can account for light-dependent changes in their hydraulic conductivity. A variety of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of aquaporins in roots under stress have been identified. These include the gating of PIPs by cytosolic protons under anoxia, and a Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-dependent signalling path. The latter path is shared by salt, salicylic acid and potentially other abiotic and biotic stress-related stimuli, and involves calcium-dependent events and an internalisation of PIPs. Aquaporin post-translational modifications can be monitored by mass spectrometry-based techniques. A link between phosphorylation of a root aquaporin isoform and its subcellular localization was established in the context of salt stress.

38

L 4.13 - Exploiting the genomes of dehydration/desiccation-tolerant species in crop improvement strategies Oliver M. 1([email protected]), Cushman J.2, Sharp R.3, Payton P.1 1

USDA-ARS; University of Nevada Reno; 3 University of Missouri. 2

An understanding of plant responses to dehydration has important consequences for plant biology in general and direct impacts for agriculture. Over 10% of arable lands are affected by drought, declining average yields for most crops by more than 50%. Thus, improving drought tolerance is a priority area for agricultural research agencies. Understanding how plant cells tolerate water loss, as opposed to how plants limit water loss, is a prerequisite for developing novel strategies for improving drought tolerance. The focus of our work is to combine comparative “omics” and phylogenetics to identify genes and gene networks that are adaptive and central to the tolerance of cellular dehydration. This involves the use of resurrection species as models for dehydration tolerance coupled with a suite of comparative “omic” and functional analyses that allows for the phylogenetic assessment of mechanistic components related to the acquisition and expression of dehydration tolerance. Building on our transcriptomic work with a desiccation tolerant moss (Tortula ruralis) we have extend our phylogentic-based studies into the more complex resurrection plants, Selaginella lepidophylla (a lycophyte) and Sporobolus stapfianus (a grass). By utilizing sister-group contrasts, which compare sensitive to tolerant phenotypes, we are able to discern those responses that are injury related from those that are involved in the tolerance mechanisms. We can also distinguish between water deficit responses (related to water retention mechanisms) from responses related to cellular dehydration, which appear to be distinctly different. Our studies have revealed the importance of maintaining ATP levels during dehydration, new insights into the involvement of sugars in cellular dehydration tolerance, the involvement of signaling pathways in the recovery response, and the value of nitrogen storage during the drying phase. As our “omics” tool-kit becomes better developed, the functional role of individual genes and gene networks will become a major focus of the group. Our initial work in this area has focused on regulatory genes that we suspect activate entire networks of genes and gene products associated with dehydration tolerance in the land plants.

39

L 4.14 - Integrating genomic, genetic and physiological approaches to study durum wheat responses and adaptations to drought in the Mediterranean Habash D.Z.1 ([email protected]), Baudo M.1, Hindle M.2, Defoin-Platel M.2, Powers S.2, Saqi M.2, Lawlor D.1, Parry M.1, Tuberosa R.3, Bort J.4, Latiri K.5, Abdelkader A 6, Nasserlehaq N.7, Kehel Z.8, Nachit M.8 1

Centre for Crop Genetic Improvement, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK; Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK; 3 Dept of Agroenvironmental Science and Technology, University of Bologna, Via Fanin, 44,40127 Bologna, Italy; 4 Departamenta de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avenida Diagonal 645, Barcelona 08028, Spain; 5 Laboratoire d'Agronomie, INRA, Laboratoire d'Agronomie, INRAT, Rue Hedi Karray 2049 Ariana Tunisia; 6 General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research GCSAR, Douma, Damascus; 7 National Institute of Agronomical Research, INRA Settat, Morocco; 8 Biodiversity and Integrated Gene Management, International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, PO Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria. 2

We have integrated quantitative genetics, physiological, biochemical, transcriptome, statistical and bioinformatics approaches to identify traits, loci and candidate genes controlling wheat responses and growth under drought. A mapping population of durum wheat from two breeding lines, Lahn (high yield potential) and Cham1 (drought adaptation) was studied in 27 field environments in Syria, Tunisia, Morocco and Italy over three years. Major quantitative trait loci have been identified for yield and yield stability under drought on chromosome groups 1, 4 and 7 and GxE interactions dissected. Lines showing better yield stability under drought have different root traits. Recombinant inbred lines showing stability of yield under drought were selected for transcriptome studies under controlled environment and field conditions. Pathway and network analysis of global gene expression of time-series water stress experiments has revealed a high level of structure in leaf transcript responses to water stress. Mapping to orthologous proteins and subsequently to metabolic pathways has identified genes and transcription factors involved in early and late responses to water stress. These analyses elucidate a widespread response to water stress where expression of some genes varies across time and cultivars. A systems-based approach is used to integrate the large datasets and identify mechanisms and future targets for research.

40

L 4.15 - Physiological genomics of the abiotic stress response in peanut (Arachis sp.) Kottapalli K.R.1, Jones O.A.H.2, Rakwal R.3,4, Agrawal G.K.4, Shibato J.3, Burke J.7, Burow M.1,5, Puppala N.6, Payton P.7([email protected]) 1

Texas Tech University, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Lubbock, Texas, USA; University of Cambridge, Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge, UK; 3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan; 4 Research Lab. for Agriculture Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Kathmandu, Nepal; 5 Texas Agrilife Research, Lubbock, Texas, USA; 6 New Mexico State University Agricultural Science Center, Clovis, New Mexico, USA; 7 USDA-ARS Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, Lubbock, Texas, USA. 2

Peanut (Arachis sp.) genotypes were screened for contrasting responses to slow-onset water-deficit and supra-optimal temperature. Seventy accessions were screened for basal thermotolerance, photosynthetic response, cellular damage, and recovery from stress. We selected two lines, COC041 (Tolerant) and COC166 (Susceptible), for gene expression, metabolomic, and protein profiling studies, as well as detailed physiological characterization and field trials. For transcript profiling, we have developed a high-density oligo-array representing 15,208 unique probes in an Agilent Technologies 8×15 k design. Initial analyses of gene expression changes in leaf tissue revealed significant differences between tolerant and susceptible germplasm. A total of 623 transcripts showed genotype-specific expression patterns and are currently being analyzed. One- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1- and 2-DGE) was performed on leaf soluble protein extracts from the same, stressed and control plants. A total of 23 and 79 protein bands/spots from 1-D and 2-D gels, respectively, were analyzed by MALDITOF MS and by MS/MS analysis. Forty-nine non-redundant proteins were identified implicating a variety of water-deficit stress response mechanisms in peanut. Specifically, there was a marked decrease in the abundance of several key photosynthetic proteins in the tolerant and moderately tolerant genotypes which corresponded with a rapid decrease in photosynthetic capacity. Interestingly, the tolerant genotype exhibited a more rapid decline in photosynthetic rate and conductance but a significantly faster recovery of photosynthetic capacity upon re-watering or return to ambient growth temperature. Metabolomic studies are currently underway and will be reported at this meeting.

41

L 5.01 - Epigenetic and genetic control of drought tolerance in rice Li Z. K. ([email protected]) CAAS

42

L 5.02 - The problems and strategies on developing drought resistance rice varieties Luo L. J. ( [email protected]), Yu X.Q., Feng F.J., Song J.Q., Lou Q.J., Li M.S., Liu H.Y., Mei H.W., Chen L. Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai 201106, China. Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world but the rice production consumed about 50% of total fresh water resources and affected easily by drought especially in the rainfed area. In addition, rice cultivation with water layer in irrigated area not only is profuse in fresh water but also resulting in the increasing environmental pollution. To achieve long-term food security and sustainable development, developing the drought resistant (DR) rice cultivars are urgently needed. Drought resistance of plant is extremely complex reflecting the ability of survive and production of plant in water stress. Up to now, a lot of drought related genes were cloned and individual gene showed positive effects under controlled stress experiments, but were not so effective in the field (Pennisi et al. 2008 Science 320:171-173). However, the progresses by conventional breeding approaches were achievable. In our group, several drought resistant cultivars were developed and released to the farmers. A DR rice variety, IRAT 109, was used as DR parent to construct a RIL mapping population, as well as to develop DR CMS line through backcross breeding based on phenotypic selection under severe water stress condition. The primary results indicated that there is 5.36% polymorphism between the DR CMS line Huhan 2B and its recurrent parent Hanfeng B based on 1343 SSR and Indel markers. A total of 72 polymorphic markers distributed among 11 of 12 rice chromosomes. Only two marker intervals were collocated with the QTLs found in the mapping experiments(Zou et al, 2005). There were great diversity of the SOD, OA, morphological traits and tissue structure among the 200 rice germplasm accessions which were screened out showing some degree of drought resistance. It is very difficult to put so many diverse genes together based on the individual gene discovery and transferring, or by pyramiding approaches suitable for several genes. Our breeding experiments indicated that the conventional breeding screen in extremely water stress environment is effective to combine the DR related genes. The materials developed by this approach showed obvious drought resistance though we did not know its genetic basic yet. A bridge between functional genomics and conventional breeding should be set up.

43

L 5.03 - Fine-mapping candidate genes for ‘stay-green’ in sorghum: Are we there yet? Borrell A.K.1([email protected]), Jordan D.R.1, Jaeggli B.G.1, Hammer G.L.2, Oosterom E.V.2, Klein P.3, Mullet J.3 1

Queensland Primary Industries & Fisheries, DEEDI, Hermitage Research Station, Warwick QLD 4370, Australia; 2 The University of Queensland, School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; 3 Texas A & M University, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, College Station, USA.

Discovering candidate genes associated with the ‘stay-green’ drought adaptation trait in sorghum is the focus of an international research partnership between Australian (QPIF) and US (Texas A&M University) scientists. Stay-green, defined as the retention of green leaf and stem during the grain filling period under water-limited conditions, has been selected by sorghum breeders for more than 25 years. Under water-limited conditions, a stay-green phenotype will arise when the balance between the supply and demand of water for crop growth is favourable. This can be achieved by increasing the supply of water, reducing the demand for water, or a combination of both. The stay-green phenotype observed after anthesis is the emergent consequence of physiological processes initiated prior to anthesis. In general, stay-green is largely a constitutive trait in that the plants are equipped for the challenge of drought before the onset of the stress, although there are some adaptive components. Stay-green was initially mapped to four chromosomal regions (Stg1, Stg2, Stg3, and Stg4) by a number of research groups in the US and Australia. Each of these stay-green QTLs, to varying degrees, individually reduces post-anthesis drought-induced leaf senescence, for example through greener leaves (higher specific leaf nitrogen) at anthesis (Stg1 and Stg4), delayed onset of leaf senescence (Stg2, Stg3 and Stg4), reduced rate of leaf senescence (Stg1, Stg2, Stg3 and Stg4), and more green leaf area at maturity (Stg2). More recently, these regions have been fine-mapped to identify candidate genes controlling stay-green. Critical to the success of fine-mapping is accurate phenotypic and genotypic screening and, ultimately, the alignment of phenotypic and genotypic data to locate the candidate gene(s). Success in fine-mapping depends on a number of key factors, including choice of suitable parents to develop appropriate populations, the creation of managed drought environments, the selection of a small number of parameters associated with the causal mechanism rather than the consequence, and the use of appropriate statistical procedures to enhance gene discovery. The value of these candidate genes, individually and in combination, in a range of target environments, will be assessed using simulation modelling. Improved understanding of the genes underlying drought adaptation, and their interaction with management practices and the environment, should assist sorghum breeders to develop germplasm that is better adapted to our water-scarce planet.

44

L 5.04 - Epigenetic mechanisms associated with drought tolerance in the desert plant Zygophyllum dumosum Boiss Granot G., Sikron-Persi N., Gaspan O., Florentin A., Talwara S., Paul L.K., Morgenstern Y., Granot Y., Grafi G. ([email protected]) French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990, Israel. Zygophyllum dumosum Boiss. is a perennial Saharo-Arabian phytogeographical element and a dominant shrub on the rocky limestone southeast-facing slopes of the Negev desert. The plant is highly active during the winter, and semideciduous during the dry summer, that is, it sheds its leaflets, while leaving the thick, fleshy petiole green and rather active during the dry season. Being resistant to extreme perennial drought, Z. dumosum appears to provide an intriguing model plant for studying epigenetic mechanisms associated with drought tolerance in natural habitats. The transition from the wet to the dry season was accompanied by a significant decrease in nuclear size and with posttranslational modifications of histone H3 N-terminal tail. Dimethylation of H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4) – a modification associated with active gene expression – was found to be high during the wet season but gradually diminished on progression to the dry season. Unexpectedly, H3K9 dimethylation and trimethylation as well as H3K27 di- and trimethylation could not be detected in Z. dumosum; H3K9 monomethylation appears to be prominent in Z. dumosum during the wet but not the dry season. Contrary to Z. dumosum, H3K9 dimethylation was detected in other desert plants, including Artemisia sieberi, Anabasis articulata and Haloxylon scoparium. Taken together, our results demonstrate dynamic genome organization and unique pattern of histone H3 methylation displayed by Z. dumosum, which could have an adaptive value in variable environments of the Negev desert.

45

L 5.05 - Improving crop productivity in water-limiting environments: translational research for sustainable agriculture Heard J. ([email protected])

700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA. Efficient use of water in agricultural production will be one of the great challenges during the 21st Century, with agriculture currently being responsible for ~70% of freshwater withdrawal. As such, yield improvement through tolerance to water deficits that occur routinely in the Central Corn Belt and frequently in western states are an important challenge in the coming decade. Benefits of improving water utilization efficiency, in addition to higher yield, are expected to include reduced water consumption and environmental sustainability. Genomic and systems biology approaches are adding to our understanding of plant pathways that are important to water stress tolerance. Transgenic approaches have identified genes that effectively confer drought tolerance in both models and crops such as corn. This presentation will illustrate out ability to uncover novel drought protection mechanisms using genomics and will highlight data from crops that demonstrate the enormous opportunity that exists for the application of genomics to product development.

46

L 5.06 - Metabolomic and proteomic analysis of soybean root system responses to water deficits Valliyodan B.1([email protected]), Xu D.2, Stacey G..1, Nguyen H.T.1 1

National Center for Soybean Biotechnology and Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; 2 Computer Science Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.

Profiling soybean proteins and metabolites will lay the foundation for a systems biology approach to understand the key processes such as growth characteristics, stress responses, seed composition and yield. It is well known that the environmental cues influence developmental phenotypes in plants. Thus, by studying the gene products, a direct correlation between stress response and specific proteins/peptides/metabolites can be made. This will lead to crop improvement either through breeding or transgenic efforts. Major focus of our research is to build a comprehensive map of proteins and metabolites for soybean and help make connections between regulatory or metabolic pathways not previously characterized. Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses causing yield reduction and poor seed quality in soybean. The root system plays specific roles in stress tolerance mechanisms in plants. Soybean Willimas 82 was grown in controlled conditions and the water deficits were imposed by withholding water starting from three weeks after germination (vegetative stage V3). The stress levels were monitored by several measurements including RWC and water potential. Root tip (5cm) and leaf tissues were collected at specific stress conditions. Total protein and metabolites were isolated using standard procedures. We have utilized LC/MS approach for protein identification and GC/MS, LC/MS and NMR approaches to identify metabolites and key molecules for further characterization. We have identified several root related and stress specific proteins and metabolites, which help us to understand the biochemical networks involved in stress responses. For example, one of the drought inducible proteins, Abscisic stress ripening (ASR) proteins responds to drought through two specific functions. The first function comes from the high hydrophilicity of this protein that help in the enhanced water-retaining ability. Secondly, ASRs act as regulatory proteins involved in the ABA signaling pathway under water deficit conditions. The status of proteomics and metabolomics approaches on stress responses, analytical methodologies, experimental results, and the associated biochemical regulatory networks will be presented.

47

L 5.07 - ABA regulates plant development Hua H.P., Wang L., Liu Y., He J.N., Duan Y., Liao H., Yin H.B., Gong Z.Z. ([email protected]) State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) mediates a variety of developmental processes including seed germination and seedling growth. However, the key factors for ABA regulating plant development are largely unknown. Screening for abscisic acid (ABA) overly sensitive mutants in Arabidopsis has identified several mutants which show enhanced ABA sensitivity in root growth and seed germination. We have identified several genes from these mutants. Genetic and molecular analyses suggest that the signals from mitochondria and crosstalk between auxin, brassinosteroids, ethylene, and ABA exist for ABA-mediated plant development.

48

L 5.08 - Genetic dissection of QTL for RWC, RWL and CTD associated with drought tolerance in wheat Yang D.L.1,2, Jing R.L.2([email protected]), Li W.1, Chang X.P.2 1

National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement / Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture / Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; 2 College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.

Doubled haploid lines (DHLs) previously constructed by a cross between Hanxuan 10, a drought tolerant cultivar, and Lumai 14, a high-yield cultivar in well-watered field, and recombinant inbred lines (RILs) previously obtained by single-seed descent (F7) from the cross between Opata85, a Mexican wheat cultivar, and W7984, an amphi-hexaploid cultivar, were selected as experiment materials in this study. Some important traits associated with drought tolerance including the leaf relative water content (RWC), the rate of excised-leaf water loss (RWL) and the canopy-air temperature difference (CTD) from two wheat populations were investigated in different locations under two water regimes (drought and well-watered condition). And, QTL (quantitative trait loci) mapping and QTL × water environment interactions (QEIs) were analyzed for these target traits in present study. The detailed results were obtained as follows: Major QTLs for RWL, RWC and CTD were mainly distributed on chromosomes 1D, 2A, 2B, 3B, 3A, 3D, 4A, 5A, 4B, 5D, 6B, 6D, 7A and 7B in DHLs and RILs. Some co-located QTLs for RWL were found in specific intervals XGli1～XksuD14.1 on 1D, Xgwm610～Xgwm397 on 4A, Xgwm193～P3470-210 on 6B and XksuG48～Xfba187 on 6D, respectively. And, one major QTL for RWC, QRwc.cgb-2B-2, as well as one major QTL for CTD, QCtd.cgb-4B, were respectively detected in the interval Xcdo678 ～ Xcmwg660 on 2B and Xgwm495 ～ Xgwm149 on 4B in 2005 and 2006. Two major QTLs, QRwl.cgb-6B-1 and QRwc.cgb-3B-1 were investigated the significant additive QEIs (A-QEIs) with rainfed environments, explaining phenotypic variation of 10.55% and 9.15%, respectively. Among epistatic QTLs, one pair for RWC on 2D-7B and two pairs for CTD on 2B-3B and 1D-7B showed higher phenotypic variations explaining with 22.15%, 12.67% and 13.19%. Moreover，the epistasis and the epistatic QEIs (E-QEIs) showed higher phenotypic variations, indicating that epistasis and E-QEIs significantly affected the inheritances for three target traits.

49

L 5.09 - Fine mapping of two major durum wheat QTLs for grain yield identified under different water availabilities Maccaferri M.1, Aloisio I.1, Paux E.2, Salse J.2, Faure S.2, Sourdille P.2, Feuillet C.2, Corneti S.1, Sanguineti M.C.1, Demontis A.3, Massi A.3, Graziani M.1, Tuberosa R.1([email protected]) 1

Agroenvironmental Sciences and Technology Dept., University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; INRA/UBP UMR 1095, Clermont Ferrand, France; 3 Società Produttori Sementi Bologna (PSB), Argelato (BO), Italy. 2

Most of the durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) growing areas in the Mediterranean Basin suffer from water scarcity and erratic rainfall patterns. Therefore, identifying chromosome regions influencing yield and morpho-physiological traits related to drought response is an important objective of durum breeding. Grain yield (GY) QTLs with sizeable effects across a range of water availability (limited QTL x E interaction) would facilitate marker-assisted selection and, eventually, QTL cloning. Within the framework of the EU funded IDuWUE project, 249 RILs from the Kofa x Svevo (KS) cross were field evaluated over two years (16 environments with water availability to the crop ranging from ca. 100 to ca. 450 mm). Average GY ranged from ca. 58.8 to 5.6 q/ha in the most favourable and severely stressed environment, respectively. Two major epistatic QTLs on chr. 2BL and 3BS (QYld.idw-2B and QYld.idw-3B) influenced GY, plant height, peduncle length, SPAD and thousand kernel weight, but not heading date. QYld.idw-2B mapped to the distal region of the chromosome (Xwmc361, Xgwm846 and Xgwm1027), while QYld.idw-3B to a 6 cM interval flanked by Xgwm1034 and Xgwm493. Both QTLs were detectable in seven environments and their R2 values calculated using average GY were ca. 17%; a similar R2 value was due to epistatic effects. The presence and the effects of these two QTLs were fully confirmed by field trials evaluating a subset of 40 RILs chosen on the basis of the haplotypes at the two relevant chromosome regions. In the FP7 EU-funded project TriticeaeGenome, the QYld.idw-3B is being fine mapped through the development of sequence-based molecular markers and specific near-isogenic stocks. Fourteen pairs of heterogeneous inbred families (HIFs) with the two contrasting parental haplotypes at the 3BS confidence interval have been derived from four KS heterogeneous lines. Additional markers have been added to this interval using sequence-derived SSRs and ISBP markers obtained from BAC end-sequences. The screening of ca. 140 BES derived-SSRs allowed us to map 16 new BAC-anchored SSR markers (Cft series). QTL analysis carried out with IDuWUE phenotypic data allowed us to localize the QTL peak in respect of the chr. 3BS physical map framework. As to QYld.idw-2B, 9 SSRs have been added to the local map. HIFs will be derived also for this QTL. Up to now, the two QTL regions have been marker-enriched at a resolution of ca. 1 cm.

50

L 6.01 - Water-use efficiency in wheat – the use of surrogate traits for breeding improved biomass and yield under drought Rebetzke G.J([email protected]). 1, Condon A.G.1, Farquhar G.D.2, McIntyre C.L.3, Richards R.A.1 1

CSIRO Plant Industry, PO Box 1600, Canberra ACT; Australian National University, PO Box 475, Canberra ACT, Austrialia; 3 CSIRO Plant Industry, QBP, Austrialia 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia QLD, Austrialia. 2

Yield gains in dry, rainfed environments are difficult to achieve through breeding. This reflects drought as a dynamic entity changing in timing and severity from one year/site to the next. Differential canopy growth and subsequent water use across variable environments contributes to large genotype × environment interaction to reduce repeatability of genotype performance and confidence in selection. There is potential to improve yield performance by complimenting conventional selection for yield with selection for physiological traits. Drought results in reduced yield through lowered harvest index and biomass production and lowered harvest index, indicating two broad avenues for improving yield under drought – improving partitioning of assimilate to boost grain number and/or size and increasing crop biomass. Water-use efficiency (WUE = biomass ÷ water used during growth) is genetically correlated with improved biomass and yield under drought. Understanding of rainfall and water availability across contrasting agroecological environments has identified different crop features contributing to increases in WUE. For example, transpiration efficiency (TE), the ratio of net photosynthesis to water transpired, is an important component of WUE in environments where stored soil water accounts for a major portion of crop water use. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ), through its negative relationship with transpiration efficiency, has been used in selection of higher wheat yields in breeding for rainfed environments. Use of Δ has potential in breeding programs as it both integrates TE over the period in which dry matter is assimilated and is simple to measure on large numbers of families. There is considerable genetic variation for TE within reach of most commercial wheat breeding programs. The challenge for breeders is to identify among parents and progeny lines with high TE using Δ or meaningful surrogates for components of TE. Opportunities for selection of progeny using molecular (QTL) and physiological markers (e.g. stomatal conductance, canopy temperature, leaf N and leaf/grain Δ) will be discussed. Particular attention will be given to the potential trade-off between water-use and growth, and the impact this may have on choice and timing of phenotyping of TE surrogates in breeding populations.

51

L 6.02 - Using information from managed-stress drought environments in practical cultivar development and drought tolerance gene detection Atlin G.N.1 ([email protected]), Araus J.L.1, Kumar A.2, Ramaiah V.3, Bernier J.4, Zhao D.2, Yan J.1, Bänziger M.1 1

CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico; IRRI, DAPO 7777, 1301 Metro Manila, Philippines; 3 AVRDC, PO Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan 74199, Chinese Taipei; 4 Mycogen Seeds, 19 Hua'ai Rd., P.O. Box 339, Hoolehua, HI 96729, USA. 2

Screening for drought tolerance (DT) means evaluating genotypes, alleles, or transgenes for yield under conditions analogous to natural stress in the target population of environments (TPE). By definition, droughts are unpredictable, causing practical problems in developing screens. Breeders and geneticists must (1) ensure that values of genotypes or alleles estimated in screens are predictive of those under natural stress, (2) ensure that stress means are estimated with adequate precision for selection or QTL mapping, and (3) for cultivar development, decide how to weight stress versus non-stress (and secondary trait) means in selection decisions. Large commercial breeding programs have relied on extensive multi-location testing, identifying DT cultivars at locations with natural drought stress. This ensures that over many years, relevant stresses are appropriately represented, but is too expensive for most breeding programs, genetic analysis, and transgene evaluation. The CIMMYT maize and IRRI rice breeding and drought genetics programs rely mainly on managed-stress screening (MSS) for DT in dry seasons. MSS improves reliability of stress application but introduces other problems, including screening in out-of-season conditions that are unrepresentative for temperature and daylength, generation of data out of sequence with breeding program advancement needs, and inappropriate weighting of means from stress and non-stress trials. Addressing these problems is becoming urgent in maize with the advent of genomic selection, adopted in CIMMYT’s DT breeding effort due to the highly polygenic nature of the trait and the failure to detect many useful large-effect QTL. Generally, MSS in maize and rice has proven adequately repeatable on a single-site basis, and CIMMYT and IRRI breeding programs have demonstrated that gains in DT from MSS are expressed in the TPE. However, empirical evidence on genetic correlations between traits in MSS at particular sites and in the TPE is urgently needed. Large-effect QTLs influencing yield under stress have been detected in MSS in rice, usually with greater precision and at lower cost than that for QTLs affecting other drought-related traits. The IRRI drought genetics program has been successful in identifying and coarse-mapping such QTLs, and in physiological analysis and elucidating the basis of allele effects on yield. Fine-mapping and cloning of these loci must be accelerated. For this, facilities permitting more reliable and precise phenotyping are needed.

52

L 6.03 - Evaluation of cotton near-isogenic lines introgressed with QTLs for drought resistance Levi A.1, Paterson A.H.2, Saranga Y.1([email protected]) 1

The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel; 2 Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.

The efficiency of marker assisted selection (MAS) for improvement of simply inherited traits is gaining an increasing recognition, however, there are hardly any examples of successful MAS for complex polygenic traits, such as yield and drought resistance. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for yield and drought related physiological traits (osmotic potential, carbon isotope ratio - an indicator of water use efficiency, and leaf chlorophyll content), were exchanged via MAS between elite cultivars of the two cotton species Gossypium barbadense and G. hirsutum. The resulting near isogenic lines (NILs) were examined under field conditions to test the efficiency of MAS for improving cotton productivity under drought conditions and the underlying physiological traits. NILs introgressed with QTLs for high yield rarely exhibited an advantage in yield relative to the recipient parent, whereas a considerable number of NILs exhibited the expected improvements in term of osmotic adjustment, carbon isotope ration and leaf chlorophyll content. Moreover, a few NILs exhibited modifications in non-targeted traits such as greater photosynthetic capacity under severe drought, modified leaf morphology and considerable changes in metabolic and mineral profiles. We conclude that MAS is a useful approach to enhance drought-adaptive traits in cotton, but complimentary conventional breeding is necessary to combine the introduced QTL(s) with high yield potential.

53

L 6.04 - Bread wheat and cyclical drought: the genetics and traits behind productivity Bennett D.1,2 ([email protected]), Reynolds M.3, Mullan D.3, Izanloo A.1,4, Kuchel H.2, Langridge P.1, Schnurbusch T.1,5 1

Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Austraila; 2 Australian Grain Technologies, Perkins Building, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Austraila; 3 International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico; 4 Department of Agronomy and Plant breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Southern Khorasan, Iran; 5 Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany. Bread wheat is an important crop internationally due to its contribution to human nutrition. Locally, bread wheat is the most widely grown crop and contributes significantly to Australia’s world trade. However, cyclical (intermittent periods of water stress occurring pre- and/or post-anthesis) and terminal drought, as well as increasing temperatures, are prominent features of the Mediterranean climate and can have a significant effect production. Progress within traditional breeding programs for tolerance to abiotic stress such as drought and heat is slow due to its complex genetic basis and the significant interaction with environment. To date, relatively few studies have been conducted in wheat to genetically dissect tolerance to drought. RAC875, a locally adapted bread wheat breeding line that is considered tolerant of drought and heat stress, was crossed with Kukri, another locally developed cultivar, less tolerant than RAC875 to the two stresses. A doubled haploid population was subsequently produced, with 368 lines. From 2006 to 2008, the population was grown across southern Australia in 13 year*site combinations, as well as in Obregon, Mexico in three fully irrigated trials and one drip irrigated drought treatment trial. Extensive data sets were collected from all sites, with traits measured including morpho-physiological traits such as leaf glaucousness, tiller number, flag leaf dimensions and water soluble carbohydrates. Key yield components such as 1000 grain weight were also measured. A number of traits contributing to superior grain production within this population under water limited conditions were identified, including flag leaf width and seed number per spike. While phenology is one of the major factors driving productivity in this environment, greater flag leaf width appears to contribute to the superior grain size of RAC875. Furthermore, the ability of RAC875 to maintain a greater number of grains per spike increased yield through improving grain number per m2. A key QTL on chromosome 6A, not coincident with a maturity effect, accounted for up to 16% of genotypic variation for flag leaf width and 18% of 1000 grain weight, with the RAC875 allele favorable in all environments. An additional QTL on chromosome 7A accounted for up to 16% of genotypic variation for seed number per spike and up to 17% of grain yield, with the RAC875 allele conferring a greater than 10% yield advantage in four of the southern Australia trials. Based on previously published findings, we expected leaf glaucousness to confer a yield advantage in this population, but this was not the case. This investigation has improved our understanding of traits behind bread wheat performance in the challenging wheat production environment of southern Australia.

54

L 6.05 - Integrating molecular markers into wheat improvement under water-limited conditions Jing R.L. ([email protected]) The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement / Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the staple food crop for about 35% of the world population, but usually suffers drought stress in water-limited areas, which strongly reduces the production. More than 6,667 000 ha of rainfed wheat are grown in arid and semi-arid areas with low and unstable yield in China. Developing wheat cultivars with improved drought tolerance (DT) is an efficient way to stabilize production and alleviate food insecurity in China and the world. However, the genetic improvement of DT is a challenge task because of the complexity of drought tolerance in crop plants, environmental factors and their interactions. Conventional breeding approach has play a big role in drought tolerance improvement, whereas can not meet the increasing demand. Recent advances in molecular markers may provide powerful tools for the genetic dissection of DT components and improvement by marker-assisted selection. We will introduce the development of DT molecular markers based on the linkage mapping, association mapping, and functional markers. The perspective of integrating MAS tools with the conventional breeding techniques for drought-tolerant improvement of wheat will also be prospected.

55

L 6.06 - Genetics, physiology, breeding and multi environment testing of a major QTL contributing to yield of pearl millet in drought stress environments Yadav R.S.1 ([email protected]), Sehgal D.1, Nepolean T.2, Vadez V.2, Hash C.T.2, Sharma P.C.3, Khairwal I.S.4 1

Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, UK; 2 International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India; 3 Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, 13200, Haryana, India; 4 All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Pearl Millet, Mandor 342304, Rajasthan, India. Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) Br.], belonging to family Poaceae, is the staple cereal grain and fodder crop grown by subsistence farmers in the hottest, driest regions of sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian subcontinent. It is largely grown as a rainfed crop in these regions where post-flowering drought stress reduces its yield and yield stability drastically. Improving the adaptation and (or) tolerance of pearl millet to drought stress is, therefore, a major objective in most pearl millet breeding programmes. This presentation will review the genetic and genomics resources that have been developed in pearl millet over the years and how they are being utilized in dissecting and breeding of increased drought tolerance in this crop. It will particularly focus on the identification and validation of a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) of terminal drought tolerance mapping to linkage group 2, which explained up to 32% of variation in grain yield under multi-environment terminal drought screening using two independent crosses. Results will be presented on the genetics and physiology dissected of this QTL, as well as on successes of its marker-assisted breeding in to elite pearl millet hybrid parental lines. Results will also be presented of the evaluation of near-isogenic line hybrids of this QTL in different agro-climatic zones of India and sub Saharan Africa differing in terms of intensity and duration of drought and also of their evaluations under saline conditions. The on-going efforts towards delimiting the interval of mapping of this QTL (using a high resolution cross segregating only for the QTL region on LG 2 and targeted association genetics analysis using global collection of pearl millet germplasm), and towards the development of gene-based markers (using comparative mapping approaches) closely associated with this QTL will be discussed in the context of breeding pearl millet cultivars adapted to Indian and sub-Saharan African conditions.

56

L 6.07 - Wheat yield and water use: what do they have to do with carbon isotope discrimination? Condon A.G.1 ([email protected]), Kirkegaard J.A.1, Rebetzke G.J.1, Farquhar G.D.2, Richards R.R.1 1 2

CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Australian National University, Research School of Biological Sciences, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.

In several glasshouse studies, plant transpiration efficiency (TE = biomass/transpiration) has been shown to be negatively correlated with carbon isotope discrimination (13C), as predicted by theory. This has led to the proposition that selecting for low 13C may improve yield in dry environments. But among wheat and barley cultivars grown in rainfed environments, many studies have found that higher grain yield is actually associated with high grain-13C. Interestingly, very few of these studies have actually reported crop water use. Here, we investigate the important yet apparently contradictory observation that yield and grain-13C are positively correlated, using data on seasonal courses of wheat growth and water use, and changes with time in plant water relations, gas-exchange, isotopic compositions of C and O, and of stem water soluble carbohydrates. We conclude that, often, instantaneous leaf TE, reflected in leaf-13C, is actually positively correlated with yield and crop WUE (yield/evapotranspiration) in rainfed environments. This is due to pleiotropic effects on rate of growth associated with high TE and to the relationship between crop growth rate and the seasonal courses of vapour pressure deficit and evaporation of water from the soil surface. The relationship of yield with grain-13C is further complicated because 13C of grain may reflect not just variation in instantaneous TE but also (1) access to sub-soil water which also contributes to higher yield, and (2) remobilisation to the grain of stored assimilates acquired before grain-filling. From plant breeding, molecular-marker development and gene-discovery perspectives, it would be very useful if these various contributions to grain-13C and to grain yield could be dissected. Stable isotope analysis may assist in this dissection.

57

L 6.08 - Development and release of drought resistant aerobic rice ‘ARB 6’ in India Shashidhar H.E.1 ([email protected]), Himabindu K.1, Manjunatha K.1, Dhananjaya R.1, Vinod M.S.1, Sharma N.1, Janmatti M.1, Venuprasad R.1, Kanbar A.1, Raghu1, Chandrashekara S.C.1, Devi V.1, Ramachandrapa B.K.1, Prakash N.B.1, Sridhar C.J.1, Verulkar S.2, Atlin G.3, Manohar K.1, Lakshmipathy4, O’Toole J.C.5 1

University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. India; 3 IRRI, Philippines/CIMMYT, Mexico; 4 Farmer, Bangalore, India; 5 The Rockefeller Foundation, USA. 2

Drought resistance is a complex trait but significant improvement has been made by adopting rigorous/innovative selection schemes and well-established conventional breeding approach. In this paper, we describe development of a drought resistant rice variety at UAS, Bangalore. Herein drought resistance is manifested as highest grain yield under severe stress. An innovative selection methodology has been adopted in the breeding program to develop this drought resistant rice variety. A local variety Budda, has been used as a female parent and IR64, as male. F2 onwards, segregants were screened under severe-stress and for productivity under well-watered conditions during dry season, and grown under well-watered condition only during rainy season respectively. Irrigation water was 40 and 20% less than the evaporation from the field for the dry and the well-watered treatment respectively (during dry season). Dry-direct seeding in well-spaced lines was adopted in raising all generations thus effectively saving water invested in land preparation, puddling, levelling, nursery and transplanting. The fields were never flooded at any time during the cropping season. Selection was based on roots characters evaluated at maturity in selected families from advanced generations in polyvinyl chloride tubes filled with soil. Biomass, grain yield and harvest index were important criteria for selecting the plant under low-moisture stress compared to well-watered condition. F6 material was nominated for station trials in Karnataka and All India trails as detailed above. This variety has been evaluated across the India at six locations, in three hydrological situations at each site during the wet-season over three consecutive years. Overall means across location×year×hydrologies was 1.912 t ha-1 in severe stress, 3.82 t ha-1 under moderate stress and 4.466 t ha-1 under non-stress conditions. In contrast, IR64 yielded 0.872 t ha-1 in severe stress, 2.601 t ha-1 under moderate stress and 5.084 t ha-1 under non-stress conditions. The variety has been released at University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India and is at an advanced stage of release at IGKV, Raipur, India. The Rockefeller Foundation, USA funded the entire work over a period of twelve years.

58

L 6.09 - Large-effect QTL influencing yield under water-limited conditions in rice: detection and potential use in breeding Venuprasad R.1 ([email protected]), Atlin G.N.2, Bernier J.3, Bool M.E.4, Kumar A.5 1

AVRDC, PO Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan 74199, Chinese Taipei; CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico; 3 Mycogen Seeds, 19 Hua'ai Rd., P.O. Box 339, Hoolehua, HI 96729, USA; 4 Monsanto Philippines, Inc., Lagao, General Santos City 9500, Philippines; 5 IRRI, DAPO 7777, 1301 Metro Manila, Philippines. 2

Drought is the major abiotic stress limiting rice production in rainfed systems, which occupy 45% of total rice area. In spite of its importance, progress in breeding for drought tolerance in rice has been slow. One way to improve breeding efficiency is to identify QTL with large and consistent effects on yield under drought stress that could be used for marker-assisted breeding (MAB). IRRI has developed an efficient pipeline for detecting such alleles, using selective genotyping of large populations, derived from crosses between tolerant and susceptible lines phenotyped under both severe drought and non-stress conditions. To date at least four QTL with large effects on drought yield were detected. DTY1.1, a major QTL for yield under lowland drought stress near the sd1 locus in the CT9993/IR62266 population on chromosome 1 (~206 cm), explained 32% of the genetic variance for the trait over two years. This region also affects yield under drought stress in several other genetic backgrounds, including Apo/IR64, Apo/IR72, Vandana/IR64, Vandana/IR72, and IR64*2/Azucena. DTY3.1, a QTL on chromosome 3 (~192 cm), had a large effect on grain yield under severe lowland drought stress, explaining about 31% of genetic variance in an Apo/2*Swarna population. It also explained considerable variance for yield in aerobic environments (R2 =28%). This region also had effects in the Apo/IR64 and IR55419/Way Rarem populations. DTY6.1, on chromosome 6 (~21 cm), had a highly significant effect on grain yield in aerobic conditions, explaining up to 66% of genetic variance in an Apo/2*Swarna population. This region also had effects in Apo/IR64, Apo/IR72, Vandana/IR64, and Vandana/IR72 populations. In the Vandana/Way Rarem upland population, qtl12.1 on chromosome 12 (~50 cm) explained about 51% of the genetic variance for yield under severe upland drought stress over two years. In an Apo/IR64 population too this region showed a positive effect although it had no effect in several other populations. One important challenge in applying these QTL in MAB is that allele effects often differ greatly among populations. Improved understanding of physiological effects and allelic diversity at these loci is needed for effects to be predicted in other crosses. Therefore, fine-mapping and positional cloning of these alleles is urgent. However, several have already been shown to have effects in widely-grown recurrent parents such as IR64, IR72, and Swarna, and may be immediately useful in improving the drought tolerance of these important varieties. A continued effort to evaluate potential drought tolerance donors is likely to yield more such useful alleles.

59

L 6.10 - Large-scale phenotyping and genotyping of global maize germplasm and integrated linkage-linkage disequilibrium mapping for drought tolerance in maize Xu Y.B.1 ([email protected]), Lu Y.L.1,2, Hao Z.F.3, Guimarães C.T.4, Gao S.B.2, Yan J.B.1, Zhang S.H.3, Li J.S.5, Vivek B.S.6, Magorokosho C.7, Mugo S.8, Makumbi D.8, Taba S.1, Araus J.L.1, Rong T.Z.2, Crouch J.H.1 1

Genetic Resource Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Km 45, Carretera, Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco, Mexico; 2 Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan 625014, China; 3 Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Facilities for Crop Genetic Resources and Improvement, Beijing 100081, China; 4 Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, CP 151 Sete Lagoas, MG 35701-970, Brazil; 5 National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; 6 CIMMYT Int., C/o ICRISAT, Patancheru-502324, Greater Hyderabad, (A.P.), INDIA; 7 CIMMYT, 12.5 Km peg Mazowe Road, P.O. Box MP163, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; 8 CIMMYT, PO Box 1041, Village Market-00621, Nairobi, Kenya. Characterization of genetic variation and identification of genes for drought tolerance is critical for improvement of maize adaptability. A total of 550 lines representing both temperate and tropical maize germplasm were evaluated for over 60 traits at vegetative and reproductive stages under both well-watered and water-stressed conditions. These lines include 220 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from three populations and 106 backcrossed introgression lines (ILs) from 38 IL sets. Multiple drought tolerance criteria were screened for drought tolerance, including biomass before and after the drought stress as measured using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), anthesis-silking interval, leaf senescence, chlorophyll content, root capacitance, final grain yield and drought tolerance index (DTI). Heritability estimates and genetic correlation among selection criteria indicate great potentiality of using NDVI for drought tolerance screening. The 45 lines with the best level of drought tolerance produced an average of more than 700 kernels per plot (Xu et al, this conference). All the tested lines have been genotyped using two SNP chips containing 3072 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), with 2139 informative and high-quality markers selected for genetic mapping. One of the SNP chips was developed from candidate genes related to drought tolerance. By linkage mapping using the three RIL populations, 179 quantitative trait loci were identified by composite interval mapping, explaining an average of 20.1% of the phenotypic variance. By linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based association mapping using 106 ILs, 46 marker-trait associations were identified. Two candidate genes for drought tolerance inferred from two SNPs were shared by both mapping methods (Hao et al, this conference). Preliminary results from LD mapping using all 535 lines (after excluding open-pollinated varieties) identified 39 marker-trait associations involving 18 markers and 17 traits (P-marker value Euonymus fortunei> Lonicera japonica Thunb; Leaf water retention capacity from strong to weak are: Hedera neaplensis var. Sinensis ei >Euonymus fortun> Morden cvs.of Chlimbers and Ramblers> Lonicera japonica Thunb; Plant cell membrane injury rate from low to high as follows: Hedera neaplensis var. Sinensis> Euonymus fortunei> Morden cvs.of Chlimbers and Ramblers> Lonicera japonica Thunb. Come to the conclusion: they sort of drought resistance for the Hedera neaplensis var. Sinensis> Euonymus fortunei> Morden cvs.of Chlimbers and Ramblers> Lonicera japonica Thunb. In order to filter out the Hedera neaplensis var. Sinensis in arid conditions have a stronger endurance, suitable for promotion.

P 7.07 - Improving abiotic stress tolerance in soybean by the introduction of rd29A:AtDREB2A construct Engels C.1,2, Kanamori N.3, Fuganti R.1, Rodrigues F.A.1, Girotto L.1, Leite J.P.1, Rolla A.A.P.1, Marin S.R.R.1, Silveira C.A.1, Farias J.R.B.1, Neves de Oliveira M.C.1, Neumaier N.1, Abdelnoor R.V.1, Marcelino F.C.1, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K.3, Nepomuceno A.L.1([email protected]) 1

Embrapa Soybean, Caixa Postal 231, CEP 86001-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil; Londrina State University; Londrina, PR, Brazil; 3 JIRCAS (Japan International Research Center for Agriculture Science), Tsukuba, Japan. 2

Drought is the main cause for annual oscillations in soybean production worldwide. Plants respond to water deficit conditions in molecular, physiological and morphological levels. Among the genes involved in water deficit responses, there are Transcription Factors (TF) such as AtDREB2A. AtDREB2A (Dehydration Responsive Element Binding protein) activates others genes linked to cellular defenses against dehydration, heat and saline stresses. One strategy to reduce yield losses is the development of tolerant cultivars. Thus, using biobalistics transformation method, the genetic construction rd29A:AtDREB2A was inserted in soybean embryos, cultivar BR16, aiming to improve drought and heat tolerance. PCR results showed a transformation efficiency of 54%, considering 920 tissue culture regenerated and PCR tested plants. Among 498 PCR positive plants, 341 died after transferring from tissue culture to vermiculite. During the transference from vermiculite to soil pots in the green house, 79 plants died. Seventy eight plants survived dropping transformation efficiency to 8.48%. Two of these positive events, P1397 and P2193, were chosen to be further studied. These plants were submitted to different water deficit stress treatment: leaves from T0 generation were placed in plates and submitted to dehydration at 0

220

min (control), 30 min and 90 min, at 30℃. After that the AtDREB2A TF gene expression was quantified by real time PCR. Results showed that when events were compares to their control (0 min), event P1397 expressed DREB2A TF 172 and 109 fold at 30 and 90 min of dehydration treatment, respectively. Event P2193 showed 3.7 and 3.8 fold at 30 min and 90 min of water dehydration, respectively. These results demonstrated that the induction of rd29 stress inducible promoter occurred in both events. Additional studies are being conducted to obtain more data to confirm AtDREB2A effects on improving drought tolerance in soybean.

P 7.08 - Improving drought tolerance of sunflower Grieu P.1 ([email protected]), Maury P.1, Debaeke P.1, Sarrafi A.2 1 2

Universite de Toulouse, INPT, UMR AGIR, ENSAT, F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France; Universite de Toulouse, INPT, SP2, ENSAT, F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France.

Sunflower is a valuable crop in dry conditions already removed on poor soils without irrigation. Sunflower is considered well-adapted to drought, although systematic analyses of the physiological bases of it, and purposeful attempts to breed for greater drought tolerance are still limited. Crop modelers and geneticists have developed a vision of their roles in plant breeding from their own perspective. However, to improve breeding efficiency, interdisciplinary collaboration becomes increasingly important. Opportunities for collaboration between crop modelers, ecophysiologists and geneticists are explored in this paper, to propose powerful tool to resolve genotype x environment interactions concerning sunflower subjected to drought. Several views of the integration of physiological responses will be discussed. The first looks at basic responses and considers how linkages can be strengthened by genotype or management (e.g., early sowing). The second introduces simulation modeling as a way to study genotype x environment interactions. The paper focuses on significant progress to the study of sunflower and to the integration of knowledge to assist plant improvement and crop management.

P 7.09 - Estimation of regional meteorological and hydrological drought characteristics Jahanbakhsh S.1 ([email protected]), Hadiani M.2, Azar Z.N.3 1

Tabriz Universiy , Geographic Faculty; Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch; 3 Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch. 2

Information on regional drought characteristics provides critical information for adequate water resource management. This study introduces a method to calculate the probability of a specific area to be affected by a drought of a given severity and demonstrates its potential for calculating both meteorological and hydrological drought characteristics. The method is demonstrated using Mazandaran as a case study. The calculation procedure was applied to monthly precipitation and stream flow series separately, which were linearly transformed by the Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) method. West of Mazandaran was divided into 260 grid-cells of 14 £ 17 km, and the monthly mean and the EOF-weight coefficients were interpolated by kriging. The frequency distributions of the first two (streamflow) or three (precipitation) amplitude functions were then derived. By performing simulations, amplitude functions corresponding to 1000 years of data were generated. Based on these simulated functions as well as interpolated mean and weight coefficients, long time series of precipitation and streamflow were simulated for each grid-cell. The probability distribution functions of the area covered by a drought and the drought deficit volumes were then derived and combined to produce drought severity – area – frequency curves. These curves allowed an estimation of the probability of an area of a certain extent to have a drought of a given severity, and thereby return periods could be assigned to historical drought events. A comparison of drought characteristics showed that streamflow droughts are less homogeneous over the region, less frequent and last for longer time periods than precipitation droughts.

221

P 7.10 - The physiological response of two maize inbred lines under drought stress Jian M.1, 2, Zheng J.3, Wang J.H.1,2, Wang G.Y.3 ([email protected]) 1

Beijing key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 10093, China; 2 Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100093, China; 3 Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China. Drought stress greatly affects plant growth and crop production. In order to survive, plants have adapted to execute a number of cellular and physiological responses during drought stress. In our lab, after screening dozens of maize inbred lines under drought treatment at the seedling stage, we identified drought-tolerant line Han21 and drought-sensitive line Ye478. In this study, the difference of the physiological responses between the two lines Han21 and Ye478 under drought stress at the seedling stage was investigated. The results of the relative water content (RWC) of the seedling leaves showed that the RWC of both inbred lines declined under drought stress, but the RWC of Han21 was always higher than that of Ye478 under drought stress. Relative electrical conductivity (REC) measurements indicated that the seedlings of Han21 showed lower REC under drought stress than Ye478. The results of trypan blue staining showed that spontaneous cell death was observed after moderate drought stress in Ye478, but not in Han21. Under severe drought stress, Han21 accumulated more proline and trehalose than Ye478, and the proline and trehalose content of Han21 decreased more quickly after re-watering than Ye478. Taken together, the lower degree of cell death and lower REC in Han21 indicated the better protection mechanism of cell membrane in Han21 than Ye478. And the more contents of proline and trehalose in Han21 may contribute to the better drought tolerance of Han21. Another purpose of this study is to establish the evaluation system for maize seedling under drought stress, and the results can be applied to QTL mapping of drought tolerance in maize.

P 7.11 - Agriculture and sustainable livelihood in drought prone areas using participatory geographical information systems (pGIS) Kumar A. ([email protected]) Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. The sustainability of human-environment relationship depends upon resources use patterns. In order to study the perpetual drought conditions and growing demands of resources, the various aspects of agricultural practices, water use techniques and institutional settings to be taken into account. This study is an attempt to study the agricultural practices and change in resource availability. The traditional practices the societies of these regions have maintain the social and ecological resilience since early of civilization. The purpose of the study is to find out sustainability aspects of agriculture and related livelihood in these environments using participatory Geographical Information Systems (pGIS). Participatory GIS requires a combination of software tools for group decision support, individual decision support and geographic analysis and presentation. It can provide a better solution of many governance related issues of ownership, distribution, resource allocation and site determination. Participation of local community at different data inputs in GIS enables to produce a holistic and efficient output. It provides a new approach to manage the agricultural practice in drought conditions. It can monitor the impacts of policies and management plans on the natural resource base and livelihood strategies. In this way pGIS straightens democracy and also increases empowerment. Present paper has demonstrated the usability of participatory Geographical Information Systems (pGIS) in drought prone areas of Maharashtra state of India.

222

P 7.12 - Effects of film mulching on soil ecological properties and pineapple plant growth in autumn and winter arid phase in Guangdong Liu C.H.1 ([email protected]), Liu Y.1, Yi G.J.1, Tang X.L.1, Liao M.J.2 1 2

Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Centre of Agricultural Technology Extension of Zengcheng City, Guangzhou 511300, China.

Pineapple is one of the important fruit trees in south China’s Guangdong province. But the pineapple growth is usually suffered from the arid condition and less rainfall in autumn and winter. Film mulching is a useful method to maintain the temperature and humidity condition in soil which has been reported in a few papers. In this trial, the pineapple cultivar ‘Australia Cayenne’ was used as material to study the effects of black film mulching on vegetative growth and soil ecological properties, and no mulching cultivation (open field) was treated as control. The results showed that film mulching improved the soil ecological condition where the pineapple planted and promoted the growth of pineapple. Film mulching slowed down the soil temperature’s rapid rising, decreased the highest temperature at noon, and increased the content of water in soil. Film mulching decreased the content of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil in some degree, but increased the content of organic matter. Film mulching increased the number micro-organism in soil such as bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. Film mulching increased the enzyme activity of soil such as urease, acid phosphatase, catalase in autumn and winter, but decreased the activity of prolease. Also, compared with control, film mulching promoted the plant growth of pineapple. The plant height, number of leaves and roots, fresh weight of plant above ground, fresh weight of roots, and activity of root were increased.

P 7.13 - Real-time spatial analysis of root water uptake in rhizotrons Lobet G.1 ([email protected]), Javaux M.2, Pagès L.3, Draye X.1 1

Crop Physiology and Plant Breeding, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2-11, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; 2 Dep. of Environmental Sciences and Land Use Planning, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2-2, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; 3 Plantes et systèmes horticoles, INRA, Domaine Saint Paul - Site Agroparc - 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France. Nowadays, drought is a major constraint on crop production and becomes increasingly prevalent. The availability of water for plants defines constraints for stomatal conductance (which affects photosynthesis and yield) and is critical at several sensitive phenological stages, such as flowering and grain filling (some may have irreversible effects). It is therefore important to improve the capacity of plants to use and uptake water in various environmental conditions. The availability of water is defined by (i) soil exploration (root architecture), (ii) conductivity of individual root segments and (iii) quantity and capacity of bulk-to-rhizosphere water flow. These factors must be considered simultaneously if we aim at tailoring root architecture to improve water stress tolerance. We propose a combination of tools based on thin 2D rhizotrons that allows both root architecture and soil water content to be monitored. This experimental platform is combined with two models. One generates a 3D root system with hydraulic conductivities of individual roots as a function of age, type… The second model (R-SWMS) simulates root water uptake and soil water transfer, based on 3D root and soil hydraulic propertie. This platform is used to study how various aspects of root systems dynamics (such as regulation by aquaporins or ABA, root architecture) interfere with root water uptake using a quantitative approach.

223

P 7.14 - Plant design features that improve grain yield of sorghum under terminal drought stress Oosterom V. E. 1([email protected]), Borrell A.2, Deifel K.1, Broad I.3, Hammer G.1 1

The University of Queensland, School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, Qld 4072, Australia; Queensland Primary Industries & Fisheries, DEEDI, Hermitage Research Station, Warwick Qld 4370 Australia; 3 Queensland Primary Industries & Fisheries, 203 Tor Street, Toowoomba, Qld 4370, Australia.

2

The crop physiological basis of adaptation to post-anthesis drought stress of stay-green sorghum is not yet fully understood, but restricting pre-anthesis water use has been identified as an important mechanism. Plants with the stay-green trait exhibit greener leaves and stems during post-anthesis water deficit, compared with their senescent counterparts. The aim of this paper is to identify some of the crop physiological processes associated with drought adaptation of four sorghum hybrids that represented the B35 (A35 parent inbred line) and KS19 (RQL12 parent inbred line) sources of stay-green. The hybrids were grown as individual plants in five semi-controlled experiments under well-watered conditions (anthesis harvest) and post-anthesis drought (maturity harvest) and in two irrigated field experiments at two plant densities, all in south-east Queensland, Australia. Observations included leaf area dynamics, transpiration, transpiration efficiency (TE), leaf nitrogen (N), biomass, and grain yield. Under low plant density, both sources of stay-green restricted pre-anthesis plant size. RQL12 hybrids achieved this through early anthesis and a slight reduction in tillering. A35 hybrids had a high leaf appearance rate, which resulted in high early vigour of the main shoot and low tillering. As hybrids did not differ in TE, the smaller plant size reduced pre-anthesis water use. This minimized reductions in grain number under drought, and hence reductions in grain yield. Stay-green hybrids had a high leaf N content per unit leaf area, but this had no impact on leaf senescence under drought stress, which was predominantly driven by water availability. The B35 mechanism of drought adaptation appeared to have little advantage in environments where genotypic differences in tillering were poorly expressed, in particular if this was due to high temperatures early in the season. The drought escape mechanism of RQL12 hybrids through earliness, by contrast, was less dependent on environmental conditions. Plant breeders need to take these contrasting environmental responses into consideration when selecting stay-green QTLs for germplasm that is targeted for specific stress environments.

P 7.15 - Model assisted phenotyping of processes involved in rice response to drought: case study of a tropical japonica population during vegetative phase Rebolledo M.C. ([email protected]), Forest M., Seranuch C., Soulié J.C., Rouan L., Dinkguhn M., Fabre D., Luquet D. CIRAD French Agricultural Research Center for International Development, Biological Systems: Agro-ecological Adaptation and Varietal Innovation. Montpellier, France. Tropical japonica rice is frequently exposed to drought in upland ecosystems. Its drought tolerance is poor compared to other crops but the group has great genetic, in part unexploited diversity in adaptations. Exploring the japonica’s phenotypic and genetic diversity for drought tolerance is thus crucial to breed rice for drought prone environments. Under such conditions, yield depends on drought timing and intensity along plant phenology. During the vegetative phase, drought affects vigour (leaf number and area, tillering, roots) and therefore resource acquisition. Plant adaptation to drought is a complex mix of physiological tolerance, phenology and morphology, all of which interact with each other and with environment, resulting in phenotypic plasticity. This involves variable regulation of source-sink relationships during morphogenesis (phyllochron, organ expansion, tillering), leaf senescence and transpiration. Studying this system requires dissection into simpler traits involving a smaller number of genes/alleles. However, trait dissection must also account for Genotype*Environment (GxE) interactions and trait plasticity. This is particularly difficult for process based traits that cannot be measured directly. In this context, modelling is relevant if used to dissect a complex system into elemental processes. Each process can be formalized as a response function, with parameters seen as being analogous to genes.

224

The objective of this work is to explore the added value of using dynamic whole plant modelling to assist phenotyping plant response to drought, as a basis for a genetic association study. This work focuses on rice plant transpiration and morphogenesis processes evaluated on seedlings of a diverse sample of tropical japonicas. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted at Cirad, Montpellier, on 203 japonica accessions with three replications and two treatments (irrigated and drought). Drought was imposed by dry-down from leaf-6 appearance until a targeted stress level was reached, as indicated by Fraction of Transpirable Soil Water (FTSW). FTSW and plant transpiration rates were monitored gravimetrically. At the same time a minimum set of morphological plant descriptors and climate were collected, in order to calibrate, for each genotype and in both well watered and stressed conditions, the corresponding modules of EcoMeristem plant growth model . This paper presents first results and discusses the discriminative power and the added value of model assisted phenotyping for the case of rice drought responses.

P 7.16 - Photovoltaic water pumping system–sustainable water irrigation technique under drought prone area Shehrawat P.S. ([email protected]), Kumar A., Godara A.K. Department of Agriculture Extension, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, India. Photovoltaic Systems based Power Plants have emerged as viable power sources for water pumping and are being increasingly used for meeting electrical energy needs in un-electrified locations. Photovoltaic-based water pumping system is eco-friendly in nature and pollution free technology can be more appropriate to the needs of the developing countries like India than solar/thermal energy conversion. The present study was conducted in, purposively, selected Hisar, Rohtak and Jhajjar districts of Haryana state. A total number of 282 respondents, i.e., 141 beneficiaries and 141 non-beneficiaries were interviewed in the sample for the study. The study revealed that due to adoption of PWPS in the Rabi season the maximum decrease in area was observed in wheat crop, whereas, the area under vegetable and horticulture was increased. The same trend was also observed during the Kharif season as the area under traditional crop namely cotton, rice and bajra were decreased, respectively. However, the area under vegetable, horticulture, sugar cane and jawar was increased. A significant majority of farmers had medium level of technical, general and overall knowledge by the adopted respondents. In case of non-adopted, as high as had low level of technical, general and overall knowledge. Majority of adopted and non-adopted respondents had favorable attitude towards PWPS. The PWPS adopted respondents reported that ‘This technology only works in less than 8 meters water table’, ‘High cost of PWPS’, ‘Lack of extension literature’ and ‘Lack of attention of mass media’ was found to be the most serious extension constraint by the adopted respondents, moreover the similar results were also obtained in case of non adopted respondents. Extension functionaries recommended that 16.25, 8.25, 7.58, 5.00, 4.50, 4.16 and 3.66 percent of area should be covered under vegetable, mushroom, horticulture, floriculture, spices, medicinal plants and fisheries, respectively, by PWPS adopted farmers who were having less than 5 acres land holding, while 12.16, 8.00, 5.50, 4.50, 3.16, 2.25 and 1.82 percent area under vegetable, horticulture, mushroom, floriculture, fisheries, spices and medicinal plants, respectively for 5 to 15 acres land holding and horticulture (9.67%),vegetable (8.16%), mushroom (3.17%), floriculture (2.75%), fisheries (2.25%), spices (2.00%) and medicinal plants (1.33%) for more than 15 acres land holding.

225

P 7.17 - Root architecture of two sorghum varieties differ than drought stress tolerance Sine B.1 ([email protected]), Dao A.1, Chopart J.L.2, Muller B.1, 3 1

Training and Research Regional Center for Food Security and Dry Environments (CERAAS), BP 3320, Thiès, Senegal; 2 Annual Cropping Systems Research Unit, CIRAD, 7 ch. de l’IRAT, 97410 St-Pierre, Réunion, France; 3 Integrative Crop Modeling Research Unit, CIRAD, avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France. Root architecture of two sorghum varieties, fitted in Durra race and with different response in drought conditions, has been studied on hydroponic system, pot and in situ on field. These varieties have similar aerial agro-morphological characteristics in optimal growth conditions. In pre-flowering drought stress condition, tolerant variety (SSM1611), has a stable and higher yield than the non-tolerant one (IS16101). On hydroponics conditions and pot growth, varieties are studied at young stage. On field, observations concerned the whole plant cycle. Frequent observations of the aerial system have been made in all the trials, with counting of emerged leaves number and measuring stem height. Adventitious roots number and adventitious roots ranks number have been daily observed on hydroponic system and observations was not destructive. Spatial root disposition on stem was observed on hydroponic condition. On pot and field, these observations were destructive and realised once a week. Adventitious root and their different regions growth (basal none branched region, branched region, apical none branched region) were studied in hydroponic system and in pot. The distribution of the root length density according depth in situ condition was studied using passage model from root impacts to length density. Results show that, the development and the growth of aerial system are practically similar for both of varieties whatever trials conditions. However, for the root system there are some differences in favour of the drought stress tolerant varieties (SSM1611). All the trials showed that, SSM1611 presents a higher adventitious roots number and adventitious roots ranks number than IS16101. Adventitious roots number per rank varies according to the rank and the variety. The distribution of the adventitious roots around the stem seems to be leaded by the same low. Adventitious root of the same rank are balanced distribution around the stem. Until three roots per adventitious root rank, adventitious roots of two successive ranks are distributed in a complementary way around the stem. The growth of adventitious roots and their different regions ((basal none branched region, branched region, apical none branched region)e) present similarity for both of varieties. On hydroponic system, adventitious root length increase first time and then stop their growth to maximal level. However in pot, adventitious root growth seems to bee unlimited. SSM1611 variety reveals a root length density according to depth more important than IS16101 variety one in field. Adventitious roots number, adventitious roots ranks number, and root length density could constitute pertinent and easily accessible drought stress tolerance criterions.

P 7.18 - Enhancing food security through maintenance of crop biodiversity and integrating resource pulses in rainfed areas of India –An overview Singh A.K.1 ([email protected]), Singh P.2, Singh V.B.3 Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology - Jammu, Chatha, Jammu – 180 009 (J&K), India. The concept of sustainable agriculture involves the evolution of a new type of agriculture rich in technology and information with successful management of available agricultural commodities as well as crop genetic resources, to satisfy the challenging human needs. The crop biodiversity which is a key dimension of any sustainable agriculture strategy provides sustainable production of food, biological support to production and ecosystem services. Management of crop biodiversity through resource pulses, which represent a major component of rainfed agriculture with economic importance have developed and used for millennia to provide food and livelihood security for billions of people. Effective induction of pulses under rainfed agriculture is crucial for obtaining high returns from a production system and is the basis of farming which forms a large part of terrestrial biodiversity, not least in rainfed. Rainfed agro-ecosystem is characterized by limited and variable rainfall that supplies resources in

226

pulses. Resource pulsing suggests specific mechanisms by which rainfall variability might contribute to the maintenance of high species diversity in the rainfed regions. The present concept concentrated on various attributes of pulses viz. physiological, morphological and life-history traits that facilitate plant survival and growth in strongly limited variable environments which promote diversity through species differences. The variability among pulses in rainfed agro-ecosystem where maximum pulses are cultivated does not reduce the importance of species interactions in structuring communities. But instead axes of ecological differentiation between species that facilitate their coexistence. Pulses of rainfed also influenced higher tropic levels and entire food webs. Better understanding of low rainfall affects the diversity, species composition and dynamics of rainfed environments can contribute to solving environmental problems streaming from land use and global climatic changes. Pulse crops are poised to play a much greater role in diversifying cropping system in the rainfed areas. Therefore, there is an urgent need for research programme on comparative adaptation among pulse crop remains poorly understands; best management practices and key production risks remain incomplete characterization. Knowledge of rainfall effects of pulse crops in the rainfed areas remains imprecise and inadequate and finally genetic improvement for early maturity, increased yield and improved harvestibilty, biotic and abiotic resistance that can invigorate productivity, so as to ensure that the declining share of food grain crop area gets compensated.

P 7.19 - Screening for improved drought tolerance in the mutant germplasm of leafy amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor) Slabbert M.M.1 ([email protected]), Jansen van Rensburg W.S.2 1 2

Tshwane University of Technology, P/B X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, ARC-Roodeplaat, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa.

Amaranthus is a green leafy vegetable which is considered to be an important source of food and nutrition in resource poor communities. Both the seed and leaves provide a considerable amount of protein, minerals and vitamins to the diet of especially rural people. Although these plants are adapted to rural areas in which they are grown, harsh environmental conditions such as drought have a tremendous impact on quality and yield. In South Africa, where drought is a severe problem, tolerance to drought stress of important food crops such as African leafy vegetables is of great value. The development of tolerant genotypes of neglected vegetable crops that could contribute to food production in rural areas is bound to become increasingly important. Mutation techniques offer several choices, alone or in combination with in vitro and field techniques, for enhancing the improvement of specific characteristics in crop plants. During this study the use of tissue culture techniques, physiological screening methods and field trials in combination with induced mutations was investigated as part of a breeding program to develop leafy Amaranthus genotypes with improved drought tolerance). A. tricolor was selected for further development through mutation breeding technology, and physical mutagens were used. After the dosimetry determination, 48 000 dormant seeds of the parent variety were irradiated at 160Gy. Screening for early drought tolerance involved the screening of seedlings, where M2, M3 and M4 progenies were systematically planted and screened in wooden boxes over a period of three years. The eight M5 progenies selected for improved drought tolerance were screened for relative water content (RWC). Both the wooden box technique and RWC allows us to use screening methods that are both relatively cheap and easy to use, but still give reliable answers concerning drought tolerance in amaranth seedlings and mature plants, respectively. On-farm amaranth cultivation was introduced to various urban and rural farmers in South Africa by the Division Crop Sciences, ARC-Roodeplaat. This was necessary since communities are used to harvest wild amaranth from the field, and not cultivating it in gardens. Two farmers have been identified through community participation for commercial propagation. Demonstration units were established on approximately 60 other farms. The eight putative mutant lines were subjected to three years dry land field evaluation, and community acceptance and palatability were tested.

227

P 7.20 - Optimal irrigation scheduling using crop growth simulation model for reservoir irrigation systems under water deficit condition Soundharajan B., Sudheer K.P.([email protected]) Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036 India. Optimisation of irrigation water is an important issue in agricultural production for maximising the yield from the limited water availability. The great challenge for the coming decades will be the task of increasing food production with less water, particularly in countries with limited water and land resources. In India, while agricultural water supply is increasingly limited, many reservoir irrigation systems are routinely operated according to meeting full demand condition (maximum supply), and lack appropriate procedures to adjust the water release at different times along the crop growing season and cropping pattern based on water availability. Consequently, crop production as well as irrigated area are reduced. However, imposing certain level of water stress to the crop in such a way that yield reduction is not significant, will increase the area to be irrigated and total crop return from the available limited water. Optimal irrigation scheduling under deficit conditions is highly complex since it depends on the interaction of irrigation system, soil properties, nature and weather condition, growth stage of the crop and effect of water stress on crop yield reduction etc. Recent developments in crop growth simulation models have given the opportunities for simulating the crop growth under the given soil, weather and management conditions in the field. In this research work, a novel approach for deficit irrigation water management is proposed using crop growth simulation model in an optimisation framework for developing optimal irrigation scheduling and cropping pattern. The simulation-optimisation framework is integrated with reservoir simulation for operating a reservoir for irrigation purpose. ORYZA2000, rice (Oryza sativa) growth model is used for simulating the rice crop in a Genetic algorithm (GA) optimisation framework for developing deficit irrigation management plans. The proposed simulation-optimisation model is applied to a real case study of parallel reservoirs irrigation system, to develop weekly optimal irrigation schedules, weekly reservoir releases for the crop season and irrigated area for the combined reservoir system and the results were compared with existing reservoir operating policy (weekly reservoir releases and cropping area) of operating the reservoirs separately. Generally the results are encouraging and the simulation-optimisation framework can be applied for planning level reservoir operation under water deficit problems.

P 7.21 - A high throughput, cost effective, and all-stage DNA extraction protocol for sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Sweeney P., Adugna A. ([email protected]), Snow A. Post-Doctoral Researcher Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University, USA. A new DNA extraction protocol has been optimized for field studies of sorghum. The protocol uses the Whatman FTATM plant saver card and/or cards made of Whatman ordinary filter paper. Both types of cards were tested for extracting DNA from mature wild sorghum plants in the field and from seedlings in the greenhouse. This method was optimized for sampling wild sorghum populations in remote areas of Ethiopia for studies of genetic diversity at microsatellite loci. A solution eluted from a disc of 6mm diameter, punched from a well soaked card, is adequate to run up to 50 PCR amplifications. The resulting DNA was run on a 3% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide and viewed under UV transilluminator. Both types of cards were equally effective for extracting genomic DNA for PCR-based analyses. Extracting genomic DNA from mature plants in situ is particularly attractive for sampling at sites that are far from the laboratory where samples are analyzed. Moreover, highly skilled personnel are not required to collect DNA samples using this protocol. The Whatman FTATM card is much more expensive than the ordinary Whatman filter paper. Therefore, without compromising efficiency, the lower cost filter paper is recommended for DNA extraction, especially for institutions in developing countries.

228

P 7.22 - Management of late rainy season drought by using extra-early soybean genotype ‘MACS 330’ and its agronomic manipulation for high yield Taware S.P. ([email protected]), Halvankar G.B., Varghese P. All-Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India. In India soybean [Glycine max (L.)Merrill] is mostly grown in rainy season (June to October). The cultivars used for sowing are harvested within 85 to 110 days (mid-late to late maturity). Early maturing varieties generally gave lower yields due to short vegetative growth period than mid-late and late varieties. However, when there are water stress conditions in the months of September and October due to early withdrawal of monsoon rains there is severe reduction in yield of mid-late and late varieties due to poor pod filling. Under such conditions early / extra early varieties perform better than mid-late and late varieties. Agronomic manipulation for early / extra early varieties helps to maximize the seed yield. In the present study, an extra early maturing soybean genotype – ‘MACS 330’ with average of 73 days required for days to mature was evaluated for its performance under different fertilizer doses (F1= 20:60:40 NPK/ha & F2= 30:90:60 NPK/ha), plant densities (P1=0.45, P2=0.60, P3=0.75 & P4= 0.90 million plants/ha) and row to row spacing (S1=22.5, S2=30.0 & S3=45.0 cm) and their combinations in split-split plot design in rainy seasons of 2006 & 2007. Pooled analysis indicated maximum seed yield of 2728 kg/ha in F2P4S3 followed by F2P3S3 (2648 kg/ha), F2P4S2 (2566 kg/ha) and F2P4S1 (2468 kg/ha). F2 (2418 kg/ha) showed significantly higher yield over F1 (2107 kg/ha). Seed yield in different plant density levels indicated progressive significant increase at every level (i.e. P4>P3>P2>P1). P4 recorded maximum seed yield of 2485 kg/ha. Row to row spacing, however, showed non-significant differences among 3 spacing distances. But row to row spacing had significant influence on seed yield in its interactions with fertilizer doses and plant densities. Also the three way interaction of 3 agronomic factors was significant for seed yield. Thus extra early genotypes of soybean can be used in management of late rainy season drought (as drought escape mechanism) when combined with manipulation of agronomic factors like fertilizer dose, row to row spacing and plant density.

P 7.23 - Large-scale screening for drought tolerance at vegetative stage as revealed by biomass measured under water-stressed and well-watered environments, compared with other selection criteria Xu Y.B.1([email protected]), Lu Y.L.1,2, Hao Z.F.1,3, Gao S.B.2, Zhang S.H.3, Li J.S.4, Vivek B.S.5, Magorokosho C.6, Mugo S.7, Makumbi D.7, Taba S.1, Crossa J.1, Araus J.L.1, Crouch J.H.1 1

Genetic Resource Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Km 45, Carretera, Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco, Mexico; 2 Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan 625014, China; 3 Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Facilities for Crop Genetic Resources and Improvement, Beijing 100081, China; 4 National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; 5 CIMMYT Int., C/o ICRISAT, Patancheru-502324, Greater Hyderabad, (A.P.), India; 6 CIMMYT, 12.5 Km peg Mazowe Road, P.O. Box MP163, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; 7 CIMMYT, PO Box 1041, Village Market-00621, Nairobi, Kenya. A total of 550 lines collected from breeding programs across the world were evaluated under both well-watered and water-stressed environments (each with two replications) during the 2008 dry season at Tlaltizapan (State of Morelos, Mexico). Water stress at vegetative and flowering stages was imposed by stopping irrigation for four weeks at 6-leaf stage and 2 weeks prior to anthesis, respectively. Vegetative stage screening was based on multiple measurements of biomass before and after the drought stress was applied using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) measured with a portable spectroradiometer (GreenSeeker). Other drought tolerancerelated selection criteria evaluated include anthesis-silking interval (ASI), leaf senescence, chlorophyll content, root capacitance, final grain yield and drought tolerance index (DTI, final grain yield under stressed condition compared with the well-watered). Under both well-watered and water-stressed conditions, NDVI was significantly

229

positively correlated with chlorophyll content and final grain yield, while negatively correlated with leaf senescence. However, there was no significant correlation of NDVI with ASI or root capacitance. The relative NDVI measurements for the water-stressed environment compared to the well-watered environment did not show a significant relationship with any other selection criteria. In addition, none of the selection criteria were significantly correlated with DTI. Selection index was constructed for drought tolerance based on multiple traits. The 45 lines with the best level of drought tolerance produced an average of more than 700 kernels per plot. All the tested lines have been genotyped using two single nucleotide polymorphism chips each containing 1536 markers. Linkage and linkage disequilibrium mapping for drought tolerance has been carried out and are presented by Lu et al and Hao et al (this conference).

P 7.24 - Molecular variation and phenotypic mutation of upland rice exposing to the space environment Yu S.W.1 ([email protected]), Luo H.C.1,2, Yu X.Q.1, Mei H.W.1, Luo L.J.1,2 1

Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Germsperm Resources Division (Shanghai), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Shanghai 201106, China; 2 Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.

With the development of space technologies and requirements of human space exploration, the spaceflight has been taken more and more attentions in breeding programs of plant. In these studies, we tried to understand the molecular mechanism of mutation induced by cosmic radiation in rice. Huhan 3 and Huhan 7 are two varieties of upland rice developed by Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center. To investigate the mechanism and the biological influence of spaceflight induced mutations, the seeds of two rice cultivars were sent to the space with two recoverable spaceships (Shenzhou V and Shenzhou VI) respectively. The seeds samples after staying at space about 1 days and 5 days were take back and propagated to 7 and 5 generations (M7 and M5), respectively. Through observation of agronomic traits and morphology, plant height, heading date, seed shape and awn were shown wider segregation. Identification of drought-resistant capability showed the capability of three mutants was distinctly weakened. Additional, the protein and amylose studied also revealed the biological influence in these mutants. And rice quality of a few mutant were also improved. The SSR/ EST-SSR, InDel and AFLP markers were used to detect the genomic mutation. Sequence analysis of the polymorphism fragments indicated that mutation pattern was very complex, including insertion, deletion, conversion, transversion and their combinations. The most of mutation loci occurred at the 3’ or 5’-end of the fragment in the simple sequence repeat fragment. In some mutants, there were multiple mutation loci through SSR analysis. And based on the mutation genes, the RT-PCR analysis showed that the part of mutations affect the corresponding gene expression. Our results showed that the complex space environment can induce mutation in molecular level resulting in the physiological and morphological changes in rice.

P 8.01 - A new method to select the drought resistance azuki bean germplasm Chen X. ([email protected]), Gu H.P., Zhang H.M. Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China. 120 azuki bean germplasms were selected from different regions of China, to study the selection of droughtresistance and photooxidation -resistance geamplasms. At first, the azuki bean varieties were planted under the water-manpower-controlled environment in the block. After that, excised azuki bean leaves were submerged in the water, in which CO2 was being low (5 μmol/L), O2 was being low (350 μmol/L). The leaves were irradiated overhead with strong sunshine at 30-35 ℃.The grades of the photooxidation were determined according to the declining rates of the leaves color. The correlation confficient between drought-resistance and photooxidation-resistance was calculated, r =0.792**. This results showed that they had a significant positive correlation between the drought-resistance and photooxidation-resistance in azuki bean. So we suggested that, the detecting technique for photooxidationresistance may be used as a reference method for identification of drought-resistance gramplasms in azuki bean.

230

At last, we found many of these varieties were mid-resistance to photooxidation, resistant and non-resistant varieties were a few. Azuki bean germplasms origin from dry area such as Shan Xi and Tian Jin province seemed more resistant to drought and photooxidation condition compare with that of came from any other provinces.

P 8.02 - Adoption of maize varieties and correlated yield response in dryland farming – a case study of rajasthan (India) Gupta V. ([email protected]) Dry land agriculture in India is characterized by low and unstable production dependent on the natural precipitation. Even if the entire irrigation potential of India is developed by 2010 A.D., about 50 percent of the arable land would remain rain fed (Michael, 1990). It accounts for nearly 70 percent (102 million hectare) of the total cultivated area of 143 million hectare. It contributes 42 percent of the total food grain production of the country, which includes most of the coarse grains, 60 percent of rice, 40 percent of wheat, and 75 percent of the pulses, oilseeds and cotton. In India, where 78% of total production of maize (Zea mays L.) is coming from the dry land tract, it ranks fifth in area, fourth in production and third in productivity among cereals. Maize production in the country has gone up from 4.1 million tonnes in 1960-1961 to 12.5 million tonnes in 2001-2002, also the total area under maize cultivation from 4.4 million ha to 6.6 million ha during this period. This spectacular national level growth in production can be attributed to an increase in its yield. The maize yield has increased from 6.27 q/ha to 19.63 q/ha during this period. Still we are far below than the world average yield of 27.80 q/ha. In terms of world acreage, India stands only next to the USA, Brazil, China and Mexico, whereas with regard to production it ranks eleventh. In Rajasthan state of India, maize occupies a significant position and contributes around 9% of the total maize production in the country after Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhaya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. In Rajasthan it is mainly grown in Udaipur, Banswara, Chittorgarh, Dungarpur, Sirohi and Bhilwara districts. There are numerous factors responsible for the low maize yield of 10.47 q/ha in Rajasthan much below than the national average of 19.63 q/ha. There is a long way to go for the poorly endowed resource farmers of the dry farming tracts of Rajasthan who have not yet been able to benefit fully from the fruits of new innovations in maize production. This paper attempts to examine the yield differences across the maize varieties and across dry and the irrigated fields and analyses the factors responsible for such differences in the agriculturally less developed and drought prone states like Rajasthan.

P 8.03 - Spectral reflectance of wheat recombinant inbred lines: a computational modelling study Han L.Q.1,2, Hanan J.3, Dreccer M.F.1 ([email protected]) 1

CSIRO Plant Industry, Cooper Laboratory, Warrego Highway, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; 3 The University of Queensland, Centre for Biological Information Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia. 2

To understand how specific genetic characteristics make plants better suited to drought requires following complex traits through different stages of plant development and under different conditions. Spectral reflectance is a non-invasive technology that has a role in identifying and discriminating for traits in a breeding context, by allowing several traits to be surveyed in a single measurement. Using a single genotype, this technology has been used to simultaneously survey canopy cover, N and water status of the crop. In this study, we integrate computational modelling approaches to simulate the complex interactions between wheat crop architecture and the light environment. A model of wheat development was parameterised for six recombinant inbred lines differing in tillering capacity and stem carbohydrate accumulation, incorporating measurements of the spectral reflectance of wheat organs such as internode, sheath, leaf blade, peduncle and spike. The model is interfaced with a quasi-Monte Carlo light model to simulate a remote spectral reflectance measurement taken in the field. Virtual experiments were run to study the effect of field of view versus crop height, effect of sensor height at selected ages, and effect of architectural differences between the recombinant inbred lines. Similarities and differences based on structural

231

variation are examined and the implications for the utilisation of spectral reflectance in closely related breeding materials discussed.

P 8.04 - Increase of size and elongation of roots by Salicylic acid Larqué-Saavedra A.1 ([email protected]), Martín-Mex R.2, Nexticapán-Garcés A.2, Vergara-Yoisura S.1, Gutiérrez-Rendón M.1 1

2

Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130. Chuburná de Hidalgo. 97200. Mérida, Yucatán, México; Laboratorio GeMBio, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130. Chuburná de Hidalgo. 97200. Mérida, Yucatán, México.

Root size plays an important role in plants to overcome or reduced the effect of water stress. The activity of Salicylic Acid (SA) in promoting the elongation of root of intact plants was described in this laboratory since 1998. The present investigation has revealed that the promotion of root growth can be achieved in horticultural plants. Experiments were performed with intact seedlings of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) which were sprayed with low concentrations of SA. Plants were treated at 9 and 13 days after the emergence and 7 days after words they were harvested. Concentrations of 1.0, 0.01 and 0.0001 μM were tested in comparison with a water control. The results indicate that 1 μM SA has a significant effect as to increase of root perimeter, root area and the root length was increased by 43% in comparison with that of the control ass. A dosis response curve pattern is presented. This finding can be used to induce deeper and bigger roots to enhance the uptake of water and nutrients when plants are under water stress.

P 8.05 - Methodology of investigations and practice of Si fertilization in the drought regions Matichenkov V.V.1 ([email protected]), Bocharnikova E.A.2 1

Institute Basic Biological Problems Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaja str. 2, Pushchino, 142290 Russian Federation; 2 Institute Physical-Chemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaja str. 2, Pushchino, 142290 Russian Federation. Interest in silicon and its role in the biology of plants has been constantly increasing during the past decades. Results of numerous studies demonstrate the importance of this element in the formation of plant defense against biogenic and abiogenic adverse ambient factors. However, only the total plant content of Si is analyzed. Actually, in soil solutions and plant tissue are permanently presented the mono- and polysilicic acids and organo-silicon compounds, which have a high chemical and biological activity. Methods for determination of the soluble Si in the soil and plant sap were elaborated and tested for various soil and plants. New information about behavior of monoand polysilicic acids, interaction of soluble forms of Si with other organic and inorganic components was obtained. The methodology for investigation of the role and function of Si in plants under water stress has several specific points. Planetary problem of fresh water deficiency [the most of which is used for irrigation] can, in part, be solved by corrective application of silicon fertilizers, because the ‘activated’ silicon facilitates decrease of irrigation water amount on 30%–50% without diminution of quantitative and qualitative crops characteristics. Natural source of Si is more profitable, compare with using Si-rich industrial by-products, which can initiate secondary chemical pollution. The special technique for testing of Si-rich materials was elaborated and tested. This technique give possibility to determine the most effective and prospective sources of Si rich materials, which can be use as Si fertilizers.

232

P 8.06 - Enhancing the livelihoods of dryland farmers through integrated crop production technologies Raman R. ([email protected]) Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India. Dryland Agriculture is practiced in most of the arid and semi-arid areas. It is the main stay of 80 million inhabitants of the Semi Arid Tropics. These inhabitants rely on traditionally organized and fragile agricultural system for livelihood. In Worldwide 615 million hectares of land area under rainfed agriculture. Dryland agriculture is always a challengeable one, since crop management depends on monsoon rains in this land. The main problems of these regions are low rainfall and meager availability of irrigation water. A major portion of rainfall is lost in unproductive losses like evaporation, deep drainage and seepage, thereby leaving a very small amount of water for crop use. Dryland regions are home to large number of poor people and they are custodians of globally important environmental resources. Degradation of these lands will have a negative impact on the environment and the agricultural and bio diversity of eco systems. Most of the dry lands are typified by highly fragile natural resource base, the rainfall is low, and soils are often coarse textured sandy and inherently low in fertility, organic matter, water holding capacity and are easily susceptible to wind and water erosion. Challenges to feed and to fulfill the needs of a growing population in a sustainable way require a better and more comprehensive insight into ecologically sound crop production process, especially in fragile environments of resources poor countries. Sustainable integrated crop management strategies are urgently needed for the protection, preservation, reclamation or rehabilitation of dry lands. Selection of suitable agro-technologies, cropping system is of immense value in drylands. This involves the development of integrated crop production technologies system that consider the combined impacts of soil type, local climate, tillage practice, crop rotation, soil management, choice of crops, integrated farming system, fertility cover and catch crops and strategies for managing water, crop residue and weeds. Technologies are available by which we can increase the yield to a greater extent without any additional investment. Advances in agronomic conservation technologies continue to provide the greatest opportunity to achieve sustainability and profitability in dryland agriculture.

P 8.07 - Phenotyping platform at ciat: improving abiotic stress tolerance of crops and forages in the tropics Rane J. ([email protected]), Rao I., Ishitani M., Tohme J. International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT, Cali, Colombia). Ever increasing demand for food, predicted global climate changes and rising cost of fertilizers are likely to place agro-ecosystems in a more precarious situation in the near future. Less favored environments are expected to be crucial for future agricultural production while favorable environments have to rely on reduced inputs. CIAT and its partners visualize that improved tolerance to abiotic stresses (drought, low soil fertility, soil acidity) in its mandate crops viz., beans, cassava, rice and tropical forages would be the key for eco-efficient agriculture in tropics. While conventional breeding for abiotic stress tolerance is constrained by complexities in tolerance mechanisms and adoption of traits for screening, new hopes are emerging from advances in genomic research. Molecular biology tools are more efficient now than ever before. However, the knowledge about gene-trait association is the major bottle neck. Through phenomics, CIAT aims to enhance its capacity to complement genomic research and conventional breeding. With a generic permit from Colombian government, CIAT has been uniquely positioned to evaluate gene technology in rice and cassava. CIAT has scaled up its phenotyping facilities for evaluation of gene technology to improve water use efficiency in rice in confined field. Gene technology is being evaluated for the first time for improving drought tolerance of upland rice of Latin America at CIAT, Palmira, Colombia. As an alternative genomic strategy, CIAT aims at robust Marker Assisted Selection(MAS)

233

approach to improve water use efficiency in beans, cassava, rice and forages through a high throughput phenotyping in controlled environments and at different field sites. The phenotyping platform will feature automated acquisition of data on plant response to managed stress and high throughput analysis of images obtained from sophisticated visible, infrared and x-ray camera with custom made advanced software that can facilitate field phenotyping and trait phenotyping. Phenotyping platform will be used to characterize available unique genetic materials such as CSSL of rice to develop more efficient genetic markers and to identify superior parental lines with enhanced water use efficiency in its mandate crops. This renewed strategy is largely oriented towards delivering genome knowledge from laboratories to field to realize research impact for eco-efficient agriculture.

P 8.08 - Agricultural landuse planning based on terrain characteristics using remote sensing and geographic information system in the lower river benue floodplain, Nigeria Uchua K.A. ([email protected]) National Centre for Remote Sensing, P.M.B 2136, Jos, Nigeria. In order to meet the increasing demand for food, the farming community needs to have a good knowledge of landuse and land cover of the area. This can be achieved with optimal success using space technology which has the ability to provide rapid, timely, accurate and reliable data within a given time framework. This necessitated a study on agricultural landuse planning on the basis of terrain characteristics including slope, soil, drainage and erosion parameters using satellite remote sensing and GIS technologies in the Lower River Benue Floodplain, Nigeria. The area is located between Latitudes 7o 13’N and 8o00’N, and Longitudes 8o 00’E and 9o 00’E with a total basin area of 7685.28 km2 and a population figure of 947,138 people (NPC, 2006). A combination of digital data, collateral data as well as attribute datasets were integrated and manipulated in a GIS environment using appropriate software packages. This paved the way for the generation of the land use / land cover map, physiographic-soil map, the drainage map, slope map, together with detail morphometric analysis which led to the prioritization of the sub-watersheds from least priority (alluvial plains) to high priority (pediments) ratings. The integration of the results of slope, physiography, landuse as well as morphometric analysis using the FAO/USDA classification schemes led to the genaration of land capability maps, whereas the appraisal of the lands of the various sub-watersheds in terms of their suitability for the cultivation of paddy (rice) crop in turn revealed that the alluvial floodplain and valley fills are highly and moderately suitable for rice cultivation respectively in the Lower River Benue basin. It has become increasingly apparent that computer based GIS and satellite remote sensing data can provide the environment for effective land capability mapping and suitability evaluation for crop production as a stepping stone for sustained landuse planning targeted at addressing issues of agricultural intensification, food security and poverty reduction in Nigeria.

P 8.09 - A lysimetric system to comprehensively assess the root water supply and other yield components in crops Vadez V. ([email protected]), Kumar P.R., Krishnamurthy L. International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India. Most studies on roots have used time consuming methods to assess rooting differences, limiting their use in breeding, and providing “static” data that did not reveal their highly dynamic nature. Here we report a novel system where water uptake, rather than root morphology, is measured in a lysimeters, i.e. PVC tubes filled with soil and mimicking a real soil profile. The system allows a precise, in-vivo, and high throughput assessment of the components of the yield architecture (T, TE, HI) and assess their respective contribution on yield under a range of imposed water stresses. Several experiments included the assessment of the groundnut reference collection, part of the sorghum reference collection, and pearl millet materials introgressed with a terminal drought tolerance QTL. Among the salient results we found that transpiration efficiency varied largely in groundnut in that system and was positively associated with pod yield under terminal drought conditions. Groundnut and sorghum germplasm varied a lot in the total amount of water extracted from the soil profile. However, an experiment with fewer groundnut

234

genotypes showed that more than the total water extracted, the pattern of water extraction from the soil profile varied among the genotypes and mattered most for pod yield: High water extraction within the 24 days following stress imposition was negatively related to pod yield (r2 = 0.36). By contrast, water extraction between 24 and 56 days after stress imposition, i.e. a period corresponding to pod filling was positively related to a higher pod yield (r2 = 0.33). In sorghum also there were large differences in these kinetics of water extraction, and relations with yield. The importance of the pattern of water extraction was also confirmed in pearl millet lines differing for a terminal drought tolerance QTL, where tolerant and sensitive lines extracted similar amount of water from about 4 weeks after sowing until maturity. However, tolerant lines extracted less water before and during flowering while more water during grain filling than the sensitive lines. The differences in water involved, usually less than 1-2 L per plants would represent a mere 10-20 mm of water on a field basis and would be difficult to detect with regular root measurements. This fully validates the value of our approach to look at root functionality rather than root morphology to gain further insight on their role to adapt to water limitation.

P 8.10 - Association study on drought-resistance and water-sensitivity of spring wheat Wu Z.L.1 ([email protected]), Lu Y.H.2, Fan L.1, Cai X.L.3, Li J.F.1, Fan Z.R.1, Zhang Y.Q.1 1

Institute of Nuclear & Biological Technologies, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830000, China; 2 Plant Genomics Research Unit, INRA, Evry F91057, France; 3 Agricultural Sciences Institute of Xinjiang Farm 7th Division, Kuitun 833200, China.

Xinjiang, China is the farthest wheat production region from ocean on earth with a typical arid climate. The annual precipitation is less than 200mm on the average. Usually, wheat production relies on irrigation. During 2004 and 2005, we studied the drought resistance and water sensitivity of 21 spring wheat varieties under the condition of water stress and full irrigation. The results showed that Xinchun2, Xinchun6, Xinchun7 and Xinchun10 were not only strong drought resistant but also quite sensitive to the soil moisture improvement. In fact, the planting area of Xinchun2 was the largest in Xinjiang from 1986 to 1995. Its productivity was 7.5 t/ha. The planting area of Xinchun6 was the largest in Xinjiang from 1996 up to the present. Its productivity was 9-10 t/ha. Xinchun10 was main cultivated variety in Tuokexun county where it is extremely hot with the most serious dry and hot wind in Xinjiang. Results also showed that there was a high significant positive correlation between drought resistance and water sensitivity among spring wheat varieties. But Xinchun11 was a special variety with low drought resistance and high sensitivity to the soil moisture improvement. Practically, Xinchun11 has been extensively planted in some counties where there are preferable irrigation condition and slight dry and hot wind. Its productivity was 9-10 t/ha. So that Xinchun11 has become a leading spring wheat variety. In the past, most of the researches about drought resistance rarely concerned water sensitivity. In fact, crop sensitivity to the soil moisture improvement is one of the most important physiological traits.

235

A

Borrell A.K.

L5.03

Abbasov M.

P5.01

Boyer J.S.

L9.02

Abdelhamid M.T.

P3.01

Brestič M.

P4.08

Abdolrahmani B.

P2.01

Bueno C.S.

P3.06

Abebe G.

P2.02

Byrne P.F.

P5.09

Adibifard N.

P3.02

Adu-Gyamfi J.J.

P7.01

Cabrera-Bosquet L.

L7.11

Afshari R.T.

P4.01

Çakir M.

P5.10

Ahamadi J.

P5.02

Chapman S.C.

L6.13

Ahmad S.T.

P4.02

Chaves M.M.

L4.07

Ahmadi S.H.

P2.03

Chen X.

P5.11

Alganesh Tesema G.

P6.01

Cheng J.F.

P7.04

Al-Khateeb S.A.

P3.03

Chenu K.

L7.05

Amamou A.

P5.03

Christopher J.T.

P5.12

Amudha K.

P6.02

Conaty W.C.

P2.06

Anithakumari A.M

P5.04

Condon A.G.

L6.07

Araus J.L.

L4.09

Arunyanark A.

P6.03

Daneshian J.

P3.07

Asfaw A.

P5.05

Daneshmand A.

P2.07

Atlin G.N.

L6.02

Davies B.

L8.02

Audebert A.

P6.04

Deguchi T.

P3.08

Awan S.

P4.04

Diop N.N.

P5.13

Dodd I.C.

L3.10

B

C

P4.03

P6.07

D

Babu R.C.

P6.05

Dodig D.

P6.08

Badu-Apraku B.

L6.16

Dreccer M.F.

P4.10

Bantte K.

P5.06

Drikvand R.

P6.09

Barary M.

P3.04

Du T.S.

L2.07

Barthakur S.

P4.05

Duan B.H.

P7.06

Bazargani M.M.

P4.06

Bchini H.

P3.05

Eberius M.

P6.10

Beena R.

P5.07

Eini O.

P4.11

Ben-Asher J.

P7.02

Engels C.

P7.07

Bencivenni C.

P5.08

Beneventi M.A.

P4.07

Falalou H.

P5.14

Bennett D.

L6.04

Fang X.W.

L3.03

Benor S.

P7.03

Farquhar G.

L1.01

Berger B.

L7.06

Faye I.

P6.11

Birru G.A.

P2.04

Fayyaz F.

P3.09

Blum A.

L9.01

Feng F.J.

P3.10

Boken V.K.

P2.05

Fereres E.

L2.06

Boopathi N.M.

P6.06

Flagella Z.

P4.12

236

P8.01

E

F

P4.09

P7.05

Foulkes J.

L7.04

Fu Z.Y.

P4.13

Fujii M.

P3.12

P3.11

Islam M. R.

P2.13

Iwama K.

P6.17

Iwasa T.

P6.18

G

J

Gan Y.T.

P2.08

Ghamarnia H.

P2.09

Jahanbakhsh S.

P7.09

P2.10

James R.

L7.09

Ghanem M.E.

P3.13

Javid M.G.

P4.19

Ghobadi M.

P3.14

Jensen N.L.

P4.20

Girdthai T.

P6.12

Jia W.S.

P4.47

Govaerts B.

L8.03

Jian M.

P7.10

Gowda R.P. V.

P3.15

Jing R.L.

L6.05

Granot G.

L5.04

Grieu P.

P7.08

Guan D.M.

P4.14

Guan Y.S.

P6.13

K Kamoshita A.

P5.19

Kang Y.

P4.21

P6.15

Kano M.

L3.08

Guo Z.S.

P2.11

Kato Y.

L2.09

Gupta V.

P8.02

Katsura K.

P2.14

Kenzhebayeva S.S.

P6.19

P6.14

H Habash D.Z.

L4.14

Kershanskaya O.I.

P4.22

Habibi D.

P3.16

Khan N.

P4.23

Haghighi L.

P3.17

Kholová J.

P5.20

Hammer G.

L7.01

Khowaja F.S

L4.05

Han L.Q.

P8.03

Kijoji A.A.

P3.23

Hao Z.F.

P5.15

Kim Y.H.

P4.24

Hauptvogel P.

P4.15

Kirkegaard J.

L2.02

He J.

P3.18

Klein J. D.

P3.24

Heard J.

L5.05

Kottapalli K.R.

L 4.15

Henry A.

P3.19

Krugman T.

P4.25

Hittalmani S.

P6.16

Kumar A.

P7.11

Hochholdinger F.

L3.07

Kumar J.

P6.20

Hossain M.A.

P4.16

Kumar P.R.

P3.25

Hossain M. I.

P2.12

Kumar S.

P5.21

Hu S.P.

P5.17

Hu X.J.

P4.17

Labhilili M.

P5.22

Hua H.P.

L5.07

Lal J.P.

P6.21

Huang C.Y.

L7.08

Landi P.

P5.23

Hummel I.

L4.01

Lang N.T.

P5.24

Hussain S.

P3.20

Langridge P.

L8.01

Larqué-Saavedra A.

P8.04

I

P5.16

L

Imene T.

P4.18

Latiri K.

P2.15

Inagaki M.

P3.21

Levi A.

L6.03

P3.26

237

Li J.T.

P4.26

Munjal R.

L4.08

Li Z.K.

L 5.01

Munyiri S.W.

P6.31

Liang Y.L.

P3.27

Mushtaq R.

P4.31

Liu C.H.

P7.12

Muza O.

P2.21

Liu F.L.

L3.05

Liu H.Y.

P5.25

Nagaveni B.H.

P4.32

Liu S.H.

P4.27

Naji M.Z.

P6.32

Liu X.M.

P6.22

Nakhoda B.

P3.32

Liu Z.C.

P5.26

Naredo M.E.B.

P5.31

Lobet G.

P7.13

Nejad S.D.B.

P2.22

Lü L.H.

P1.01

Nemati I.

P3.35

Lu Y.L.

P5.27

Nethra N.

P5.32

Luo L.J.

L5.02

Nguyen H.T.

P5.33

Nhlane G.

P6.33

M

N

Ma Z.M.

P2.16

Nsarellah N.

P6.34

Maccaferri M.

L5.09

Nucci E.D.

P3.36

Mafi-Moghaddam S.

P5.28

Magorokosho C.

P6.23

Ober E.S.

L7.10

Mahmood-ul-Hassan M.A.

P2.17

Odilavadze T.V.

P2.23

Makdis F.

P6.24

Okami M.

P3.37

Mäkelä P.

P3.28

Oliver M.

L4.13

Makumbi D.

P6.25

Omar S.A.

P2.24

Malidareh A.G.

P2.18

Oosterom v. E.

P7.14

Mamedova A.D.

P6.26

Outoukarte I.

P6.36

Manavalan L.P.

P6.27

Ozfidan C.

P4.33

Mao X.G.

P4.28

Maragatham N.

P2.19

Pan Y.J.

P5.34

Matichenkov V.V.

P8.05

Parameshwarappa K.G.

P6.37

Maurel C.

L4.12

Parry M.A.J.

L4.02

Menkir A.

P6.28

Patil K.G.

P6.38

Merewitz E.

P4.29

Patil S.B.

P6.39

Meseka S.K.

P6.29

Paytas M.

P3.39

Messina C.

L7.02

Peleg Z.

P4.35

Min Q.U.

P5.29

Peng S.Q.

L1.03

Mirassón H.

P2.20

Pérez-Pastor A.

P2.25

Missihoun T.D.

P5.30

Plauborg F.

L2.03

Mitchell J.H.

P3.29

Ponnuswamy K.

P2.26

Mkamilo G.

P6.30

Poornima R.

P6.40

Mohammadi-Nejad G.

P3.30

Puangbut D.

P6.41

Molinari H.B.C.

P4.30

Moragues M.

P3.31

238

P3.33 P3.34

O

P6.35 P3.38

P

Q Qu M.

P4.36

P4.34

P2.27

R

Slabbert M.M.

P7.19

Rachaputi R.C.N.

L6.15

Soud A.R.

P5.41

Rafiei M.

P3.40

Soundharajan B.

P7.20

Ramachandrappa B.K

L2.04

Spencer M.M.

P4.41

Raman R.

P3.41

Sreenivasulu N.

L6.12

Ramegowda H.V.

P4.37

Steduto P.

L2.01

Rane J.

P8.07

Steele K.A.

P6.52

Rangaiah S.

P6.42

Suárez R.

P4.42

Rao I.M.

L6.14

Suji K.K.

P6.53

Rashidi V.

P6.43

Sweeney P.

P7.21

Rebetzke G.J.

L6.01

Rebolledo M.C.

P7.15

Tahir M.

P4.43

Rivero R.M.

L4.10

Tarafdar P.K.

P2.29

Rodrigues F.A.

P5.35

Tardieu F.

L3.01

Taware S.P.

P7.22

P8.06

P5.42

T

S Sadeghi S.M.

P6.44

Thompson A.J.

L3.09

Saeed M.

P5.36

Tikle A.N.

P6.54

Sage R.

L1.04

Saif A.A.

P6.45

Salunkhe A.S.

P6.46

Samdaliri M.

P3.42

Vadez V.

P3.44

Sarkar K. K.

P3.43

Valentinuz O.

P3.45

Sayar R.

P6.47

Valliyodan B.

L5.06

Sehgal D.

P5.37

Vankova R.

L3.11

Sellamuthu R.

P5.38

Varillas m.A.

P4.44

Senthil A.

P6.48

Venuprasad R.

L6.09

Serraj R.

L7.03

Vikram P.

P6.55

Setter T.L.

P4.38

Shamsi K.

P2.28

Shan L.

U P8.08

Uchua K.A.

V P8.09

W Wade L.

L3.04

L2.05

Wang C.M.

P5.43

Shanker A.K.

P4.39

Wang C.X.

P4.45

Sharma A.D.

P4.40

Wang D.

P5.44

Sharma A.K.

P6.49

Wang H.Q.

P6.56

Sharma P.C.

P6.50

Wang J.K.

P5.45

Sharp R.E.

L3.06

Wang J.X.

P3.46

Shashidhar H.E.

L6.08

Wang M.C.

P2.30

Shehrawat P.S.

P7.16

Wang Y.

P4.46

Shinde S.S.

P5.39

Wang Y.S.

P3.48

Shu L.B.

P5.40

Waraich E.A.

L2.08

Sine B.

P7.17

White C.A.

P3.49

Singh A.K.

P6.51

Wilson P. B.

P4.48

P3.22

P7.18

P3.47

239

P8.10

Wu Z.L.

X Xiang C.B.

L4.06

Xin Z.G.

P3.50

Xiong L.Z.

L7.07

Xu C.P.

L4.11

Xu W.

P4.49

Xu Y.B.

L6.10

Xu Z.S.

P4.50

P7.23

Y Yadav O.P.

P6.57

Yadav R.S.

L6.06

Yan J.

P4.51

Yan J.B.

L6.11

Yang D.L.

L5.08

Yang J.C.

L3.02

Yang Y.Y.

P2.31

Yousfi S.

P4.52

Yu S.W.

P7.24

Yuliasti

P6.58

Z Zarei G.

P3.52

Zhang H.Y.

P4.53

Zhang J.A.

P5.18

Zhang Q.F.

L1.02

Zhang Z.B.

P6.59

Zheng T.Q.

P5.46

Zhou Y.

P6.60

Zhu J.K.

L4.03

Zhu K.

P2.32

240

P3.51