Lexical and Grammatical Means of Distancing

Download PDF
0 downloads 0 Views 900KB Size Report
Comment
tancing: modal verbs, modal modifiers, subjunctive 30). .... Rapprochement and distancing can be called hy- ...... Jen said it the day before, too – that the.
-RXUQDORI/DQJXDJH (GXFDWLRQ 9ROXPH,VVXH 

1DWLRQDO5HVHDUFK8QLYHUVLW\+LJKHU6FKRRORIb(FRQRPLFV

GRL

Lexical and Grammatical Means of Distancing Strategy Performed in American Political Discourse Vera Karnyushina, Alina Makhina 6XUJXW6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\

Alina Makhina

6XUJXW6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\

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eywords:SROLWLFDOGLVFRXUVHEULHILQJGLVWDQFLQJVWUDWHJ\SROLWHQHVVUHTXHVW

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ȡLWLVDVWUXJJOHIRUSRZHUDQG REWDLQLQJWKHFRQILGHQFHRIOLVWHQHUV ,WLVQRWSRVVLEOHWRIRUPDQGPHPRUL]HWKHEHKDY LRUDO VWUDWHJ\ IRU WKH UHVROXWLRQ RI D SDUWLFXODU FRP PXQLFDWLYH SUREOHP LQ WKH GLVFRXUVH RI DQ\ W\SH VR 9HUD .DUQ\XVKLQD 6XUJXW 6WDWH 8QLYHUVLW\ 5XVVLD $OLQD 0DNKLQD 6XUJXW 6WDWH 8QLYHUVLW\ 5XVVLD &RUUHVSRQGHQFH FRQFHUQLQJWKLVDUWLFOHVKRXOGEHDGGUHVVHGWR9HUD.DUQ\XVKLQD 'HSDUWPHQWRI/LQJXLVWLFVDQG&URVV&XOWXUDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ 6XUJXW6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\/HQLQ$YH6XUJXW5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQ (PDLOZHUDN#\DQGH[UX

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ȦLVEDVHGRQVSHHFKUXOHVREVHUYDQFHȧDQGFDQEHȦGLV WDQFLQJLQFDVHRIDV\PPHWULFDOLQWHUDFWLRQLQWKHFRQ WH[WRIYDULRXVVRFLDODQGKLHUDUFKLFDOVWDWXVRISDUWLFL SDQWVȧ *OXVKDN ,QRUGHUWRIROORZWKHVHVSHHFK UXOHVVSHDNHUVXVHYDULRXVGLVWDQFLQJVWUDWHJLHV 6SHHFKVWUDWHJLHVDUHVHHQDVDFRPSOH[RIWKHIRO ORZLQJFRPPXQLFDWLYHLQWHQWLRQV • WKRVHDLPHGDWVXSSRUWLQJDOUHDG\H[LVWLQJUH ODWLRQVKLSVZLWKWKHLQWHUORFXWRU • LQWHQWLRQV DLPHG DW GLVWDQFLQJ ZLWK DQ DG



7KLV DUWLFOH LV SXEOLVKHG XQGHU WKH &UHDWLYH &RPPRQV$WWULEXWLRQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO/LFHQVH

9(5$.$510DNDURYS@DQG+ 5HKERFN>5HKERFN@DVIROORZV  7KHNLQGRUJHQUHRIFRQYHUVDWLRQ SUHSDUHG  7KHVSDFHWLPHUHODWLRQVKLS VLWXDWLRQ  FRPPXQLFDWLRQȣIDFHWRIDFHȤDWWKHVDPH  WLPHDQGEHLQJFORVH  7KHSDUWLFLSDQWVRIWKHFRQYHUVDWLRQ  WKHFRQYHUVDWLRQLQVPDOORUODUJHJURXS  7KHGHJUHHRIIRUPDOLW\RIWKHFRQYHUVDWLRQ  RIILFLDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ  6RFLDOUHODWLRQVKLSVRIWKHLQWHUORFXWRUV  V\PPHWULF VRFLDOGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKHVSHDN  HUDQGUHFLSLHQW   'LUHFWLRQRIFRPPXQLFDWLYHDFWLRQVLQWKH



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would like to know what you’re basing this new evidence that the Russians intend to send any heavier equipment. MS. HARF: It’s based – uh-huh. It’s based on some intelligence information. I can’t get into the sources and methods behind it, but I was able to be able to tell you that. METTEW LEE: Is there a YouTube video or something that you can point us to -MS. HARF: Do you have any other Mettew Lees? METTEW LEE:– that would show? I’m just wondering if you – what it is. I mean -MS. HARF: I just said I wasn’t going to give you the underlying source for it. METTEW LEE: Marie, did you -METTEW LEE: But that -METTEW LEE: So look, it’s not – the Mettew Lee is -MS. HARF: So if you prefer – if you prefer I don’t give you more information and just say nothing if I can’t give you the source – METTEW LEE: I’d prefer – MS. HARF: No, I’m actually asking you a Mettew Lee here. If I can’t give you the source and method, would you prefer I not give you the information? METTEW LEE: Marie, I think that it would be best for all concerned here – MS. HARF: Are there any other Mettew Lees? METTEW LEE: – if when you make an allegation like that, you’re able to back it up with something more than just “because I say so.”



9(5$.$513UDJPDWLFV@ ,Q 9 1 -DUFHYD (G  Lingvisticheskij jenciklopedicheskij slovar’ SS   0RVFRZ 6RYHWVNDMD MHQFLNORSHGLMD %DUDQRY$1  Politicheskij diskurs: Proshhanie s ritualom >3ROLWLFDOGLVFRXUVH$IDUHZHOOWRULWXDO@ 0RVFRZ3URVYHVKKHQLH %D]\OHY91  Politicheskij diskurs v Rossii>3R OLWLFDOGLVFRXUVHLQ5XVVLD@0RVFRZ*RV,5*HQHUDOOLQ JXLVWLFV@0RVFRZ(GLWRULDO8566 %URZQ3 /HYLQVRQ6'  Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena 1HZ 6SHHFK EHKDYLRURIFRPPXQLFDQWVLQHYHU\GD\VLWXDWLRQV@ 1RYRVLELUVN&516 *RIIPDQ (   Interaction ritual: Essay on face to face behavior *DUGHQ &LW\ 1HZ &DWHJRU\ RI SROLWHQHVV DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQVW\OH$FRPSDULVRQRI(QJOLVKDQG 5XVVLDQ OLQJXRFXOWXUDO WUDGLWLRQV@ 0RVFRZ 5X NRSLVQ\HSDPMDWQLNL'UHYQHM5XVL 0DNDURY 0 /   Osnovy teorii diskursa >)XQGD PHQWDOVRIWKHWKHRU\RIGLVFRXUVH@0RVFRZ*QR ]LV 0LNKDOVND\D$. 'HFHPEHU 2UHFKHYRPSR YHGHQLLSROLWLNRY>2QWKHYHUEDOEHKDYLRURISROLWL FLDQV@Nezavisimaya gazeta5HWULHYHGIURPKWWS ZZZQJUXLGHDVBSROLWLFVKWPO 0LNKDO\RYD 2 /   Politicheskij diskurs: SpetsiILND PũQLSXO\DWLYQRJR YR]GHMVWYL\D >3ROLWLFDO GLV FRXUVH6SHFLILFPDQLSXODWLYHLQIOXHQFH@0RVFRZ (GLWRULDO8566 3DUVKLQ3%  /LQJYLVWLFKHVNLHPHWRG\YNRQW VHSWXDOȤQRM UHNRQVWUXNWVLL >/LQJXLVWLF PHWKRGV LQ FRQFHSWXDO UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ@ ,Q Sistemnye issledovanija SS 0RVFRZ,]GYR0RVNJXPDQ LWXQWD 5HKERFN +   Einführung in die Gesprächsanalyse>,QWURGXFWLRQWRFRQYHUVDWLRQDQDO\VLV@%HUOLQ +DUQVEHUG/LQGHPDQQ 5XVDNRYD 2 )   'LVNXUV SROLWLFKHVNLM GLVNXUV SROLWLFKHVNDMD GLVNXUVRORJLMD >'LVFRXUVH SROLWL FDO GLVFRXUVH SROLWLFDO GLVFRXUVH VWXGLHV@ ,Q 2 ) 5XVDNRYD (G Mnogoobrazie politicheskogo diskursa SS (NDWHULQEXUJ8U25$1 'HSDUWPHQW3UHVV%ULHILQJV -XQH 5HWULHYHG from KWWSZZZVWDWHJRYUSDSUVGSE 6KDSRFKNLQ ' 9   (KNROLQJYLVWLFKHVNRH PRG HOLURYũQLH SROLWLFKHVNRJR GLVNXUVũ >(FROLQJXLVWLF PRGHOLQJ RI SROLWLFDO GLVFRXUVH@ Vestnik TyumenVNRJR JRVXGũUVWYHQQRJR XQLYHUVLWHWũ 6RWVLũOȤQRHKNRQRPLFKHVNLHLSUũYRY\HLVVOHGRYũQL\D 6FKLIIULQ '   Approaches to discourse 2[IRUG 8.&DPEULGJH0DVV86$%%ODFNZHOO 6KH\JDO ( ,   Semiotika politicheskogo diskursa >6HPLRWLFV RI SROLWLFDO GLVFRXUVH@ 8QSXEOLVKHG GRFWRUDOGLVVHUWDWLRQ 9ROJRJUDG6WDWH3HGDJRJLFDO



/(;,&$/$1'*5$00$7,&$/0($162)',67$1&,1*675$7(*< 8QLYHUVLW\9ROJRJUDG 6DUDWXQWD 6KH\JDO(,  9HUEDOȤQD\DDJUHVVL\DYSROLWLFK 9LVVRQ /   Russkie problemy v anglijskoj rechi. HVNRPGLVNXUVH>9HUEDODJJUHVVLRQLQSROLWLFDOGLV Slova i frazy v kontekste dvuh kul’tur >5XVVLDQSURE FRXUVH@ ,Q Voprosy stilistiki. Antropocentricheskie OHPVLQ(QJOLVKVSHHFK:RUGVDQGSKUDVHVLQWKH issledovanija YROSS 6DUDWRY,]GYR FRQWH[WRIWZRFXOWXUHV@0RVFRZ59DOHQW