Lichens and Allied Fungi of Awenda Provincial Park, Ontario - BioOne

Am. Midl. Nat. (2016) 176:1–19

Lichens and Allied Fungi of Awenda Provincial Park, Ontario: Diversity and Conservation Status RICHARD TROY MCMULLIN1 Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, K1P 6P4, Canada AND

JAMES C. LENDEMER Institute of Systematic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, 10458-5126 ABSTRACT.—Detailed baseline inventories provide the foundation for the conservation of biodiversity. This fundamental knowledge, however, is lacking for lichens in southwestern Ontario. As a result we selected Awenda Provincial Park for a lichen survey because of its diverse and uncommon mesohabitats likely to contain previously unreported species, such as its 285 ha old-growth deciduous forest and its Quercus-Pinus savannah. Two hundred and three species were discovered in 96 genera. Four species are reported as new to Ontario: Abrothallus caerulescens, Bacidia kekesiana, Cheiromycina flabelliformis, and Lecanora minutella. Thirty-five species have a provincial conservation rank of S1 (critically imperiled), S2 (imperiled), or S3 (vulnerable). The five species that are ranked S1 are: Acarospora sinopica, Acrocordia cavata, Anisomeridium biforme, Chaenothecopsis savonica, and Leimonis erratica. Our results illustrate the conservation importance of Awenda and contribute to a better understanding of the distribution and frequency of lichens in Ontario. This baseline data can be used to apply conservation status ranks with more accuracy and monitor changes in populations caused by climate change, air pollution, or other disturbances.

INTRODUCTION Comprehensive baseline inventories are fundamental requirements for the conservation of biodiversity (Reid and Miller, 1989; Powell et al., 2000). Knowing what species are present, where they are located, and which are rare or sensitive is essential for developing management strategies (Reid and Miller, 1989; Environment Canada, 1995; Powell et al., 2000). Moreover, the status of a species cannot be determined or monitored without a foundation from which population declines or increases can be measured (Powell et al., 2000; Government of Canada, 2014; Monastersky, 2014). Therefore, effective outcomes in conservation require evidence-based decisions that begin with baseline knowledge (Sutherland et al., 2004). In southwestern Ontario, large-scale, taxonomically comprehensive, reliable baseline data for lichens has been limited until recent decades. The first lichen collections in this region were made by J. Macoun in the late 1800s (Macoun, 1902). These were from only scattered localities and represented a small number of the total species. Harold Hume, a student at the Ontario Agriculture College in the 1890s, also collected seven lichens in Guelph (McMullin et al., 2014). Several years later J.H. Faull (1913) published a list of common lichens from the Toronto area. Roy Cain also collected lichens in the southwestern region of the province between 1930 and 1970, which are housed at the Canadian Museum of Nature, but the results are not published. Yarranton and Green (1966) published a study that contained a small list 1

Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected]

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of lichens on the calcareous cliffs at Rattlesnake Point Conservation Area. The first detailed lichen list for the region, as part of a study of southern Ontario, was published by Wong and Brodo (1992). Matthes et al. (2000) then published a list of lichens that occurred on cliff faces along the Niagara Escarpment, and Olszewski (2010) published a list from the Niagara region. The first intensive and comprehensive assessments of individual management units in the southwest were only recently completed at the Bruce Peninsula National Park and Fathom Five National Marine Park (Brodo et al., 2013), the Copeland Forest Resources Management Area (McMullin and Lendemer 2013), and the Arboretum at the University of Guelph (McMullin et al, 2014). Considering this small number of studies and scant historical data, large geographic areas hosting diverse ecosystems in southwestern Ontario lack fundamental biodiversity information for lichens. This paucity of data therefore obfuscates understanding of species and their conservation for an ecologically important group of fungi in a region of Canada greatly impacted by human activities (Bates and Sizto, 1989; LandOwner Resource Centre, 1997; Findlay and Houlahan, 2003). Many lichen species are restricted to broad bioclimatic regions such as arctic and alpine, boreal, temperate, and tropical (Gowan and Brodo, 1988; Brodo et al., 2001; Øvstedal and Lewis Smith, 2001). More specifically, some species are restricted to different mesohabitats such as bogs, intertidal zones, coastal areas, swamps, and forests (Brodo et al., 2001; Nash, 2008). Many of the mesohabitats in southwestern Ontario have not been examined for lichens. Old-growth forests are further mesohabitats that are particularly well known for being colonized by unique lichen communities (Lesica et al., 1991; Selva, 2003; McMullin et al., 2008), but have been relatively unexplored in southwestern Ontario. As such we initiated the present study of Awenda Provincial Park (Awenda), which contains one of the largest continuous old-growth deciduous forests remaining in the region (Henry and Quinby, 2010), in addition to other unique mesohabitats such as a Quercus-Pinus savannah. The aim of this study was to inventory the lichens and allied fungi at Awenda and thereby contribute to a growing body of knowledge on the lichen biota on southwestern Ontario (McMullin et al., 2015) and make available baseline data for monitoring changes in populations caused by climate change (Aproot, 2009; Will-Wolf, 2015), air pollution (Henderson, 2000; Will-Wolf, 2015), or other disturbances (McMullin and Ure, 2008). Our specific objectives were to survey all of the dominant mesohabitats in the park, examine as many microhabitats as possible, and compare our results with all other localities in southern Ontario where detailed lichen inventories were completed. The results can also help to inform the park’s resource management decisions (see Section 8.0, Ministry of Natural Resources, 1990). STUDY AREA

Awenda is located in southern Ontario at the northern tip of the Penetanguishene Peninsula on the shores of Georgian Bay (Fig. 1). The park was established in 1975, opened for camping in 1979, occupies 2915 ha, and has been classified a ‘Natural Environment Park,’ which means all land is protected (Ministry of Natural Resources, 1990; Ontario Parks, 2011). There are 333 campsites and in 2010 there were 143,331 visitors to the park (Ontario Parks, 2011). Awenda lies between 44.9228 and 44.8138 latitude and 79.9508 and 80.0328 longitude, and its maximum elevation is 263.65 m (the Algonquin Bluff) (Carlisle, 1972). Between 1981 and 2010, the mean January temperature was 8.5(63.5) C and the mean precipitation was 109.8 mm (88.3 cm of snow and 21.5 mm of rain); in July, the mean temperature was 20.8(61.1) C and the mean precipitation was 72.7 mm (Environment Canada, 2015). Aside from rock and sand beaches, the terrestrial part of the park is forested.

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FIG. 1.—Location of the 24 lichen sampling sites at Awenda Provincial Park. Site coordinates and habitat descriptions are provided in Table 1

It is part of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Forest Region (Rowe, 1972). The upland forests are dominated by Acer saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, and Quercus rubra, and the lowland forests are dominated by Abies balsamea, Acer rubrum, Betula spp., Thuja occidentalis, and Tsuga canadensis (Ministry of Natural Resources, 1990). Commercial timber harvests in the park ended in 1939, but harvesting in a few small areas, mostly for Quercus rubra, occurred in the 1960s (Culm, 1973). Most of the forest in Awenda is therefore second-growth, but there are 285 ha of continuous old-growth forest dominated by Acer saccharum and Quercus rubra (Henry and Quinby, 2010; Friends of Awenda, 2015a). The oldest trees in the old-growth forest range from 220 to 270 years old (Henry and Quinby, 2010; Friends of Awenda, 2015a). In 1985 the majority of Giant’s Tomb Island (462 ha) was added to the park (Fig. 1) (Ministry of Natural Resources, 1990). The island is approximately 5 km long and 2 km at its widest point. It contains a section of old-growth coniferous forest dominated by Thuja occidentalis and an open Quercus-Pinus savannah-like ecosystem on sandy soil (Ministry of Natural Resources, 1990). METHODS SAMPLING

During the summer and fall of 2013 we inventoried the lichens and allied fungi of Awenda. We selected 24 mesohabitats that covered the range of ecosystems in the park and the six nature reserve zones (Section 7.3, Ministry of Natural Resources, 1990) (Fig. 1, Table 1). Lichens were collected following the sampling methods of Newmaster et al. (2005). Those authors found intensively surveying large areas (referred to as floristic habitat sampling) captures cryptogam diversity more effectively than sampling smaller representative plots. Floristic habitat sampling was used to survey 24 dominant


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TABLE 1.—Coordinates, date, and habitat description of the 24 collection sites (mesohabitats). Sites are illustrated in Figure 1 Site

Location

Latitude

Longitude

Habitat description

Exposed rocks and large exposed deciduous trees. Tree cover includes Acer saccharum and Quercus rubra. Large exposed boulders and young mixedwood deciduous forest. Sandy beach with scattered boulders. Boulders are all non-calcareous and many are large and never covered by water. Tree cover includes Acer rubrum, A. saccharum, Populus tremuloides, Quercus rubra, and Thuja occidentalis. Sandy beach with a small rise and ledge where the beach meets a mixed-wood forest. The rise and ledge have a high abundance of lichen. Tree cover includes Acer saccharum and Thuja occidentalis. Sandy beach with large scattered boulders, one of which is calcareous. A bog with standing water and scattered trees. Surrounded by exposed sandy soil. Tree cover includes Pinus sylvestris and Rhus typhina. A second-growth deciduous forest with a dense canopy cover that includes Acer saccharum, Fraxinus americana, and Quercus rubra. Second-growth, mixed-wood forests with the foundations of old houses. Tree cover includes Quercus rubra and Pinus strobus. Quercus-Pinus savannah. Scattered mature trees on the east side of the island. Sandy soil with lichens or tall grass as the dominant ground cover. The dominant tree cover is Quercus rubra, but other tree species include Acer saccharum and Pinus strobus. Interior old-growth Thuja occidentalisdominated forest. Tilia americana also occurred throughout. Exposed coastal boulders and rocks on the west side of the island. Small stream through a mixed-wood, conifer-dominated forest that includes Betula alleghaniensis and Thuja occidentalis. Second-growth, mixed-wood forest that includes Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, Picea, Pinus strobus, and Thuja occidentalis.

I

Administration Office

44.8469168

79.9981458

II

44.8174658

79.9834468

III

Awenda Entrance Sign 1st Beach

44.8521888

80.0110468

IV

3rd Beach

44.8500738

80.0262388

V

4th Beach

44.8445368

80.0275478

VI

Bog (Farlain)

44.8251048

79.9830768

VII

Deer Campground

44.8356968

80.0165618

VIII

Dune Trail

44.9215028

79.9976698

IX

Giant’s Tomb 1

44.9146148

79.9920568

X

Giant’s Tomb 2

44.8893238

80.0058328

XI

Giant’s Tomb 3

44.9215028

79.9976698

XII

Kettle’s Lake Stream

44.8531938

79.9634458

XIII

Kettle’s Lake 1

44.8438818

79.9825298

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TABLE 1.—Continued Site

Location

Latitude

Longitude

Habitat description

Wetland with scattered snags. Bordered by a Thuja occidentalis-dominated swamp with Acer rubrum. Boreal bog habitat with scattered trees and snags. Tree cover is dominated by Larix laricina and Picea mariana. Sandy soil with scattered and exposed mixed-wood trees. Tree cover includes Betula papyrifera, Pinus sylvestris, Populus balsamifera, P. grandidentata, P. tremuloides, and Rhus typhina. Mature and exposed deciduous trees, which include Acer rubrum, A. saccharum, and Fraxinus americana. Forested wetland. Mixed-wood forest with standing water throughout. Trees include Acer, Fraxinus americana, Populus tremuloides, and Thuja occidentalis. Two hundred and eighty-five hectares of continuous closed canopy Acer saccharumand Quercus rubra-dominated old-growth forest. The oldest trees range from 220 to 270 years old. The forest is relatively homogenous throughout. Conifer dominated shoreline fen with pockets of standing water and many snags. Tree cover includes Betula alleghaniensis, B. papyrifera, Pinus strobus, and Thuja occidentalis. Manicured shoreline park with a grass ground cover and exposed and mature Popular trees. Rock beach with many large boulders. Most rocks are non-calcareous, small calcareous rocks rarely occur. Concrete foundations of old houses are common. The beach is bordered by mature mixedwood, conifer-dominated forests with Thuja occidentalis and Tsuga canadensis. Partially shaded island in the middle of the dumping station. Mature deciduous forest dominated by Populus tremuloides. Mature, humid mixedwood forest. Tree cover includes Thuja occidentalis and Tsuga canadensis.

XIV

Kettle’s Lake 2

44.8452818

79.9717148

XV

Macey Lake 1

44.8150898

80.0031718

XVI

Macey Lake 2

44.8104168

80.0015088

XVII

Main Gate House

44.8435858

80.0058328

XVIII

Methodist Point

44.8513978

80.0289858

XIX

Old-Growth

44.8442318

79.965628

XX

Shoreline Fen

44.8550978

79.9911558

XXI

Shoreline Park

44.8559988

79.9883068

XXII

Stony Point

44.856668

80.0054458

XXIII

Trailer Dumping Station

44.8419878

80.0061758

XXIV

Beaver Pond

44.8479598

80.0154028

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mesohabitats in the park (Fig. 1, Table 1). As many of the restricted mesohabitats (e.g., streams, rock outcrops, bogs) and microhabitats (e.g., snags, tree bases, different tree species and rock types) as possible were examined. Specimens were air dried for 3 d before being transported to the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario Herbarium at the University of Guelph and the New York Botanical Garden for identification. IDENTIFICATION

Lichens were identified with microscopy and standard chemical spot tests following Brodo et al. (2001). Chemistry was also examined using an ultraviolet light chamber. Chemical products were further assessed using thin-layer chromatography following Culberson and Kristinsson (1970) and Orange et al. (2001) in solvents A and C. Specimens have been deposited at the Canadian Museum of Nature (CANL), the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario Herbarium (OAC) at the University of Guelph, the New York Botanical Garden (NY), and the personal herbarium of Roman Olszewski. SORENSEN-DICE COEFFICIENT OF SIMILARITY

We used the Sorensen-Dice coefficient of similarity to compare the Awenda lichen community with three other localities in southern Ontario. The coefficient is calculated as: 2A=2A þ B þ C; where A represents the total number of species at Awenda and one other locality (e.g., locality 2), B is the number of species at Awenda that are absent from the locality 2, and C represents the number of species at locality 2 that are absent from Awenda (Dice, 1945; Sorensen, 1948). The three localities compared to Awenda were the Bruce Peninsula National Park and Fathom Five National Marine Park combined (Brodo et al., 2013), the Copeland Forest Resources Management Area (McMullin and Lendemer, 2013), and the Arboretum at the University of Guelph (McMullin et al., 2014). CONSERVATION STATUS

Provincial conservation status ranks (S-ranks) are nonlegal designations, which in Ontario are set by the Natural History Information Centre, based in turn on guidelines developed by NatureServe (NatureServe, 2015). Accordingly, species with distributions and frequencies that are well understood receive a rank between 1 and 5: 1 ¼ critically imperilled, 2 ¼ imperilled, 3 ¼ vulnerable, 4 ¼ apparently secure, 5 ¼ secure, NR ¼ not ranked, and U ¼ unrankable (due to a lack of information); ? ¼ rank uncertain. RESULTS Two hundred and three lichen and allied fungus species in 96 genera were discovered at Awenda (see Appendix 1 for an Annotated Species list). These include 116 (57%) microlichens (crustose species, which includes all allied fungi) and 87 (43%) macrolichens (51 foliose and 36 fruticose). One hundred and seventy-eight (88%) species have green algae as a primary photobiont, eight (4%) species have cyanobacteria as their primary photobiont, and 17 species (8%) are nonlichenized fungi traditionally treated with lichens. Fourteen (7%) species are calicioids (10 are nonlichenized, of which two are lichenicolous). Five species are lichenicolous, which includes the two calicioid species.

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TABLE 2.—A comparison of the lichen community at Awenda Provincial Park (203 species over 2915 ha) with the other well-researched localities in southwestern Ontario

Locality

Bruce Peninsula National Park and Fathom Five National Marine Park Awenda Provincial Park Copeland Forest Resources Management Area The Arboretum at the University of Guelph

Approximate distance from Awenda

Area (ha)

Number of species

Number of species in common

Sorensen-Dice coefficient

120 km northwest 15,600 (plus Flower Pot Island) 0 km 2915 35 km southeast 1780

370

133

0.7887

203 154

203 115

1 0.8490

145 km southwest

104

71

0.7882

165

Based on the current lichen list for Ontario (Newmaster et al., in press), four species were collected for the first time in the province: Abrothallus caerulescens, Bacidia kekesiana, Cheiromycina flabelliformis, and Lecanora minutella. Bacidia kekesiana was collected for the fifth time worldwide (Lendemer 28091-B, NY) (Harris, 2006, 2009). SORENSEN-DICE COEFFICIENT OF SIMILARITY

The locality in southwestern Ontario with the most similar lichen community to that of Awenda is the Copeland Forest Resources Management Area (Sorensen-Dice coefficient ¼ 0.8490) (Table 2). It is also the closest locality to Awenda (~35 km) and the most similar in size (Awenda ¼ 2915 ha, Copeland ¼ 1780 ha). Bruce Peninsula National Park and Fathom Five National Marine Park combined, and the Arboretum at the University of Guelph have almost the same similarity coefficients, 0.7887 and 0.7882, respectively (Table 2). The parks on the Bruce Peninsula are larger and contain a greater number of species (.15,600 ha and 370 species) than Awenda (2915 ha and 203 species), unlike the Arboretum, which is smaller and contains fewer species (165 ha and 104 species). CONSERVATION STATUS

Conservation status ranks have been assigned to 162 of the 203 species at Awenda. Thirtyfive species are ranked as S1 to S3 (critically imperiled, imperiled, or vulnerable). Five are S1: Acarospora sinopica, Acrocordia cavata, Anisomeridium biforme, Chaenothecopsis savonica, and Leimonis erratica. Seven are S1S2: Arthonia byssacea, Chaenothecopsis pusiola, Cresponea chloroconia, Dermatocarpon dolomiticum, Psora pseudorussellii, Rinodina efflorescens, and Xanthoparmelia angustiphylla. Two are S1S3: Porpidia cinereoatra and Scytinium tenuissimum. Two are S2: Chaenotheca laevigata, Placynthiella uliginosa. Eight are S2S3: Anisomeridium polypori, Bacidia rubella, Calicium parvum, Chaenothecopsis debilis, Flavopunctelia soredica, Pertusaria alpina, Phaeophyscia ciliata, Physciella chloantha. Eleven are S3: Catillaria nigroclavata, Chaenotheca brunneola, Cladonia caespiticia, Coenogonium pineti, Diploschistes muscorum ssp. muscorum, Melanelixia fuliginosa, Phaeocalicium polyporaeum, Physconia enteroxantha, Sphinctrina anglica, Stictis urceolatum, and Tuckermanopsis orbata. The rest of the species are ranked as secure, apparently secure, or are not ranked: S2S4 ¼ 1 species, S4 ¼ 16 species, S4S5 ¼ 30 species, S5 ¼ 80 species, SU ¼ 4 species, and SNR ¼ 37 species.

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DISCUSSION Awenda Provincial Park contains a rich lichen biota. Its diverse range of mesohabitats provide suitable conditions for a large number of species that require different microhabitats and substrates (Brodo et al., 2001; Nash, 2008; McMullin et al., 2010). The mesohabitats that contributed most to this lichen diversity were the old-growth deciduous forest, the boreal bog habitat at Macey Lake, the Fairlane bog, the transition zone between all beaches and the surrounding forests, the Quercus-Pinus savannah on Giant’s Tomb Island, the wetland at Kettle Lake and the Thuja occidentalis swamp that borders it, the moist mixed-wood forest with standing water on Methodist Point, and Stony Point. Stony Point is composed of a wide range of calcareous and non-calcareous rocks and concrete, which allows many substrate specialists to colonize the area. For example Acarospora sinopica requires rocks that are rich with metals such as iron (Fletcher et al., 2009) and many species that are only known to occur on calcareous rocks (i.e., Caloplaca feracissima, Candelariella aurella, Lecanora semipallida, Lecidella stigmatea, Placynthium nigrum, Protoblastenia rupestris, and Psora pseudorussellii) were found on concrete and limestone boulders that had washed ashore (Lendemer and Harris, 2008). Most of the rocks at Stony Point were non-calcareous, which is the common rock type found throughout the park. The results of the pairwise similarity comparisons between the lichen communities at Awenda and the three other localities in southwestern Ontario were not unexpected. The most similar community to that of the study area was at the Copeland Forest, which is the closest locality (~35 km southeast) and the most similar in size (Awenda ¼ 2915 ha, Copeland Forest ¼ 1780 ha). Furthermore, both localities were subject to appromiately the same level of search effort (McMullin and Lendemer, 2013). Awenda differed in having a greater number of mesohabits, the most notable were the coastal sand and rock beaches, the old-growth deciduous forest, the Quercus-Pinus savannah, and the boreal bog. Therefore, the greater number of species discovered (203 instead of 154) was to be expected. The Bruce Peninsula National Park is much larger (15,600 ha plus Flower Pot Island in the Fathom Five National Marine Park instead of 2915 ha), it was examined by 30 lichenologists instead of one (with some assistance from others), it is further away (~120 km northwest), and it has a greater number of mesohabitats, such as calcareous cliffs on the coast and in the forests, alvars, and two different coast lines, on Lake Huron and Georgian Bay (Parks Canada, 2010; Brodo et al., 2013). As expected fewer species were reported from Awenda (203 instead of 370). The Arboretum at the University of Guelph had almost the same similarity coefficient as the Bruce Peninsula National Park (Arboretum ¼ 0.7882, Bruce Peninsula National Park ¼ 0.7887). Unlike the Bruce Peninsula National Park, the Arboretum is much smaller (165 ha instead of Awenda’s 2915 ha). The Arboretum also differed from Awenda by being in an urban setting, being heavily managed and disturbed, having mostly calcareous rocks, lacking a coastline, and the search effort for species was much greater (McMullin et al., 2014). The Arboretum is also the furthest site from Awenda (~145 km). As a result of these variables, the lower number of species in the Arboretum (104 instead of 203) was to be expected. Four species were collected at Awenda for the first time in Ontario: Abrothallus caerulescens, Bacidia kekesiana, Cheiromycina flabelliformis, and Lecanora minutella. Abrothallus caerulescens is a lichenicolous fungus that is distinguished by growing on Xanthoparmelia spp.; black convex apothecia (,0.4 mm broad); a dark green-brown to black epihymenium ( KOHþ green); and verrucose, brown, two celled, and relatively small (,16 3 ,7 lm) ascospores (Diederich, 2003, 2004; McMullin et al., 2015). Bacidia kekesiana was first collected in 1999 in Kejimkujik National Park and National Historical Site in Nova Scotia but was only formally

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described more recently (Harris, 2009). It is known from four previous collections in New Brunswick, New York, Nova Scotia, and Vermont (Lendemer 28091-B, NY) (Harris, 2006, 2009). Bacidia kekesiana is distinguished by the minute birefracting crystals in the exciple, ascospores with 0–4 cells that are 25(30) 3 1.9(2.4) lm, and conidia that are bacilliform and ,5.5 3 ,1.2 lm (Harris, 2009). Harris (2009) suggested this species may have a preference for old-growth forests. Our specimens were also found in old-growth portions of Awenda, which supports this hypothesis. Cheiromycina flabelliformis is a lichen-forming hyphomycete with eustromatic sporodochial conidiomata (Sutton and Muhr, 1986). It was first reported in North America by Tønsberg (2002). It is distinguished by a thick-walled and branched conidiogenous system, and holoblastic, flabelliform to palmate, and distoseptate conidia (Hawksworth and Poelt, 1986, 1990; Sutton and Muhr, 1986; Tønsberg, 2002). Lecanora minutella is an inconspicuous species that is typically found growing on the exposed edges of conifer cones (LaGreca and Lumbsch, 2001). It is distinguished by small apothecia (,0.25(0.35) mm in diameter) with dark brown to red-brown, epruinose disks, ascospores that are ,8 3 ,3.5 lm, and birefracting crystals in the amphithecium (LaGreca and Lumbsch, 2001). Lecanora minutella has likely been overlooked in Ontario as has been the case elsewhere in its range (Harris and Ladd, 2007). The large number of species (35) with a S1, S2, or S3 conservation rank illustrates the conservation importance of Awenda. Moreover, many species that did not have a rank are known to be uncommon in Ontario; examples include Candelariella lutella (McMullin et al., 2015), Chaenothecopsis nana (McMullin et al., 2015), Strangospora moriformis (McMullin et al., 2014), Sarea difformis (Brodo et al., 2013), and the four species that are new to the province. These findings support the idea lichens and allied fungi should be added to the list of rare or threatened organisms in Ontario that are protected by the park (Ontario Parks, 2011; Friends of Awenda, 2015b). The lichen data gathered from Awenda not only adds to the number of lichens known from Ontario, but it also provides a better understanding of the distribution and frequency of many species. Intensive lichen studies at particular localities in the province have been limited until recent years (McMullin and Lewis, 2012; McMullin et al., 2015). Therefore, there are still many unexplored areas and habitats, particularly because of the large area of Ontario (land ¼ 907,574 km2) (Statistics Canada, 2007). Continued research is required to develop baseline knowledge for the lichens in the province. Now that a baseline list has been created for Awenda new lichens discovered in the park can be more easily acknowledged, resource management can include lichens, and biomonitoring with lichens is now possible. Acknowledgments.—We gratefully acknowledge: Timothy Tully for assistance throughout all stages of this project; Frances Anderson, John Sheard, Jose Maloles, and Steven Selva for identification assistance; Roman Oszewski for contributing specimen records; our field companions, Jose Maloles, Katherine Drotos, Kyra Howes, Katharina Holt, Lizbeth Elias, Nancy Ironside, and Roman Oszewski; Briann Dorin, Kaitlin Hamiton, Mya Van Woudenberg, and Sara Hamilton for data entry and curating specimens; Bruce Ward for getting us to Giant’s Tomb Island despite bad weather and large waves; Ontario Parks and the park managers at Awenda for granting permission to collect specimens; and support from the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario Herbarium, Friends of Awenda, Nancy Ironside, and Steven Newmaster.

LITERATURE CITED APTROOT, A. 2009. Lichens as an indicator of climate and global change. In: T. M. LETCHER (ed.). Climate change: observed impacts on planet earth. Elsevier B. V., The Netherlands. 492 p.

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APPENDIX 1 ANNOTATED SPECIES LIST

The list is arranged alphabetically by genus and species. Species authors are generally cited following Brummitt and Powell (1996) or the 19th edition of the North American Lichen Checklist (Esslinger, 2014). Nomenclature follows the 19th edition of the North American Lichen Checklist (Esslinger, 2014). Any deviance from Esslinger’s list represents the opinion of the authors. Collection numbers belong to the first author, unless stated otherwise. Specimens are deposited at OAC, unless stated otherwise. Roman numerals correspond to collection sites in Table 1 and they are illustrated in Figure 1. Provincial conservation status ranks (S-ranks) follow Newmaster et al. (in press). † ¼ nonlichenized fungi traditionally treated with lichens. * ¼ new to Ontario.

*†Abrothallus caerulescens Kotte – Lichenicolous (Xanthoparmelia). 13388 (VII) (NY). SNR. Acarospora fuscata (Schrad.) Arnold – Saxicolous (non-calcareous rock). 13078 (III), 13091 (VII), 13271 (XIX). S5. Acarospora sinopica (Wahlenb.) Körb. – Saxicolous (iron rich rock). 13233 (XXII). S1. Acrocordia cavata (Ach.) R.C. Harris – Corticolous (Tilia americana). 13383 (X). S1. Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) Coppins & Scheid. – Corticolous (Thuja occidentalis), lignicolous (Thuja occidentalis snag). 13100 (XX), 13327 (XIV), 13452 (III). S5.

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Anisomeridium biforme (Borrer) R.C. Harris – Corticolous (Acer saccharum). 13207 (IX). S1. Anisomeridium polypori (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr – Corticolous (Betula alleghaniensis) 13039 (IV), 13439 (XX) (NY, OAC). S2S3. Arthonia byssacea (Weigel) Almq. – Corticolous (Acer). 13259 (IV). S1S2. Arthonia caesia (Flot.) Körb. – Corticolous (Acer rubrum, A. saccharum). 13117 (XVII), 13276 (XIX). S5. Arthonia caudata Willey – Corticolous (Pinus strobus). 13099 (XX), 13329 (XIII), 13373 (IX). SNR. Arthonia helvola (Nyl.) Nyl. – Corticolous (Betula alleghaniensis). 13203 (XX), 13333 (XIII), 13343 (XII). SNR. Arthonia radiata (Pers.) Ach. – Corticolous (Tilia americana). 13217 & 13382 (X). S5. Aspicilia cinerea (L.) Körb. – Saxicolous (non-calcareous). 13045 (V), 13247 (XXII), 13262 (XI). S4S5. *Bacidia kekesiana R.C. Harris – Corticolous (Acer saccharum, Thuja occidentalis). 13401 (XIX) (NY, OAC), 13404 (XX) (NY, OAC). SNR. Bacidia rubella (Hoffm.) A. Massal. – Corticolous (Acer saccharum, Quercus rubra). 13215 (IX), 13293 (XIX). S2S3. Bacidia schweinitzii (Fr. ex Tuck.) A. Schneid. – Corticolous (Acer sacchrum, Thuja occidentalis). 13290 (XIX), 13334 (XIV). S5. Bacidina sp. – Saxicolous. 13392 (XIX) (NY, OAC). SNR. Biatora vernalis (L.) Fr. – Bryicolous. 13300 (XIX). S5. Bilimbia sabuletorum (Schreber) Arnold – Lignicolous (stump). 13034 (XII). S5. Bryoria furcellata (Fr.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. – Corticolous (Pinus sylvestris). 13169 (VI). S4S5. Bryoria fuscescens (Gyeln.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. – Corticolous (Pinus sylvestris). 13176 (VI). S4S5. Buellia stillingiana J. Steiner – Corticolous (Acer rubrum, A. saccharum, Quercus rubra). 13298 (XIX), 13318, 13329 (XIII), 13347 (IX). SNR. Calicium parvum Tibell – Corticolous (Pinus sp.). 13380 (X). S2S3. Caloplaca arenaria (Pers.) Müll. Arg. – Saxicolous (non-calcareous). 13036 & 13076 (III), 13261 (V), 13193 (II), 13265 (XI). S5. Caloplaca cerina (Ehrh. ex Hedw.) Th. Fr. – Corticolous (Populus balsamifera, P. grandidentata). 13142 (XVI). 13194 (XXI). S5. Caloplaca chlorina (Flot.) H. Olivier – On concrete. 13239 (XXII). SNR. Caloplaca feracissima H. Magn. – On concrete. 13226 (XXII). S5. Caloplaca holocarpa (Hoffm. ex Ach.) A.E. Wade – Saxicolous (rock embedded in concrete from the foundation of an old house). 13053 (VIII). S5. Caloplaca pyracea (Ach.) Th. Fr. – Corticolous (Populus grandidentata, P. tremuloides, Quercus rubra). 13138 (XVI), 13143 (XVI). 13367 (IX). S5. Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Stein – Corticolous (Acer saccharum, Quercus rubra). 13087 (VII), 13189 (XXIV), 13277 (XIX). S5. Candelariella aurella (Hoffm.) Zahlbr. – On concrete. 13231 (XXII). S5. Candelariella efflorescens R.C. Harris & W.R. Buck – Lignicolous (Thuja occidentalis snag). 13244 (XXII). S5. Candelariella lutella (Vain.) Räsänen – Corticolous (Populus grandidentata, P. tremuloides). 13136 & 13147 (XVI). SNR. Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Müll. Arg. – Saxicolous. 13047 (V), 13069 (XVIII). S5. Catillaria nigroclavata (Nyl.) Schuler – Corticolous (Pinus sp., Quercus rubra). 13349 & 13370 (IX). S3.

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Cetraria arenaria Kärnefelt – Terricolous (sandy soil). 13076 (III), 13345 (IX). S4. Chaenotheca brunneola (Ach.) Müll. Arg. – Lignicolous (stump). 13238 (XXII). S3. Chaenotheca ferruginea (Turner ex Sm.) Mig. – Corticolous (Thuja occidentalis), lignicolous (stump). 13228 (XXII), 13331 (XIV), 13377 (X). S4. Chaenotheca laevigata Na´dv. – Lignicolous (snag). 13378 (X). S2. †Chaenothecopsis debilis (Turner & Borrer ex Sm.) Tibell – Lignicolous (snag). 13268 (XIX). S2S3. †Chaenothecopsis nana Tibell – Corticolous (Acer saccharum). 13445 (XIX). SNR. †Chaenothecopsis pusiola (Ach.) Vain. – Lignicolous (snag). 13376 (X). S1S2. †Chaenothecopsis savonica (Räsänen) Tibell – Lignicolous (snag). 13305 (XIII). S1. *Cheiromycina flabelliformis B. Sutton – Corticolous (Acer saccharum). 13387 (XIII) (NY, OAC). SNR. Cladonia acuminata (Ach.) Norrl. – Terricolous (sandy soil). 13249 (VI). SNR. Cladonia caespiticia (Pers.) Flörke – Corticolous (mossy tree base). 13060 (IV). S3. Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Spreng. – Corticolous (Quercus rubra), terricolous (soil). 13056 (VIII), 13245 (XXII), 13361 (IX). S5. Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flot. – Lignicolous (log). 13132 (XV). S5. Cladonia cristatella Tuck. – Lignicolous (log), corticolous (Pinus strobus cone); terricolous. 13148 (XVI), 13182 (VI), 13352 & 13368 (IX). S5. Cladonia cryptochlorophaea Asahina – Corticolous (base of Acer saccharum), terricolous (thin layer of soil over rock). 13199 (VII), 13296 (XIX). SU. Cladonia deformis (L.) Hoffm. – Terricolous (sandy soil). 13137 (XVI). S5. Cladonia digitata (L.) Hoffm. – Terricolous (mossy soil). 13040 (IV). S4S5. Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. – Lignicolous (log). 13127 (XV), 13175 (VI), 13385 (IX) (NY). S5. Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. ssp. gracilis – Terricolous (sandy soil). 13139 (XVI). S4S5. Cladonia macilenta Hoffm. var. macilenta – Lignicolous (log). 13097 (XX), 13340 (XII). S5. Cladonia macilenta var. bacillaris (Genth) Schaer. – Lignicolous (stump). 13158 (XV). S5. Cladonia mitis Sandst. – Terricolous (sandy soil). 13167 (VI), 13356 (IX). SNR. Cladonia ochrochlora Flörke – Lignicolous (log, stump). 13037 (III), 13059 (IV), 13090 (VII), 13166 (XV). SNR. Cladonia parasitica (Hoffm.) Hoffm. – Lignicolous (log). 13338 (XII). SNR. Cladonia phyllophora Hoffm. – Terricolous (soil). 13135 (XVI), 13178 (VI). S5. Cladonia pocillum (Ach.) Grognot – Terricolous (sandy soil). 13348 (IX). S4S5. Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. – Terricolous (soil). 13237 (XXII), 13459 (VI). S5. Cladonia rangiferina (L.) F.H. Wigg. – Terricolous (sandy soil). 13131 (XVI), 13168 (VI), 13211 & 13359 (IX). S5. Cladonia rei Schaer. – Terricolous (sandy soil). 13041 (IV), 13185 (VI), 13209 (IX), 13385 (IX) (NY, OAC). S5. Cladonia scabriuscula (Delise) Nyl. – Terricolous (soil). 13055 (VIII). S5. Cladonia squamosa Hoffm. – Lignicolous (log). 13103 (XVIII), 13342 (XII). S5. Cladonia stellaris (Opiz) Pouzar & Vˇezda – Terricolous (sandy soil). 13210 & 13358 (IX). S5. Cladonia turgida Hoffm. – Terricolous (sandy soil). 13177 (VI), 13212 & 13360 (IX). S5. Cladonia uncialis (L.) F.H. Wigg. – Terricolous (sandy soil). 13351 (IX). S5. Cladonia verticillata (Hoffm.) Schaer. – Terricolous (sandy soil). 13154 (XVI), 13174 (VI), 13372 (IX). S4S5. Coenogonium pineti (Ach.) Lücking & Lumbsch – Terricolous (base of Betula alleghaniensis & B. papyrifera). 13098 & 13202 (XX), 13344 (XII). S3.

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Cresponea chloroconia (Tuck.) Egea & Torrente – Corticolous (Quercus rubra, Thuja occidentalis). 13083 (XVIII), 13205 (IX), 13219 (X), 13302 (XIX). S1S2. Dermatocarpon dolomiticum Amtoft – Saxicolous (calcareous). 13260 (V). S1S2. Dictyocatenulata alba Finley & E.F. Morris – Corticolous (Betula alleghaniensis, Quercus rubra). 13086 (VII), 13320 (XIII), 13313 (XX). SNR. Dimelaena oreina (Ach.) Norman – Saxicolous (non-calcareous). 13043 (V). S4. Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.) R. Sant. ssp. muscorum – Bryicolous. 13208 & 13357 (IX). S3. Evernia mesomorpha Nyl. – Corticolous (Acer saccharum, Pinus sylvestris, Rhus typhina). 13134 (XVI). 13171 (VI), 13224 (XIX). S5. Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale – Corticolous (Acer saccharum, deciduous snag, Quercus rubra, Thuja occidentalis). 13064 (III), 13112 (I), 13287 (XIX), 13330 (XIV). S5. Flavopunctelia flaventior (Stirt.) Hale – Corticolous (Quercus rubra). 13257 (III), S5. Flavopunctelia soredica (Nyl.) Hale – Corticolous (Larix laricina). 13133 (XV). S2S3. Fuscidea arboricola Coppins & Tønsberg – Lignicolous (stump). 13411 (XV) (NY). SNR. Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. – Corticolous (Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, Quercus rubra). 13085 (VII), 13283 (XIX), 13319 (XIII). S5. Hypocenomyce friesii (Ach.) P. James & Gotth. Schneid. – Lignicolous (stump). 13218 (X). SNR. Hypocenomyce scalaris (Ach.) M. Choisy – Lignicolous (stump). 13160 (XV). S5. Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. – Corticolous (Larix laricina snag, Picea mariana, Pinus sylvestris, Quercus rubra, Rhus typhina snag). 13128 (XVI), 13159 (XV), 13162 (XV), 13172 (VI), 13371 (IX). S5. †Illosporiopsis christiansenii (B.L. Brady & D. Hawksw.) D. Hawksw. – Lichenicolous (Parmelia sulcata, Physcia stellaris). 13204 (IX), 13272 (XIX). SNR. Imshaugia aleurites (Ach.) S.F. Mey. – Corticolous (Larix laricina snag). 13157 (XV). S4S5. Ionaspis alba Lutzoni – Saxicolous (non-calcareous). 13431 (XIX) (NY, OAC). SNR. †Julella fallaciosa (Arnold) R.C. Harris – Corticolous (Acer saccharum). 13200 (VII), 13291 (XIX). SNR. Lecania croatica (Zahlbr.) Kotlov – Corticolous (Acer saccharum, Fraxinus americana). 13093 (VII), 13275 (XIX). SNR. Lecania naegelii (Hepp) Diederich & van den Boom – Corticolous (Populus grandidentata, Thuja occidentalis). 13146 & 13149 (XVI), 13396 (XIV) (NY, OAC). S2S4. Lecanora allophana Nyl. – Corticolous (Acer saccharum, Quercus rubra). 13304 (XIX), 1344313444 (IX). S5. Lecanora caesiorubella Ach. ssp. caesiorubella – Corticolous (Quercus rubra, Thuja occidentalis). 13325-13326 (XIV), 13335 (XII) 13354 (IX). S4S5. Lecanora hagenii (Ach.) Ach. – Lignicolous (fence rail). 13192 (VIII). S5? Lecanora hybocarpa (Tuck.) Brodo – Corticolous (Acer saccharum, Quercus rubra). 13252 (III), 13311 (XIII), 13441-13442 (IX). S4S5. *Lecanora minutella Nyl. – Corticolous (Pinus sylvestris cones). 13440 (XVI) (NY, OAC). SNR. Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh. – Saxicolous (concrete, calcareous and non-calcareous rock). 13044 & 13046 (V), 13075 (III), 13402 (VII) (NY, OAC). S5. Lecanora polytropa (Hoffm.) Rabenh. – Saxicolous (non-calcareous). 13035 & 13077 (III), 13266 (XI). S5. Lecanora pulicaris (Pers.) Ach. – Corticolous (conifer snag, Pinus sylvestris). 13121 (XV), 13152 (XVI), 13181 (VI). S5. Lecanora rugosella Zahlbr. – Corticolous (Thuja occidentalis). 13325 (XIV). S4S5. Lecanora sambuci (Pers.) Nyl. – Corticolous (Populus tremuloides). 13256 (III). SNR.

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Lecanora semipallida H. Magn. – On concrete. 13227 (XXII). SNR. Lecanora symmicta (Ach.) Ach. – Corticolous (deciduous snag, Pinus strobus, P. sylvestris, Populus balsamifera). 13049 (VIII), 13123 (XV), 13179 (VI), 13198 (XXI), 13287 (XIX). S5. Lecanora thysanophora R.C. Harris – Corticolous (Acer saccharum, Thuja occidentalis), lignicolous (Thuja occidentalis snag). 13101 (XX), 13278 (XIX), 13332 (XIII), 13418 (X) (NY, OAC). S5. Lecidella stigmatea (Ach.) Hertel & Leuckert – On concrete. 13232 (XXII). S5. Leimonis erratica (Körb.) R.C. Harris & Lendemer – Saxicolous (non-calcareous). 13406 (V) (NY, OAC). S1. Lepraria caesiella R.C. Harris – Corticolous (Tsuga canadensis). 13424 (XXIV) (NY, OAC), 13426 (XIII) (NY). SNR. Lepraria elobata Tønsb. – Corticolous (base of Quercus rubra), saxicolous (non-calcareous). 13417 (VIII) (NY, OAC), 13420 (VIII) (NY, OAC), 13423 (VII) (NY), 13427 (XV) (NY), 13433 (VIII) (NY, OAC). SU. Lepraria finkii (B. de Lesd.) R.C. Harris – Corticolous (Thuja occidentalis, Tsuga canadensis), lignicolous (stump). 13414 (XXII) (NY, OAC), 13415 (XXII) (NY, OAC), 13416 (XXII) (NY, OAC), 13422 (XXII) (NY, OAC), 13425 (XXII) (NY, OAC), 13428 (XXII) (NY, OAC). S5. Lepraria neglecta (Nyl.) Erichsen – Saxicolous (non-calcareous). 13421 (VIII) (NY, OAC), 13446-13448 (VIII). S4S5. Leptogium cyanescens (Rabenh.) Körb. – Lignicolous (log), saxicolous (mossy rock). 13058 & 13061 (XVIII). S5. †Leptorhaphis epidermidis (Ach.) Th. Fr. – Corticolous (Betula papyrifera). 13141 (XVI). S4. Lobaria quercizans Michx. – Corticolous (Acer saccharum, deciduous snag). 13221 (X), 13301 (XIX). S4S5. Melanelixia glabratula (Lamy) Sandler & Arup . – Corticolous (Acer saccharum, Fraxinus americana, Pinus sylvestris). 13073 (XVIII), 13109 (I), 13110-13111 (XVII), 13122 (XV). S3. Melanelixia subaurifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. – Corticolous (Acer saccharum, A. rubrum, Pinus strobus). 13051 (VIII), 13065 (III), 13116 (XVII), 13281 (XIX). S5. Micarea melaena (Nyl.) Hedl. – Lignicolous. Olszewski 7182a, b (XIV). S4S5. Micarea micrococca (Körb.) Gams ex Coppins – Lignicolous (stump), Thuja occidentalis. 13390 (XIV) (NY, OAC), 13434 (XIV) (NY, OAC). SNR. Micarea peliocarpa (Anzi) Coppins & R. Sant. – Lignicolous (log, stump). 13230 (XXII), 13316 (XII). S4S5. †Mycocalicium subtile (Pers.) Szatala – Lignicolous (snag). 13315 & 13317 (XIV), 13379 & 13381 (X). S4S5. Myelochroa aurulenta (Tuck.) Elix & Hale – Corticolous (Acer saccharum). 13089 (VII), 13279 (XIX). S5. Ochrolechia arborea (Kreyer) Almb. – Corticolous (Acer saccharum, Quercus rubra, snag, Thuja occidentalis). 13071 (IV), 13165 (XV), 13254 (III), 13270 (XIX), 13321 (XIII), 13324 (XIV), 13362 & 13364 (IX). S4S5. Opegrapha varia Pers. – Corticolous (Populus tremuloides, Quercus rubra, Tilia americana). 13072 (XVIII), 13214 (IX), 13222 (X), 13292 (XIX). S4. †Ovicuculispora parmeliae (Berk. & Curt.) Etayo – Lichenicolous (Physcia stellaris). 13297 (XIX), 13346 (IX). SNR. Parmelia squarrosa Hale – Corticolous (Acer saccharum). 13280 (XIX). S4S5. Parmelia sulcata Taylor – Corticolous (Acer rubrum, A. saccharum). 13118 (XVII), 13284 (XIX). S5. Parmeliopsis ambigua (Wulfen) Nyl. – Corticolous (Quercus rubra). 13366 (IX). S5.

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Parmeliopsis capitata R.C. Harris – Corticolous (Picea mariana). 13161 (XV). SNR. Parmeliopsis hyperopta (Ach.) Arnold – Corticolous (Picea mariana). 13155 (XV). S5. Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. – Terricolous (sandy soil). 13038 (III), 13054 (VIII), 13070 (IV). S5. Peltigera didactyla (With.) J.R. Laundon – Terricolous (sandy soil). 13057 (VIII), 13080 (IV), 13095 (XX). S5. Peltigera evansiana Gyeln. – Saxicolous (mossy rock). 13102 (XVIII). S4. Peltigera praetextata (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Zopf – Lignicolous (log), terricolous (soil). 13062, 13104, & 13308 (XVIII), 13223 (X), 13353 (IX). S5. Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb. – Terricolous (sandy soil). 13184 (VI). S5. Pertusaria alpina Hepp ex Ahles – Corticolous (Acer saccharum). 13255 (III). S2S3. Pertusaria macounii (I.M. Lamb) Dibben – Corticolous (Acer saccharum). 13303 (XIX). S4. †Phaeocalicium curtisii (Tuck.) Tibell – Saprophytic (Rhus typhina). 13250 (VI), 13153 (XVI). S5. †Phaeocalicium polyporaeum (Nyl.) Tibell – Saprophytic (Trichaptum biforme). 13094 (VII), 13130 (XV). S3. †Phaeocalicium populneum (Brond. ex Duby) A.F.W. Schmidt – Saprophytic (Populus balsamifera). 13125 (XVI), 13322 (XIII). SU. Phaeophyscia adiastola (Essl.) Essl. – Saxicolous (moss covered rock). 13068 (XVIII). S4. Phaeophyscia ciliata (Hoffm.) Moberg – Corticolous (Populus tremuloides). 13108 (XXIII). S2S3. Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg – Saxicolous (non-calcareous). 13081 (III). S5. Phaeophyscia pusilloides (Zahlbr.) Essl. – Corticolous (Acer saccharum, Populus balsamifera, P. tremuloides). 13088 (VII), 13151 (XVI), 13195 (XXI), 13267 (XIX). S5. Phaeophyscia rubropulchra (Degel.) Essl. – Corticolous (Acer saccharum). 13115 (XVII). S5. Phaeophyscia sciastra (Ach.) Moberg – On cement. 13243 (XXII). S4S5. Physcia adscendens (Fr.) H. Olivier – Corticolous (Acer rubrum, A. saccharum, Populus balsamifera). 13066 (III), 13074 (III), 13196 (XXI). S5. Physcia aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Fürnr. – Corticolous (Acer saccharum, deciduous snag). 13079 (III), 13282 (XIX). S5. Physcia dubia (Hoffm.) Lettau – Saxicolous. 13042 (V). S5. Physcia millegrana Degel. – Corticolous (Acer rubrum, Quercus rubra). 13114 (XVII), 13191 (XIII). S5. Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl. – Corticolous (Acer rubrum, snag). 13119 (XVII). 13350 (IX). S5. Physcia subtilis Degel. – Saxicolous (non-calcareous). 13253 (III). S4S5. Physciella chloantha (Ach.) Essl. – Corticolous (Acer saccharum). 13295 (XIX). S2S3. Physconia detersa (Nyl.) Poelt – Corticolous (Acer saccharum, Fraxinus americana, Quercus rubra, Populus tremuloides). 13063 (III), 13082 (XVIII), 13084 (VII), 13107 (XXIII). S5. Physconia enteroxantha (Nyl.) Poelt – Corticolous (Quercus rubra). 13113 (I), 13363 (IX). S3. Placynthiella uliginosa (Schrad.) Coppins & P. James – Terricolous (sandy soil). 13375 (IX). S2. Placynthium nigrum (Huds.) Gray – On concrete. 13229 (XXII). S5. Polysporina simplex (Davies) Vˇezda – Saxicolous (non-calcareous). 13264 (XI). S4S5. Porpidia cinereoatra (Ach.) Hertel & Knoph – Saxicolous. 13201 (VII). S1S3. Porpidia crustulata (Ach.) Hertel & Knoph – Saxicolous. 13187 (VI). S5. Porpidia macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel & A.J. Schwab – Saxicolous. 13307 (XII). S4. Protoblastenia rupestris (Scop.) J. Steiner – Saxicolous (concrete, calcareous rock). 13225, 13240, & 13248 (XXII). S5.

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Protoparmelia hypotremella Herk, Spier & V. Wirth – Lignicolous (Thuja occidentalis). 13323 (XIV), SNR. Psora pseudorussellii Timdal – On cement. 13234 (XXII). S1S2. Punctelia bolliana (Müll. Arg.) Krog – Corticolous (Quercus rubra). 13355 (IX). S4. Punctelia rudecta (Ach.) Krog – Corticolous (Fraxinus americana, Quercus rubra), lignicolous (snag). 13092 (VII), 13190 (XXIV), 13242 (XXII) 13365 (IX), Olszewski 7181a, b (XIV). S5. Pyrenula pseudobufonia (Rehm) R.C. Harris – Corticolous (Acer saccharum). 13285 (XIX). S4. Ramalina americana Hale – Corticolous (Quercus rubra). 13206 (IX). S5. Ramalina intermedia (Delise ex Nyl.) Nyl. – Saxicolous. 13106 (XVIII). S5. Rhizocarpon disporum (Nägeli ex Hepp) Müll. Arg. – Saxicolous. 13258 (XVIII). S4S5. Rhizocarpon reductum Th. Fr. – Saxicolous. 13188 (XVIII). S4S5. Rinodina ascociscana Tuck. – Saxicolous. 13451 (XIX). S4. Rinodina efflorescens Malme – Lignicolous (snag). 13437 (XV) (NY). S1S2. Rinodina freyi H. Magn. – Saxicolous. 13449 (XIX). S4S5. Rinodina metaboliza Vain. – Saxicolous. 13450 (XXI). SNR. Rinodina tephraspis (Tuck.) Herre – Saxicolous. 13453 (XIX), 13454 (II). S4. Ropalospora viridis (Tønsb.) Tønsb. – Corticolous (snag), Thuja occidentalis. 13391 (XIV) (NY, OAC), 13409 (XIX) (NY, OAC), 13419 (XIII) (NY). SNR. Sarcogyne hypophaea (Nyl.) Arnold – Saxicolous (non-calcareous). 13299 (XIX), 13336 (XVIII). SU. Sarcogyne regularis Körb – Saxicolous (calcareous). Olszewski 7215 (XI). S5. †Sarea difformis (Fr.) Fr. – Resinicolous (Pinus strobus). 13310 (XIII). SNR. †Sarea resinae (Fr.) Kuntze – Resinicolous (Picea, Pinus strobus). 13306 & 13312 (XIII). SNR. Scoliciosporum chlorococcum (Stenh.) Vˇezda – Corticolous (Populus). 13144 (XVI). S5. Scytinium tenuissimum (Dicks.) Ota´lora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin – Lignicolous (mossy log). 13457 (XVIII). S1S3. †Sphinctrina anglica Nyl. – Lichenicolous (Protoparmelia hypotremella). 13309 (XIV). S3. †Sphinctrina turbinata (Pers.: Fr.) De Not. – Lichenicolous (Pertusaria). 13288 (XIX). S4. Stereocaulon grande (H. Magn.) H. Magn. – Terricolous (sandy soil). 13217 (IX). S4. Stereocaulon tomentosum Fr. – Terricolous (sandy soil). 13124 (XVI), 13213 (IX). S4S5. Stictis urceolatum (Ach.) Gilenstam – Corticolous (Acer saccharum). 13273 (XIX). S3. Strangospora moriformis (Ach.) Stein – Corticolous (Populus tremuloides). 13120 (XVI). SNR. Thelidium minutulum (Körb.) – Saxicolous (calcareous). 13438 (XXII) (NY, OAC). SNR. Trapelia placodioides Coppins & P. James – Saxicolous (non-calcareous). 13105 (XVIII), 13269 (XIX), 13340 (XII). S5. Tuckermanopsis americana (Spreng.) Hale – Corticolous (Pinus sylvestris, snag). 13048 (VIII), 13156 (XV), 13180 (VI). S5. Tuckermanopsis orbata (Nyl.) M. J. Lai – Corticolous (Pinus, snag). 13173 & 13183 (VI). S3. Usnea hirta (L.) F.H. Wigg. – Corticolous (Larix laricina snag, Pinus strobus, Rhus typhina). 13052 (VIII), 13140 (XVI), 13164 (XV), 13170 (VI), 13186 (VI). S4S5. Usnea subfloridana Stirt. – Corticolous (conifer snag). 13314 (XIII). S4S5. Usnocetraria oakesiana (Tuck.) M.J. Lai & C.J. Wei – Corticolous (snag). 13220 (X). S4. Variolaria amara Ach. – Corticolous (Quercus rubra, Thuja occidentalis snag). 13337 (XX), 13369 (IX), Olszewski 7202a, b. S4S5. Vulpicida pinastri (Scop.) J.–E. Mattsson & M.J. Lai – Corticolous (Picea mariana). 13048 (VIII), 13156 & 13163 (XV). S4S5.

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Xanthomendoza hasseana (Räsänen) Søchting, Kärnefelt & S. Kondr. – Corticolous (deciduous snag, Populus balsamifera, P. grandidentata). 13145 (XVI), 13197 (XXI), 13294 (XIX). SNR. Xanthomendoza ulophyllodes (Räsänen) Søchting, Kärnefelt & S. Kondr. – Corticolous (Quercus rubra). 13374 (IX). SNR. Xanthoparmelia angustiphylla (Gyeln.) Hale - Saxicolous (non-calcareous). 13236 (XXII). S1S2. Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia (Gyeln.) Hale – Saxicolous (non-calcareous). 13050 (VIII), 13129 (XVI), 13235, 13246, & 13251 (XXII), 13289 (XIX). S5. Xanthoparmelia plittii (Gyeln.) Hale – Saxicolous (non-calcareous). 13241 (XXII), 13263 (XI). S4S5. Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr. – Saxicolous (non-calcareous). 13067 (III). S5. Verrucaria calkinsiana Serv´ıt – Saxicolous (calcareous). 11398 (VIII) (NY, OAC). S5.