Linux Informational Workshop - Cool Solutions Wiki - Novell

Linux Informational Workshop UNIX/Linux Introduction

Linux Informational Workshop  Objectives  Navigate through Linux  History, future, licenses and distributions  Desktop Managers and FHS  Education, Certification and Windows interoperability  NNLS

 Introduction to Foundations of Linux Networking  CompTIA Linux+, LPI C1, Enlight Certification  Linux part of the former Novell CLE exam

 Prerequisites  Global knowledge at the level of  Windows networking

Presentation Robert Zondervan (RHCE/CLE) 2A-Infonet.nl © 2004/7 slide 2

Preview MODULE 1 Planning  Section 1 Linux Introduction  History, future, licenses and distributions  Lab 1 p.50 Linux boot from CD and VMware

 Section 2 Desktop Managers and FHS  Lab 2 p.68 Desktop Managers and File system Hierarchy Standard (FHS)

 Section 3 Education and Services  Education and certification  Windows Interoperability  Lab 3 p.103 Windows and Linux Network

 Section 4 NNLS and demo © 2004/7 slide 3

Preview SECTION 1 Linux Introduction  Describe the history of Linux  Identify why Linux is not on every desktop  Identify reasons why Linux has the fastest increasing market share of all operating systems  Identify the most well known Linux distributions  Describe Linux licensing  Identify hardware requirements

© 2004/7 slide 4

Linux  Richard Stallman  GNU GPL/LGPL 1984 www.gnu.org  What’s GNU?  GNU’s Not Unix (serious joke)

 Guh-NEW  Open source General Public License

(GPL)

 Copyleft license  Copyrighted to the author  Software, source must be free available and changeable

 Lesser GPL

(LGPL)

 Permits linking libraries to non-free programs © 2004/7 slide 5

Linux  Linus Torvalds  Linux © (91-94 version 1.0) GNU GPL  Still releases the new linux kernels  See www.linux.org

 Chose Tux as official mascot  Designed and given by Larry Ewing

 How is Linux pronounced?  The 2004 Linux desktop market share is about 0%  Why not more? © 2004/7 slide 6

Linux  Desktop market share about 0%  UNIX/Linux has a high nerd image  More than 1000 commands and increasing  More than 180 distributions listed on linux.org  Already 30 years ago universities claimed the near future for UNIX

 Dependency on Open Source community  Linux myths  Bunch of spare time hobbyists  Lack of hardware driver support

© 2004/7 slide 7

Linux  Desktop market share about 0%  Interoperability  Open Office applications  Excel, Word, PowerPoint use different MS Fonts

 Education  Current Windows administrators do not know (yet) how to deploy Linux automatically and perform centralized administration  Used to be nerd like training standards  Learn commands and switches for a specialized part  Not the big overview © 2004/7 slide 8

Linux  Market share is increasing  Open source  Very stable kernel  Very reliable  No unknown security breaches  Apache web sites on more than 60% of the internet  http://sourceforge.net  World’s largest Open Source community

 Novell forge.novell.com  NetWare 6.5 (APM) Apache, Perl/PhP, My SQL  Open source projects  Uses huge amount of free available software © 2004/7 slide 9

Linux  Market share is increasing  Professional support for distributions  Yearly subscriptions (and shorter)  No free Linux was the biggest injection ever  No dependency on spare time hobbyists  SuSE / Red Hat are commercial distributions  They are number one in Europe and the US

 Servers and support contracts with IBM and HP  E.g. $45,- per incident at www.eclinux.com  Novell NNLS

 Already existing and increasing server market share (2006 27-35%) © 2004/7 slide 10

Linux  Market share is increasing  More secure by nature  No e-mail viruses  No scripting (visual basic) in e-mail

 No fatal web site visits  No current directory in search path ($PATH variable)

 Most important security issue  Administrator/Superuser/root account is not necessary at startup  Start X with normal user account  Start superuser sessions in a window or other virtual terminal session (very easy to do via su command) © 2004/7 slide 11

Linux  Market share is increasing  High Availability  Stability and Software RAID

 Automatic installation  Update services  Lower TCO  Central Management and stability  Governmental move to Open Source  Almost no vulnerabilities (security, viruses)  Success stories  www.ibm.com/linux © 2004/7 slide 12

Linux  Market share is increasing  Open Office with Ximian Desktop 2  MS compatible Agfa Fonts  And 1 year update service for $99, (XD2 Professional Edition)

 More Linux administrators  More certifications  One of the ROC competencies!  Governmental Education

 Siemens Business Systems in Feb 2003  “20% of the desktop market in 2008” © 2004/7 slide 13

Linux  Market share is increasing  It is not an anti Microsoft movement  In 2008 Microsoft still has 80% of the desktop market  Right now the home user is better of with Windows  Newest drivers and fun software  Many applications  Best support is the neighbor

 Which are known distributions? © 2004/7 slide 14

Well known distributions  Two biggest in the industry with professional support  Red Hat  Fedora is the hat crafted by the New York Hat Company in Manhattan

 SuSE  Gesellschaft für Software- und System Entwicklung mbH  Jan. 13, 2004 Novell acquisition  What is the name of the SuSE logo?

© 2004/7 slide 15

Well known distributions  SuSE logo  Geeko the Gecko  Chameleon

 Linspire (formerly Lindows)  Non-free, Voice over IP, digital camera’s, photo’s, music, update service, applications such as Apple

 Xandros  Non-free, such as Linspire, applications such as Windows © 2004/7 slide 16

Well known distributions  With the biggest open source community  Debian  “The source of the Linux community”  E.g. Albert Heijn NL made big cuts in TCO by moving from UNIX with support to Linux without support  700 locations, 2 administrators, automatic centralized updates

 Mandrake  Red Hat flavor

 Slackware  For study purposes and safe internet connection on a Windows pc  Knoppix Live Linux bootable CD  And many, many more © 2004/7 slide 17

Well known distributions  www.linuxiso.org and many other mirror sites  Free ISO downloads  Ready for free commercial use  MD5sum.exe for Windows (and VMware)  Md5sum  Md5 checksum is available at distribution site  Checks correct download  Protection against Trojans!

© 2004/7 slide 18

Linux licenses  All Linux sources are free and available  Compiling creates free Linux OS  Even Red Hat SuSE

(RHEL, AS, ES, WS) (SLES)

&

 Compiling will loose support, but is allowed

 Most Linux distributions are free  Not Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)  Not Red Hat Professional Workstation  Free distributions  RH7, RH8, RH9, not RH10 but Fedora

 Not SuSE Linux Enterprise Server

(SLES)

 SuSE Personal and Professional could be free (see e-mail) © 2004/7 slide 19

Linux licenses  Conclusions  Linux is free  Linux can be installed with and without support  Subscriptions  Automatic updates  Could be free in Ximian Desktop

 Linux is not free  But there are many success stories of lower TCO

© 2004/7 slide 20

Linux licenses  Small cloud in the sky  SCO claims stolen UNIX code  Wants additional licensing (money) for every distribution

 Novell (SuSE) Linux Enterprise Server purchases come with a legal indemnification program  www.novell.com/linux  www.linux.org

(SCO Controversy)

 Which hardware is needed for Linux? © 2004/7 slide 21

Hardware requirements and compatibility 

Hardware components are devices



Linux device drivers (modules) are needed





See Hardware Compatibility List of distribution



Not a real issue anymore (Search the net)

Hardware is automatically detected during boot 

Red Hat service kudzu, SuSE hwscan



Red Hat Fedora Core 1 needs





520MB-5.3GB hard disk space



64 MB RAM (text), minimal 192 MB RAM for GUI



Pentium Pro and later (AMD64)

Almost no win-modem drivers available © 2004/7 slide 22

Review SECTION 1 Linux Introduction  Describe the history of Linux  Identify why Linux is not on every desktop  Identify reasons why Linux has the fastest increasing market share of all operating systems  Identify the most well known Linux distributions  Describe Linux licensing  Identify hardware requirements © 2004/7 slide 23

Preview SECTION 2 Desktop Managers and FHS  Desktop Managers  Filesystem Hierarchy Standard

© 2004/7 slide 24

Preview Desktop Managers  Describe well known Desktop Managers  Identify the free Ximian products  Identify the commercial Ximian products  Describe the benefits of Ximian Desktop and Novell Linux Desktop

© 2004/7 slide 25

Desktop Managers  X 

GUI (Graphical User Interface)



Command startx 



X server and X font server (xfs) are started

What is needed? a) Network card b) SCSI card c) Video card



What is the name and location of the configuration file? © 2004/7 slide 26

Desktop Managers  X 

Video card



Name and location of the configuration file 

/etc/X11/XF86Config



Automatically (re) configured by utilities 

xf86cfg



xf86config



redhat-config-xfree86



vmware-config-tools.pl



sax2



… © 2004/7 slide 27

Desktop Managers  X  Display Managers  GUI logon like xdm  gdm  GNOME Display Manager

 kdm  K (Kool) Display Manager (K is bended X)

 Window Manager  X client which controls layout and position of a window

 Desktop Manager Projects  KDE (K Desktop Environment) and/or GNOME  GNU Network Object Model Environment  Extended API for GUI applications © 2004/7 slide 28

Desktop Managers  From pc boot to GUI

© 2004/7 slide 29

Desktop Managers  Ximian  What is the name of the Ximian logo?  Very good image in the open source community  Sep. 25, 2003 Novell acquisition  Benefits of Ximian Desktop are transferred to Novell Linux Desktop

© 2004/7 slide 30

Desktop Managers  Ximian  Ximian® logo  Rupert the ximian

 Nat Friedman (26) & Miguel de Icaza (GNOME Foundation)  Pioneers of the GPL Mono-project  Cross platform .NET application environment  www.mono-project.com  Mono is Spanish for monkey © 2004/7 slide 31

Desktop Managers  Ximian GNU GPL/LGPL Free products  Desktop (XD2)  On top of GNOME  Customized Open Office  MS Office file formats and shortkeys

 Red Carpet  Automatic updates  On top of SuSE or Red Hat

 Evolution 2.0 Groupware (3rd Quarter 2004)  PIM Client and e-mail (like Outlook)  Built-in Exchange connector © 2004/7 slide 32

Desktop Managers  Ximian paid products  XD2 Professional Edition  $99,- with Agfa fonts for MS fonts compatibility  Includes 1 year RC Express  Small annual fee for upgrade protection

 Red Carpet Express (subscription)  Priority, high-bandwidth software download

 Red Carpet Enterprise  Novell ZENworks Linux Management server & package update management (rpm)

© 2004/7 slide 33

Review Desktop Managers  Describe well known Desktop Managers  Identify the free Ximian products  Identify the commercial Ximian products  Describe the benefits of Ximian Desktop and Novell Linux Desktop

© 2004/7 slide 34

Preview File system Hierarchy Standard  Describe the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard

© 2004/7 slide 35

File system Hierarchy Standard  FHS  Standard of outlining the location of set files and directories on a Linux system  Gives Linux software developers and administrators the ability to locate files on a Linux system regardless of the distribution  This allows distribution independent software  According to LSB (Linux Standard Base)  ISO standard (www.linuxbase.org)

 Example  /etc for all configuration files © 2004/7 slide 36

File system Hierarchy Standard  FHS  /mnt exception  Empty directory used for accessing (mounting)  Remote shares (/mnt in SuSE & the rest)  Local devices such as disks (/media in SuSE)

 Disks do not get a drive letter!  They all mount somewhere under /  Empty directory called a mount point

 Mounting comes from the sixties  Attaching tapes to the computer © 2004/7 slide 37

File system Hierarchy Standard  FHS  Planning the file system for increased space in partitions  User file server  /var  Messages, logs, user data, mail

 Application server  /usr, /var, /opt

 Logging or backup server  /var © 2004/7 slide 38

Review File system Hierarchy Standard  Describe the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard

© 2004/7 slide 39

Review SECTION 2 Desktop Managers and FHS  Desktop Managers  Filesystem Hierarchy Standard

© 2004/7 slide 40

Preview SECTION 3 Education and Services  Describe Linux education and major certifications  Describe Linux interoperability with Windows

© 2004/7 slide 41

Preview education and certification  Describe Linux education and major certification  CompTIA Linux+  LPI  Red Hat  SuSE  Novell

© 2004/7 slide 42

Education and certification  CompTIA Linux+  1 exam XK0-002 for certification  CompTIA exam 2004 objectives  Linux administrator with 6 -12 months of experience  www.comptia.com  Registration via educator or www.vue.com or www.2test.com

© 2004/7 slide 43

Education and certification  CompTIA Linux+  Prerequisites  Global knowledge at the level of  A+ Core (hardware) & A+ OST (Windows software)  Network+

 Linux Informational Workshop

(1 day)

 Foundations of Linux Networking (4 days)  The best start for every UNIX/Linux certification  Overview of the services  Broad overview and not in depth

 Overview of the administration commands  No switches and options exam!

© 2004/7 slide 44

Education and certification 

CompTIA Linux+ 

Score 100-900, pass: 655? (73%?), 90 minutes?, 94 questions?, multiple-choice (delivery method can change) 

1 Installation

(19%)



2 Management

(26%)



3 Configuration

(20%)



4 Security

(21%)



5 Documentation

( 6%)



7 Hardware

( 8%)

© 2004/7 slide 45

Education and certification 

Linux Professional Institute 

LPI Certification in three levels 



Each level holds two exams

Structure and organization of an open source project 

Linux developers design their own exams



www.lpi.org

© 2004/7 slide 46

Education and certification  LPI Certification level 1

(LPIC1)

 Junior level administration  One of 117-101-DPKG or 117-101-RPM  And exam 117-102  LPI Certification level 2

(LPIC2)

 Intermediate level administration  Exams 201, 202  (LPI Certification level 3)

(LPIC3)

 Senior level administration  Exams 301, 302, in development © 2004/7 slide 47

Education and certification  LPI Certification level 1  Focused on command line  Knowledge of switches!

 Customized course curriculum  Linux Informational Workshop

(1 day)

 Foundations of Linux Networking

(4 days)

 Linux+ level and LPIC1 level achieved  LPIC1 without the Foundations course is normally two times five days or seven SuSE courses  The Foundations route is the best way to introduce the Linux curriculum (big overview at the start) © 2004/7 slide 48

Education and certification  Red Hat  Performance based practical exams  Hands-on practical skills, no theory exams

 Red Hat Certified Technician

(RHCT)

 Administration level, installation of Linux, printers and users

 Red Hat Certified Engineer

(RHCE)

 Engineer level, installation and maintenance of services  “Most mature and respected program in the Linux space”

 Red Hat Certified Architect

(RHCA)

 Master-level program for Enterprise Architects

© 2004/7 slide 49

Education and certification  Red Hat  Course curriculum  Linux Informational Workshop

(1 day)

 UNIX/Linux Introduction

 Foundations of Linux Networking

(4 days)

 UNIX/Linux Foundations

 Linux+ level achieved  Red Hat Certified Technician (RHCT) (4 days)  Red Hat Certified Engineer

(RHCE) (4 days)

 Red Hat Certified Architect

(RHCA) (5 courses)

 Each four days © 2004/7 slide 50

Education and certification

© 2004/7 slide 51

Education and certification

© 2004/7 slide 52

Education and certification  SuSE  Uses LPI certification (C1 and) C2  Via Linux+ course track (5 days) to C1  Or seven SuSE courses (16 days) to C1  Another five SuSE courses (14 days) to C2

 And an extra SuSE exam at each level  (1 Certified Linux Professional)  Transferred to Novell per January 1, 2005

 2 Certified Linux Expert  3 Certified Linux Master

 www.suse.com © 2004/7 slide 53

Education and certification  Novell  Certified Linux Professional (Novell CLP)  Entry-level certification for Linux Administrators  1 practicum exam

 Certified Linux Engineer

(Novell CLE)

 1 NNLS + Linux practical exam (Practicum)  No other exams or certifications required

 Like Red Hat very prestigious  Performance based practicum exam  Hands-on practical skills  No theory exams © 2004/7 slide 54

Education and certification  Novell CLP Course curriculum

First three courses 3+5+5 days

© 2004/7 slide 55

Education and certification  Novell  Alternative CLP Course curriculum  Linux Informational Workshop

(1 day)

 Foundations of Linux Networking

(4 days)

 Linux+ (and LPIC1) level achieved  (Course 3037 Linux Administration)

((5 days))

 Course 3038 Advanced Linux Administration (5 days)  10 (or 15) days instead of 13  Prerequisite: Windows Networking knowledge

© 2004/7 slide 56

Education and certification  Novell  Novell CLE Course curriculum  Linux Informational Workshop

(1 day)

 Foundations of Linux Networking

(4 days)

 Linux+ (and LPIC1) level achieved  Certified Novell Engineer courses  (5 CNE courses

(23 days))

 At least  Course 3017 Fundamentals of eDirectory

(5 days)

 Course 3015 NNLS

(5 days)

© 2004/7 slide 57

Review education and certification  Describe Linux education and major certifications  CompTIA Linux+  LPI  Red Hat  SuSE  Novell

© 2004/7 slide 58

Preview Windows interoperability  Describe Linux interoperability with Windows  File server  DNS / DHCP  Routing and firewall  Proxy server  Web server  Mail server  Win32 applications  Domain or Active Directory © 2004/7 slide 59

Windows interoperability  Windows terminology  Services in UNIX/Linux are called daemons  Applications are called packages  .rpm/.deb/.tar/.tar.gz

 Differences with Windows  No extensions (no .exe files)  No drive letters  Case sensitive (many lower case characters)  Command switches use –

instead of /

 Directories use /

instead of \ © 2004/7 slide 60

Windows interoperability  File server  Windows file server  Server Message Block protocol (SMB)  Common Internet File System (CIFS)  In Linux called the Samba server, daemon smb

 Linux default server  Network File System protocol (NFS)  Daemons nfs or nfsserver

 FTP  Standard service such as vsftpd or pure-ftp © 2004/7 slide 61

Windows interoperability  DNS  Standard service named  BIND server  Berkeley Internet Name Domain

 DHCP  Standard service dhcpd

 Routing and firewall  Standard service (ipchains and) iptables

© 2004/7 slide 62

Windows interoperability  Proxy server  Standard service squid

 Web server  Standard service Apache (httpd)

 Mail server  Standard service sendmail or postfix

© 2004/7 slide 63

Windows interoperability  Windows applications  You …, You can’t live without them  Windows Terminal Server or Citrix is ideal partner for Linux desktops and WIN32 applications  Terminal Server Client is a free Linux package  Win32 applications may run  In the free Linux WINE package (www.winehq.com)  In the non free WineX package (includes DirectX)

 In Mono (.NET environment) www.mono-project.com  Or commercial package from www.codeweavers.com  In VMware for Linux www.vmware.com  Windows OS license needed

© 2004/7 slide 64

Windows interoperability  Domain or Active Directory  Centralized user and group database  One account for all desktops in the company  Worldwide availability through partitioned and replicated database

 Linux has standard service NIS  Network Information Service, formerly ‘Yellow Pages’  Major security problem in design  Solutions such as Novell eDirectory or OpenLDAP  Can replace Domains and Active Directories as well  Can synchronize with Domains and Active Directories  NetWare servers are not necessary © 2004/7 slide 65

Windows interoperability  PAM  Pluggable Authentication Modules  Enables simple Linux client configuration change to make use of other authentication databases  /etc/pam.conf  Windows Domain  Active Directory  NIS  eDirectory © 2004/7 slide 66

Review Windows interoperability  Windows and Linux services  File server  DNS  DHCP  Routing and firewall  Proxy server  Web server  Mail server  Win32 applications  Domain or Active Directory © 2004/7 slide 67

Review SECTION 3 Education and Services  Describe Linux education and major certifications  Describe Linux interoperability with Windows

© 2004/7 slide 68

Preview SECTION 4 NNLS  Identify the features of Novell Nterprise Linux Services (NNLS)  Licensed solutions for a Windows, NetWare and Linux world on a Linux server

© 2004/7 slide 69

NNLS Value for NetWare Maintenance or Upgrade protection Customers (cont.)

 Open Enterprise Server

run services on either NetWare or SUSE LINUX  Choice 2004to All Netware services and Linux in 1 box Service

NetWare

SUSE LINUX

iFolder—Anywhere file access iPrint—Point and click printing Virtual Office—Productivity portal eDirectory—Directory services Directory integration/security Enterprise file services (NSS) Clustering and high availability AMP (Apache, MySQL,Perl/PHP) iManager—Common management

 2005 NNLS 2.0 for Red Hat © 2004/7 slide 70

NNLS 1.0  Nterprise Linux Services 1.0  On SuSE/Red Hat  Enterprise (Advanced) servers

 eDirectory  Alternative for NIS, NT Domains, Active Directory, …

 Web based administration  iManager  iMonitor

© 2004/7 slide 71

NNLS 1.0  Nsure Identity Manager

Database

ERP

Human resources

NDS eDirectory with DirXML

E-mail

 Meta Directory

Operating system

Directory

DEN © 2004/7 slide 72

NNLS 1.0  Nsure Identity Manager  Formerly DirXML  Used to synchronize data to/from eDirectory  NT Domains  Active Directory  eDirectory (other trees)  PeopleSoft, SAP, DB2, MS SQL, MySQL, SUN, LDAP,…

© 2004/7 slide 73

NNLS 1.0  eGuide 

(multi LDAP connector)

© 2004/7 slide 74

NNLS 1.0  eGuide  LDAP Directories lookup engine via HTTP(S)  Address book  Launch applications

© 2004/7 slide 75

NNLS 1.0 Jeff’s iFolder

LDAP Directory Authentication iFolder Server

Jeff’s iFolder at Home

Storage Jeff’s iFolder

Kiosk

Jeff’s iFolder From Browser

Office © 2004/7 slide 76

NNLS 1.0  iFolder  Internet home directory  With or without client (browser access)

 Purpose  Protect sensitive company data stored on employee’s computers/laptops  Safe store on the internet  1 out of 1000 laptops are stolen  10% are targeted for their data

© 2004/7 slide 77

NNLS 1.0  iPrint  Discover printer from maps  Automatic driver download  ipp://

© 2004/7 slide 78

NNLS 1.0  Red Carpet Enterprise  ZENworks Linux Management  Central distribution of applications and updates to desktops

 NetMail

(nims)

 E-mail and calendaring  2-200,000 users on a single server  Integrated with eDirectory for users  POP3/IMAP access © 2004/7 slide 79

NNLS 1.0  Virtual Office Novell iFolder

eGuide

Shared folders Internet chat

iPrint

Web mail

Virtual Office

Virtual Teams

Password Management

Team calendar

Team favorites Favorites

Web search

Team discussions © 2004/7 slide 80

NNLS 1.0  Virtual Office  exteNd Director  Web portal to  iPrint, iFolder, eGuide, webmail, password management, …  Team discussions, calendar and chat

© 2004/7 slide 81

NNLS 1.0

© 2004/7 slide 82

Next: ISBN 90-808955-1-2 Foundations of Linux Networking  Four days with 50% hands-on to prepare for Linux+/LPI/Novell Practicum/…  Some practiced skills are  Partitioning & Installation  Configure XFree86, Samba, NFS, Apache, Sendmail, CUPS  Use of the Shell, Basic Scripting and Schedule Tasks  Remote X using SSH  Implement User & Group Management  Implement File System Permissions  Start & Stop the System (UNIX System V)  Troubleshooting using Status Tools

 Course manual [email protected] © 2004/7 slide 83

Review SECTION 4 NNLS  Identify the features of Novell Nterprise Linux Services (NNLS)  Licensed solutions for a Windows, NetWare and Linux world on a Linux server  Technical overview  Two study kits for free download  www.novell.com/training/linux  Understanding Nterprise Linux Services  For Linux Professionals  For Novell Professionals

© 2004/7 slide 84

Some Linux-related Web Sites  www.linuxworld.com  Business oriented online magazine

 www.lwn.net  Linux Weekly News

 www.linux.org  News and olds

 www.linuxiso.org  Download site for all kinds of distributions

© 2004/7 slide 85

Labs Linux Informational Workshop  Section 1 Linux Introduction  History, future, licenses and distributions  Lab 1 p.50 Linux boot from CD and VMware

 Section 2 Desktop Managers and FHS  Lab 2 p.68 Desktop Managers and File system Hierarchy Standard (FHS)

 Section 3 Education and Services  Education and certification  Windows Interoperability  Lab 3 p.103 Windows and Linux Network

 Section 4 NNLS and demo © 2004/7 slide 86