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Linux Shell Commands. Overview of a Few Common Commands. Pete Nesbitt.
May 2006. Below are a few examples of Linux commands often seen in scripts.
Linux Shell Commands Overview of a Few Common Commands Pete Nesbitt May 2006
Below are a few examples of Linux commands often seen in scripts. Of course they may be incorporated into scripts or used at the command line. The intention is to provide a basic example of these commands, you may find the man page, the command followed by “help” or google useful for furthering your understanding. They are presented in no particular order. Although these commands may appear simple in function, most have many options. The real power of scripting or complex command lines comes when these simple functions are joined with pipes and redirects which can cause the output from one command to become the input of the next. In most cases spaces have been added around the pipe symbol '|', this is for readability. Such spaces are optional and do not impact the command string. IMPORTANT NOTE: If you try to cut and paste the examples in this document, you will probably need to manually replace the special characters since the word processor modifies them for presentation. Characters copied from the command line will be okay, but ones taken directly from this document will need to be corrected. These include, but are not limited to ' ” ` / \ | Command: grep Description: matches a string from input Examples: 1) find all files that end in .tar ls |grep ".tar$" 2) find all lines in a file that do not contain the string “error”, regardless of case grep iv error messages.log 3) match one or more strings (this can be egrep or grep E also see fgrep or grep F) egrep “123|abc|wxy” somefile.txt Command: cat Description: display or join test files Examples: 1) print a file to standard output (the screen) cat /etc/hosts 2) join file1 and files2 saving them as file3 cat file1 file2 > file3 Command: sed Description: replace string1 with string2 Examples: 1) replace all instances of New with the Old from file1 and save as file2 1 of 3
Linux Shell Commands Overview of a Few Common Commands Pete Nesbitt May 2006
sed s/New/Old/g file1 > file2 2) remove the first instance of the string 123 from a string of numbers and just print to screen echo 123456123 | sed s/123// (outputs 456123) Command: tr Description: used to translate, delete or manipulate text strings Examples: 1) change a string from lower to upper case echo abcdef | tr [:lower:] [:upper:] (outputs ABCBEF) 2) remove any characters (b, c or g) anywhere in a string echo abcdefg | tr d bcg (outputs adef) Command: cut Description: separate a string into pieces, output certain ones Examples: 1) extract the 2nd set of column separated values echo “123:456:789” | cut d: f2 (outputs 456) 2) extract the 1st and 3rd set of space separated values echo “123 456 789” | cut d' ' f1,3 (outputs 123 789) Command: awk Description: manipulates fields from a string. Unlike cut, the Field Separator can be multiple characters. Examples: 1) extract the 2nd set of values echo "abc123def123ghi" | awk F123 '{print $2}' (outputs def) 2) extract and reorder some part of a string echo "abc def ghi" | awk '{print $2,"\t",$1}' (outputs def abc) Command: sort Description: sorts data. Examples: 1) reverse the natural number order of a series of digits. Without the n, values such as 161 and 18872 would be placed together in the list below. (ls is used just to get us a quick list of numbers) ls l|awk '{print $5}'|sort nr outputs a vertical list: 51200 2 of 3
Linux Shell Commands Overview of a Few Common Commands Pete Nesbitt May 2006
19349 18903 18872 8993 6607 5810 ... 1368 1345 274 222 195 161 141 There are many more ways to use the commands shown here and many more commands available. This is simple a primer to help you start to utilize some of the power of both scripting and the Linux command line environment. EOF