tssN 0974-0775
Green Farming Vol. 3 (2) : 148-150 (February, 2010)
lmpact of soil and water conservation measu!'es on groundwater recharge A.R. GATTANI#. and D.M. MAHALLEb2 a
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sonapur, Gadchiroli (M.S.)
Deptt. of Soil and Water Conserrration Engineering, Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli
-
415 712 (Maharashtra)
ABSTRACT. The Priyadarshini watershed of an area 38.72ha was studied for impact of various soil and water conservation measures on groundwater recharge using SWIM model. The watershed was characterized by undulating topography with average slope 6.01 per cent. The soil of watershed are lateritic sandy loam with depth ranging from 20 to 90 cm. the various water harvesting structures such as farm pond, cement nala bund, loose boulder structures etc. were taken on drainage line. While the watershed area was treated with staggered and continuous contour trenches, behch terraces and horticultural plantation. The groundwaterfluctuation showed rise in watertable by 1.61 m in treated part as compared to untreated, The evapotranspiration loss was found to bethe major component 59 percent, followed by other components runoff (29.35 per cent) and,moisture held up in soil (1.76 per cent). The groundwater recharge was found to the extent of 1 0.32 per c.ent.
Keywordi:. Groundwaterrecharge, runoff, SWMmodel, waterharvesting, watertableTNTRgDUCTION Groundwater is not only an important component of hydrologic cycle also most important .source of drinking, domestic, industrial and agriculture pulposes. ln a densely populated country like lndia groundivater resource is of important. Groundwater source is now under stresS due to very enatic nature of monsoon and its excessive utilization.
:
td
MATERIALAND METHODS
::
The Priyadarshini watershed at Dr.
:
B.p.KKV., Dapoli having an area of 38.72ha was selected for study of ground water recharge due to various soil and water conser,vation structures as given below:
Soil and water conservation measures play an important role in replenishment of groundwater source. Runoff management
i)
Staggered and CCT
through gully plugging, nala bunding, farm pond, percolation tank ilong with catchment treatments not only helpg to conserve rainwater and reduce soil erosion but also induce
ii)
Bench tenaces
iii)
Onstreamwaterharvestingpond -01 No.
"2ha. -2.9ha.
iv)
Cementplugs (CNB)
- 03
v)
Loose boulders
-25 Nos.
productivityof land.
vi)
Recharge pond
- 03 Nos.
Average annual rainfall in lndia 1194 mm, where as it is 1200 mm and 3500 mm in Maharashtra and Konkan, respectively. The groundwatercontribution on national level is 431.87 BCM., where as it is 37.87 BCM., at state level. The groundwater development is only to the extent of 10.5 per cent in Konkan as compared to state (37.7 per cent) and national level (4i.57 per.cent).
vii)
Vegetative barriers
-04 Nos.
groundwater recharge and improve
the
agricultural
Various soil and water conservation measures such as mechanical andr vegetative gully cohtr,ol structures, earthen
'embackmeni, farm ponds were fisund beneficial for conserving soil and water as wefi as for recharge of groundwater through deep percolation. To what extent, such structures contributes grqundwater rechage is important and itwasstudied byusing SWIM model.
12
Subject Mattei Specialist, Head
* Conespondence
Nos.
The watershed selected for the present study was characterized by undulationg topography with average land slope6.01 percent. Geographically itissituated at 17045' N latitude, 73o 26'Elongitude, and at an altitude of 250 m above MSL. The soils bre lateritic sandy loam with medium to deep type 20 cm - 90 cm. The climate is hot and humid with average annual rainfall of 3500 mm. Nine observation wells were selected for ground water, fluctuatisnstudy out of them,
3 wells situated within
watershed wep considered for siniulation of recfiarge and 6 welts are situated near the boundary of watershed (Fig.l). All the wells are i.rsed of drainage and irrigation purposes. Wells used for domestic water supply were Wu, W' Wr, W, and W* Wells No. 1 to 4 are used too inigation piirpbse. The groundwater fluctuations 74
29 February 2010
lmpact of soil and water conservation measures on groundwater recharge
Table 100
= gga
I
6s6
L--a-
rh.--
tu -9
!eo
1985
r{++Ir+I{
1986 1987
€88 E86 o ;84
1988 1989 1990
!az oqoNt@@osl6l+@6oo{{(o c)tf\t*ri$lOro
1991
eteorological week
1992
Fig. 1. Water table elevation in different wells were recorded weekly form April 2002 to April 2006. Similarly the water levels of farm pond were also monitored fro the impa-cts of groundwater recharge. The losses such as evapotranspiration and soil moistur:e depletion were studied' using SWIM model & lnput data on rainfall evaporation, soil, vegetatioh from the watershed
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The data on water level fluctuation shows that all wells exhibit the natural phenomenon of water level variation.
1993 1994 1995
't996 1997 1998 1999
2ooo 2001 2oo2 2003 2004 2005 2006
Water level in the wells starts recording immediately afier end of the rnonsoon season & attains lowest level just before the
bnset of 'monsoon. The averagd groundwater fluc,tuation durin$ study period (April 2002 to 2006) was found to be 5.38 m in treated and 6.99m in untreated part of watershed, indicating the rise inwatertrable by 1.61m dueto groundwater recharge due to various soil & water conseryation treatment. (Table 1) The water level depletion in wells of untr:eated area was more as compared to treated area because of very little ground water recharge.
Table Sr.
No.
l.
Water table fall (m) in different wells of study area
Wells
2002 2003
-03 -M
4w.
2.2 5.79 5.q2 5.58
2A04
-05
2005
46
2006
q7
Average
3.8 3.45 1.79 3.2 6.45 6.05 6.26 7.25 5.8 5.6 5.32 6.95 . 7.O7 6.8 5 8.89
.3.50
5.81
o
.o
3.00 2.50
Unkeated area wells
ws'
. tAI" 7wt 8W, 9ws 6
5_35
4.5 9.'t 6,5 7.1
6.25 6 6.25 . 5.9 7.6 7.7 9.42 &2 6.25 .6.1
6.37 5.43 8.31 5.S4
7.18
7,1 7_25 7.5
'to.oz 7.55
6.21
5.8G 8,04 8.01
6.83
OverallAverage 6.99
75
Green Farming
4947.4 1460.61 2403.9 720.9v 2419-2 719.22 3445.5 1028.23 3194.2 930.06 29W.9 966.1 376S.9 1106.58 2952.7 874.32 3847.4 1',t54.22 2919.1 847.9 3273.4 930.06 3112.5 917.45 3788.4 1112.74 3796.S 1135.74 4226.2 1017.94 4619.1 1303.23 2380.4 696.99 2730.7 8',t3.71 3004.6 899.46 3517.8 1025.37 3650.8 1095.94 3511.6 1008.18
ET Soil moisture (mm) (mm) 2934,66 4.35 1428.61 34-24 1431.8 4454 2032.72 22.33 1887.63 59.29 1599.34 43.71 2227.32 69.17 1765.68 58.94 2269,95 82.85 1721.79 103.6 1931.29 113.57 1774.12 6.41 2267.42 45.83 2259.46 49.55 2577.98 184.0s 2725.26 80.47 1417.99 20.77 1616.3 64.M 1772.71 39.47 2085.74 42.02 2153.96 t il.42
Actual
20ssp1 -
.
72.67
4.50 4.00
E
6.66
Runoft (mm)
Evapotranspiration was found to be the major.compqnent
2.78 6.30
Overall Average 5.38
5
components for Priyadarshini Watershed
of annual water budget of given watershed. lt was varying from mininrum '1417.99 nim to rnaxinnrm 29b4.66 mm during 1985 to iOOO. fne average contribution of this component was to the extent of 59 percent (Table 2) runoff component was.varying from 696.99 mm to 1460 mm annually with average of 990.02 mm. lt has accounted to 29.33 percent of average annual rainfall (Table 2). Moisture held pin the'root zone varies from 6.41 to 184.05 mm on annual basis with an avemge of 59.73mm. lt contributes near about 1.76 percent of average annual rainfall. Groundwater recharge resulted dueto vaiious soil & conservation nieasures was found to the extentof 1 0.32 percent of average annual rainfall.
Trcated area
1wr 2wz 3 w3.
2. Annual water loss
Rainfall (mm)
92
149
o
r[
2.00 1.50 1.00
gs
= &.ffi
ggsEEE$E$EE Date
Fig.2. Water level fluctuatlon in stroage farm pond
Gattani & Mahalle
150
Green Farming 3 (2)
lmpact on grouridwater recharge The water in pounded in the pond, which is situated in Priyadarshini watershed. Pond waler level was maximum in the month of July, August and September due to heavy rains. Thereaffer it was reduced conftuously September onward
REFERENCES Goel, P.K. and Singh, H.B. 1996. lmpact of soil conservation measures on groundwater availability. lndian J. SorT Gons.
24(1)t19-24. Gaur, M.
due to evaporation, seepage losses and utilization for domestic and agriculture purposes during post monsoon. The seepage losses resulted from the pand contributes to the
ground water recharge. The groundwater potential of area
fl01.
Groundwater recharge estimates of a srnall So/ Cons. 29 (2) : 126-132.
watershed. lndian J.
Mahale, D.M., Thokal, R.T., Malandkar, 8.G., Satvalekar, D.D., Nandgude, S-B., Powar,AG. and lilqe, M.R 2004. Effectof soil conservation measures on water redrarp in Priyarshini
watershed. lntegrated Water Resources Planning and
was improved due to various water harvesting structures.
M anag e me nt. pp.
CONGLUSIONS
measures.
The soil and water conservation measures were found to
be effective for rising of water table in observation wells located in treated area of watershed. Data collected from 2002 lo 2006 was analyzed. The maximum and minimum depth of water.level in wells recorded just before the monsoon and after monsoon. The average groundwater levels in treated and untreated zone were found to be below the ground surface, by 5.38 m and 6.99 m respectively, indicating that there was the average water table higher by 1.61 m in treated zone. ln water loss study the evapotranspiration is the major component allowing 59 percent of annual raihfall, faliowed by other emponent buch as runofi (29.33 percent), soil moistue 1.76 percent.
349- 356.
of soil conservation Engg. ISAE.24 (2) t 14*153.
Pandey, C.M. 1987- Effectiveness J. A gril.
Pendke, M.S.; Gore, K.P. and Jadhav, S.N. 1999. Evaluation of regional groundwater potential inwatershed. J. Mahanshtn Agril. University. 24 (3) : 288-290. Pandey, R.P., Ponce, V.M. and Kumar, S.1999. Groundwater recharge by cfrannel infiltration in EI Barbon basin, Baja Califomia,.Mexico. J. Hyd rology.
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: pp.
1
-7.
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