Location and Non Location Based Ad Hoc Routing Protocols under ...

3 downloads 0 Views 180KB Size Report
(DSR, LAR1) are reactive in nature. WRP update route information periodically, while in DSR and LAR1 approaches, the routing procedure is based on the.
 7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO$UDE-RXUQDORI,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\9RO1R6HSWHPEHU 

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



)RUDFRQVLGHUDEOHSDUWRQWKHWKHRUHWLFDOIRXQGDWLRQVLQWKLV SDSHUWKHDXWKRUVDUHUHO\LQJRQUHIHUHQFH>@

/RFDWLRQDQG1RQ/RFDWLRQ%DVHG$G+RF5RXWLQJ3URWRFROVXQGHU9DULRXV0RELOLW\   

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

 %DFNJURXQG&RQFHSWV 'XHWRWKHIUHTXHQWDQGXQSUHGLFWDEOHPRYHPHQWRIWKH PRELOHQRGHVLQWKHQHWZRUNURXWLQJLVDNH\FKDOOHQJH LQ 0$1(7V 7KH FKDOOHQJH LV IUHTXHQW FKDQJH LQ WRSRORJ\ UHVXOWLQJ LQ SDUWLWLRQV LQ WKH QHWZRUN GXH WR PRELOLW\ >@ 7R VWXG\ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI QHWZRUNV XQGHU GLIIHUHQW PRELOLW\ SDWWHUQV GLIIHUHQW PRELOLW\ PRGHOVDUHSURSRVHGE\WKHUHVHDUFKHUV

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



7KH *0 PRELOLW\ PRGHO ZDV HPSOR\HG LQ WKH EHJLQQLQJ IRU WKH VLPXODWLRQ RI D 3HUVRQDO &RPPXQLFDWLRQ 6HUYLFH 3&6  >@ 1RZDGD\V KRZHYHU WKH VLPXODWLRQ RI 0$1(7 SURWRFROV DOVR XVHV WKLV PRELOLW\ PRGHO >@ 7XQLQJ SDUDPHWHU Į LV XVHGLQWKLVPRELOLW\PRGHOWRDGDSWGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVRI UDQGRPQHVV%\VHWWLQJĮ WRWDOO\UDQGRPYDOXHVDUH REWDLQHGDQGE\VHWWLQJĮ OLQHDUPRWLRQLVREWDLQHG %\VHWWLQJWKHYDOXHRIĮ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

 $G+RF5RXWLQJ3URWRFROV $GKRF URXWLQJ SURWRFROV FDQ IDOO LQ WZR FDWHJRULHV YL]SURDFWLYHDQGUHDFWLYH2IWKHSURWRFROVWHVWHGLQ WKLV ZRUN RQO\ :53 LV SURDFWLYH DQG WKH RWKHU WZR '65/$5 DUHUHDFWLYHLQQDWXUH:53XSGDWHURXWH LQIRUPDWLRQ SHULRGLFDOO\ ZKLOH LQ '65 DQG /$5 DSSURDFKHV WKH URXWLQJ SURFHGXUH LV EDVHG RQ WKH GHPDQG RI VRXUFH DQG WKH URXWHV DUH HVWDEOLVKHG RQO\

 7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO$UDE-RXUQDORI,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\9RO1R6HSWHPEHU 

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



RI WKH QHWZRUN 1RGHV FRRSHUDWH ZLWK RQH DQRWKHU WR IRUZDUG SDFNHWV WR UHDFK WKHLU ILQDO GHVWLQDWLRQ LQ PXOWLKRS IDVKLRQ '65 XVHV G\QDPLF SURFHGXUH RI URXWH GLVFRYHU\ IRU WKH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI GDWDIURP D VRXUFH URXWH WR WKH GHVWLQDWLRQ RYHU PXOWLSOH KRSV LQ $GKRF QHWZRUN (DFK GDWD SDFNHW FRQWDLQV WKH FRPSOHWHSDWKIURPWKHVRXUFHWRWKHGHVWLQDWLRQLQLWV GDWD KHDGHU 1R SHULRGLF PHVVDJHV DUH EURDGFDVWHG ZLWKLQWKHQHWZRUN

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

/RFDWLRQDQG1RQ/RFDWLRQ%DVHG$G+RF5RXWLQJ3URWRFROVXQGHU9DULRXV0RELOLW\  

OLQN VWDWH DQG GLVWDQFH YHFWRU SURWRFROV XVHG IRU G\QDPLF QHWZRUNV 7KH DXWKRUV REVHUYH WKDW WKH QHZ ORZHU URXWLQJ ORDG HVSHFLDOO\ ZLWK VPDOO QXPEHU RI SHHUWRSHHU FRQYHUVDWLRQV %XW JHQHUDOO\ WKH GLVWDQFH YHFWRU DQG OLQN VWDWH SURWRFROV SURYLGH EHWWHU SDFNHW GHOLYHU\DQGHQGWRHQGGHOD\SHUIRUPDQFH 7KH8UEDQ0RELOLW\0RGHO 800 ZDVSURSRVHGLQ >@IRUDUHDOLVWLFFLW\OLNHVFHQDULRZKHUHE\LWPRGHOV XVHUV¶ PRWLRQV DQG UDGLR VLJQDOV¶ SURSDJDWLRQ 7KH DXWKRUV VWXG\ WKH HIIHFWV RI UHDOLVWLF QHWZRUN VLPXODWLRQRQURXWLQJSHUIRUPDQFHE\HPSOR\LQJ'65 )URPWKHDQDO\VLVRIWKHUHVXOWVDXWKRUVREVHUYHGWKDWD UHDOLVWLF VFHQDULR ZLWK URDGV DQG EXLOGLQJV KDV D VLJQLILFDQW LPSDFW RQ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI URXWLQJ SURWRFRO ,Q >@ WKH DXWKRUV SUHVHQW DQ RYHUYLHZ RI WKH EURDGFDVWLQJ WHFKQLTXHV LQ PRELOH $GKRF QHWZRUNV DQGWKHQLPSOHPHQWWKHVLPSOHIORRGLQJDOJRULWKPDQG SUREDELOLW\ EDVHG IORRGLQJ DOJRULWKP ZLWK UHVSHFW WR QRUPDOL]HGURXWLQJORDG$VXUYH\FDQEHIRXQGLQ>@ WKDW FODVVLI\ H[LVWLQJ EURDGFDVWLQJ VFKHPHV LQWR FDWHJRULHV DQG WKHQ FRPSDUHV WKH VDPSOH SURWRFROV IURP HDFK FDWHJRU\ 7KH FRPSDULVRQ LV VLPXODWLRQ EDVHG DQG LV GHVLJQHG WR WHVW WKH SURWRFROV XQGHU VSHFLILF FRQGLWLRQV RI LQFUHDVLQJ QHLJKERU GHQVLW\ WUDIILF UDWHV DQG QRGH PRELOLW\ (DFK VLPXODWLRQ VWXG\ DOORZVWKHDXWKRUV WRLGHQWLI\ WKH GHILFLHQFLHV WKDW DUH UHOHYDQW WR 0$1(7V HJ EDQGZLGWK FRQJHVWLRQ DQG G\QDPLF WRSRORJLHV LQ WKH SURWRFROV DQG SURSRVH VROXWLRQVWRFRUUHFWIRUVSHFLILFSUREOHPV 7ZR PXOWLSDWK WHFKQLTXHV IRU WKH '65 SURWRFRO ZKLFK XVH GLVMRLQW SDWKV KDYH EHHQ SURSRVHG LQ >@ )RU WKLV SXUSRVH DXWKRUV GHYHORS DQ DQDO\WLFDO PRGHOLQJ IUDPHZRUN WR HYDOXDWH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH DGYDQWDJHRIWKHVHPXOWLSDWKWHFKQLTXHV7KHPRGHOLQJ IUDPHZRUNLVDOVRXVHIXOIRUSHUIRUPDQFHHYDOXDWLRQRI RQGHPDQG URXWLQJ SURWRFROV UHJDUGOHVV RI WKH XVH RI PXOWLSOH SDWKV 7KH DXWKRUV HYDOXDWH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RIRQHRIWKHWZRSURSRVHGPXOWLSDWKURXWLQJSURWRFROV XVLQJ VLPXODWLRQV LQ RUGHU WR FRQILUP WKH YDOLGLW\ RI DQDO\WLFDOPRGHO $ VLPXODWLRQ EDVHG DQDO\VLV RI $GKRF QHWZRUN SHUIRUPDQFH DW WKUHH OD\HUV SK\VLFDO OD\HU QHWZRUN OD\HUDQGWUDQVSRUWOD\HU XVLQJIRXUGLIIHUHQWPRELOLW\ PRGHOV ZLWK $2'9 EHLQJ WKH URXWLQJ SURWRFRO DQG 7&3DVWKHWUDQVSRUWSURWRFROLVSUHVHQWHGLQ>@7KH DXWKRUV LGHQWLI\ VRPH FRXQWHULQWXLWLYH UHVXOWV ZKLFK WKH\MXVWLI\E\FRUUHODWLQJWKHEHKDYLRUPHDVXUHGDWWKH WKUHHOD\HUV$QHQHUJ\EDVHGSHUIRUPDQFHFRPSDULVRQ RI VRPH ZHOONQRZQ URXWLQJ SURWRFROV $2'9 '65 725$ DQG '6'9  LV FDUULHG RXW LQ >@ 7KHVH SURWRFROV DUH VLPXODWHG DQG FRPSDUHG XVLQJ WKUHH GLIIHUHQWPRELOLW\PRGHOVQDPHO\WKH5:3WKH53* DQGWKH0*E\XVLQJWKH16VLPXODWRUZLWKYDULRXV VFHQDULRV 7KH UHVXOWV VKRZ VLJQLILFDQW HQHUJ\ FRQVHUYDWLRQ GLIIHUHQFH DPRQJ WKH PRELOLW\ PRGHOV HPSOR\HG$QDQDO\VLVIURPDTXLWHGLIIHUHQWDQJOHFDQ EH IRXQG LQ >@ ZKLFK IRFXVHV RQ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH



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

 7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO$UDE-RXUQDORI,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\9RO1R6HSWHPEHU 

PRGHOV LQ0$1(7V EXW IHZ RI WKHVH KDYH DGGUHVVHG WKH HYDOXDWLRQ RIWKHVH SHUIRUPDQFH PHWULFV LQ VXFKD LQ SHUVSHFWLYH 2XU ZRUN LV WRXFKLQJ XSRQ WKH LVVXH ZLWKDSUHYLRXVO\XQXVHGPpODQJHRIPRELOLW\PRGHOV WKDW LQFOXGHV 5:3 0* *0 DQG 53*0 7KLV LQYHVWLJDWLRQ VWXG\ LV KHQFH EDVHG XSRQ GLIIHUHQW FDWHJRU\ RI $GKRF URXWLQJ SURWRFROV XVLQJ IRXU GLIIHUHQW PRELOLW\ SDWWHUQV XQGHU WKH *OR0R6LP VLPXODWRU

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

 7KH6LPXODWLRQ7RRO 7KH *OR0R6LP VLPXODWRU >@ LV XVHG IRU WKH FRPSDUDWLYH VWXG\ RI $GKRF URXWLQJ SURWRFROV XVLQJ WKHIRXU PRELOLW\ PRGHOV$OO QRGHV XVH EDVHG ZLUHOHVV UDGLRV ZLWK WKH WUDQVPLVVLRQ UDQJH RI WKH QRGHVVHWWRPDQGDQRPLQDOWUDQVPLVVLRQUDWHRI 0ESV$OOVLPXODWLRQVDUHSHUIRUPHGZLWKPRELOH QRGHV LQ D UHFWDQJXODU DUHD RI P [P 7KH OHQJWKRIHDFKVLPXODWLRQLVVHFRQGV$OOQHWZRUN OD\HURSHUDWLRQVRIWKHZLUHOHVVQHWZRUNLQWHUIDFHVDUH ORJJHGZKLFKLVXVHGLQSRVWVLPXODWLRQDQDO\VLV

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



KWWSQHWFVXQLERQQGHZJFVDSSOLFDWLRQVERQQPRWLRQ



GLYHUVHFDWHJRU\RI$GKRFURXWLQJSURWRFROV ORFDWLRQ DQGQRQORFDWLRQEDVHG DVKDVEHHQGRQHLQWKHZRUN YDOXH RI WKH  FDVHV )RU WKH IDLUQHVV RI SURWRFRO FRPSDULVRQHDFK$GKRFURXWLQJSURWRFROLVUXQRQWKH VDPH VHW RI VFHQDULRV :H FKRRVH D VHW RI UHDVRQDEOH SDUDPHWHUVIRUHDFKPRGHOPHDVXULQJWKHSHUIRUPDQFH RIWKHVHPHWULFVDVGHILQHGLQ>@

 6LPXODWLRQ3DUDPHWHUV 7KH VLPXODWLRQ SDUDPHWHUV WKDW DUH XVHG LQ WKLV FRPSDUDWLYH VWXG\ IRU GLIIHUHQW PRELOLW\ PRGHOV DUH OLVWHGLQ7DEOH  7DEOH6LPXODWLRQSDUDPHWHUVIRUWKHVHOHFWHGPRELOLW\PRGHOV 

6LPXODWLRQ3DUDPHWHUV

9DOXHVXVHGLQ 6LPXODWLRQ

6QR

0RGHO



5:3

D 3DXVHWLPH

VHF





E0D[6SHHG

PVHF





F 0LQVSHHG

PV



0*

D 0LQVSHHG

PVHF





E3DXVHSUREDELOLW\







F 8SGDWHGLVWDQFH

P





G6SHHGFKDQJHSUREDELOLW\







H 0HDQVSHHG





I 7XUQSUREDELOLW\





J1RRIEORFNVDORQJ\D[LV







K1RRIEORFNVDORQJ[D[LV





53*0

D 0D[VSHHG

PVHF 

PVHF





E$YHUDJHQRRIQRGHVSHU JURXS





F *URXSFKDQJHSUREDELOLW\







G0D[GLVWDQFHWRJURXS FHQWUH

P



*0





E$QJOHVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ

GHJUHH





F 6SHHGVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ

PVHF





G6SHHGDQJOHXSGDWH IUHTXHQF\

D 0D[VSHHG



PVHF

VHF

 6LPXODWLRQ5HVXOWV 7KHUHVXOWVRIWKHVLPXODWLRQEDVHGRQWKHWKURXJKSXW HQGWRHQGGHOD\DQGSDFNHWORVVDQDO\VLVIRUYDULRXV VSHHGV DUH EHLQJ GLVFXVVHG LQ WKH IROORZLQJ SDUDJUDSKV

 7KURXJKSXW(YDOXDWLRQ '65/$5DQG:53ZHUHDQDO\]HGXQGHUGLIIHUHQW PRELOLW\ PRGHOV 7KH QHWZRUN ORDG ZDV NHSW FRQVWDQW DW  SDFNHWVVHFRQG QHWZRUNV ORDG DQG WKH VSHHG RI QRGHV LV YDULHG DQG IL[HG DW    DQG PV 5HVXOWV H[KLELW WKDW /$5 SURWRFRO XQGHU 5:3 0* 53*0DQG*0PRELOLW\PRGHORXWSHUIRUPV'65DQG :53 LQ WHUPV RI WKURXJKSXW 6LPXODWLRQ UHVXOWV DUH JLYHQ LQ )LJXUH 7KHVH ILJXUHV FOHDUO\ VKRZ WKDWIRU

/RFDWLRQDQG1RQ/RFDWLRQ%DVHG$G+RF5RXWLQJ3URWRFROVXQGHU9DULRXV0RELOLW\   





7KURXJKSXW



'65 :53 /$5





 5:3

0*

53*0



*0

0RELOLW\PRGHO

D PVHF 





7KURXJKSXW

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



'65 :53 /$5





 5:3

0*

53*0



*0

0RELOLW\PRGHO

G PVHF

)LJXUH$YHUDJHWKURXJKSXWZLWKSDFNHWVSHUVHFRQGSD\ORDG DWYDULRXVVSHHGV

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



'65 :53 /$5





 5:3

0*

53*0



*0

0RELOLW\PRGHO

(QGWRHQGGHOD\ V 

7KURXJKSXW





'65 :53 /$5





 5:3

0*

53*0



*0

0RELOLW\PRGHO

E PVHF

D PVHF

 



'65 :53 /$5





 5:3



0*

53*0

*0



(QGWRHQGGHOD\ V 

7KURXJKSXW

 

'65 :53 /$5





 5:3

0*

53*0

0RELOLW\PRGHO

0RELOLW\PRGHO

F PVHF

E PVHF

*0



 7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO$UDE-RXUQDORI,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\9RO1R6HSWHPEHU 







3DFNHWORVV

(QGWRHQGGHOD\ V 



'65 :53 /$5 

 5:3

0*

53*0



*0

0RELOLW\PRGHO



'65 :53 /$5





 5:3



 

3DFNHWORVV

(QGWRHQGGHOD\ V 



*0

E PVHF



'65 :53 /$5





 5:3

0*

53*0

*0

0RELOLW\PRGHO





'65 :53 /$5





 5:3

 3DFNHW/RVV(YDOXDWLRQ







'65 :53 /$5





 53*0

0RELOLW\PRGHO

D PVHF



*0



*0



3DFNHWORVV



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

0*

53*0

F PVHF

)LJXUH  $YHUDJH HQGWRHQG GHOD\ ZLWK  SDFNHWV SHU VHFRQG SD\ORDGDWYDULRXVVSHHGV

5:3

0*

0RELOLW\PRGHO

G PVHF

3DFNHWORVV

53*0

0RELOLW\PRGHO

F PVHF



0*



'65 :53 /$5





 5:3

0*

53*0

0RELOLW\PRGHO

*0



G PVHF

)LJXUH$YHUDJHSDFNHWORVVZLWKSDFNHWVSHUVHFRQGSD\ORDG DWYDULRXVVSHHGV 

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

/RFDWLRQDQG1RQ/RFDWLRQ%DVHG$G+RF5RXWLQJ3URWRFROVXQGHU9DULRXV0RELOLW\  

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

0*

53*0

*0



7KURXJKSXW  









 









7LPH VHF 

D '65 5:3

0*

53*0

*0



7KURXJKSXW  







 







7LPH VHF 

E :53 5:3

0*

53*0

*0





7KURXJKSXW  

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

 5HIHUHQFHV





 7 



 









7LPH VHF 

F /$5

)LJXUH  6SHHG GHSHQGHQW YDULDWLRQ LQ WKURXJKSXW IRU YDULRXV SURWRFROVXQGHUWKHWKUHHPRELOLW\PRGHOV



&RQFOXVLRQV

>@ $WVDQ ( DQG g]NDVDS g ³$ &ODVVLILFDWLRQ DQG 3HUIRUPDQFH&RPSDULVRQRI0RELOLW\0RGHOVIRU $GKRF 1HWZRUNV´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GKRF0RELOHDQG :LUHOHVV 1HWZRUNV &DQDGD YRO  SS   >@ %DL)6DGDJRSDQ1DQG+HOP\$³,PSRUWDQW $ )UDPHZRUN WR 6\VWHPDWLFDOO\ $QDO\]H 7KH ,PSDFW RI 0RELOLW\ RQ 3HUIRUPDQFH RI 5RXWLQJ 3URWRFROVIRU$GKRF1HWZRUNV´LQ3URFHHGLQJV RIWKHQG$QQXDO-RLQW&RQIHUHQFHRQWKH,((( &RPSXWHU DQG &RPPXQLFDWLRQV 6RFLHWLHV 86$ YROSS >@ %URFK - 0DOW] ' -RKQVRQ ' +X @ &DPS7%ROHQJ-DQG'DYLHV9³$6XUYH\RI :LUHOHVV &RPPXQLFDWLRQV DQG 0RELOH &RPSXWLQJ 6SHFLDO ,VVXH RQ 0RELOH $GKRF 1HWZRUNLQJ 5HVHDUFK 7UHQGV DQG $SSOLFDWLRQV YROQRSS >@ &KHQ % DQG &KDQJ & ³0RELOLW\ ,PSDFW RQ (QHUJ\ &RQVHUYDWLRQ RI $GKRF 5RXWLQJ 3URWRFROV´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ $GYDQFHV LQ ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH IRU (OHFWURQLF %XVLQHVV (GXFDWLRQ 6FLHQFH 0HGLFLQH DQG 0RELOH 7HFKQRORJLHV RQ WKH ,QWHUQHW,WDO\SS >@ 'DV 6 &DVWDxHGD 5 @ 'DV 6 &DVWDxHGD 5 DQG @ 'HEQDWK 6 7LQJ @ -RKQVRQ ' 0DOW] ' DQG %URFK - '65 WKH '\QDPLF 6RXUFH 5RXWLQJ 3URWRFRO IRU 0XOWLKRS :LUHOHVV $GKRF 1HWZRUNV $GGLVRQ:HVOH\ 86$ >@ -XELQ - DQG 7RUQRZ - ³7KH '$53$ 3DFNHW 5DGLR 1HWZRUN 3URWRFRO´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,(((YROSS >@ .DUWKLNH\DQ13DODQLVDP\9DQG'XUDLVZDP\ . ³3HUIRUPDQFH &RPSDULVRQ RI %URDGFDVWLQJ 0HWKRGV LQ 0RELOH $GKRF 1HWZRUN´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI )XWXUH *HQHUDWLRQ &RPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG 1HWZRUNLQJ YRO  QR  SS >@ .R @ .XQ] 7 ³5HOLDEOH 0XOWLFDVWLQJ LQ 0$1(7V´ 7HFKQLFDO 5HSRUW &RPPXQLFDWLRQV 5HVHDUFK &HQWUH&DQDGD >@ /DXHU * 3DFNHW5DGLR 5RXWLQJ 5RXWLQJ LQ &RPPXQLFDWLRQV 1HWZRUNV 3UHQWLFH+DOO 1HZ -HUVH\ >@ /LDQJ % DQG +DDV = ³3UHGLFWLYH 'LVWDQFH %DVHG0RELOLW\0DQDJHPHQWIRU3&61HWZRUNV´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WK $QQXDO -RLQW &RQIHUHQFH RI WKH ,((( &RPSXWHU DQG &RPPXQLFDWLRQV 6RFLHWLHV86$YROSS >@ /LDR + 7LQJ @ 0DULQRQL 6 DQG .DUL + ³$GKRF 5RXWLQJ 3URWRFRO¶V 3HUIRUPDQFH $ 5HDOLVWLF 6LPXODWLRQ %DVHG 6WXG\´ 7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ 6\VWHPV YRO QRSS >@ 0RKDPPHG$³$0RGLILHG5DQGRP:D\3RLQW 0RGHO(TXDOL]HGIRUWKH1RGH&URZGLQJ(IIHFW´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RPSXWHU &RPPXQLFDWLRQV DQG 1HWZRUNV 86$SS >@ 0XUWK\ 6 DQG *DUFLDDFHYHV - ³$Q (IILFLHQW 5RXWLQJ 3URWRFRO IRU :LUHOHVV 1HWZRUNV´

/RFDWLRQDQG1RQ/RFDWLRQ%DVHG$G+RF5RXWLQJ3URWRFROVXQGHU9DULRXV0RELOLW\   

>@

>@

>@

>@

>@

>@

>@

-RXUQDO RI 0RELOH 1HWZRUN $SSOLFDWLRQV YRO  QRSS 1DVLSXUL $ &DVWDxHGD 5 DQG 'DV 6 ³3HUIRUPDQFH RI 0XOWLSDWK 5RXWLQJ IRU 2Q 'HPDQG3URWRFROVLQ0RELOH$GKRF1HWZRUNV´ -RXUQDO RI 0RELOH 1HWZRUN $SSOLFDWLRQV YRO  QRSS 2PHU . DQG /REL\DO ' ³3HUIRUPDQFH (YDOXDWLRQ RI /RFDWLRQ 8SGDWH 6FKHPHV IRU 0$1(7´ 7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO $UDE -RXUQDO RI ,QIRUPDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\ YRO  QR  SS   6DDG 0 DQG =XNDUQDLQ = ³3HUIRUPDQFH $QDO\VLV RI 5DQGRP%DVHG 0RELOLW\ 0RGHOV LQ 0$1(75RXWLQJ3URWRFRO´(XURSHDQ-RXUQDORI 6FLHQWLILF 5HVHDUFK YRO  QR  SS   6DQFKH]0DQG0DQ]RL3³-DYD%DVHG$GKRF 1HWZRUN 6LPXODWRU´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH 6&6 :HVWHUQ 0XOWLFRQIHUHQFH :HE %DVHG 6LPXODWLRQ 7UDFN&DOLIRUQLD 6XEEDUDR 0 ³$GKRF 1HWZRUNLQJ &ULWLFDO )HDWXUHV DQG 3HUIRUPDQFH 0HWULFV :LUHOHVV &RPPXQLFDWLRQV´ LQ :KLWH 3DSHU 1,67 7HFKQRORJ\*URXS :LOOLDPV % DQG &DPS 7 ³&RPSDULVRQ RI %URDGFDVWLQJ 7HFKQLTXHV IRU 0RELOH $GKRF 1HWZRUNV´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI UG $&0 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6\PSRVLXP RQ 0RELOH $GKRF 1HWZRUNLQJ DQG &RPSXWLQJ 86$ SS   =HQJ;%DJURGLD5DQG*HUOD0³*OR0R6LP $/LEUDU\IRU3DUDOOHO6LPXODWLRQRI/DUJH6FDOH :LUHOHVV 1HWZRUNV´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK $&0 :RUNVKRS RQ 3DUDOOHO DQG 'LVWULEXWHG 6LPXODWLRQ&DQDGDSS

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

Suggest Documents