p art ic ular, t h e ra di al lo c at i on o f t h e c olla p se event p ro p a g ates wi t h
... an d 3/2 neo c lass ic al tear i n g m o d es ( N TM) h as b een o b serve d [6] i ...
"!# %$&' (*) %+,- /.0 1324%'$ 566.78 ( !#) ) %+9: (% ; &/?@ & (BAC 5 :DE +F HGI9.C ' ( 1 J %$&+K' (1L $ M&N O=NKP QSRUTWVYX[Z]\^N_&Ra`&bcV[Q d eSfhgjikelmeonLe%pSqreSikpSqWeSseSft:qvuYscwjxzyEe@lvecs t|{~}[sc }Us 9os szpw}
gjwUfBn :/Sd9
fzFe l'eS ik}
gjwUfyWwsseS /t=F=m
K}UyasS}UfEf&ec:9wgYeSic{}
fhl N¡NKP¢WQV[£¤V[¥ ¦v¢T t|icw¤fhpceg§Uft'{}[sc}t:qmu[swpSs K}m¨%
i8}
g§
iu[=t|icw¤f&peg§
fr© ªm:U«v¬U]WI® r¯ °
±|²k°³ ´*µ%¶·³ ´L¶~µ=¸¹
²/ºr°
µ=» ´´zº¼½~´z¹U±:µk°I¾L¸¹Uµ/´S¿aµk´zºvµ:º´zÀrµk± ¹
½¶·ºUÁ8´z¼Sµk´z¡»&´z¹
³ ¶~°º² ¸¹Ã
´¹²kµ%¹U»E¶·½¶~Äz¶·ºrÅƶ·ºrÇEÀr´zºE¼S´È°ºÉ² ¹z¾µk´´µ%¸(Ê4ËK°-¶·ºvÃ
´z²kµ%¶~ŹUµk´µ%¸¶·²Ì=µ%¸r´Í¾=´z½½ Î ºr°Y¾LºÆµk°
±%°¶·Â¹
½9¶ºmµk´± ºE¹
½ Î ¶·º Î ¶·º²kµ%¹U»E¶½·¶~µÐÏͶ·² Å
´zºr´±¹
½·¶~Ä´zµk°Ñ¹
¼¼S°Àºvµ Ò°
± ¾:´z¹ Î ½~Ï ¹
º¶·²k°
µk±%°
Óh¶·¼'¹
ºÂÇE°¾L¶·ºÅ ´zÔvÀE¶·½·¶~»±¶·¹WÊKÕ º¡¹
º¹
½~Ïaµ%¶·¼¹
½h¹UÓÓ±%°¹
¼¸ ¶·²/Ó±%°
Ó °²k´zÂ(Ìm¾L¸¶·¼¸ ÀrÓ °ºÖ´z³ Óh½~°ÏW¶·ºrŹ
º×¹UÓÓ±%°
Ó±¶·¹Uµk´È³°aÂr´z½:¶·²%µk± ¶~»EÀrµ%¶·°ºÒÀEº¼Sµ%¶~°º(Ì ¹
¼¼Àr±¹Uµk´z½~Ïع
¼cÙ ¼S°Àºmµ%²LÒ¤°
±*µ%¸r´I¸r°
µ*¶~°ºÍ±%´z²kÓ °º²%´o°
ÒFºr´zÀµk± ¹
½(» ´z¹
³ ¶·ºUÁ8´z¼Sµ%¶~°º-ÚjÛ Ü:ÝkÞ'µk°¡µ%¸r´@¶·ºmµk´±%Ù º¹
½ Î ¶·º Î ³ °WÂr´
ÊÆßK¹U±%Å
´^ÇEÀ¶Â-¼S°ºmµk±¶~»EÀrµ%¶~°ºE²Ì]¾*¸¶·¼ ¸Ø¹U±%´^´S¿aÓ ´z¼Sµk´zÂàµk°¹U± ¶·²k´È¹
²á¹ ¼S°º²k´zÔaÀr´zº¼S´á°
Ò9µ%¸r´á¹
ºE¶·²k°
µk±%°
ÓE¶¼oÃ
´z½~°W¼¶~µÐÏ´Ó&°² ¶~µ%¶~°ºÍ°
Ò Û Ü:ÝÌ ¹U±%´¶·Âr´zºvµ%¶~â´zÂѹ
ºÂ ²%¸r°¾*ºÑµk°È»&´á²kµ%¹U»E¶·½¶~Äz¶·ºrÅ µk°Èµ%¸r´@¶ºmµk´± ºE¹
½ Î ¶·º Î ³ °WÂr´IÒ°
±*Ó °
ÓEÀE½·¹Uµ%¶~°º²'¾*¶~µ%¸Ñ½·¹U±%Å
´ ÓE¹
²%²%¶·ºÅ*Ò± ¹
¼Sµ%¶~°º²zÊ]Ý8ºáÓE¹U±%µ%¶·¼À½¹U±FÒ°
±9µ%¹
ºrÅ
´zºvµ%¶·¹
½r¶·º[Ák´z¼Sµ%¶~°º(̲ À¼ ¸¹
²9µ%¸¹Uµ´z³ Óh½~°Ï
´z ¶·º^µ%¸r´Iã
°¶ºmµä=Àr±%°
Ó ´z¹
º^ËK°
± ÀE²IåæãrÊrç´z²%²%°º(Ì h[èU}U}[èYs Ì éUºÂÍ´zÂ(ÊLÚ§ê*¿WÒ°
± ÂBëW¼¶~´zºE¼S´ ì/Àr»E½¶·¼¹Uµ%¶~°º²Ì ê*¿WÒ¤°
±Â(Ìízî
îï
ÞÌ|ÓÊÖð
ñWícò§Ì:¶·µá¶·²áÒ°ÀºÂص%¸¹UµÒ¹
²%µ¶·°ºà²%µ%¹U»E¶·½·¶~Äz¹Uµ%¶·°º ¼¹
º» ´Â°³¶·º¹Uµk´z»aÏB¹
ºE¶·²k°
µk±%°
ÓE¶¼ÇEÀ¶·ÂB´Só&´z¼Sµ%²@± ¹Uµ%¸r´±oµ%¸E¹
º Î ¶ºr´µ%¶·¼á´Só&´z¼Sµ%²zÊÝôº ¼S°ºmµk± ¹
²%µÌÒ¤°
±'ÓE±%´zÂr°³¶·ºE¹
ºmµ%½~Ï¡µk± ¹UÓÓ ´zÂÈÓ&°
ÓhÀ½·¹Uµ%¶~°º²zÌvµ%¸r´o¹
º¶²k°
µk±%°
ÓE¶·¼ ÇEÀE¶·Â¡´Só ´z¼Sµ%² ¹U±%´LÂr´z²kµ%¹U»h¶·½·¶~Äz¶·ºÅ*¹
ºÂ µ%¸aÀ²9± ´zÂÀ¼S´'µ%¸r´L²%µ%¹U»E¶·½·¶~Äz¶ºrÅ*± °½~´'°
Ò Ò¹
²kµ ¶·°º²Ê9˸¶·²¶·² ´z²kÓ ´SÙ ¼¶·¹
½·½~ÏÈ´Ãa¶Âr´zºmµ*Ò¤°
±õ¼¹
²k´z²*¾L¸r´±%´@µ%¸r´@² Àr»rÙвk°º¶¼o²%¸r´z¹U±%´zÂBµk°
±%°¶·Â¹
½KÓE½·¹
²%³¡¹ ±%°
µ%¹Uµ%¶~°º ¶·ºÂÀ¼S´z¡»vÏÀEºm»E¹
½¹
º¼S´zÂ Û Ü:Ý ±%´zÂÀE¼S´z² Î ¶·ºr´µ%¶·¼*²kµ%¹U»E¶·½¶~Äz¹Uµ%¶~°º(Ê ëW¸r´z¹U±%´z ÓE½·¹
² ³¹ ±%°UÙ µ%¹Uµ%¶~°º°
± ¶~´zºvµ%¹Uµk´z´z¶~µ%¸r´± ¼S°Í°
±@¼S°Àºmµk´±oµk°Íµ%¸´ ÓE½·¹
²%³¹È¼Àr±%± ´zºmµ ¼¹
º±%´zÂEÀ¼S´Ò¹
²kµ ¶~°º¡²kµ%¹U»h¶·½·¶~Äz¹Uµ%¶~°ºÌ»EÀrµ/¼S°ÀEºmµk´±kÙ§± °
µ%¹Uµ%¶~°º^¸¹
² µ%¸r´*Å
±%´z¹Uµk´z²kµ|´Só ´z¼Sµ=»a϶·³ Ó ´z¶·ºÅ*µ%¸r´ ¼S°º²k´±%ÃU¹Uµ%¶~°ºÍ°
Òµ%¸r´oµ%¸¶·± Â͹
¶·¹U»E¹Uµ%¶¼o¶·ºmÃU¹U± ¶·¹
ºvµÊ
ö
V Y¢W¥rbSQc¢a£K¢9XSRobSVYVYb XLV "!]V#YbcV$bS¢&%]V@¢'!(RvQSR'(¢W` ¥rb) *(+!]¢WQ bRa¥,[V§¢WQLRÈ¥ V- hb XbcV!.(BR'/0 ¥ Vb1 *[Ra££324Y¢W¥,5(¥ V#$§` X6 ¢W¥+$ VYT7 8[VaN9&V! QV[XV[¥:YV¢';, */ ¥Ñ£RaQ /WVobc¢W¦mR'(ÆRv¦EX?(RvX /TXEZY F 1b Rv b Y¢W:` ! 8£ :¥ /K ¤X 8£ ¦aVY8£ 2×bc¢à7¢ Y` LQ = 1b Q "¥ 0 XbS'R %: ¤*£ ¤ b VYX|£7¢ URvbcV $BRvb*¢a1b VYQQSRv b ¢W¥(Rv£(Xc` [Q Ð'R [VYX[?N R|7T *$ VY:¥ [V@'¢ ¥rbcV[QSR Y1b ¤¢WG¥ %]VWb VYV[¥£Ra Q /WV Xc@R obcV[V1b Ra:¥ $]\_^$ VYX [Q6 *%KV$aE ö fhZ ö F %_2Bb V$ ¢a`:% £VáR'$: R'%(Rvb *=(B¢7$ VY£*) + v +-,. / U0+2134+-,X67 5 1 7 5 1zZ = V[Q8 V . X1b V ` ,¥ ¤nb $,2rR $: * Ra¥:$97 5 1Bb V ` ¥: ¤bTaVbS¢WQn!(RaQcRa££¤V[£ bS¢Éb KV (Æ'R /a¥ VY b *5(VY*£ $ N : ¤X ! QcVYXcX` QcVÖbSV[¥&Xc¢WGQ ['¢ (D! 6Q XV[XÑRa£¤£ !(RaQ 1b *Y£VYX ¥b1&Vn!&£jRaX6(ÆR&N O áb1&V VB:` ¤*£ 8% Q ¤:` ( ¤X !KV[Q bS` 6Q %]#V $c%_2×R bCjp (7¢ $ LV = 1b M$: 6X ! £j'R YV (V[¥rbITWV bS¢W;Q :9Z]+R (:` 8$8= i !]¢vbSV[¥r b jRa£ V[¥&V[ Q /2bcV[6Q ( @? vBCEA D;F GIH :&JK@UMLNK + XRa Q ¤XcVYX RaX LR Y¢W¥ XV B` V[,¥ [V'¢ 9LR [¢W¥rTaV Y b ¤TaV !]VYQbc` Q %(Rm1b ¢a¥ ¢ o b V $: ¤Xbc Q *%&`&1b ¤¢Wa¥ §`&:¥ Y b ¢W¥ = vO3@PRQ:SK LUT Q SZ = VYQc#V V
$ V[¥&¢abSVYXÍRà X !KV # VY4X $: X bS6Q *% `&bcV $Q%g2 ' T Q U0W6XZY[X]\Xz^Z Yav`_ C ^
&' ; (S g @ gp^$&% ' %(
&
x(¢WQRn_27% Q6 *$a! £jRaX6(ÆR. b X ¥ V#[VYXcXSRvQ62 bS¢K$: ¤Xb1 ¤¥:/W`: ¤X %KVYbW*V[V[¥ BE` Ra¥rb1 ¤b VYXP[¢WQQcV[X6!]¢a¥:$: ¥,/Öbc¢ ¢abG(+ ¥&¢WQ bW2Q ¤¢W¥ XYZ9$ V[¥ ¢vbSV$%_2 < iZ*Ra¥:$b1&VnY¢WQcV !&£jRaX6(ÆR8
# h '
%&h %" Q (S 6 @
!
V [¢EV ¤V[¥rb 'U WN U ö Y§¢WQ*Ra¥. ¥{rVYb ¢W¥BRa¥:/a£VI¢' v ö H[Z"§¢aQ>=: 8 +v 'HÉRv:¥ $ Mv ` ö H C b URa¥ %KVÆXV[VY¥C b (Rvb +-Ra:¥ $ + RvQcVÆ6X : 8bcV $CRa£8(B¢aXbL *$ VY¥rb1 *[Ra££32 v v N O8 bS@¢ Ra Q $ 1b VÑ¢W`h1b %K¢rRa Q $ 6X *$ VvDN : ¤ X (RaX¡"¢ #[` QQcV $a%KV URv` XcVB'¢ * b +V :¥ YQcVURvXcV $ ¥:` (4%KV[Q¡'¢ LbSQSR !:!]#V $ !(RaQ 1b 8[£VY X =: 84-V , ¤X b ¤¥×1b VÑ¢W`&bcV[Q QV /
GIHKJLGNM
VYQcV= A U
X C X X $ V#5 ¥ V$4 ¤¥ R9BN,U ö fb ! Qc#V [V[X X ¤¢W¥'¢ 9bSQc'R !:!KV $. ¤¢W¥ ?X =: * ¤:¥ [£¤:` $ VYX*1b &V [¢a¥bc Q 8% `&1b ¤¢WD¥ §QZ =: * Y¢WQcQV[6X !]¢W,¥ $ XBbc¢ Rv¥:$ Z: ¤bh Xh§¢W`&¥:$b1(Rvb Mv ö 9N , X 'R /WQV[VYX = ¤1b b V QcVYXc` £=b /T V#%NzEZ F N x(` Q b V[6Q (B¢WQVaZ Qv 3 ö Xá' ¢ %&b'R ¤¥ V $M§¢WQ ö ^ Z =, * [¢WQQcVY X !K¢W:¥ $ Xbc¢ ö Ra¥,$ S N : )X *$ VY¥ b ¤Wb 2Ñ8£ *(+ ¤bSX| b V $ V[X b'R %: ¤*£ 8| ,¥ /¡V }F#V Ybo¢ 5 §¢W)Q !&QcV $&B`(Rv¥b 8 27 ¥,/Ib V?!]¢WXX 8% £V9$ VYXbSR'%: £8 *|# ¥:/õV }FV#YbcX=¢'hbS¢WQ¢ ¥rbSVYQ ! QVYbRmb1 ¢a¥B¢'FV "!KV[Q 8(BVY¥rbRa£ $(RvbSR&ZERa¥:$D! QcV#$: *b1 ¢a¥B¢']b1 V@V#}]VbSX ¢9Ra£8!:(R !(RaQb *Y£V[X ¥GOW=R?T7 N &V[¢WQVY1b 8URa£X bS:` $: ¤V[>X ¥rbS¢ b V@V }F#V YbcX*'¢ O[~Tj ¢WQL t)OS ¢a¥ X¢W¥ b V ¥rbSVYQc¥(Ra£(g¦ ¤¥ 4¦ ("¢ $ V (RUTWV^bcV[: ¥ $&V $ bS.¢ Y¢W:¥ [VY¥rbSQSRmbSVÑ¢W¥×1b &V^XbS'R %: 8£ *|# :¥ /BQc¢W£¤VÈ'¢ 'bcQS'R !:!KV $ ¤¢W¥ X[mZ =: * [Ra
¥ %]V 8$ V[¥r b 85(#V $ RaXÈRØg¦ ¥ V1b 8BR $:$: ¤ b ¢W¥ bS¢Ö1b VBV[¥ VY Q /'2a! 6Q :¥ # *! £¤GV !]¢abcV[¥r1b Ra£V[¥ VY Q /'2aMN Ok¥ 1b : ¤X QV[6X !]#V Yb^ b V ! QV[XV[¥rb !(' R !KV[QÆ'R $&TvRa:¥ YV[XQV YV[¥rKb ¥rTWVYX b */rRv b ¢W¥&DX ¤¥bc¢ thOÑXbR %: 8£ *|URm1b ¢a¥ '¢
=
` ¤¢W¥BX6!]V# ¤V[X*RaQcV=$: ¤XbSQ6 *% `hbSV$BRa¥: ¤Xc¢abcQc¢V (,` *$ bcV[6Q (BX $ V[6X [6Q *%KV $ %KV[£¤@¢ CRaQc?V Q bcbcV[L¥ ¥bSV[6Q (BX/'¢ TrzN jI@¢ VTWV[QYZ 8b V [¢WQ=V ! £jRa6X (ÆR XRa£¤Xc¢Ra:¥ ¤Xc¢abcQcv
P] C E
`
/}
@Uo`3
]
UVJ_X
A C Y U ] C X]Wî (vÞÊ åæé ò=ãrÊvì]Ê ± ¹zÃ
´z²zÌ ÊÝÊ L°
Ó(¼S± ¹UÒµÌ IÊaêáÊ *´zºEÂrÏ
Ì IÊvãrÊ ¹
²kµ%¶~´ eg9}U{ Ìaì=¸mÏW²Ê L´ÃhÊaß´µkµÊ Ì íz é (ÍÚ é mÞÊ åæ>é (Uò/Õ@ÊÜ*Ê ¶ Î ¸¹
¶·½·°ÃW² Î ¶¶-Ì , frscg§}v¨Sw{ wjgjweSsw¤fÉ}×d9Uf . f e%lÍt|{~}[s} Ì'ÚÝ%êõì ì=Àr»E½·¶²%¸¶·ºrÅrÌ&ß°ºÂ°º(Ì=ízî
î
ñÞÌÓÊ é ï aÊ åæé
ðYò *Ê áÊ B¼ |½~´z³´zºmµ%²Ì ÊaêÊ *´zºEÂrÏ
Ì ÊaãrÊ ¹
²kµ%¶~´L¹
ºÂ Ë ÊmãrÊ B¹U±%µ%¶·º(Ìmì=¸mÏW²Êì=½·¹
²%³¹
/² Ìaé
î
>î (^Ú8ízî
î ÞÊ
`ñ (vÞÊ åæé
îYò ÖÊW¯:ʯ:ÊrÛ*¹Ã
´
ÌhÛ@ÊrÛIÊ °
± ´z½~´zº Î °Ã&Ì Ê áÊ B¼ |½~´z³ ´zºvµ%²Ìhë&ÊrãrÊrÕ ½·½~Ò±%´Ï ezg/}U{ ÌÛ*À¼½§ÊW¯EÀ²%¶~°º Ìé
ñWí Ú é éÞÊ å [ò ÖÊ áÊ o± À² Î ¹
½ ¹
ºÂ õÊ Ê&ê » ´± ³¡¹
º(Ìrì/¸vÏa²Ê¯½·ÀE¶·Â)² #ÌhéïUðÚ8ízî
ð
ñÞÊ å ícò @Êvß ÊWÜ:´± Î Ìvç7Ê *°
±%µk°º(Ì ÖÊaÛ@Ê °²k´zºv»E½·Àrµ%¸ ¹
ºÂÈì]Ê @Ê L°²k´zºm»h½·Àrµ%¸(ÌaÛ*À¼½§Êm¯À²%¶·°º # $(ÌrñWízî^Ú8ízîïUðÞÊ å éYò/Û@Ê]Û@Ê °
±%´z½·´zº Î °Ã&Ì -ÊF¯:ÊF¯:Ê]Û ¹zÃ
´
Ì Ê]Ü|ÀÂEºmÏ
Ì Ê Ê |¸r´zºrÅ egõ}U{ Ì t|ikzpee%lUwf sÍ8Æd9
fEgjiw§¨SyrgÐe l t} eSis ÌWéïYµ%¸¡ä/À±%°
Ó ´z¹
º ì/¸vÏa²%¶¼¹
½Eëa°a¼¶·´µÐÏ :°ºrÒ´±%´zº¼S´'°º |°ºmµk±%°½½~´z ¯À²%¶·°º¹
ºÂ ì/½¹
²%³¹oì/¸vÏW²%¶·¼²Ì Ü|À¹UÓ ´z²kµÌE é ÆÚjä/Àr±%°
Ó ´z¹
ºÍì=¸mÏW²%¶·¼¹
½]ëW°a¼¶~´µ Ï
ÌEìF´µ%¶~µ8ÙÐßK¹
ºE¼SÏ
Ì& é mÞÌ&ÓÊízð
ð Ê å # ò/Ü Ê :°
ÓÓh¶ÌEë&Ê ¶·Å½·¶·Àr°½~°rÌW¯:ÊEìF´Å
°
± ¹U±%°È¹
ºÂѯ:ÊEìF°
± ¼S´z½·½·¶§Ìì/¸vÏa²Êì=½·¹
²%³¹
²LÜ (Ìhî
éïÑÚ8ízî
î mÞÊ å (Uò Ê áÊ ¼ |½·´z³ ´zºmµ%²zÌ IÊrêÊ ´zºÂrÏ
Ì Ê áÊ õ¶·³@»E½~´µkµÌ ÊrãrÊ *¹
²%µ%¶~´ ¹
ºE ËoÊrãrÊ B¹U±%µ%¶·º(ÌWÛ*ÀE¼½Êv¯ÀE²%¶~°º $(ÌKí ï Wí Ú8ízî
î
ðÞÊ å ðYò/¯:ÊìF´Å
°
± ¹U±%°rÌÜ Ê |°
ÓÓE¶Ì[ì]Ê ´µk± ¹UŶ·¹
¼ ¸´:¹
ºÂë&Ê B¶~Ŷ·Àr°½·°rÌ t|ikzpce e%l
w¤f s'kõd9Ufhgjiw§¨SyrgÐe%l*t} ei s Ìízé[µ%¸ Ý8ºmµk´± ºE¹Uµ%¶~°º¹
½9Õ|µk°³¶·¼ ä=ºr´±%Å
ÏÆÕLÅ
´zº¼SÏ :°ºÒ¤´±%´zºE¼S´ °ºì/½·¹
²%³¡¹Èì=¸mÏW²%¶·¼²o¹
ºE :°ºmµk± °½·½~´zÂÛ À¼½~´z¹U± ¯À² ¶~°º ´z²k´z¹U±¼ ¸(Ì&Û*¶·¼S´
Ì]ízî
ñ
ñÚÝ8Õ*ä=ÕIÌ õ¶~´zººE¹WÌízî
ñ
îÞÌ 9°½ÊhéaÌEÓÊE>é ( Ê å Yò ÊÜ|ÀÂEºmÏ
ÌÛ À¼½Ê¯ÀE²%¶~°º KÌíz>é (vïÚ8ízî
>î (vÞÊ å ïò ÖÊÕL»±¹
³ °¾L¶·µkÄ ¹
ºÂÍÝcÊÕIÊ&ëWµk´ÅÀº(Ì }Ufhlm¨ z[èÈ8*Ö}
gqWe }gjwjp}U{((yWfhpzgjwUfrs Ì]Ú °Ã
´±oì/Àr»h½·¶·¼¹Uµ%¶~°º²zÌ Ý8º¼UÊ~ÌÛL´¾ °
± Î ÌKíz î
ðÞÌhÓKÊEð
î WÊ å ñYò Ê B¼ õÀ¶~±%´
Ì *Ê °½·ÂE²kµk°º(Ì ÖÊÜ=´z½½Ì ÖÊÜ:¶·µkµk´±/¹
ºÂ Ê
Ü:°½ egF}U{ Ìvì/¸vÏW²Ê ´Ã&Êß´µkµ%Ê $ Ìvñ
îWí@Ú8ízî
ñ ÞÊ å îYò ÊvêÊ *´zºEÂrÏ
Ì IÊmãrÊ ¹
²kµ%¶~´
Ì *Ê áÊ B¼ |½~´z³ ´zºvµ%²/¹
ºÂ Ë ÊmãrÊ B¹U±%µ%¶·º(Ìmì=¸mÏW²Êì=½·¹
²%³¹
² (Ìhí
é Ú8ízî
î
ðÞÊ å ( [ò:ë&Ê õÊvã¹U± ÂE¶·º(Ì ÊväÊ o´z² ²k´z½Ì áÊ Ñ´z¹
Âr´
ÌãÊmÜ:±%´z²%½·¹
À eg9}U{ Ì t'i8zpce e lUw¤f s 8d9
fEgjiw§¨SyrgÐe lIt} eSis Ìé
î[µ%¸ ä/À±%°
Ó ´z¹
ºBì=¸mÏW²%¶·¼¹
½9ëa°W¼¶~´µÐÏ :°ºrÒ´±%´zº¼S´°ºì/½·¹
²%³¡¹ ì=¸mÏW²%¶·¼²õ¹
ºÂ :°ºvµk±%°½·½~´z¯À² ¶~°º(Ì Ñ°ºvµk±%´zÀW¿ Ì é éÚjä=Àr±%°
Ó ´z¹
ºÍì/¸vÏW²%¶·¼¹
½]ëa°W¼¶~´µ Ï
ÌEìF´µ%¶~µ8ÙÐßK¹
º¼SÏ
Ì é éÞÌhÓKÊíUÊ >ñ (rÊ å (ícò=ãrÊrç7Ê :°ºEºr°
±zÌ ÊEãÊ *¹
²%µ%¶~´I¹
ºÂÑË ÊEãrÊ B¹U±%µ%¶·º(ÌÛ À¼½Ê¯ÀE²%¶~°º Ìí&ï éBÚ8ízî
ñ ÞÊ
`'
0.6 0.5 r=0.53m
0.3
r=0.34m
0.2
r=0.11m
∆λ
2
0.4
0.1
0
50
100 ε (keV)
150
200
¯FÝ Ê&íUÊoëW¸r°¾*¶·ºrŵ%¸r´ ²%ÔaÀ¹U±%´o°
Òµ%¸r´oÓE¶·µ%¼ ¸Ñ¹
ºrŽ·´ ¾L¶·Ârµ%¸ÈÃ
´± ² À²'´zºr´±%Å
Ï^Ò°
±LÂ¶ó ´±%´zºvµ³¶·ºr°
±'±¹
¶·À²Ê
`'
10
Ph
/
2
Ph
λ
5
1 λ 0 =0.6
0
=1
λ 0 =0.8
.4
0.5
λ 0 =0
0.2
λ 0 =0.2
0.2
0.5
1
2
5
10
∆λ
F¯ Ý áÊhéaÊ@ßK°
ÅUÙÐß°
ÅBÓE½~°
µ ²%¸r°Y¾L¶·ºrÅ͹ѳ´z¹
²%Àr±%´ °
Ò|¹
º¶·²k°
µk± °
ÓvÏ , & 1 Ã
´± ²%ÀE²oÓE¶~µ%¼¸¹
ºrŽ~´ ¾L¶·Âµ%¸ 0×Ò¤°
±Â¶~ó&´±%´zºvµ¼S´zºmµk± ¹
½|Óh¶~µ%¼ ¸×¹
ºrŽ~´z² Ê-Õ ²%³¡¹
½·½=¶ºmÃ
´± ²%´^¹
²%Ó&´z¼Sµ± ¹Uµ%¶·°¶²@¼¸r°²k´zº×Ò°
± µ%¸r´z²k´ ¼Àr±%Ã
´z²zÌv¹
½~µ%¸r°ÀŸ Âr°v´z²/ºr°
µ/¼ ¸E¹
ºrÅ
´*²k´zºE²%¶~µ%¶~Ã
´z½~Ï@¾L¶~µ%¸ ± ´z²kÓ ´z¼Sµ µk° ÊÝôµ/¶·² ²%´´zº µ%¸¹Uµ/µ%¸´L¶·²k°
µk±%°
Óh¶·¼'½·¶·³¶·µ í ¶·²'¹UÓÓE±%°z¿r¶·³¹Uµk´z½~Ïȱ%´z¹
¼¸r´zÂÑÒ°
± 0 é±%´Å¹U±Â½~´z²%²'°
Ò Ê
\
0.75
(a) χ=14
o
0.75
0.5
(b) χ=30
o
0.75
0.5
θ
0.25
θ
-0.25
M
θ
0.25
0
Ph
o
0.5
0.25
0
(c) χ=45
0
Ph
-0.25
M
Ph
Ph
-0.25
M
Ph
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.75
-0.75
-0.75
Ph
¯FÝ áÊ Ê ìF°½·¹U±oÓE½~°
µ%² °
Ò
¹ ºÂ ¾L¶~µ%¸¹U±%»E(arb. ¶~µk±¹Uunits) ±%ÏÑÀº¶~µ%² °
Ò:³¹Uź¶~µ%À´
Ê Ë¸r´(arb. ¹
ºrÅunits) À½·¹U±õÃU¹U± ¶·¹U»E½~´¶·º µ%¸r´áÓE½~°
µ ¶·²Ìh¹
ºÂBµ%¸r´áÓE¶~µ%¼ ¸Æ¹
ºrŽ~´á¾L¶·Âµ%¸¶·²*¼ ¸r°²k´zºÆµk°^» ´ 0 ðaÊ Új¹mÞ*¶·²LÒ¤°
±o¹
ºÆ¶·º[Ák´z¼Sµ%¶~°ºÆ¹
ºrŽ~´I°
Ò í ( Ú î>(vÞÌFÚ» Þ|¶·²|Ò°
± Ú ïUðÞ¹
ºÂÖÚj¼Þ¶·²|Ò¤°
± (mð Ú ðÞÊ -0.75 -0.5 -0.25
0
0.25 0.5 0.75
-0.75 -0.5 -0.25
0
(arb. units)
\
ö
0.25 0.5 0.75
-0.75 -0.5 -0.25
0
0.25 0.5 0.75
0.01
(a) χ= 45 o (λ 0 =0.5)
δWh
0.008
0.006
δWhk δWhf
0.004
M
δWhf δWh
0.002 0 0.5
0.015
δWh
0.0125
1
2 ∆λ
5
10
o (b) χ= 14 (λ 0 =0.94)
0.01
0.0075 0.005 0.0025 0 -0.0025
¯FÝ áÊ (rÊ ß°
ÅUÙн·¶ºr´z¹U±ÓE½~°
µ%² °
Ò µ%¸r´6¶·²kµ%¶º¼Sµ ¼S°³Ó&°º´zºmµ%²°
Ò7µ%¸r´ ¸r°
µ¶~°º Ó °
µk´zºvµ%¶·¹
½´zºr´±%Å
Ï ? µk°
Å
´µ%¸r´±Í¾L¶~µ%¸ ? ¹
² ¹ØÒÀEº¼Sµ%¶~°ºÉ°
Òoµ%¸r´BÓE¶~µ%¼¸4¹
ºrŽ·´¾L¶·Âµ%¸0×Új¹mÞ¡¶·² Ò°
±|¶º[Á8´z¼Sµ%¶·°º ¹
ºrŽ·´ (mð Ú ðÞ=¹
ºÂÚ»&Þ/¶·²=Ò¤°
± í ( Ú î>(vÞÊ:˸r´ Âr´Å
±%´´õ°
Ò]¹
º¶²k°
µk±%°
ÓaÏ ¼S°
±%±%´z²kÓ °ºÂ¶ºrŵk° ¹
ºE 0Ѽ¹
º» ´o°
»E²k´±%Ã
´zÂѶºÍ¯F¶·ÅrÊhéaÊ 0.5
1
2
5
10
∆λ
\_`
∆λ=0.5
M
δWhf δWhf δWhk δWh
δWh
0.015 (a) 0.01
0.005 0
20
10
80
∆λ=0.5
(b)
Ah
5
40 60 χ (degrees)
2 1 0.5 0.2 20
40
60
80
F¯ Ý áÊWðaÊáÚj¹mÞ'ëW¸r°¾*¶·ºrÅ Ì Ì ? ¹
ºÂ ? ¹
²'¹ÒjÀº¼Sµ%¶~°º °
Ò - Ò¤°
± 0 ðaÊ Ú»&Þ *´Óh¶·¼Sµ%² ¹½·¶ºr´z¹U±kÙн~°
ÅÓE½~°
µ'°
ÒFµ%¸r´I¼S°
± ±%´z²kÓ °ºÂ¶·ºÅáÂr´Å
± ´´ °
Ò9¹
º¶·²k°
µk±%°
ÓaÏ Ê χ (degrees)
\
