lrp_745_03_hq (pdf, 357 KiB) - Infoscience - EPFL

19 downloads 78 Views 357KB Size Report
p art ic ular, t h e ra di al lo c at i on o f t h e c olla p se event p ro p a g ates wi t h ... an d 3/2 neo c lass ic al tear i n g m o d es ( N TM) h as b een o b serve d [6] i ...
    "!#%$&' (*)%+,-/.01324%'$ 566.78 ( !#))%+9: (% ; &/?@ & (BAC 5 :DE +F  HGI9.C ' (1 J %$&+K' (1L $ M&N O=NKPQSRUTWVYX[Z]\^N_&Ra`&bcV[Q d eSfhgjikelmeonLe%pSqreSikpSqWeSseSft:qvuYscwjxzyEe@lvecs t|{~}[sc}Us€9ossƒ‚zpƒw„}…gjw„‚UfB†‡nˆ:‰/ŠŒ‹Sd9‚…fzFeŽ l'eSŽ ik}…gjw„‚Uf‘yWw’ssƒeS€ †/t=“F”•€=–m—…–™˜š”K}UyasS}UfEf&ec€:›9wœg’YeSic{ž}…fhl Ÿ NŸ¡NKPš¢WQV[£¤V[¥ ¦v¢™T t|icw¤fhpceƒg§‚Uft'{ž}[scš}št:qmu[sw„pSs ”K}m¨%‚…i8}…g§‚…iu[€=t|icw¤f&peƒg§‚…fr€•©ªm€:—U«v˜ƒ¬­U€‡]WI® r¯ °…±|²k°™³´*µ%¶·³´L¶~µ=¸¹…²/ºr°…µ=» ´ƒ´zºš¼ƒ½~´z¹U±:µk°I¾L¸¹Uµ/´S¿aµk´zºvµ:º´zÀrµk±¹…½¶·ºUÁ8´z¼Sµk´z¡»&´z¹…³ ¶~°™º²¸¹Ã…´¹Œ²kµ%¹U»E¶·½’¶~Äz¶·ºrÅƶ·ºrÇEÀr´zºE¼S´È°™ºÉ²¹z¾µk´ƒ´ƒµ%¸(Ê4ËK°-¶·ºvÅ´z²kµ%¶~ř¹Uµk´µ%¸¶·²ƒÌ=µ%¸r´Í¾=´z½’½ Î ºr°Y¾LºÆµk°…±%°™¶·Â¹…½9¶’ºmµk´ƒ±ºE¹…½ Î ¶·º Î ¶·º²kµ%¹U»E¶’½·¶~µÐÏͶ·² Ņ´zºr´ƒ±¹…½·¶~ă´z‘µk°Ñ¹…¼ƒ¼S°™ÀºvµҜ°…± ¾:´z¹ Î ½~Ï ¹…º¶·²k°…µk±%°…Óh¶·¼'¹…ºšÇE°¾L¶·ºÅ´zÔvÀE¶·½·¶~»±¶·¹WÊKÕ º¡¹…º¹…½~Ïaµ%¶·¼ƒ¹…½h¹UÓÓ±%°™¹…¼¸ ¶·²/Ó±%°…Ó °™²k´zÂ(Ìm¾L¸¶·¼¸ ÀrÓ °™ºÖ´z³Óh½~°ÏW¶·ºrő¹…º×¹UÓÓ±%°…Ó±¶·¹Uµk´È³š°aÂr´z½:¶·²%µk±¶~»EÀrµ%¶·°™ºŒÒœÀEº¼Sµ%¶~°™º(Ì ¹…¼ƒ¼ƒÀr±¹Uµk´z½~Ïع…¼cÙ ¼S°™Àºmµ%²LÒ¤°…±*µ%¸r´I¸r°…µ*¶~°™ºÍ±%´z²kÓ °™º²%´o°…ÒFºr´zÀµk±¹…½(» ´z¹…³¶·ºUÁ8´z¼Sµ%¶~°™º-ÚjÛ Ü:ÝkÞ'µk°¡µ%¸r´@¶·ºmµk´ƒ±%Ù º¹…½ Î ¶·º Î ³°WÂr´…ÊÆßK¹U±%Ņ´^ÇEÀ¶’Â-¼S°™ºmµk±¶~»EÀrµ%¶~°™ºE²ƒÌ]¾*¸¶·¼¸Ø¹U±%´^´S¿aÓ ´z¼Sµk´zÂàµk°‘¹U±¶·²k´È¹…²á¹ ¼S°™º²k´zÔaÀr´zº¼S´á°…Ò9µ%¸r´á¹…ºE¶·²k°…µk±%°…ÓE¶’¼oÅ´z½~°W¼ƒ¶~µÐÏ´ƒÓ&°™²¶~µ%¶~°™ºÍ°…Ò Û Ü:ÝÌ ¹U±%´¶·Âr´zºvµ%¶~â´zÂѹ…º ²%¸r°¾*ºÑµk°È»&´á²kµ%¹U»E¶·½’¶~Äz¶·ºrŵk°Èµ%¸r´@¶’ºmµk´ƒ±ºE¹…½ Î ¶·º Î ³°WÂr´IҜ°…±*Ó °…ÓEÀE½·¹Uµ%¶~°™º²'¾*¶~µ%¸Ñ½·¹U±%Ņ´ ÓE¹…²%²%¶·ºÅ*Ҝ±¹…¼Sµ%¶~°™º²zÊ]Ý8ºáÓE¹U±%µ%¶·¼ƒÀ½’¹U±FҜ°…±9µ%¹…ºrŅ´zºvµ%¶·¹…½r¶·º[Ák´z¼Sµ%¶~°™º(̙²À¼¸¹…²9µ%¸¹Uµ•´z³Óh½~°Ï…´z ¶·º^µ%¸r´Iㅰ™¶’ºmµä=Àr±%°…Ó ´z¹…º^ËK°…±ÀE²IåæãrÊr猴z²%²%°™º(Ì ˆh‚[èU}Uš}[èYs Ì éUºÂÍ´zÂ(ÊLÚ§ê*¿WҜ°…±ÂBëW¼ƒ¶~´zºE¼S´ ì/Àr»E½’¶·¼ƒ¹Uµ%¶~°™º²ƒÌ ê*¿WÒ¤°…±Â(Ìízî…î™ï…ÞÌ|ÓÊÖð…ñWícò§Ì:¶·µá¶·²áҜ°™ÀºÂص%¸¹UµҜ¹…²%µ¶·°™ºà²%µ%¹U»E¶·½·¶~Äz¹Uµ%¶·°™º ¼ƒ¹…ºŒ» ´Â°™³š¶·º¹Uµk´zŒ»aÏB¹…ºE¶·²k°…µk±%°…ÓE¶’¼ÇEÀ¶·ÂB´Só&´z¼Sµ%²@±¹Uµ%¸r´ƒ±oµ%¸E¹…º Î ¶’ºr´ƒµ%¶·¼á´Só&´z¼Sµ%²zʚÝôº ¼S°™ºmµk±¹…²%µƒÌÒ¤°…±'ÓE±%´zÂr°™³š¶·ºE¹…ºmµ%½~Ï¡µk±¹UÓÓ ´zÂÈÓ&°…ÓhÀ½·¹Uµ%¶~°™º²zÌvµ%¸r´o¹…º¶’²k°…µk±%°…ÓE¶·¼ ÇEÀE¶·Â¡´Só ´z¼Sµ%² ¹U±%´LÂr´z²kµ%¹U»h¶·½·¶~Äz¶·ºÅ*¹…ºÂµ%¸aÀ²9±´zÂÀ¼S´'µ%¸r´L²%µ%¹U»E¶·½·¶~Äz¶’ºrÅ*±°™½~´'°…Ò Ҝ¹…²kµ ¶·°™º²ƒÊ9˸¶·²•¶·² ´z²kÓ ´SÙ ¼ƒ¶·¹…½·½~ÏÈ´ƒÃa¶’Âr´zºmµ*Ò¤°…±õ¼ƒ¹…²k´z²*¾L¸r´ƒ±%´@µ%¸r´@²Àr»rÙвk°™º¶’¼o²%¸r´z¹U±%´zÂBµk°…±%°™¶·Â¹…½KÓE½·¹…²%³¡¹±%°…µ%¹Uµ%¶~°™º ¶·ºÂÀ¼S´z¡»vϚÀEºm»E¹…½’¹…º¼S´zÂ Û Ü:Ý ±%´zÂÀE¼S´z² Î ¶·ºr´ƒµ%¶·¼*²kµ%¹U»E¶·½’¶~Äz¹Uµ%¶~°™º(Ê ëW¸r´z¹U±%´z ÓE½·¹…²³š¹±%°UÙ µ%¹Uµ%¶~°™º‘°…±¶~´zºvµ%¹Uµk´zŒ´z¶~µ%¸r´ƒ±¼S°Í°…±@¼S°™Àºmµk´ƒ±oµk°Íµ%¸´ÓE½·¹…²%³š¹È¼ƒÀr±%±´zºmµ¼ƒ¹…º‘±%´zÂEÀ¼S´Ҝ¹…²kµ ¶~°™º¡²kµ%¹U»h¶·½·¶~Äz¹Uµ%¶~°™º̙»EÀrµ/¼S°™ÀEºmµk´ƒ±kÙ§±°…µ%¹Uµ%¶~°™º^¸¹…² µ%¸r´*Ņ±%´z¹Uµk´z²kµ|´Só ´z¼Sµ=»aϚ¶·³Ó ´z¶·ºÅ*µ%¸r´ ¼S°™º²k´ƒ±%ÃU¹Uµ%¶~°™ºÍ°…Ò•µ%¸r´oµ%¸¶·±Â͹…¶·¹U»E¹Uµ%¶’¼o¶·ºmÃU¹U±¶·¹…ºvµƒÊ

ö

 





V Y¢W¥rbSQc¢a£K¢9XSRobSVYVYbœXLV "!]V#YbcV$‘bS¢&%]V@¢'!(RvQSR'(¢W` ¥rb)*(+!]¢WQbƒRa¥,[V§¢WQLRÈ¥ V-hb XbcV!.(BR'/0 ¥ Vb1*[Ra£œ£324Y¢W¥,5(¥ V#$§` X6œ¢W¥+$ VYT78[VaN9&V! QV[XV[¥:YV¢';,*/œ¥Ñ£œRaQ/WVobc¢W¦mR'(ÆRv¦EX?(RvX /TXEZY F 1b  Rv b Y¢W:` ! 8£ œ:¥ /K¤X 8£ œ¦aVY8£ 2×bc¢à7¢ Y` LQ =’1b Qœ"¥ 0 XbS'R %:¤*£ ¤b œVYX|£œ7¢ URvbcV $BRvb*¢a1b  VYQQSRvb œ¢W¥(Rv£(Xc` [Q Ð'R [VYX[?N R|7T *$ VY:¥ [V@'¢ œ¥rbcV[QSR Y1b ¤¢WG¥ %]VWb  VYV[¥Œ£œRaQ /WVXc@R obcV[V1b  Ra:¥ $]\_^$ VYX[Q6*%KV$aE ö fhZ ö ‚ F %_2Bb V$ ¢a`:% £œVáR'$:œR'%(Rvb*=(B¢7$ VY£*) + v +-,. / U0+2134+-,X67 5 1 7 5 1zZ = V[Q8 V . œXŒ1b  V ` ,¥ ¤nb $,2rR $:* Ra¥:$97 5 1Bb V ` ¥:¤bŒTaVbS¢WQn!(RaQcRa£œ£¤V[£ bS¢Éb KV (Æ'R /a¥ VYb *5(VY*£ $• N :¤X ! QcVYXcX` QcVÖbSV[¥&Xc¢WGQ ['¢ (D! 6Q œXV[XÑRa£¤£ !(RaQ1b *Y£œVYX œ¥b1&Vn!&£jRaX6(ÆR&N O áb1&V VB:` ¤*£ 8% Q ¤:` (¤X !KV[QbS` 6Q %]#V $c%_2×R bCjp (7¢ $ LV =’1b M$:œ6X ! £j'R YV (V[¥rbITWV bS¢W;Q :9Z]+R „(:` 8$8= i !]¢vbSV[¥rb jRa£ V[¥&V[Q /2bcV[6Q ( @? vBCEA D;FGIH :&JK@UMLNK  + XRaQ ¤XcVYX RaX LR Y¢W¥ XV B` V[,¥ [Vš'¢ 9LR [¢W¥rTaV Yb ¤TaV !]VYQbc` Q %(Rm1b œ¢a¥ ¢ ob  V $:¤XbcQ *%&`&1b ¤¢Wa¥ §`&:¥ Yb œ¢W¥  = vO3@PRQ:SK LUT Q SZ = VYQc#V V…$ V[¥&¢abSVYXÍRàX !KV #œVY4X $:œXbS6Q *% `&bcV $Q%g2 ' T Q U0W6XZY[X]\†Xz^Z Yav`_ C ^
&'  ;  (S g  @  gp^$&% ' %(

& 

x(¢WQšRn_27% Q6*$a! £jRaX6(ÆR.’b œX¥ V#[VYXcXSRvQ62 bS¢K$:¤Xb1¤¥:/W`:¤X %KVYbW*V[V[¥ BE` Ra¥rb1¤bœVYXP[¢WQQcV[X6!]¢a¥:$:œ¥,/Öbc¢  ¢abG(+œ¥&¢WQ’bW2Q¤¢W¥ XYZ9$ V[¥ ¢vbSV$Ž%_2 < i’Z*Ra¥:$b1&VnY¢WQcV!&£jRaX6(ÆR8
  #  h'

%&h    %"Ÿ  Q (S6 @ 

 !



V [¢EV  ¤V[¥rb 'U WN U ö Y§¢WQ*Ra¥.œ¥{rVYbœ¢W¥BRa¥:/a£œVI¢' v ö H[Z"§¢aQ>=:8 ˆ+v Š ‰'HÉRv:¥ $  Mv ` ö H C b URa¥ %KVÆXV[VY¥Cb (Rvb +-Ra:¥ $ +   RvQcVÆ6X :8„bcV $CRa£8(B¢aXbL*$ VY¥rb1*[Ra£œ£32 v v N O8 bS@¢  RaQ $ 1b  VÑ¢W`h1b %K¢rRaQ $ 6X *$ VvDN :¤ X (RaX¡"¢ #[` QQcV $a%KV URv` XcVB'¢ *b  +V œ:¥ YQcVURvXcV $ ¥:` (4%KV[Q¡'¢ LbSQSR !:!]#V $ !(RaQ1b 8[£œVY X =:84-V ,¤X b ¤¥×1b  VÑ¢W`&bcV[QQV /
GIHKJLGNM

VYQcVœ= A U… X  C XœX $ V#5 ¥ V$4¤¥ R9BN,U ö fb ! Qc#V [V[XX ¤¢W¥Œ'¢ 9bSQc'R !:!KV $.¤¢W¥ ?X =:*¤:¥ [£¤:` $ VYX*1b &V [¢a¥bcQ 8% `&1b ¤¢WD¥ §QZ =:* Y¢WQcQV[6X !]¢W,¥ $ XBbc¢ˆ  Š Rv¥:$   Š Z:¤bhœXh§¢W`&¥:$Œb1(Rvb Mv ö 9N ,œX'R /WQV[VYX =¤1b ‘b  VQcVYXc` £’=b /TV#%NzEZ‰ F N x(` Qb  V[6Q (B¢WQVaZ Qv 3 ö œXá' ¢ %&bƒ'R ¤¥ V $M§¢WQ ö ^    Š Z =,* [¢WQQcVYX !K¢W:¥ $ Xbc¢ ˆ  ö Ra¥,$   Š S N :œ)X *$ VY¥b ¤Wb 2Ñ8£ *(+¤bSX|b  V $ V[Xbƒ'R %:¤*£ 8|œ,¥ /¡V }F#V Ybo¢    5  §¢W)Q !&QcV $&B`(Rv¥b8 27œ¥,/Ib V?!]¢WXX8% £œV9$ VYXbSR'%:œ£8*|#œ¥:/õV }FV#YbcX=¢'hbS¢WQ¢œ¥rbSVYQ! QVYbƒRmb1œ¢a¥B¢'FV "!KV[Q8(BVY¥rbƒRa£ $(RvbSR&ZERa¥:$D! QcV#$:*b1œ¢a¥B¢']b1 V@V#}]VbSX ¢9Ra£8!:(R !(RaQb*Y£œV[X œ¥GOW=R?Tš7 N &V[¢WQVY1b 8URa£XbS:` $:¤V[>X œ¥rbS¢b  V@V }F#V YbcX*'¢  O[~Tj ¢WQLŸ t)OSœ¢a¥ X¢W¥b  V œ¥rbSVYQc¥(Ra£(g¦ ¤¥ 4¦ ("¢ $ V (RUTWV^bcV[: ¥ $&V $ bS.¢ Y¢W:¥ [VY¥rbSQSRmbSVÑ¢W¥×1b &V^XbS'R %:œ8£ *|#œ:¥ /BQc¢W£¤VÈ'¢ 'bcQS'R !:!KV $ ¤¢W¥ X[mZ =:* [Ra…¥ %]V 8$ V[¥rb 85(#V $ RaXÈRØg¦ œ¥ V1b 8BR $:$:¤b œ¢W¥ bS¢Ö1b  VBV[¥ VYQ /'2a! 6Q œ:¥ #*! £¤GV !]¢abcV[¥r1b œRa£V[¥ VYQ /'2aMN Ok¥ 1b :¤X QV[6X !]#V Yb^b  V ! QV[XV[¥rb !(' R !KV[QÆ'R $&TvRa:¥ YV[X‘QV YV[¥rKb œ¥rTWVYXb */rRvb œ¢W¥&DX ¤¥bc¢Ÿ thOÑXbƒR %:œ8£ *|URm1b œ¢a¥ '¢  
=

`¤¢W¥BX6!]V#¤V[X*RaQcV=$:¤XbSQ6*% `hbSV$BRa¥:¤Xc¢abcQc¢V „(,` *$ bcV[6Q (BX $ V[6X [6Q *%KV $ %KV[£¤@¢ CRaQc?V Q ’bcbcV[L¥ œ¥šbSV[6Q (BX/'¢  TrzN jI@¢  VTWV[QYZ 8b  V [¢WQ=V ! £jRa6X (ÆR œXRa£¤Xc¢šRa:¥ ¤Xc¢abcQcv

P] C E

`

/}…@Uo`“3

]

UVJ‚_X

A  C Y  U ] C X]Wî (vÞÊ åæé  ò=ãrÊvì]Ê  ±¹zÅ´z²zÌ šÊ™ÝÊ L°…Ó(¼S±¹UҜµƒÌ IÊaêáÊ *´zºEÂrÏ…Ì IÊvãrÊ ¹…²kµ%¶~´ eƒg9}U{ Ìaì=¸mÏW²ƒÊ L´ƒÃhÊaß´ƒµkµƒÊ Ì íz é (Íڄ é   mÞÊ åæ>é (Uò/Õ@ÊÜ*Ê ¶ Î ¸¹…¶·½·°ÃW² Î ¶’¶„-Ì , frscg§}v¨Swœ{ wjgjw„eSsšw¤fÉ}×d9‚Uf . f e%lÍt|{~}[sš} Ì'ڜÝ%êõì ì=Àr»E½·¶’²%¸¶·ºrÅrÌ&ß°™ºÂ°™º(Ì=ízî…î…ñ™Þ̕ÓÊ é™ ï aÊ åæé…ðYò *Ê áÊ B¼ |½~´z³š´zºmµ%²ƒÌ ÊaêÊ *´zºEÂrÏ…Ì ÊaãrÊ ¹…²kµ%¶~´L¹…ºÂËÊmãrÊ B¹U±%µ%¶·º(Ìmì=¸mÏW²ƒÊ™ì=½·¹…²%³š¹…/² Ìaé…î…>î (^Ú8ízî… î ™ÞÊ 































 































































































































`ñ (vÞÊ åæé…îYò ÖÊW¯:ʯ:ÊrÛ*¹Ã…´…ÌhÛ@ÊrÛIÊ  °…±´z½~´zº Î °Ã&Ì Ê áÊ B¼ |½~´z³´zºvµ%²ƒÌhë&ÊrãrÊrÕ ½·½~Ҝ±%´ƒÏ ezg/}U{ ÌÛ*À¼ƒ½§ÊW¯EÀ²%¶~°™º Ìé…ñWí ڄ é  ™é™ÞÊ å  [ò ÖÊ áÊ o±À² Î ¹…½ ¹…º õÊ Ê&ê » ´ƒ±³¡¹…º(Ìrì/¸vÏa²ƒÊ¯•½·ÀE¶·Â)² #Ìhé™ïUðÚ8ízî…ð…ñ™ÞÊ å  ícò @Êvß ÊWÜ:´ƒ± Î Ìvç7Ê *°…±%µk°™º(Ì ÖÊaÛ@Ê °™²k´zºv»E½·Àrµ%¸ ¹…ºÂÈì]Ê @Ê L°™²k´zºm»h½·Àrµ%¸(ÌaÛ*À¼ƒ½§Êm¯À²%¶·°™º # $(ÌrñWízî^Ú8ízî™ïUð™ÞÊ å  éYò/Û@Ê]Û@Ê  °…±%´z½·´zº Î °Ã&Ì -ÊF¯:ÊF¯:Ê]Û ¹zÅ´…Ì Ê]Ü|ÀÂEºmÏ…Ì Ê •Ê |¸r´zºrÅ eƒgõ}U{ Ì t|ik‚zpee%lUwœf  s͂8Æd9‚…fEgjiw§¨SyrgÐel t}  eSis ÌWé™ïYµ%¸¡ä/À±%°…Ó ´z¹…ºì/¸vÏa²%¶’¼ƒ¹…½Eëa°a¼ƒ¶·´ƒµÐÏ :°™ºrҜ´ƒ±%´zº¼S´'°™º |°™ºmµk±%°™½’½~´z¯À²%¶·°™ºš¹…ºÂì/½’¹…²%³š¹oì/¸vÏW²%¶·¼ƒ²ƒÌ Ü|À¹UÓ ´z²kµƒÌE é   ÆÚjä/Àr±%°…Ó ´z¹…ºÍì=¸mÏW²%¶·¼ƒ¹…½]ëW°a¼ƒ¶~´ƒµ υÌEìF´ƒµ%¶~µ8ÙÐßK¹…ºE¼SυÌ& é   mÞÌ&ÓÊízð…ð  Ê å # ò/Ü Ê :°…ÓÓh¶„ÌEë&Ê ¶·Å™½·¶·Àr°™½~°rÌW¯:ÊEìF´ƒÅ…°…±¹U±%°È¹…ºÂѯ:ÊEìF°…±¼S´z½·½·¶§Ìì/¸vÏa²ƒÊì=½·¹…²%³š¹…²LÜ (Ìhî…é™ïÑÚ8ízî… î mÞÊ å  (Uò Ê áÊ ¼ |½·´z³´zºmµ%²zÌ IÊrêÊ ´zºÂrÏ…Ì Ê áÊ õ¶·³@»E½~´ƒµkµƒÌ ÊrãrÊ *¹…²%µ%¶~´ ¹…ºE ËoÊrãrÊ B¹U±%µ%¶·º(ÌWÛ*ÀE¼ƒ½„Êv¯ÀE²%¶~°™º $(ÌKí ï Wí Ú8ízî…î…ð™ÞÊ å  ðYò/¯:ʏìF´ƒÅ…°…±¹U±%°rÌ™Ü Ê |°…ÓÓE¶„Ì[ì]Ê ´ƒµk±¹Uř¶·¹…¼¸´:¹…ºÂë&Ê B¶~ř¶·Àr°™½·°rÌ t|ik‚zpcee%l…w¤f  s'‚kõd9‚Ufhgjiw§¨SyrgÐe%l*t}  eƒis Ìízé[µ%¸ Ý8ºmµk´ƒ±ºE¹Uµ%¶~°™º¹…½9Õ|µk°™³š¶·¼ä=ºr´ƒ±%ŅÏÆÕLŅ´zº¼SÏ :°™ºÒ¤´ƒ±%´zºE¼S´°™ºŒì/½·¹…²%³¡¹Èì=¸mÏW²%¶·¼ƒ²o¹…ºE :°™ºmµk±°™½·½~´zÂŒÛ À¼ƒ½~´z¹U± ¯À²¶~°™º ´z²k´z¹U±¼¸(Ì&Û*¶·¼S´…Ì]ízî…ñ…ñڜÝ8Õ*ä=ÕIÌ õ¶~´zººE¹WÌízî…ñ…î™ÞÌ 9°™½„ÊhéaÌEÓÊE>é (  Ê å  Yò ÊÜ|ÀÂEºmυÌÛ À¼ƒ½„ʯÀE²%¶~°™º  KÌíz>é (vïÚ8ízî…>î (vÞÊ å  ïò ÖÊÕL»±¹…³°¾L¶·µkĹ…ºÂÍÝcÊÕIÊ&ëWµk´ƒÅ™Àº(Ì  }Ufhlm¨‚z‚[èȂ8*ŠÖ}…gœqWeƒ}™gjwjp}U{(“(yWfhpzgjw„‚Ufrs Ì]Ú °Ã…´ƒ±oì/Àr»h½·¶·¼ƒ¹Uµ%¶~°™º²zÌ Ý8º¼UÊ~ÌÛL´ƒ¾  °…± Î ÌKíz î …ð™ÞÌhÓKÊEð… î WÊ å  ñYò Ê B¼ õÀ¶~±%´…Ì *Ê  °™½·ÂE²kµk°™º(Ì ÖʙÜ=´z½’½„Ì ÖʙÜ:¶·µkµk´ƒ±/¹…º ʅÜ:°™½ eƒgF}U{ Ìvì/¸vÏW²ƒÊ ´ƒÃ&ʙß´ƒµkµƒ%Ê $ Ìvñ…îWí@Ú8ízî…ñ  ÞÊ å  îYò ÊvêÊ *´zºEÂrÏ…Ì IÊmãrÊ ¹…²kµ%¶~´…Ì š*Ê áÊ B¼ |½~´z³´zºvµ%²/¹…ºÂËÊmãrÊ B¹U±%µ%¶·º(Ìmì=¸mÏW²ƒÊ™ì=½·¹…²%³š¹…² (Ìhí …é  Ú8ízî…î…ð™ÞÊ å ( [ò:ë&Ê õÊv㙹U±ÂE¶·º(Ì ÊväÊ o´z²²k´z½„Ì áÊ Ñ´z¹…Âr´…ÌãÊmÜ:±%´z²%½·¹…À eƒg9}U{ Ì t'i8‚zpceelUw¤f  s‚8d9‚…fEgjiw§¨SyrgÐelIt}  eSis Ìé…î[µ%¸ ä/À±%°…Ó ´z¹…ºBì=¸mÏW²%¶·¼ƒ¹…½9ëa°W¼ƒ¶~´ƒµÐÏ :°™ºrҜ´ƒ±%´zº¼S´°™º‘ì/½·¹…²%³¡¹ ì=¸mÏW²%¶·¼ƒ²õ¹…º :°™ºvµk±%°™½·½~´z‘¯À²¶~°™º(Ì Ñ°™ºvµk±%´zÀW¿ Ì é  ™éÚjä=Àr±%°…Ó ´z¹…ºÍì/¸vÏW²%¶·¼ƒ¹…½]ëa°W¼ƒ¶~´ƒµ υÌEìF´ƒµ%¶~µ8ÙÐßK¹…º¼SÏ…Ì é  ™é™ÞÌhÓKÊíUÊ ™>ñ (rÊ å (ícò=ãrÊrç7Ê :°™ºEºr°…±zÌ ÊEãÊ *¹…²%µ%¶~´I¹…ºÂÑËÊEãrÊ B¹U±%µ%¶·º(ÌÛ À¼ƒ½„ʯÀE²%¶~°™º Ìí&ï ™éBÚ8ízî…ñ  ÞÊ 

















































 





























































































































`'‚



0.6 0.5 r=0.53m

0.3

r=0.34m

0.2

r=0.11m

∆λ

2

0.4

0.1

0

50

100 ε (keV)

150

200

¯FÝ Ê&íUÊoëW¸r°¾*¶·ºrŵ%¸r´²%ÔaÀ¹U±%´o°…Ò•µ%¸r´oÓE¶·µ%¼¸Ñ¹…ºrř½·´¾L¶·Ârµ%¸ÈÅ´ƒ±²À²'´zºr´ƒ±%ŅÏ^Ҝ°…±L¶žó ´ƒ±%´zºvµ³š¶·ºr°…±'±¹…¶·À²ƒÊ

`'‰

10

Ph

/

2

Ph

λ

5

1 λ 0 =0.6

0

=1

λ 0 =0.8

.4

0.5

λ 0 =0

0.2

λ 0 =0.2

0.2

0.5

1

2

5

10

∆λ

F¯ Ý áÊhéaÊ@ßK°…ÅUÙÐß°…ÅBÓE½~°…µ²%¸r°Y¾L¶·ºrÅ͹ѳš´z¹…²%Àr±%´°…Ò|¹…º¶·²k°…µk±°…ÓvÏ      ,  & ˜   1 š Å´ƒ±²%ÀE²oÓE¶~µ%¼¸Œ¹…ºrř½~´ ¾L¶·Âµ%¸ 0×Ò¤°…±šÂ¶~ó&´ƒ±%´zºvµ¼S´zºmµk±¹…½|Óh¶~µ%¼¸×¹…ºrř½~´z² ˆ Ê-Õ²%³¡¹…½·½=¶’ºmÅ´ƒ±²%´^¹…²%Ó&´z¼Sµ±¹Uµ%¶·°‘¶’²@¼¸r°™²k´zº×Ҝ°…±µ%¸r´z²k´ ¼ƒÀr±%Å´z²zÌv¹…½~µ%¸r°™Àř¸  Âr°v´z²/ºr°…µ/¼¸E¹…ºrŅ´*²k´zºE²%¶~µ%¶~Å´z½~Ï@¾L¶~µ%¸±´z²kÓ ´z¼Sµ µk°  ʕÝôµ/¶·² ²%´ƒ´zºµ%¸¹Uµ/µ%¸´L¶·²k°…µk±%°…Óh¶·¼'½·¶·³š¶·µ   í¶·²'¹UÓÓE±%°z¿r¶·³š¹Uµk´z½~Ïȱ%´z¹…¼¸r´zÂÑҜ°…± 0 é±%´ƒÅ™¹U±Â½~´z²%²'°…Ò  ˆ Ê

\ Š

0.75

(a) χ=14

o

0.75

0.5

(b) χ=30

o

0.75

0.5

θ

0.25

θ

-0.25

M

θ

0.25

0

Ph

o

0.5

0.25

0

(c) χ=45

0

Ph

-0.25

M

Ph

Ph

-0.25

M

Ph

-0.5

-0.5

-0.5

-0.75

-0.75

-0.75

Ph

¯FÝ áÊ  ÊìF°™½·¹U±oÓE½~°…µ%² °…Ò   …¹ º    ¾L¶~µ%¸‘¹U±%»E(arb. ¶~µk±¹Uunits) ±%ÏÑÀº¶~µ%² °…Ò:³š¹Uřº¶~µ%À´…Ê˸r´(arb. ¹…ºrřunits) À½·¹U±õÃU¹U±¶·¹U»E½~´¶·º µ%¸r´áÓE½~°…µ ¶·²Ìh¹…ºÂBµ%¸r´áÓE¶~µ%¼¸Æ¹…ºrř½~´á¾L¶·Âµ%¸¶·²*¼¸r°™²k´zºÆµk°^» ´ 0    ðaÊÚj¹mÞ*¶·²LÒ¤°…±o¹…ºÆ¶·º[Ák´z¼Sµ%¶~°™ºÆ¹…ºrř½~´I°…Ò í ( Ú  ˆ    î>(vÞÌFڜ» Þ|¶·²|Ҝ°…±    Ú  ˆ    ïUð™Þ¹…ºÂÖÚj¼Þ¶·²|Ò¤°…±  (mð Ú  ˆ    ð™ÞÊ -0.75 -0.5 -0.25

0

0.25 0.5 0.75

-0.75 -0.5 -0.25

0

(arb. units)

\

ö

0.25 0.5 0.75

-0.75 -0.5 -0.25

0

0.25 0.5 0.75

0.01

(a) χ= 45 o (λ 0 =0.5)

δWh

0.008

0.006

δWhk δWhf

0.004

M

δWhf δWh

0.002 0 0.5

0.015

δWh

0.0125

1

2 ∆λ

5

10

o (b) χ= 14 (λ 0 =0.94)

0.01

0.0075 0.005 0.0025 0 -0.0025

¯FÝ áÊ (rÊ ß°…ÅUÙн·¶’ºr´z¹U±ÓE½~°…µ%² °…Ò µ%¸r´6¶·²kµ%¶’º¼Sµ ¼S°™³šÓ&°™º´zºmµ%²°…Ò7µ%¸r´ ¸r°…µ¶~°™º Ó °…µk´zºvµ%¶·¹…½´zºr´ƒ±%Å…Ï      ?    µk°…Å…´ƒµ%¸r´ƒ±Í¾L¶~µ%¸    ? ¹…² ¹ØҜÀEº¼Sµ%¶~°™ºÉ°…Òoµ%¸r´BÓE¶~µ%¼¸4¹…ºrř½·´¾L¶·Âµ%¸0×Új¹mÞ¡¶·² Ҝ°…±|¶’º[Á8´z¼Sµ%¶·°™º ¹…ºrř½·´   (mð Ú  ˆ   ð™Þ=¹…ºŒڜ»&Þ/¶·²=Ò¤°…±   í ( Ú  ˆ   î>(vÞÊ:˸r´ Âr´ƒÅ…±%´ƒ´õ°…Ò]¹…º¶’²k°…µk±%°…ÓaÏ  ¼S°…±%±%´z²kÓ °™ºÂ¶’ºrŵk°  ˆ ¹…ºE 0Ѽƒ¹…º» ´o°…»E²k´ƒ±%Å´zÂѶ’ºÍ¯F¶·ÅrÊhéaÊ 0.5

1

2

5

10

∆λ

\_`

∆λ=0.5

M

δWhf δWhf δWhk δWh

δWh

0.015 (a) 0.01

0.005 0

20

10

80

∆λ=0.5

(b)

Ah

5

40 60 χ (degrees)

2 1 0.5 0.2 20

40

60

80

F¯ Ý áÊWðaÊáÚj¹mÞ'ëW¸r°¾*¶·ºrÅ    Ì    Ì   ? ¹…º    ? ¹…²'¹ÒjÀº¼Sµ%¶~°™º °…Ò - Ò¤°…± 0    ðaÊ Úœ»&Þ *´ƒÓh¶·¼Sµ%² ¹š½·¶’ºr´z¹U±kÙн~°…ÅÓE½~°…µ'°…ÒFµ%¸r´I¼S°…±±%´z²kÓ °™ºÂ¶·ºÅáÂr´ƒÅ…±´ƒ´°…Ò9¹…º¶·²k°…µk±%°…ÓaÏ  Ê χ (degrees)



\