LST

Jad TAHOURI a, e, f Jungho Im b Daniel IOSIF c Faical BOUTLIB d,e Abdelhamid SADIKI a E-mail : [email protected] a. Laboratoire de Géodynamique et Ressources Naturelles (LGRN) ; Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Faculté des Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, B.P 1760, Atlas, Fez, Morocco. b. School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea c.

Faculté de Géographie, Université de Bucarest. Département de Géographie, Université Paris 10 Nanterre

d. Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Préservation des Ressources Naturelles, Faculté des Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, B.P 1760, Atlas, Fez, Morocco. e. Association Marocaine pour la Protection du Patrimoine et du Singe Magot (PPSM), Route Ain Chkef, 30000, Fès, Fès- Meknès, Maroc. f.

International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASP

Environmental Monitoring of Land Use / Land Cover (LULC) change and its Impact on Land Surface Temperature (LST) and landscape dynamics of the Mediterranean coastal areas: a Case study of the Nador region (Oriental Rif, Morocco) Abstract— Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the most important parameters for studying the interaction between the Earth's atmospheric system and the study of the Earth's surface processes, from a local scale to global scale. It is considered a key parameter of climate change, variations in land cover, heat exchange capacity, evapotranspiration, urban climate, vegetation monitoring and other thermal analyzes. LST can perfectly reflect the exchange processes namely water exchanges and significant surface heat for the study of environmental changes and physical processes responsible for erosion. However, the impact of human activities on natural resources is currently one of the main threats. Artificialization and soil erosion through the process of urbanization and the transformation of natural landscapes constitute one of the most alarming impacts. The objective of this study is to assess and detect the effects of land use/land cover change (LULC) on land surface temperature (LST) using multi-temporal satellite data Landsat TM 5 and OLI 8. The Standardized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Urban Land Use Model (NDBI) was used to statistically study these changes. The study used the Single-Channel

method for generating LST models and the ATCOR model for atmospheric and topographic corrections.

Figure 1: Response of the three indices NDVI, LST and NDBI with LULC

The analysis of the results (Faig.1) made it possible to determine that the LST values of June 1984 vary from 18 ° C to 39 ° C, vary in 2017 between 22 ° C and 43 °. The NDVI index shows values between C 62 and 0.18 in 2017 and which were - 0.40 to 0.69 in 1984, the NDBI index recorded values ranging from -0.88 to 0.31 in 1984 in 2017 between -0.74 and 0.79. These results indicate a regressive trend of average LST values of around 8 ° C in areas with high urbanization rates. While the undeveloped, suburban and rural areas show an increase of about 5 ° C. The resulting maps of the classification show significant changes of LULC for the years 1984 and 2017 for the Nador region which influences the surface temperature of the Soils (LST) at the level of the Mediterranean coastal zone influenced by the movements of marine currents. The statistical analysis of the results shows that the LST index increases between 1984 and 2017 and correlates perfectly with the NDBI index while the NDVI index is inversely proportional. The NDBI index shows significant urban growth rate which automatically translates into massive population growth that has impacted on natural conditions such as vegetation cover. The values of the NDVI index indicate a significant degradation of the vegetation cover. Areas covered by vegetation decreased in density gradually due to improper exploitation or were completely cleared for urban expansion. The LST index shows a warming of the soils compatible with the forecasts of climatic changes in progress for decades and which record a progressive acidification of the climate and the aggravation of this tendency by the human actions. These new decision support tools have shown their reliability in other countries for good land use planning, implementation of development projects and natural resource management at local and regional level.an efficient and sustainable way.

Index Terms— Land Surface Temperature; Soils erosion; NDVI; NDBI; change; Remote Sensing, Nador.

LULC

References [1]. Yoo, C., Im, J., Park, S., & Quackenbush, L. J. (2018). Estimation of daily maximum and minimum air temperatures in urban landscapes using MODIS time series satellite data. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 137, 149–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.01.018. [2]. Barnsley MJ, Moller-Jensen L and Barr SL (2001). Inferring urban land use by spatial and structural pattern recognition. Remote sensing and urban analysis, Taylor and Francis, London: 115-82. [3]. Tahouri, J., & Sadiki, A. 2018. Study of the impact of the spatial and temporal distribution of urban heat islands using remote sensing and GIS technique in the region of Nador (Oriental Rif, Morocco), 192578. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325113722_Proceeding_of_the_2nd_Gen ral_Assembly_for_the_African_Seismological_Commission_April_2018?_sg=yaqpi SJn7FXaZgeQGuKEu4ZckHS1U4fJ66H5jDsZOaULGssrHR9Kxf3NVkm3x7iEltZd4h HdlswKBXhXhD5Ky0cjBor0EYAszCa4B.J1QQaSEdF7_1JDDmrna_6TIh19p3e9urXB rgVbF28VcU6pDrcLQRM7tg5FQXjea3e2OqUDww9VMZowfD23N_ow [4]. Tahouri, J., & Sadiki, A. 2018. Using remote sensing and GIS techniques to examine the effect of LULC change on land surface temperature and landscape dynamics in the Nador region (Rif Oriental, Morocco).

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323903865_Using_remote_sensing_and_G IS_techniques_to_examine_the_effect_of_LULC_change_on_land_surface_tempera ture_and_landscape_dynamics_in_the_Nador_region_Rif_Oriental_Morocco. [5]. Chen, Y.C., Chiu, H.W., Su, Y.F., Wu, Y.C., Cheng, K.S., 2016. Does urbanization increase diurnal land surface temperature variation? Evidence and implications. Landsc. Urban Plan. 157:247–258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.06.014. [6]. Pickett, S.T.A., Cadenasso, M.L., Grove, J.M., Boone, C.G., Groffman, P.M., Irwin, E., Kaushal, S.S., Marshall, V., McGrath, B.P., Nilon, C.H., Pouyat, R.V., Szlavecz, K., Troy, A., Warren, P., 2011. Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and decade of progress. J. Environ. Manag. 92 (3):331–362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.08.022.