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110 100 Time (secs)
400 300 200
Gazelle − Retained Itemsets − minsup=0.1% 90
1K increment 5K increment 10K increment
70 60 50
Gazelle − Emerged Itemsets − minsup=0.1% 60
1K increment 5K increment 10K increment
85 80
90 80
Percentage
500 Time (secs)
Gazelle − Execution Time − minsup=0.2% 120
1K increment 5K increment 10K increment
50
75 70
Percentage
Gazelle − Execution Time − minsup=0.1% 600
65 60 55
40 30 20
100
40 30
50 45
10
0
20
40
0
1K increment 5K increment 10K increment
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0
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000
Transactions
VBook − Execution Time − 10K transactions
20 15 10 5 0
0
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 Transactions
VBook − Candidates Processed − 10K transactions
160
400000
120
300000
genmax 140 zigzag Time (secs)
Time (secs)
VBook − Execution Time − 100K transactions
genmax zigzag
25
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 Transactions
VBook − Candidates Processed − 100K transactions 25000
genmax 350000 zigzag
Cardinality
30
0
Transactions
100 80 60
250000 200000 150000
40
100000
20
50000
0
genmax zigzag
20000 Cardinality
0
15000 10000 5000
0
0
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