Macroeconomic Inquiries. Macroeconomic Modeling. The Structure of Economic
Models. Source: Jones (2011). Alan G. Isaac. Macroeconomics: Introduction ...
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Macroeconomics: Introduction Alan G. Isaac American University
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Macroeconomic Inquiries Macroeconomic Modeling
Preliminaries
These lecture slides indicate the talking points covered in class. They are not a substitute for the lectures. I will appreciate learning of any typos and/or errors.
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Macroeconomic Inquiries Macroeconomic Modeling
Macroeconomics vs. Microeconomics
macroeconomics economy-wide variables (aggregates) microeconomics individual markets microfoundations of macro underlying behavior of indviduals macrofoundations of micro institutional and environmental setting
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Macroeconomic Inquiries Macroeconomic Modeling
Macroeconomic Inquiries All macro textbooks address the causes of growth business cycles inflation We hope that understanding these can help us implement better policies---policies that can improve human well-being by promoting growth, moderating business cycles, constraining inflation. Question: Do you think there are other major macroeconomic inquiries? Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Macroeconomic Inquiries Macroeconomic Modeling
Other Inquiries
Might involuntary unemployment deserve to be listed separately from business cycles? Might we be interested in the causes of the distribution of income and wealth? What role should environmental constraints play in macro policy planning? Question: What role does ideology play in determining which questions we find interesting, or are even willing to discuss?
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Macroeconomic Inquiries Macroeconomic Modeling
Background of the Class
Question: What have you learned to view as determinants of inflation, unemployment, business cycles, growth, and the distribution of income and wealth? Question: Do you think government policy can influence inflation, unemployment, business cycles, growth, and the distribution of income and wealth?
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Macroeconomic Inquiries Macroeconomic Modeling
Course Approach
In this course, we try to answer such questions by collecting evidence on the relationships between macroeconomic variables. macroeconomic (aggregative) variables measurable aggregate quantities such as GDP or unemployment that we attempt to relate to macroeconomic concepts. When then build a model in an attempt to explain our observations.
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Macroeconomic Inquiries Macroeconomic Modeling
Investigative Strategy
ask a macroeconomic question (“why are we richer today than a century ago”) document stylized facts relevant to the question develop a simple model that incorporates certain stylized facts check predictions of model against other stylized facts use novel predictions of models to search for new facts revise model
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Macroeconomic Inquiries Macroeconomic Modeling
The Structure of Economic Models
Types of Varaibles Endogenous Exogenous Parameters (like exogs but less “variable”)
Types of Equations Identities Behavioral Technological Equilibrium
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Macroeconomic Inquiries Macroeconomic Modeling
The Structure of Economic Models
Source: Jones (2011)
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Macroeconomic Inquiries Macroeconomic Modeling
The Use of Economic Models Models can be used to explore counterfactual scenarios and to predict the effects of policy changes. Comparative statics: how do the final values of the endogenous variables respond to the exogenous variables? Comparative dynamics: how does the path of the endogenous variables respond to the path of the exogenous variables? The predictions of economic models are usually qualitative. A truly successful model makes quantitative predictions as well. (Very hard!)
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Three Views of Growth Real GDP: http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/
graph/?chart_type=line&width= 800&height=480&preserve_ratio= true&id=GDPCA Logarithm of Real GDP:
http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/ graph/?chart_type=line&width= 800&height=480&preserve_ratio= true&id=GDPCA&transformation=log Annual Percentage Change in Real GDP:\
http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/ graph/?chart_type=line&width= 800&height=480&preserve_ratio= true&id=GDPCA&transformation=pc1 Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Real GDP
Source: http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2 Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Population Growth: Linear Scale vs. Ratio Scale It is usually more informative to display series that grow exponentially with a ratio scale rather than a linear scale.
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Real GDP (Ratio Scale)
Source: http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2 Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Real GDP (Ratio Scale)
Source: ERP 2011, Fig 3-1 Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Real GDP per capita (US): Linear Scale Most real income growth has been extremely recent. (But watch out: this is a linear scale, not a ratio scale.)
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Trends and Deviations
When we look at the level of real GDP over time, out attention is drawn to an apparent long-run trend. From this perspective, short-run fluctuations are swamped by long-run growth. potential output flexible trend cost of recession 1982: 5% of potential output ($1500 per family)
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Real GDP per capita (US): Ratio Scale
Figure: Real GDP per capita (US): Ratio Scale Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
GDP, GDP p.c., and Population (US)
Figure: GDP, GDP p.c., and Population (US) Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
AR vs. US: Real GDP p.c. (Ratio Scale) AR US 104
103
1850
1900
1950
2000
Data Source: http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/ Units: 1990 Dollars (PPP)Alan G. Isaac Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Real GDP per capita (7 countries)
Figure: Real GDP per capita (7 countries) Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Real GDP p.c.: Levels (2000) and Growth Rates (1960--2000)
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
World Income Distribution
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Annual Percentage Change of Real GDP
Figure: Annual Percentage Change of Real GDP Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Great Recession
Source: ERP 2011 Fig 2-1 Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
US Unemployment Rate
Source: http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/
series/UNRATE?cid=12 Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Unemployment Questions
What caused the Great Depression, with peak unemployment of 25% in the US? Until 1980, Europe had lower unemployment than the US! Why the change?
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Unemployment Since 1960: US, Europe, and Japan
Figure: Unemployment Rates since 1960: US, Europe, and Japan Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Recent Unemployment Comparisons
Source: http://www.bls.gov/fls/intl_unemployment_ rates_monthly.htm Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Recent Unemployment Comparisons
Source: http://www.bls.gov/fls/intl_unemployment_ rates_monthly.htm Alan G. Isaac Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
US Inflation
Source: http: //research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/graph/?chart_ Alan G. Isaac Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Inflation Rates since 1960
Figure: Inflation Rates Since 1960: US, Europe, and Japan Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Inflation Questions
What are the causes of inflation? How do monetary and fiscal policy contribute to inflation? Why has rich-country inflation been falling since the early 1980s? Why do some countries experience hyperinflation?
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
US Income Shares (by Quintile)
Figure: Income Shares (by Quintile) Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Tax Rates
Source: ERP (2010, Figure 5.7) Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Income Mobility
Figure: Income Shares (by Quintile) Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Notable Crisis Events
2007 July: 2 Bear Stearns hedge funds collapse (subprime related losses) Sep: run on Northern Rock (British Bank) Sep 18: first fed funds rate cut
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Notable Crisis Events ... 2008 Feb: nationalization of Northern Rock Mar 16: Bear Stearns acquired by JP Morgan Jul 11: Indymac fails Sep 15: Lehman Brothers files for Banruptcy Sep 16: Reserve Primary Fund “breaks the buck”; run on money market funds Sep 19: US Treasury offers insurance to money market funds Sep: GSE conservatorship; Merril Lynch acquire, Washington Mutual acquired Jan 2007--Sep 2009: US and European Banks write down $1T; more than 2/3 is loans. (IMF expects total losses will approach $2.5T.) Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Spread over 10-Year Treasury Yields
Figure: Spread over 10-Year Treasury Yields Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Interest Rate Questions
Why are interest rates important to the macroeconomy? What determines interest rates? How can monetary policy affect interest ratest?
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Housing Prices
Source: ERP 2010, Fig 1-1 Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Stock Prices
Source: ERP 2010, Fig 2-6 Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Some policy responses
2008-09-07: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac placed in conservatorship 2008-09-16: Fed extends $85B line of credit to AIG 2008-09-19: Treasury announces temporary guarantee progrm for money market mutual funds 2008-10-03: Congress passes and Bush signs Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (EESA), including up to $700B for the Troubles Asset Relief Program (TARP). The initial TARP tranche of $350B used to purchase preferred equity shares in financial institutions.
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Some policy responses ...
2008-12 -- 2009-06 Bush extends $17.4B through Auto Industry Financing Program and another $7.5B to GMAC and Chrysler Financial. Obama provides almost twice that as GM and Chrysler go through bankruptcy (to promote “orderly restructuring”. 2009-02-17: Obama signs American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), containing $787B in tax cuts and spending increases, making it the largest US fiscal stimulus (about 2% of GDP in 2009 and 2.25% in 2010). 2009-06: Car Allowance Rebate System (CARS)
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Monetary Stimulus
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Discretionary Added Fiscal Stimulus
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
US Fiscal and Current Account Deficits Budget deficits and trade deficits may affect future living standards.
Alan G. Isaac Macroeconomics: Introduction Figure: US Fiscal and Current Account Deficits
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
US Exchange Rate
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Net International Investment Position
NIIP not the same as wealth! A rise in the value of our stock market raises our wealth but emph{reduces} our NIIP (because foreign residents hold US stock). 2009 US net equity postion: $3T 2009 US net debt postion: -$5T
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Composition of Assets and Liabilities (US v. RoW)
Figure: Composition of Assets and Liabilities (US v. RoW) Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Growth Unemployment Inflation Inequality Financial Markets Open Economy
Reversal of Fortune Capital gains are no longer offsetting our current account deficit.
Alan G.Reversal Isaac Macroeconomics: Figure: of FortuneIntroduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Section 1 National Income Accounting
Background One reads with dismay of Presidents Hoover and then Roosevelt designing policies to combat the Great Depression of the 1930s on the basis of such sketchy data as stock price indices, freight car loadings, and incomplete indices of industrial production. The fact was that comprehensive measures of national income and output did not exist at the time. The Depression, and with it the growing role of government in the economy, emphasized the need for such measures and led to the development of a comprehensive set of national income accounts. [froyen-2005-macrotp], as quoted in [landefeld.seskin.fraumeni-2008-jep] Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Section 1 National Income Accounting
Background ...
Prior to the Great Depression, we had no systematic evaluation of aggregate output. The nation was in the midst of the Great Depression, but policymakers had no comprehensive picture of what was happening to the economy. In response, Simon Kuznets and his colleagues in the 1930s gave us our first official measurements [kuznets-1934-gpo].
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Section 1 National Income Accounting
Stocks and Flows
Stock: measured at a point in time, does not need to refer to a period of time Flow: measured over a period of time Examples: wealth vs. saving, debt vs. deficits
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Section 1 National Income Accounting
Measuring Aggregate Production GDP: market value of all final goods and services produced by domestic residents in a given year. We can look directly at expenditures on final goods and services (expenditure approach), or we can equivalently look at payments to the factors of production (income approach). Households are the owners of the factors of production. Firms produce goods and use their revenues to pay for the factors of production. For simplicity, we aggregate the payments to factors into two categories: labor income (“wages”) and rent (“profits”).
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Section 1 National Income Accounting
Components of GDP Basic NIPA identity: Y = C + I + G + (IM − EX ) 100
80 Percent of GDP (2009)
71
60
40
21 20 11 -3 0 C
Data Source:
I
Alan G. Isaac
G
Macroeconomics: Introduction
NX
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Section 1 National Income Accounting
US Consumption/GDP
Source: ERP 2010, Fig 1-3 Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Section 1 National Income Accounting
Composition of US GDP
Figure: Composition of US GDP Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Section 1 National Income Accounting
Composition of US GDP WWII led to a dramatic increase in G. Note that C continues on trend, although I collapses. Data Source: FRED 103 102
Y C I G
101 100 0.8 0.6 0.2
C/Y I/Y G/Y NX/Y
0.0 1930
1935
0.4
1940
1945
Alan G. Isaac
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Section 1 National Income Accounting
Composition of US GDP ...
Source: Jones 2008 Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Section 1 National Income Accounting
Labor’s Share of GDP Labor’s share of GDP is roughly constant at around 2/3.
Source: Jones 2008 Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Section 1 National Income Accounting
Absorption
We call our aggregate spending “absorption”: A = C +I +G
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Section 1 National Income Accounting
Current Account Determination (view 1):
Y − C − I − G = (IM − EX ) Y − A = (IM − EX )
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Section 1 National Income Accounting
Decomposing G
Break up government expenditure: G = CG + IG What is government investment (e.g., in basic research)?
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Section 1 National Income Accounting
Revised identity:
Y = C + I + G + (IM − EX )
= C + I + C G + I G + (IM − EX ) = C NAT + I NAT + (IM − EX )
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Section 1 National Income Accounting
Current Account Determination (view 2):
Y − C NAT − I NAT = (IM − EX )
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Section 1 National Income Accounting
Current Account Determination (view 3):
S NAT − I NAT = (IM − EX )
Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
Macroeconomics: Questions and Methods A First Look at Macro Data Measuring the Macroeconomy
Section 1 National Income Accounting
References [froyen-2005-macrotp] Froyen, Richard T. (2005) Macroeconomics: Theories and Policies. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. [kuznets-1934-gpo] Kuznets, Simon. (1934) National Income 1929--1932. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. [bls-2005-flsforc] of Labor Statistics, Bureau. 2005. Comparative Civilian Labor Force Statistics, 10 Countries, 1960-2004. [landefeld.seskin.fraumeni-2008-jep] Landefeld, J Steven, Eugene P Seskin, and Barbara M Fraumeni. 2008. Taking the Pulse of the Economy: Measuring GDP. Journal of Economic Perspectives 22, 193--216. Alan G. Isaac
Macroeconomics: Introduction
