4384 in Biosciences 10(22), Print : ISSN 0974-8431, Trends4384-4388, in Biosciences Trends 201710 (22), 2017
Management of Onion Thrips, Thrips tabaci Using Chemical and Bio-Pesticide for Quality Onion Production AJAY KUMAR DAS1 , *WAJID HASAN2 AND SUSHIL KUMAR SINGH1 1
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Katihar, Bihar and Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jehanabad, Bihar * email :
[email protected] 2
ABSTRACTS The field experiments were conducted to study the effect of bio-pesticide and chemical insecticide against onion thrips during 2013-14 and 2014-15. The trials were laid out in RBD with five different treatments replicated ten. The treatments involved were T1 (Neem oil @ 4ml./lit), T2 (Profenophos @ 1ml./lit.), T3 (Imidacloroprid 17.8 SL @ 1ml./lit.), T 4 ( Neem cake extract @50 gm./lit) and T 5 (farmers practice). The result revealed that the application of Imidachloroprid 17.8 SL(T3) showed positive response in minimizing population of thrips both year and population were reduced up to (10.62/plant), improved the total yield (263.5641q/ha.) and marketable yield (247.55q/ha) which was significantly superior than all other treatments. It was also found minimum cost of cultivation (363.32 Rupees per quintal),minimum bulb damage percentage (5.42%) and leaf damage scale(0.44)were observed with the application of Imidachloroprid 17.8 SL@ 1 ml/lit water. farmers obtained maximum net return (Rs.265336.95/ ha)and B:C (3.05) in T 3 as compare to other treatments. Key words
Onion, Thrips, Bio-pesticide, leaf and Bulb damage, economics.
Onion is a biennial herb with superficial root system and belongs to the family Alliaceae. Onion is a valuable cash vegetable and spice commodity consumed all over the world and has nutritive as well as medicinal values like controlling bleeding piles, cold cough, bronchitis, influenza and disorders in urinary system (Patel et al.2013). Onion has very short flattened stem at the base and bulb is formed by the thickening of the leaf base when the crop reaches a critical stage. Size of the bulb depend upon the number and size of green leaves, length of leaf and one leaf form one ring at the bulb maturity. Onion grown as second largest area and production (contributes about 19.9% of world production) next to tomato as vegetable in the world as listed by FAO but productivity (14.2 ton/ha) of this crop in India is far less as compare to china (22.0 ton/ha). Area under onion production in India is maximum in Maharashtra and Bihar contributes about 7% of total production of India (Indian Horticulture data base 2011). Cultivation of onion depends on biotic and abiotic factors Chhalrola et al. (2003). Out of several major reason of low production, productivity and marketability insect plays a vital role to affect the crop in all stage. Among insects, onion thrips (thrips tabaci) which is a cosmopolitan and polyphagus in nature affected the crop quantitavely and qualitatively belongs to the family Thripidae both immature and adult stage suck plant sap and the leaves of attacked plants become curled, wrinkled and gradually dry up and unable to form bulbs and flower
set seeds as expressed by G.S. Dhaliwal et al.(2008). The adult thrips are slender, yellowish brown and measure about 1 mm in length. The male are wingless whereas the female have long narrow strap like wings which are furnished with long hair along with the hind margins. Nymphs resembles the adult but are wingless and slightly smaller. The adult female lays 50-60 kidney shaped eggs singly in slits which are made in leaf tissue with its sharp ovipositor. The eggs hatch in 4-9 days and nymph start feeding on plant juice by lacerating the leaf tissue. A nymph pass through 4 stages and full-fed in 4-6 days. Onion thrips causes yield losses up to the extent of 50% as reported by Mote.(1978). In sever infestation, when the crop is lifted, the thrips invade in bulb during curing through ruptured skin. It damages the bulb during storage and lowering the quality and value of the onion (Workman and Martin 2002). Onion thrips hide themselves between leaf blade and bulb. Thrips due to piercing and rasping type of mouth, attack firstly new and tender leaves. thrips laid their eggs in the leaves tissue and nymph hatch- out within four days. Thrips feed on young growth of onion and living a signature silvering pack work on the leave as they grow. Intensive feeding results as a silvery- white stippled appearance as white blast or silver top. Thrips reduce Photosynthesis and enhance water losses than normal resulting plant to succumb to disease. After feeding for a few days they turn in pupal stage and emerging as an adult within a week. Thrips complete life cycle in 14-30 days but its when atmospheric temperature goes above 30 0C, the life cycle reduce to 10-14 days. The early bulbing stage is most susceptible to thrips resulting in reduction of size and marketability of crop. The reduction was in form of smaller onion bulbs that resulted from the feeding activity after bulbing. At mature stage, onion thrips are milky white at first and after moulting turned to green or lemon- yellow in colour with red eyes and wingless. Neem oil is a squeezed from seed of neem and contains an active ingredient azadirachtin, a nortripornoid belonging to lemonoids. It has insecticidal, fungicidal and bactericidal properties and as insecticide it acts as stomach and contact insecticide. biopesticide, the neem oil, which is easily available in the local market, is better option to in the management of onion thrips using eco-friendly technology, D.K.Mishra et al.(2007). Keeping all above points under consideration the present trial was conducted to find out the effects of biopesticide and chemicals against onion thrips for better crop growth, yield and viable returns to the farmers. The four considerations for the conduct of the above trials included farmer’s perspective, farmer’s participation, farmer’s management status and suitability of site as suggested by Singh (1999).
DAS et al., Management of Onion Thrips, Thrips tabaci Using Chemical and Bio-Pesticide for Quality Onion Production
MATERIAL AND METHODS The on farm trial on effect of bio-pesticide and chemicals to control onion thrips was carried out of two adjoining village of Chilmara and Bahadurpur of the Katihar district (Bihar) during summer season 2013-14 and 2014-15 adopted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, katihar under Bihar Agricultural University in randomized block design with five treatments. Ten innovative and receptive farmers were selected for conducting the trial in one acre. Hence for one replication, total area was four hundred meter square and plot size was kept 16 x5 m2 for each treatment. Plot were divided with five different bio-pesticide and chemicals was as follow T1 Neem oil @ 4ml./lit,T2 Profenophos @ 1ml./ lit.,T3 Imidacloroprid 17.8 SL @ 1ml./lit., Neem cake extract @50 gm./lit and T5 farmers practice. Before transplanting soil sample was collected and analyzed at Jute research station, katihar (Bihar) to know the physico-chemical properties of soil. Seed of Agrifound red were sown in the last week of November. After 55-60 days established nursery plant was transplanted in trialed plots in the last week of January. The field was prepared uniform and the entire recommended amount of fertilizer was incorporated as basal, and rest of nitrogen was top dressed in two split at 30 and 60 days after transplanting. All other package and practices was followed uniformly in different treatments as per the recommendation. All treatments applied for four times starting from 20 days of transplanting at 15 days interval. At the time of spray, simple detergent was used as sticker with neem oil and chemicals. The thrips population was estimated by counting the numbers of thrips per square meter of area. Thrips population were counted in ten randomly selected plant 24 hours before and 48 hours after the spraying. Observation on percent leaf damage rated by thrips were also made on randomly selected plant by counting of healthy and damaged leaves per treatment and replication wise. The crop was harvested after attaining physiological maturity followed by manual neck fall of foliage for two weeks .The stems and roots of each harvested plant were trimmed off. Bulbs were then air-dried for three days before weighing them. The average weight of harvested bulbs per plot was determined using a digital balance and the yield converted to quintal per hectare. Yield of onion bulbs per hectare and percent reductions in yield were calculated using the formulae: (i) Bulb yield (q/ha) =Total weight of bulbs per plot (kg) x 10/Effective harvested area (m2). (ii) % reduction in yield=Yield of protected plot – Yield of unprotected plot x 100 / Yield of protected plot. The yield was recorded by weighing the bulb after harvest in treatment wise and graded in marketable and
Table 1.
unmarketable bulbs. The diameter of bulb above 4-6 cm were placed under marketable size and under mature, split, under developed and improper curved were shorted as unmarketable bulb. B: C ratio was calculated treatment-wise. Bulb damage percentage was calculated by using formula. Bulb damage %=100-(marketable yield/total yield x100). Leaf damage rating scale: 1= 0-20,2=21-40.3=4160,4=61-80 and 5=81-100. The economics studies of the crop were done by computing the cost of cultivation and net profit Rs/ha are the basis of prevailing rate of input and output obtained from local market. The net return was calculated by subtracting the cost of cultivation from the gross return obtained from the sale proceeds of the harvested fruit. Benefit cost ratio was calculated by dividing the gross profit by cost of cultivation. Onion was sold during 2013-14 @ Rs.1475/quintal at harvesting time and @1610/q in2014-15.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Thrips population (per plant) Observation of analysed pooled data (table-4) showed that thrips population after four spraying varied from 7.20/ plant to 46.33 per plant. Thrips population per plant was found maximum (46.33 per plant /plant) in farmers practice where as it was minimum (7.20/plant) in Imidachloroprid treated (T3) plot. Treatment (T3) was significantly superior in controlling thrips population than other treatments. It was also observed that thrips after each spray goes down with the application of chemical and Bio-pesticide but chemicals always showed better. The results regarding population of thrips control was in close agreement with the findings of Singh and Kumar(2011) and Kidd et al.(1991)who found that Imidacloprid cause a blockage in the nicoti- nergic neuronal pathway resulting in the insect’s paralysis and death.
Total yield (q/ha) The data pertaining to the total yield of onion as a result of different treatment have been presented in table 4. The analysis of pooled data on total yield revealed that there was a significant difference between the treatments. The yield of the trialed plot as induced by all the bioinsecticide and chemicals on thrips varied from 221.47q/ha to 263.53q/ha. Observation regarding total yield with the application of Imidachloroprid was found maximum (263.53q/ ha) which was significantly superior than other treatments and it was minimum (221.47q/ha) in control field. Result of the experiment was in close conformity with the findings of
The product used in the bio-pesticide and chemicals thrips Treatments
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Insecticides
Concentration
Rate of application
T1
Neem oil
4%
4 ml/lit.water
T2
Profenophos
50 EC
1 ml/lit.water
T3
Imidacloroprid(confidor)
50g ai./kg
1ml/lit.water
T4
Neem cake extracts
5%
50gm/lit.water
T5
Farmers prectice
Use roger in soil and spray with the same.
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Trends in Biosciences 10 (22), 2017
Table 2.
Characteristics of soil of experimental plots.
Replication
pH
ECe (d Sm-1)
OC (%)
N
-----------(kg/ha)--------------
5.79
0.27
0.76
324.0
4.57
116.48
2
5.97
0.33
0.79
331.0
18.28
70.5
3
5.81
0.29
0.67
300.0
22.85
64.96
4
5.80
0.29
0.32
211.0
13.71
72.8
5
5.97
0.34
0.12
159.0
27.42
99.6
6
5.90
0.31
0.74
318.0
13.71
96.3
7
5.73
0.21
0.68
301.0
9.14
94.0
8
5.88
0.29
0.48
251.0
13.71
90.7
9
5.76
0.31
0.43
239.0
22.85
87.3
10
6.03
0.35
0.40
226.0
31.99
181.4
The yield of the trialed plot as induced by all the bioinsecticide and chemicals on thrips varied from 5.42% to 18.69%. Damage in onion bulb may be due to Thrips who suck plant sap and the leaves of attacked plants become curled, wrinkled and gradually dry up. The loss in bulb yield due to attack of onion thrips was in agreement with the findings of Kendall and Capinera (1987) and G.S. Dhaliwal et al.(2008) who reported that the most serious effect of infestation by thrips was the resultant reduction in bulb yield and The affected plant become unable to form bulbs and do not flower set seeds.
Marketable yield (q/ha) The data pertaining to the total yield of onion as a result of different treatment have been presented in table 4. The analysis of pooled data on total yield revealed that there was a significant difference between the treatments. The yield of the trialed plot as induced by all the bioinsecticide and chemicals on thrips varied from 185.74q/ha. to 247.55q/ha. Maximum marketable yield (247.55q/ha) was found in T3 treated plot and minimum marketable yield(185.74 q/ha)in controlled plot (T5). It was also found that treatment T3 was significantly superior to other treatments The results of the observation was correlated with the findings of Waiganjo (2004) in Onion yield who stated that marketable losses due to thrips in onion ranges between 18% to 60%.
Leaf damage The data pertaining to the leaf damage scale as a result of different treatment have been presented in table 4. The pooled analysis of data on leaf damage scale revealed that there was a significant difference between the treatments. The damage of the leaves of trialed plot as induced by all the bio-insecticide and chemicals on thrips varied from 0.44 to 3.06.The losses in onion growth were associated with the damages caused by onion thrips to the onion leaves which led to reduced photosynthetic ability and nutrient availability to plants as was reported by Coviello and McGiffen (1995). The reductions in the number
Bulb damage percent The data pertaining to the total yield of onion as a result of different treatment have been presented in table 6. The analysis of pooled data on total yield revealed that there was a significant difference between the treatments.
Effect of bio and chemicals on onion thrips Thrips population after spray
Treat ments
K
1
Sanderson (1995) who demonstrated that thrips feeding had the potential to significantly reduce onion yields and imidachloroprid play positive response in controlling thrips.
Table 3.
P
1st spray
2nd spray
3rd spray
total yield (q/ha)
Market able Leaf damage bulb damage yield (q/ha) scale %
4th spray
(2013(2013- (2014- (2013- (2014(2014(2014(2014(2014(2014(2014(2013(2013(2013(2013(201314) 14) 15) 14) 15) 15) 5) 15) 15) 15) 15) 14) 14) 14) 4) 14)
T1
17.80 24.62
9.06
19.31
4.57
15.37
3.26
13.36 232.50 237.97 210.23 210.61 1.61
1.61
11.10 11.10
T2
11.40 20.68
5.50
15.70
3.27
12.87
2.77
8.77 242.92 249.24 223.66 228.44 0.81
.81
8.41
8.41
T3
9.10
17.09
4.82
12.52
2.47
7.65.
2.45
4.45 257.10 261.41 240.96 238.71 0.44
.44
4.86
4.86
T4
18.93 28.01
9.19
22.79
4.90
17.55
3.61
15.61 228.96 231.99 193.21 198.17 1.82
1.82
14.62 14.62
T5
42.77 38.57 40.96 40.96 47.25 51.81 45.94 45.95 221.61 223.41 186.68 181.47 3.04
3.05
19.14 19.14
0.90
1.33
CD at 5% 1.59
1.85
1.15
1.62
1.3
1.44
0.81
1.40
16.86 14.01 12.74 12.06
0.18
0.56
DAS et al., Management of Onion Thrips, Thrips tabaci Using Chemical and Bio-Pesticide for Quality Onion Production
Table 4.
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Pooled analyzed data effect of bio pesticide and chemicals on onion thrips Thrips population after spray
Treat ments
spray
T1 T2
total yield (q/ha)
Marketable yield (q/ha)
Leaf damage %
bulb damage %
2ndspray
3rdspray
4th spray
25.96
21.31
15.43
13.22
236.79
212.50
1.61
10.71
21.49
16.26
12.98
10.11
247.42
224.65
0.81
8.94
T3
18.46
10.77
9.45
7.20
263.56
247.55
0.44
5.42
T4
29.59
24.20
18.03
15.63
229.06
198.53
1.82
13.89
T5
38.52
40.86
42.78
46.33
221.47
185.75
3.04
18.69
CD at 5%
1.25
1.13
1.09
1.12
4.05
2.88
0.3
0.90
Table 5.
1st
Effect of onion thrips on economics of onion production
Treatments
Cost of (Rs./ha.)
culti-vation
(2013-14)
(2014-15)
Total income (Rs./ha.)
Net income (Rs/ha.)
(2013-14)
(2014-15)
(2013-14)
(2014-15)
B:C Ratio (2013-14)
(2014-15)
T1
85132.50
92113.36
310649.75
342125.00
225517.25
250011.64
3.64
3.71
T2
86510.25
93085.02
336949.0
361686.50
250438.75
268601.48
3.89
3.88
T3
86730.30
93148.32
352097.25
398555.50
265366.95
305407.18
4.05
4.27
T4
87150.50
94296.84
292300.75
319633.30
205150.25
225336.00
3.35
3.38
T5
83950.75
90960.63
267668.25
299057.50
183717.5
208096.87
3.18
3.28
2013-14 @ 1475/q Sale
2014-15 @ 1610/q
of leaves could be attributed to greater ethylene production in onions damaged by thrips which enhanced foliage senescence was reported by Kendall and Bjostad (1990)and G.S. Dhaliwal et al.(2008)who stated that Size of the bulb depend upon the number and size of green leaves, length of leaf and one leaf form one ring at the bulb maturity. Thrips (Both immature and adult stage) suck the leaves sap of attacked plants resulted in curled, wrinkled and gradually dry up and unable to form bulbs.
Economics The average data pertaining to the Cost of cultivation as a result of different treatment have been presented in table 5.Table regarding affect of thrips on economics varies from rupees 83950.75 to87150.50 per ha. It was found maximum (Rs.87150.50) inT4 and minimum (rupees 83950.75) in T5.Economical analysis of data also showed that minimum cost of Analysis of tabulated data (table-4) cultivation (363.32 Rupees) per quantal was obtained in T3 and maximum (462.61 Rupees) per quintal in T5. Total cost of cultivation was maximum in T4 was may be due to more costly expenditure on Neem cake and maximum per quintal cost of cultivation in farmers practice was may be due to low yield(181.47q/ha) of onion caused by infestation of thrips. It was also found minimum cost (363.32 Rupees per quintal) in T3 which was due to maximum (238.71q/ha.) yield. Findings of the result is in close conformity with the finding of (Sanderson (1995) who stated that use of Imidachloroprid reduce to population of thrips resulting better yield.
Net income Average of tabulated data (table-5) regarding net
income varied from Rupees 183715.50 to rupees 265366.95 per hectare. Maximum (rupees 265366.95 per hectare) net income was calculated in T3 and minimum (Rupees 183715.50) net income in T5. Maximum net income was may be due to maximum yield.
B:C Ratio The observation of average data related to the B: C ratio as a result of effect of different treatment have been presented in table-5. Tabulation of data on B: C ratio revealed that there was a significant difference between the treatments. B: C ratio varied from 2.18 to 3.05.It was found that maximum B: C ratio (3.05) was obtained in T3 and minimum B:C (2.18) from control plot. Use of neem oil @ 3.5 liter/ha was found to be most effective in managing onion thrips over farmers practice as recommended by D.K.Mishra (2007). Neem-derived pesticides have the anti feed effect that starves insects to death and in cases fecundity and egg sterility reduce their populations. Azadirachin is most active compound and is most widely employed in insecticide. Neem derivatives modify the insect behavior and influence their biological process in a way detrimental to them. Profenophos @1ml.were found effective in control onion thrips as reported by kumar and Singh (2011). In general red onion tends to be more susceptible to thrips than white onion with yellow intermediate as observed by David et.al.(1995). Yield reduction due to reduced bulb size is the primary crop loss caused by onion thrips and increased plant maturity and senescence due to thrips injury may truncate the bulb growth period (Alston and Drost, 2008).
4388
Table 6. Month
Trends in Biosciences 10 (22), 2017
Weather data of district during (2013-15) trial Temp Temp (max.) 0C (min.) 0C
Humidity (%)
Rainfall (cm)
Expert group meeting on risk reduction in Agrochemical development in the Afro-Arab region.Dec.1996: Mauritius AMAS .Food and Agric Res. Council, Reduit, Mauritius. Kendall, D.M. and Bjostad, L.B. 1990. Phyohormone ecology: herbivory by Thrips tabaci induced greater ethylene production in intact onions than mechanical damage alone. J. Chem. Ecol. 16(3): 981-991.
Dec-13
24
10
74
07
Jan.-14
25.9
10.2
74
12
Feb-14
28.9
13.2
65
06
March-14
34.3
17.4
51
12
April-14
38.80
21.30
45
12
May-14
38.9
25.00
54
232.32
June-14
36.77
26.56
68
65.59
Oct-14
31.67
20.83
67
26.28
Nov.-14
28.30
14.20
68
0.00
Dec.14
21.64
11.64
66
3.10
Jan-15
22.76
10.61
65
35.72
Feb.15
27.17
13.85
64
9.12
Mishra, D.K. 2007. On farm trial: an approach for management of thrips in onion. Indian Res. J. Ext. Edu. 7(1) 35-37.
March-15
31.32
17.45
62
17.77
Oct-13
33.0
21.9
75
87
Mote, U.N. 1978. Estimation of yield loss n onion due to onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman. Pesticide. 12: 42-43.
Nov-13
23.3
16.0
70
8
April-15
34.76
21.50
76
09
May-15
39.09
25.83
76
04
June-15
38.06
27.4
73
68
Source-www.Accuweather.com
LITERATURE CITED Alston, D.G. and Drost, D. 2008. Onion Thrips (Thrips tabaci). Utah state University Extension. ENT-117-08 PR. Anonymus 2010-11. JNKVV Annual Report. 2010-11:46. Chhalrola, D.P, Vyas, H.J. and Boraiya, K.P. 2003. Influence of abiotic factors on population build up of thrips(Thrips tabaci Linderman) in garlic. Indian J. Pl. Prot. 31(2): 98-100. Coviello, R.L. and McGiffen, M.E. 1995. Damage threshold for thrips on drying onions. Plant Protection Quarterly, University of California. 5 (1): 24. Dhaliwal, G.S., Ram Singh and Chhillar, B.S. 2008. Essentials of agricultural entomology: 282-283. Facknath S. 1997. Study of botanical pesticide in Mauritius. Proc.
Kendall, D.M. and Capinera, J.L. 1987. Susceptibility of onion growth stages to onion thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) damage and mechanical defoliation. Environmental Entomology Journal. 16: 859-863. Kidd H James and Eds, D.R. 1991. The Agrochemicals handbook Third Edition. Royal society of chemistry information service, Cambridge, U.K.:10-20. Kumar, U. and Singh, S.K. 2011. Evaluation of some chemicals, botanicals and bio-pesticide against onion thrips under north Bihar conditions. Bihar Journal of horticulture. 1: 34-35. Mataarria, A. and De Leon Rojas A. 1960. Effectiveness of various organophosphate insecticides for control of thrips on onion. Biologia. 24(7):134-136.
Patel, N.V., Pathak, D.M, Joshi, N.S. and Siddhapara, M.R. 2013. Biology of onion thrips,Thrips tabaci(Lind.) on onion Allium cepa (Linn.). J.Chem.Bio.Phy.Sci.Sec. 3(1):370-377. Sahito, H.A. 2012. Chemical treated IPM strategies for insect pests of cauliflower vegetable crops. Int.J.Agric.Sci., 2(1):46-53. Sanderson, S.A. 1995. Fall onion yield response to thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) herbivory in Southern New mexico: MSc. Thesis, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico: 35pp. Singh, S.K. and Udit Kumar. 2011. Population dynamics and seasonal incidence of onion thrips under north Bihar conditions. Bihar Journal of Horticulture,1: 63-65. Singh, S.P. 1999. Methodology of on farm trials, Krishi Vigyan Kendra - A reality (edited by P. Das and B. Hansara) Division of Agriculture Extension, ICAR: 127-134. Waiganjo, M.M., Sithanantham, S.S., Mueke, J.M. and Gitonga, L.M. 2002. A pilot survey of thrips species associated with onion crop(Allium cepa L.) and the crop management practices in Kenya. In IPM Conf. sub-Saharan Afr. 8-12 Sept. Kampala, Uganda: Book Abstracts: 105. Worksman, P.J. and Martin, N.A. 2002. Toward integrated pest management of thrips tabaci in onion. New Zealand Plant Protection 55: 188-192.
Received on 29-05-2017
Accepted on 04-06-2017
