map of approach to sustainable architecture

MAP OF APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE: A critical look at their concepts and trends. Rigoberto Lárraga Lara

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Datos de edición Equipo Editorial Dr. D. Juan Carlos Martínez Coll (director) Universidad de Málaga, España Grupo Editorial Eumed Dr. D. Francisco José Calderón Vázquez Dr. D. Juan José Ortiz Molina Dr. D. Fernando Núñez Fernández

ISBN-13: 978-84-16399-79-6 Nº Registro: 2016024745 English edition 2018

MAAS Rigoberto Lárraga Lara

Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí Facultad del Hábitat

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Dedication

To all those idealists who walk without rest, persevere without surrendering and realize their goals, changing the world day by day.

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INDEX

FOREWORD

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INTRODUCTION

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Chapter I ARCHITECTURE AND ITS RESPONSIBILITY SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL

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Chapter II THEORETICAL FUNDAMENT

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Chapter III MAP OF APPROACH TO THE SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE

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Chapter IV DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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The author

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FOREWORD The environmental problem has become a universal concern. It is a challenge that deserves the attention and action of all of us. Efforts are being made by all disciplines to promote development with intragenerational and intergenerational equity, but it is still far from being a reality. There is a diversity of architectural positions that address environmental issues under different premises, some of them so close to each other, that their boundaries are difficult to distinguish, and others radically different and opposed. The radical transformational positions pose the fundamental root of environmental problems the characteristics of today's society and how humans interrelate and relate to the environment and propose a transformation of society and human relations. Deep ecologists focus their vision on the environment with an emphasis on the intrinsic value and needs of nature, leaving man second. However, the socialist Corcupians give priority to social transformation overcoming social and economic inequality, barely addressing environmental problems, believing that the human capacities freed from capitalism can solve any problem. In the middle point are the reformist proposals that believe in finding a conciliatory point between the transformationists and is staus quo rescuing ancestral components of sustainability of the native peoples, use participative management and design to achieve their objectives which are inclusive and contemplate eco technologies that give them an integrating, social and participative character. The book "Map of Approach to Sustainable Architecture" is a valuable effort that directs the steps to be organized in six groups to more than 22 architectural postures related to sustainability. The author presents a coherent set of concepts that lead us to organize a spectrum in two axes of the Map. This book is the sixth in a series of texts published by the Author with the same theme "sustainability and architecture": the first one is "Components of sustainability of traditional housing" and contains the state of the art of housing traditional and sustainability; the second text "Transforming communities towards local development" is a methodology of the participatory design process; The third book is "Philosophy of the science of sustainability in the transformation of communities towards local development", where it delves into the concepts that argue endogenous development and has seven case studies. The fourth book "Philosophy of sustainability science of the Urban Environment", where the main concepts of

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sustainability in cities are argued, with 10 case studies; in the sixth book is entitled: "Architect for community development" in it makes a proposal for a new profile of architect. In the present book, a proposal is made of a Map that groups the main positions of architecture that call themselves sustainable. The scope and clarity of this book make it accessible and informative to stimulate a critical humanist vision. Their concepts should be an essential component of the education of new students in the discipline of habitat and sustainable design. In short, this is a book that provides a clear and understandable relationship of concepts that can be applied to a new generation of designers to pursue the promising and secure future we all aspire to.

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Dr. Ramón Rivera Espinosa, Unidad de Posgrados de la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Coordinador de los Seminarios Internacionales de la Filosofía de la Ciencia y la Sustentabilidad. Líder del Cuerpo Académico Sustentabilidad de los Saberes Tradicionales Ancestrales, Fundador de la RED Internacionales de Investigadores de la Filosofía de la Sustentabilidad de la Vivienda Tradicional.

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Dr. Ramón Rivera Espinosa1

INTRODUCTION This book simplifies at least 22 architectural proposals calling themselves sustainable architecture initiatives, among which "green building", solar architecture, bio-architecture, green architecture, bioclimatic to eco-villas stand out; passing from the techno-centrist movements to those eco-centrists; giving an overview of the state of the art of sustainability in architecture, as well as the different perceptions that enrich and contribute to the complexity and debate of sustainability. The purpose of the present is to update, disseminate and create a critical awareness of our responsibility to deal with environmental responsibility, and aims to create links of dialogue, debate and agreements that allow us to create free and responsible consciences in the exercise of our profession. Based on authors such as: Hopwood B., Mellor M. & O'Brien, G. (2005), Pedemonte., Yarque. (2009), Pierri, N., Foladori (2001), among others, the author presents a map approaching the different approaches, alluding to their criticisms, definitions, tensions and debates thus giving a general image of the concept of sustainable architecture as this "great umbrella" that shelters the different architectural proposals that refer to the concept of sustainability. Chapter I, focuses on presenting an overview of environmental issues and social responsibility of the architect, this chapter allows contextualize the need to respond to pressing needs. Chapter II, reflect the theoretical foundations that allow to organize the different positions in a map approach to sustainable architecture. Chapter III presents the 22 environmental movements of the architecture, the different positions present their definition, their evolution, the main authors, and some of the most representative constructions. Among which are: eco-villas, eco-villages, studies on the construction of the concept of quality of life, research on the components of the sustainability of traditional housing, buildings with earth, wood, and materials plants, the use and innovation of eco-technologies, self-construction, participatory design, ecoarchitecture, participatory management of the habitat environment, efficient management of construction materials, bio-environmental architecture, architecture bioclimatic, state certifications and subsidies such as the green mortgage, LEED, the rational use of materials R4: Recycle, reuse, reuse, reason; the high environmental quality of the construction, the Solar architecture, the use of appropriate and renewable technologies in the constructions, the sustainable integral urban developments, the green, natural, organic 9


architecture, the green building, the high energetic efficiency, the intelligent buildings, the futurisms biomes and the high tech. Chapter IV presents the dimensions of sustainability in architecture (economic, social, environmental, cultural and institutional), describing its criteria and concluding in the importance of the management of the concept in a holistic, integral and interdisciplinary way. Finally, a bibliography is presented, which will allow the reader to delve into the subject, and define their own line of research towards the construction of an increasingly sustainable architecture.

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Chapter I ARCHITECTURE AND YOUR SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY

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ARCHITECTURE AND ITS SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY In the 70's the nations of the world converge in that our civilization is immersed in an environmental crisis, and that the development model has failed. The above is attested by the following evidences: soil degradation, loss of biodiversity, economic inequalities, climate change and the appearance of persistent super-toxic and chemical -among others-, which deplete natural resources and They break with the vital cycles of ecosystems. In the last four decades, numerous world summits have been held, in which the paradigm of sustainability has been consolidated as the guiding principle of development. However, the diversity of criticism, and the heated debates on the subject, in 1998 the concept is incorporated into the Architecture, in this respect many positions are included in the great spectrum called by Pedemonte, Yarke (2009) as "the umbrella of the sustainability ". In the previous context, an old debate revived between the relevance or not of considering architecture as art. In this chapter the author highlights the importance of defining the art of making architecture with social responsibility, that responds to the present needs without exhausting the resources required by future generations for its development, and with the foregoing, re-dignify the role of the architect. The present investigation finds its justification in the emergent and global context of a civilizatory crisis, crisis detonating of the paradigm of sustainability. To the above, architecture as other disciplines responds to the philosophy of a new era, contributing and innovating trends and positions in front of environmental issues. To enter the context the author makes a brief description of the evidences of an environmental crisis, the emergence of modern environmentalism, and the different approaches towards sustainable architecture (Lárraga: 2014a), diversity considered by Pedemonte, Yarque (2009) as "The umbrella of sustainability". Subsequently a diachronic review of the concept of art is made (Valery 2000, Herbert 1990, Patatte 1997), emphasizing the ultimate purpose of architecture, reason to exist as a discipline at the service of men; going 13

through the concept of beauty, innovation, utility, firmness, and the foundation of the architectural work is addressed. At the same time, it reflects on the attention that the architect owes to the needs of the user, contrary to the divine inspiration of a designer whose design process is "black box", demonstrated in the high contrast between a "green formalism" "(For example bio-mimicry) as a sign of arrogance of the elite and power; and the radical positions of eco-centrism and community participation. Added to the above, and within this conceptual framework arises the architect and his social responsibility. Finally, the following topics are discussed: the architect as a facilitator of community design, its proactive role in the face of unemployment, and the slogan of "no" to the superficial consumption of the global and "yes" when addressing the needs of the most vulnerable communities. Precarious

At the end of the 20th century, thinkers such as Luis Villoro, and critics of architecture such as Ramón Vargas, Antonio Toca (cit. By Lárraga: 2014b) exposed an evident environmental crisis that marked the end of an era and the beginning of a new one, before the uncertainty of which elements can consolidate the guiding axis of a new architecture was speculated how the role of the architect and his task could be re-dignified in the face of current problems. An era is the group of collective beliefs that make up an idea of the world, so in ancient times it was believed that the world was flat and had edges that led to an abyss, or that was supported on elephants and these in turn a great turtle, or else it was thought that the stars revolved around the earth and this was the center of the universe. The philosophical ideas of an era are given within a framework of beliefs and attitudes common to them. With time and the emergence of new knowledge the justification of collective beliefs and attitudes can be questioned. When the basic beliefs implicit in the thought of an era are put in doubt, then the end of an era is announced, the previous has happened with the "modern" era where the key words are the subject and reason. "The epoch we call modernity is characterized by man becoming the measure and center of the entity" (...) "Man is seen as an autonomous subject, open to the world, to transform it according to his projects and his work". Man is not only a creature, he is the source of meaning of all things (Pico della Mirandola cit. By Lárraga 2014b). 14


Context: Environmental problems and the end of an era

Modernity formulates a project to rationalize the universe, which is why everything must be subject to the conditions set by reason, and this is where transforming is a sign of dominance. In architecture this thought is evident when we revise the urban planners of the beginning of the 20th century with approaches from cities like Brasilia in the middle of the jungle, where technology and progress can and must transform the natural environment to create a space for human use . However, modern revolutions are radical attempts to find a solution to the eternal longing of man to find a society free of oppression, scarcity and injustice. Therefore, the basic ideas of modernity begin to be in crisis, expressed by critics such as Kierkegaard, Shopenhauer, Nietzsch, Ortega and Gasset. Neopositivism: criticizes the totalizing reason and puts the individual subject in crisis, and proposes the hypothesis that the transformation of nature by the work of man have limits (Club of Rome). For the first time, a goal contrary to modernity is proposed: the sustained balance instead of continued progress. For the first time, attempts to build, with pure reason, a just society, devoid of ethical rules that lead to it, seem to fail. The modern era put man at the center, as a source of meaning and a computer at all. A man who conceived reason as an instrument to build the world according to his projects. There are at least eight evidences that have questioned the direction of the current civilizatory system, and therefore have put it in crisis. 1. Overpopulation. There are positions such as Malthusina (1798) that consider that the biggest challenge facing the planet is the overpopulation of the human race, stating that all other major environmental problems stem from the fact that we are saturating the planet - the population has tripled in the last 60 years, in 1950 we were 2,555,982,611 and in 2012 more than 7,000,000,000-. The Club of Rome has proposed mathematical models that determine a limit of growth and proposes as a solution planning plans with a zero growth rate; On the other hand, there are those who defend the position that it is not the number of people who demand resources but the unequal distribution of these. Following both points, it is agreed that it is necessary to modify consumption habits due to the increase in population. The role of architecture in the conception of human settlements is transcendental, it is imperative to question the relevance of continuing to favor megacities and at the same time depopulate the rural area, where raw materials are generated.

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At the end of the 20th century, thinkers such as Luis Villoro, and critics of architecture such as Ramón Vargas, Antonio Toca (cit. By Lárraga: 2014b) exposed an evident environmental crisis that marked the end of an era and the beginning of a new one, before the uncertainty of which elements can consolidate the guiding axis of a new architecture was speculated how the role of the architect and his task could be re-dignified in the face of current problems. An era is the group of collective beliefs that make up an idea of the world, so in ancient times it was believed that the world was flat and had edges that led to an abyss, or that was supported on elephants and these in turn a great turtle, or else it was thought that the stars revolved around the earth and this was the center of the universe. The philosophical ideas of an era are given within a framework of beliefs and attitudes common to them. With time and the emergence of new knowledge the justification of collective beliefs and attitudes can be questioned. When the basic beliefs implicit in the thought of an era are put in doubt, then the end of an era is announced, the previous has happened with the "modern" era where the key words are the subject and reason. "The epoch we call modernity is characterized by man becoming the measure and center of the entity" (...) "Man is seen as an autonomous subject, open to the world, to transform it according to his projects and his work". Man is not only a creature, he is the source of meaning of all things (Pico della Mirandola cit. By Lárraga 2014b). Modernity formulates a project to rationalize the universe, which is why everything must be subject to the conditions set by reason, and this is where transforming is a sign of dominance. In architecture this thought is evident when we revise the urban planners of the beginning of the 20th century with approaches from cities like Brasilia in the middle of the jungle, where technology and progress can and must transform the natural environment to create a space for human use . 16


2. Climate Change. The vast majority of scientists believe that human activities are currently affecting the climate, and that we have already passed the turning point: that is, it is already too late to reverse the damage that climate change has done to the environment. At this point, the best we can do is to regulate the future impact by developing production methods more friendly to the environment than fossil fuels. Above all we have to balance the provenance of the materials we use in the Context: Environmental problems and the end of an era

However, modern revolutions are radical attempts to find a solution to the eternal longing of man to find a society free of oppression, scarcity and injustice. Therefore, the basic ideas of modernity begin to be in crisis, expressed by critics such as Kierkegaard, Shopenhauer, Nietzsch, Ortega and Gasset. Neopositivism: criticizes the totalizing reason and puts the individual subject in crisis, and proposes the hypothesis that the transformation of nature by the work of man have limits (Club of Rome). For the first time, a goal contrary to modernity is proposed: the sustained balance instead of continued progress. For the first time, attempts to build, with pure reason, a just society, devoid of ethical rules that lead to it, seem to fail. The modern era put man at the center, as a source of meaning and a computer at all. A man who conceived reason as an instrument to build the world according to his projects. There are at least eight evidences that have questioned the direction of the current civilizatory system, and therefore have put it in crisis. 1. Overpopulation. There are positions such as Malthusina (1798) that consider that the biggest challenge facing the planet is the overpopulation of the human race, stating that all other major environmental problems stem from the fact that we are saturating the planet - the population has tripled in the last 60 years, in 1950 we were 2,555,982,611 and in 2012 more than 7,000,000,000-. The Club of Rome has proposed mathematical models that determine a limit of growth and proposes as a solution planning plans with a zero growth rate; On the other hand, there are those who defend the position that it is not the number of people who demand resources but the unequal distribution of these. Following both points, it is agreed that it is necessary to modify consumption habits due to the increase in population. The role of architecture in the conception of human settlements is transcendental, it is imperative to question the relevance of continuing to favor megacities and at the same time depopulate the rural area, where raw materials are generated. 2. Climate Change. The vast majority of scientists believe that human activities are currently affecting the climate, and that we have already passed the turning point: that is, it is already too late to reverse the damage that climate change has done to the environment. At this point, the best we can do is to regulate the future impact by developing production methods more friendly to the environment than fossil fuels. Above all we have to balance the provenance of the materials we use in the... Is it necessary for these to travel thousands of kilometers for us to use? 17

3. Loss of Biodiversity. Human behavior has destroyed and continues to destroy the habitat of species every day - when we exterminate one, there is an immediate effect on the food chain, which in turn affects interdependent ecosystems. In this, not only refers to the extinction of species, which in itself is dramatic, but also in the loss of the genetic bank of one species to privilege one in particular and discard the others, this is the case, when fractioned on forested areas, we try to compensate deforestation with trees of exogenous and monocultivated introduction; the same happens when a land use change is made, which promotes the real estate pressure on the natural areas adjoining the large cities.

6. Deforestation, desertification and soil degradation. Since 1990 more than half of the world's forests have been destroyed, and deforestation continues. The role of urban planners and architects is fundamental in ordering the growth of cities, using the few soils rich in nutrients for agriculture and preventing them from being covered by concrete when urbanized. It is necessary to respect the recharge areas of the aquifer, and preserve the benefits of tree planting inside and outside cities. The change in land use, the use of monocultures, the use of pesticides and fertilizers produced by the petrochemical industry have eroded much of the arable land, and increased flooding and forest fires, which put the planet's food security at risk. 18


4. Phosphorus and nitrogen cycles. Although the effect of human activities on the carbon cycle is better known, the influence on the nitrogen cycle has a greater impact on the environment. The use and abuse of nitrogen by the human race has resulted in a very beneficial technology for our species: Each year, we convert approximately 120 million tons of nitrogen from the atmosphere into reactive forms such as nitrates for the production of fertilizers or food additives. The residues of the plantations reach the oceans and have a negative effect on the phytoplankton, which is responsible for the production of a large part of the oxygen. 5. Contamination with persistent chemicals. Soil, water and air are contaminated by chemical compounds that did not exist on the planet and that take years to dissolve. Most of these chemicals are the result of our lifestyle and are created by industry and motor vehicles. Some of the most common toxic substances are: metals, nitrates and plastics; the vast majority used indiscriminately in our architectural projects.

7. Increase in the distance between rich and poor. The world system increases daily the polarization between poverty and wealth among nations, regions, communities and individuals. Now, a small group of nations dominates the global power structure, guides production and determines who can make progress. Similarly, many communities fight among themselves sacrificing the welfare of their population and the quality of their own infrastructure by offering various subsidies to attract private investment to their regions. Socio-spatial segregation is promoted by the insecurity and the disproportionate distance between the richest (decreasingly smaller) and the poorest (growing) people. Social movements and unemployment are a sign of social discontent with a system that can not incorporate the majority into development. 8. Energy crisis. Fossil fuels are natural resources that for three hundred years made possible historical advances in agriculture, industry and technology in the contemporary world. Thus, the industrial revolution in the late eighteenth century turned to coal as the primary fuel. Britain, a pioneer in industrial development, possessed immense reserves of coal, hence control of the world economy. However, the discovery of the reserves in the Rhur basins in Germany and the northeastern United States put an end to the British monopoly. The engine of the industrial revolution was the steam engine, which modified the world's transportation. In a few years, ships and locomotives traveled the entire planet. Later during the twentieth century, coal was replaced by oil by offering formidable advantages over the first fossil fuel, such as easy transportation and a higher calorific value. This last characteristic makes petroleum a difficult substitution product since it is used as a fuel and as a raw material in the petrochemical industry, which obtains more than 20 thousand products derived from hydrocarbons. The most important oil reserves are not found in industrialized countries. This contrast between the location of consuming and producing regions causes the origin of global energy problems. The energy crisis, is just a sample of the dependence that we have generated around oil and its derivatives, is manifested in international conflicts, and the decline in the quality of life of countries that put it but are not benefited of the extraction system, receiving the externalities -contamination of the environmentbut not the benefits. In short, the environmental crisis facing humanity is the product of the life system of the last three hundred years, in the middle of this, we have had to design and 19

build architectural objects that respond to the needs of man without mining the resources necessary for the next generations can do it. When we refer to resources, we do not only think of natural resources, since resources are equally important: social, cultural, institutional, and economic. How will we make architecture in a context of violence, insecurity, poverty, social instability, injustice ...?

At the United Nations World Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm (1972), the concerns of the international community regarding ecological and development problems were expressed for the first time. [Years later, at the United Nations World Conference on Human Settlements, known as Habitat (1976), the need to improve the quality of life through the provision of adequate housing for the population and the sustainable development of the human settlements]. In this context, in 1987, the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development unanimously adopted the document Our Common Future or Brundtland Report, which was defined as "that meets the essential needs of the present generation without compromising the ability to satisfy the essential needs of future generations ». At the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (1992), the Action Program for Sustainable Development, known as Agenda 21, was approved, through which the countries committed to implement it through the generation of indicators. At the World Summit on Sustainable Development, held in Johannesburg (2002), the international community reaffirmed the commitment to promote and strengthen, at all levels, the three dimensions of sustainable development (economy, society and environment) and recognized that, To achieve this, it is essential to eradicate poverty, change unsustainable patterns of production and consumption and properly manage the natural resource base. 20


Modern environmentalism and sustainability In the second half of the 20th century, in the time of the post-war and the Cold War, in the midst of the arms race and nuclear tests, a point of international agreement was born: the need to change the course of our civilization which is finding growth limits due to the depletion and deterioration of natural resources. Among many approaches and a heated debate about the concept of sustainability and how to reach it, there are important advances marked mainly by four international events: the Stockholm Declaration (1972), the Bruntland Report (1987), the Rio Declaration of Janeiro (1992) and Johannesburg (2002).

The view of the concept of sustainability would not be complete without taking into account the participation of all the actors that have contributed to the capital of ideas of the concept, Naína Pierri (2001) finds at least three currents of contemporary environmental thought, positions that in the 1970s, they seemed to agree on the definition of a common environmental problem, making different proposals to avoid an environmental collapse that prevents social welfare in the future. Some of these currents were eventually radicalized, others were moderated incorporating ideas from other lines. Pierri (2001) mentions two extremes and intermediate points that range from very strong sustainability to very weak sustainability. In the conservationist ecology current we find the deep ecology and the proposal of zero economic and population growth, which has an eco-centric approach and is based on the ecological economy. Its background is based on several consolidated efforts of the 19th century as well as some conservation achievements by decree of natural areas and biodiversity. One of the most influential points of this current is related to the limits of growth (Meadows, et al .: 2004) that puts into perspective the demographic role in the deterioration of the earth's natural resources, postulating the urgent need for limit the population, so a control policy with a prior definition of what could be the optimal size of a stable population is needed. By their nature, many of these arguments have fallen into eco-fascism; nevertheless, they have collaborated in the construction of the current concept of sustainability. Moderate environmentalism, according to Pierri (2001), has known how to take advantage of its central position (Reformista) to incorporate into international politics the priority of addressing environmental problems; nevertheless its environmentalist position has had to yield to the pressures of the dominant economic system (status quo); this current has an anthropocentric and developmentalist approach, postulates the need to create certain limits imposed by nature on the economy; It is based on environmental economics and tries to find the connection between development and conservation. "The hegemony of moderate environmentalism weakened the opposing role of environmentalism" (Pierri, 2001: 30); In addition, this position was achieved in Stockholm to analyze and propose more precisely environmental problems worldwide.

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Critical humanism is considered as weak sustainability because of its main concern in social injustices before the natural ones that characterize it as anthropocentric; it is on the side of poor and subordinated countries and proposes eco-development as a social radical change, focused on meeting the needs and quality of life of the majority, making responsible use of natural resources; It is based on social ecology and has coincidences with the ecological economy. This approach proposes a new social order against the idea of limits of growth, emphasizes the right of the peoples of the Third World to obtain control of their economic resources; This current is considered as an alternative development style, self-determined and self-centered. This approach identifies the positions of Toledo (1996, 2000, 2002) and Tetrault (2004) used in our evaluation. In the seminar Founex (1971) it was possible to broaden the vision of environmental problems to their aspects, causes and social consequences; this current of thought is considered within the transformational approach and its main criticism is the lack of methodological instruments product of its radicalism opposed to the dominant system.

To enter a concept as complex as that of sustainability it is mandatory to consult the first texts produced by the international conferences of Stockholm (1972), Rio de Janeiro (1992), Johannesburg (2002), and to be able to appreciate the beginning, the evolution of the concept, the criticisms and debates that were taking different approaches. In this sense, Pierri (2001) shows the different currents that go from very strong sustainability, going through the strong, moderate, weak and very weak. On the other hand, Hopwood et al. (2005) mentions the approaches that distinguish ecocentrists from technocrats and their positions in debate. Where, beyond losing ourselves in a world of information, it is essential to have an organized perception of what is understood in different positions of the same concept. In the beginning, the dimensions visualized for sustainability were environmental, social and economic; Later on, in the development of the concept, the cultural and institutional dimension were detached as independent entities, with a great weight, reason why they could not remain immersed in the social dimension. Some authors reviewed are: in the environmental dimension Takács, (2004); Fisher et al., (2005); Rosales, (2006); Balée & Clark, (2006); Verhagen, (2008); in the social dimension Sevilla, (2000); Altieri, (2000); Barkin, 22


Sustainability: origins, criticisms, debates, challenges, dimensions and criteria

(2002); Toledo et. to the. (2002); Tatreault, (2004); Toledo, (2006); in the economic dimension Foladori, (2001); Romero, (2002); Daly, (2005); UN, (2006); Perry, (2006); Ochoa, (2008); in the institutional dimension Leff, (2001); WRI, (2003); Najam et. al., (2006); Gudynas, (2002); Singh, (2008); in the UNESCO cultural dimension, (2009); Chiu, (2004); Galafassi, (2001); Delgado et. al., (2005); Nugraha (2005), Nurse, (2006); Duxbury et al. (2007). Sustainability: the discourse in human settlements and in architecture Assembling the origins of the sustainability discourse with architecture and human settlements, we find the discourse of "adequate housing for all" of UNHabitat (1976) and UN-Habitat II (1996), which highlights the production of housing by communities ; the conservation and rehabilitation of cultural heritage; and the balanced development of rural settlements. In 1998 the University of Michigan initiated a project of collection of texts called "Principles of sustainable architecture" which currently has a database of more than 300 titles classified in 21 categories, material that is used in a large part of the universities of the USA to give the subject of sustainability in the faculties of architecture. Some of the categories that can be found are: case studies, materials, design, ecology, education, energy, environmental impact, recycling among others. For this moment in history, the first contribution to set criteria in sustainable design is published by Kim J. & Rigdon (1998) who categorizes it into three central points: saving resources, designing the life cycle of materials and human design. Becoming the first effort to set criteria to measure the sustainability of an architectural object, effort that is reduced to the environmental area and superficially faces the concept of quality of life in the design (Lárraga: 2014 c). For their part, Wiston & Pareja (2007) describe the role of housing in the sustainability of cities by classifying their indicators into three categories: quality of life, human well-being and freedom. Indicators that are positioned in the social dimension of sustainability. On the other hand, regarding the concept of sustainable architecture Pedemonte and Yarke (2009) consider that this concept has become the "umbrella" that covers a diversity of architectural trends mentioning: bioclimatic architecture, solar architecture, natural architecture , bio-environmental architecture, ecoarchitecture, green architecture, greenbuilding, high energy efficiency, new 23

materials, life cycle, participative management, self-construction and eco-villas. The topic expands and deepens in chapter two of this book. (See Figure 1) Among the different tendencies, those that are opposite each other can be identified, from those that privilege scientific research (smart buildings with high energy efficiency to the left of the map) to those that value practical execution (bio-construction to the right). Figure. 1. Map of approach to sustainable architecture.

Source: Lárraga, R. 2014 a.

In antiquity, and until the Renaissance, art meant skill, as the French writer Paul Valéry (cited by Pettinari, 2008) says, "The word ART first meant way of doing". In the first definitions of art we find not only the fine arts, but also manual crafts. The first classifications did not separate the fine arts from the trades, but were divided according to their practice, those that required mental effort only (liberal) and those that required a physical effort (vulgar). Painting and sculpture were vulgar, and infinitely inferior to the liberal ones. Following Pettinari (2009), already in the Middle Ages, Arts were only the liberal arts: grammar, rhetoric, 24


The art of making architecture

arithmetic, logic, geometry, astronomy and music and were taught at the University. The mechanical arts were classified in the twelfth century in ars victuaria (feed the people), lanificaria (clothing), architectura (shelter), suffragatoria (means of transport), medicine (cure), negotiatoria (exchange goods), militaria (defend of the enemy). Hugo de San Victor in the twelfth century (cit. By Pettinari, 2008), classified them: lanifium, armature, navigatio, agriculture, enatio, medicine and theatrica. Poetry does not appear because it was considered a kind of philosophy or prophecy. Neither appear the painting nor the sculpture because there were only the seven most important and the utility of the visual arts was something marginal. We went a lot to the classifications of art today. According to (Pettinari cit. (2008), the term Fine Arts began to be used in the eighteenth century, Charles Batteaux indicated five: painting, sculpture, music, poetry and dance, and then incorporated architecture and eloquence. it was modified throughout the last centuries of modern history, losing eloquence but adding to cinema and photography. Following Herbert (1990), the term art comes from the Latin ars, whose meaning refers to the disposition, ability and virtue to do something. The Renaissance added to the qualities that the word "art" denotes the term of invenzione, which refers to originality, the indispensable quality of artistic creations. It will be understood then that the word art has a connotation that implies more than a good to do and that links it to qualities of something that, being original, transcends the superfluous, and gives it a unique, sublime character and therefore not of all or for all. Art is a way of expression in all its essential activities, art tries to tell us something about the universe of man, of the artist himself. Art is a form of knowledge as precious to man as the world of philosophy or science. Of course, only when we clearly recognize that art is a form of knowledge parallel to, but distinct from, knowledge through which man comes to understand his environment, only then can we begin to appreciate its importance in the history of art. humanity (Read, Herbert 1990). It is important to appreciate the moment in which architecture ceases to be a skill, an ability to do well the human "shelter" and becomes an individual 25

interpretation of the environment, which obeys the designer's deep feeling and originality, which It transcends the superfluous, and gives it a unique, sublime character. At this moment, we can appreciate how distance is being made between the architect sublimated in his creative power and the architect with social responsibility. Architecture is a science, adorned with many disciplines and knowledge. It is practical and theoretical. Vitrubio (1st century BC) establishes the principle that buildings must be built with firmness, utility and beauty. The firmness That is to say the security of the building, the one always constituted the first concern of the builder. It resides in the structure of the building, bone in the linked set of resistant elements, cemented in the ground, which with tolerable deformations supports the actions: applied forces, accelerations exerted, and altered or imposed deformations, which it receives during its life, and transmits by the foundation to the ground. Utility. Every building responds to a need for shelter. Which, corresponds to a user, time, space and culture. Therefore, the structure of the building should contribute, but not damage: neither the functionality of the building due to its inadequate configuration, nor the economy of the work due to its disproportionate cost.

Since Architecture is founded on what is necessary, follow clearly: I. That all its beauty takes on the character of the same necessity, and everything in it must seem necessary. II. That the adornments have to derive from the same nature of the building and result if necessary. For the same reason nothing should be seen in a building that does not have its own purpose, and that is not an integral part of it. III. Everything that is in representation must also be in function. IV. Nothing should ever be done of which no good reason can be given. V. Obvious reasons, because evidence is the main ingredient of beauty; and Architecture can not have another beauty than that born of what is necessary: 26


Beauty, which makes us love the building and infuses us with spiritual delight, has been in itself a concern of the builder. The beauty of the building reflects that of the structure, as the beauty of an animal lies in that of its skeleton. Its usefulness reinforces its beauty by being appropriated by a group of individuals who share the idea of its suitability.

what is necessary is easy and evident, it never shows artifice, nor desire to adorn (Patetta 1997: 3). To these certain, constant, general, inflexible principles, all coming from the reason and the essence of Architecture, must always be raised who wants to know about buildings. He will ask each piece. Who are you? What are you doing here? How do you do your duty? Do you contribute something to comfort, to solidity? Architects of pedestals, of pilasters, of frontispieces, of cartels, of masks, etc., your least bad party is silence, and the best is to do everything in reverse of what you do. The concept of contemporary beauty, has infinite and non-quantifiable variables, intangible and sometimes existential that confuse us and does not allow us to be objective in its application in architecture. If beauty is constituted by the pleasure that men feel, they will necessarily feel it in a different way, because we are different in knowledge, in experiences, in habits of reflecting, judging, seeing and feeling; we do not all have the same capacity, and therefore we do not reach the same object with the same quantity and quality of pleasures. The interest, the passions, the ignorance, the prejudices, the habits, the customs, the climates, the governments, the cults, the events cause that the habits that surround us increase us and restrict us the sphere of the pleasures, and alter and disrupt. Finally the continuous vicissitudes of our senses, by age, diseases, seasons, said times and by an infinite variety of circumstances, change the pleasures themselves, even in the same individual. Here are the great sources of discussion in terms of beauty. The beauty of architecture depends neither on the grandeur of the buildings, nor on the sumptuousness of the materials, nor on their riches and accumulation of ornaments: things that dazzle the vulgar. Much less consists of caprice or fashion. The architectural beauty is positive, universal and constant. What can be arbitrary if everything is extracted from nature, which is always the same everywhere? Unity, variety, harmony, regularity, elegance, symmetry, convenience, are all matters that have fixed laws, and which all rational beings always like (Patetta L. 1997: 3). For the above, and in summary, it is not rational to engage in an unsuccessful debate in which if architecture is art or not, as it was revised, if it is, the art of making architecture is to respond to the identified need of a user, and its context. To make architecture is the skill to make a habitable object, firm, useful and 27

consequently beautiful, innovation is not a solid argument to remove all rational foundation of architecture. Innovation is an instrument that can take us out of the lethargy in which the architect has been unable to respond to that 70% of the population that does not have access to the orthodox architect. Vitrubio made reference to the firmness (firmitas) without leaving an emphasis on the need of man to protect himself from the outside (climate, fauna, flora, hazards in general) including those derived from the construction itself, which is why an architect it must be formed in the work itself. The foundation, the formwork, the casting should be his everyday experiences during his training.

Following Vitrubio, utility (utilitis) is another of the columns of the trade. The same object can not be useful for every person, society, time, space and culture. The utility of an architectural object is necessarily linked to who uses it, how to use it, why, when and for what use it. The skill to do well an architectural object is developed when instruments, methods and tools are acquired that allow knowing the user, their social, urban, physical, economic, cultural, institutional context. Knowing him accurately allows us to respond to the tangible and intangible need of the user. The architectural programs, "seem" to be a mere requirement without further significance in the design process, and is considered by many a limitation of the "creative spirit of the designer". However, the architectural program is the instrument to approach the "other", it is the scientific way of knowing the "other".

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Over time, the discipline has limited its work, and thus has disabled and incapacitating the architect to provide in their training with little experience in the behavior of materials, times and costs in construction, leaving the subject to engineers, builders and construction managers, from here, that the skill of making a good construction is no longer one of the architects' strengths, incapacity coupled with unemployment, and the hoarding of housing built in series, results in few opportunities architecture student to have a deep experience in construction. On the other hand, we currently find recognized designers architects with significant public recognition, whose main evidence of their work are models, renders and 3D modeling, with no experience in construction, unfortunately very followed by their media influence.

Therefore, we can say that: ilable to the user, is not useful

is not useful ial discontent is not useful

quality of life, is not useful to environmental contingencies is not useful require it, is not useful know its user, is not useful According to Vitrubio, the third component is "beauty" and is proposed as the skill of doing well an architectural object, useful to its users and society where it is immersed, capable of remaining firm, providing security, shelter, etc. Beauty is manifested in the unparalleled quality of conceptualizing, graphing and materializing, each element component of the architectural object, where part by part has a legitimate reason to exist, which responds to a user, a context, a budget, a culture, a time, a philosophy, an orientation, a climate, a terrain; In addition, it contributes to the autonomy, independence, self-sufficiency of its users; therefore, it strengthens inclusion, accessibility, mobility, readability, affordability, equity, democracy, governance, and all the values that raise the quality of life of those who live. As we have reviewed, from the Renaissance, architecture is considered a means to transmit the spirit of an era, a culture, a place, and it is, as it responds to the needs of an era, culture and place . However, an additional component "innovation" is added, the originality that distinguishes, elitist, segregates, monumentalizes, and makes it unique, separating it from the common, popular, uniform, traditional. It puts distance, between what the masses can produce and what the "artist" produces, the above puts the ego of the "artist" high, only the "artist architect" imposes with his creation the fashion, the canon, the guideline. Unlike the painter, the filmmaker and the sculptor, the architect has a fundamental commitment to his work, this is the user. The painter works for 29

himself, exorcises his demons with his painting, and expresses feelings that he transmits and groups into collectives that receive and empathize with the artist. Not so, with architecture, the architectural object solves the need for human habitat, it has nothing to do with the ecstatic representation of the designer who does not know the user and shapes in geometric shapes, with colors and textures what the soul demands to glory and immortalize as an individual.

With this background, we arrive at the first decade of the 21st century, where the "artist architect" poses bio-mimetic projects, with expensive structures and capricious forms that express the soul of the "paradigm of sustainability" -at least of sustainability weak according to Naina Pierri (2001) - where in many cases the user does not enter the design premises, since they are designed for journals and not for a defined user. In them, the form gives direction to the whole, the spectacular 3d renderings and modeling convince the investors of its high cost, elaborated with sophisticated industrialized materials, transported from the ends of the Earth, with the false argument that will save the Planet, when in reality, the externalities in extraction, production and transport, as well as the excessive consumption of materials and energy, are the environmental problems mentioned above. The more mystical and sublime is the spark that leads to the guiding idea of design, the designer receives greater glories, the so-called "black box" that hides the logical and rational process of the designer is the perfect veil for the expression of more twisted and capricious forms that flaunt the high technology and sophisticated structural calculations, insulting the social context with waste of economic resources, in countries with great distances between rich and poor. Many of the cases of bio-mimetic architecture resort to the form of structures found in nature to give plasticity and originality to their projects, however, the formal appearance of such buildings does not correspond to their usefulness, nor socio-environmental commitment of the which they boast.

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The "artist architect" is subordinated to the elite and to the power, in this way, few are counted on to immortalize their names making singular architecture, monumental, and sublime, Palaces of hundreds of rooms that nobody will use, a large urban layout in the middle of the Amazon jungle, ostentatious buildings that insult with their presence contexts of marginalization and extreme poverty.

The architect and his socio-environmental responsibility The architect of the 21st century faces several challenges, among the most important ones, it is unemployment, produced by the massification of the profession (Lárraga 2014); the crisis of the profession by not meeting the need of 70% of those who require housing; the recurrent crisis in construction as a result of the economic imbalances of the emerging countries; and the big monopolies of series housing. Faced with such challenges, the architect must innovate in his offer, must adjust to the revitalized concept of the "art of making architecture" -as it was conceived before the Renaissance- concept, which as it was revised, is the ability to make well the shelter of man, with additional element, using resources -natural, social, institutional, economic, culturalwithout putting at risk the resources that will cover the needs of future generations. An architect who directs his attention to the communities, who seeks selfemployment facilitating local development. An architect who knows how to dialogue and contribute in a multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary and metadisciplinary environment (Lárraga 2014), without forgetting the strength of his discipline to "make good the shelter of man". In this century an architect is required, who transforms his environment, away from the uncertain darkness of the "black box" where the spark of divine invention springs, which characterized him in the last three centuries. On the contrary, it develops in public places where it facilitates the concurrences of the collective imaginary, where the collaborative, democratic design makes use of ancestral knowledge and responds to the needs of a community, specifying and systematizing the design in times and costs. An architect who looks for autonomy, independence, self-sufficiency in his products, contributing from his trench to a more just, equitable, affordable, culturally diverse, democratic and socially responsible world. Finally, there is the slogan of refusing to consume what the Statu Quo refers to as "Sustainable Architecture", a superficial architecture in the management of the concept of sustainability, which only uses the concept of marketing that does not delve into the dimensions, social, cultural, economic, institutional, that boasts technocratic solutions but do not question the failed system of waste of resources and excessive consumption of materials. A magazine architecture 31

that drags crowds of students to a frustrated dream of glory and fame, and away from the fundamental architecture that is the user and its habitat. We seek to innovate our profession, returning to the roots of architecture, adding the experience of centuries, technology but also ancestral knowledge, but above all, adding human values and ethics to our profession. To conclude this chapter, we can question the continuity of this way of doing. This "architecture" and everything it has dragged will not disappear from night to morning, although events have helped to slow it down considerably. Regrettably, it was not the critics, nor the awards, nor the target audience, the reasons why the architecture-art of the star architects has been questioned. They have been purely economic reasons, a global crisis that stopped short in many projects in full construction, projects in the preliminary phase and projects about to start. Now it's up to us, the young architects, to change course, towards an architecture more linked to the social and economic problems that we are experiencing, and that many times it will not be to build buildings.


We have a very clear foundation, but we have to develop new ideas and innovate towards a new way of doing things. Personally, I think there are many who can help us in the search, as designers, craftsmen and engineers. We have to put aside the idea of the star architect and start thinking together, in cooperation between the different disciplines, in working as a team to find more elaborate solutions, and not thinking about signing a single character and much less linking it to a brand.

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Chapter II THEORETICAL FUNDAMENT

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THEORETICAL FUNDAMENT In the previous chapter, the argumentation that sustains modern environmental thinking, the basis of the concept of sustainability, was presented. In this chapter, the foundations of the concept of sustainability are presented, for which concepts of Pierri, Foladori (2005) Hopwoop, OR will be presented. 'Brien (2005) that relate the concept with its history and its trends, debates and criticisms. The definition of sustainability written in the book of Our Common Future (1986) says "Sustainable development is one that meets the needs of the present without compromising the possibilities of future generations to meet their own needs" (WCED, 1987: 43). According to Foladori (2005) two components give direction to the concept and these are the intragenerational equity; and on the other hand, intergenerational equity, in the use of natural resources to meet their needs. In Architecture you should think in the same terms. The intragenerational equity is thought in the affirmation that the human beings of the present and the future are equal and have the same rights, to obtain a decent and affordable housing; to design and build a habitat that admits having a quality of life that allows its integral development. The second component mentions intergenerational equity, an unacceptable reality in a polarized world between rich and poor, forged by the economic system of capital accumulation that establishes the rules of growth and governed by the Status Quo. By reviewing these premises, we realize the first obstacle to sustainable architecture, it is not technological, nor is it environmental; but, of social, economic, institutional type and in a lot of the cultural cases. From this crossroads differentiates and opposes each other, many of the postures and tendencies of the concept. The conceptual problem is to consider human society as a unit, as if there were no differences within it. That is, precisely the particularity of human behavior with its environment is the result of the differentiated type of social relations of production. Foladori (2005) says that the relations of capitalist production are not discussed in the theory of sustainable development but on the contrary they are permanently ignored. The specialists in sustainable architecture are trying to find in the design an alternative to the environmental problem, through energy saving, the use of recycled materials and the implementation of eco-technologies, but few of them are raising the need for equity as an indispensable condition for sustainability, there are abysmal differences between a traditional home of a native community 35

enveloped in extreme poverty, and the extreme waste of technology to acclimatize capricious forms of industrialized materials of the elite in power. In both cases they are supplying the need for habitability, which corresponds to a culture, space and context, the difference between them affects the use and deterioration of natural, economic, social, institutional and cultural resources; by such difference it is affirmed that the environmental responsibility is differentiated, between the construction of habitability of the rich nations of those poor. Since its contribution to the deterioration of environmental resources is on a different scale. It is necessary for sustainability in architecture: equity, democracy, governance, affordability, quality of life, community participation, peace and social security, cultural diversity, dynamics of continuity and change of empirical knowledge, because they are conditioning elements. There can be no sustainable architecture, if it implies in itself the differentiation, class, who can and who can not access it.

a) The conservationist or strong sustainability current, has roots in the naturalistic conservationism of the 19th century, and in the ecocentric ideas of Leopold (1949) to promote an aesthetics of "conservation" and an Ethics of the Earth or "bioethics". At the same time it has an important political philosophical reference in deep ecology, (Arne Naess 1973). According to Pierri (2005) this current took shape in the environmental discussion initiated in the seventies through the proposal of economic growth and zero population, being the most clear theoretical justification given by the ecological economy, mainly through its founder, the North American economist Herman Daly. In architecture there are positions associated with this current, they refer a radical transformation and involve a change to the development model of the status quo and therefore the way that environmental resources are used. The ecovillages, and ecovillas are an example that represents this current and materialize the transformational thinking, of the deep ecology. In them the architectural design, is only a part that solves and contributes to sustainability, 36


The heated discussions about the concept of sustainability and the different perceptions has led many to consider it utopian or idealistic, without practical possibilities of being used in the development and growth of human societies, however, Pierri (2005) states that it is precisely in the differences of positions where the diversity that enriches the concept is found, and it recognizes three main currents in dispute that, independently of their nuances and evolution, are manifested throughout the environmental debate.

the model is composed of an institutional system that allows the governance of its members and decision making in the construction of collective and individual habitat, participation community allows its members the affordability and transmission of knowledge, democracy allows members to direct their future under conditions of equity and justice, promotes cultural diversity and apply the principles of permaculture, contributing to energy savings and innovation in ecotechnics. These and other concepts are materialized in small communes in rural areas, where the architectural space collaborates in the transmission of knowledge and ecological principles, the use of ancestral construction techniques and the use of non-industrialized materials, for this, an alternative philosophical position is necessary to that of the predominant economic system and in many cases even opposed to it. b) Moderate environmentalism or weak sustainability, which is anthropocentric and developmental, but accepts the existence of certain limits imposed by nature on the economy, which separates it from the technocratic optimism expressed by traditional neoclassical economics. It is expressed, theoretically, in the socalled environmental economy, which is neoclassical, but keysiana (Pearce cit. By Pierri 2005), and politically in the hegemonic proposal of sustainable development with economic growth and conservation margins, whose most prominent spokespersons are the organisms international in the matter. c) Third, the critical humanist current, which is an alternative to the previous ones, which, rooted in anarchist and socialist ideas and movements, places itself on the side of poor and subordinated countries and sectors. According to Pierri, this current is expressed in the seventies in the third-world proposal of ecodevelopment and, later, assuming the objective of sustainable development understands that its effective construction requires a radical social change, focused on meeting the needs and quality of life of the majorities , with a responsible use of natural resources. This current has two subcurrents mentioned by Pierri as: anarchist based on social ecology, and ecodevelopment, and the Marxist undercurrent, which understands that the environmental problem is not given by the external limits of society but by the form of social organization of work that determines what resources to use, the form and rhythm of use. In this last current tries to give an alternative from a mediating approach between the posture zero growth, and the moderate developmental position with limitations to poor countries, is then the critical humanist, which gives voice to 37

poor countries announcing according to Sachs: a style of development particularly adapted to the rural regions of the Third World, based on its natural capacity for photosynthesis, invoking a new ethic of nature, and establishing principles of diachronic solidarity with future generations based on the conservation of the productive structure of renewable resources and in opposition to the waste of non-renewable resources. Adds Pierri (2001: 32) "To this are added actions, such as the introduction of appropriate technologies and guidance of the education system to generate the knowledge necessary for an ecologically sound management of resources, proclaiming the rejection of cultural and technical dependence . It is an anti-technocratic position or from the bottom up, advocating a more rational management of local ecosystems, a management that should include assessing the know-how and creativity of the communities. This style of development can be applied in the same way to rural as to urban communities, seeking primarily the satisfaction of basic needs and the promotion of the autonomy of the populations involved in the process (Freire, 1995: 55), The basic principles of the concept are according to Pierri (2001): c needs

development of the last ones On the other hand there are criticisms of this last model Leff (1994) mentions that despite the wide dissemination that that speech had, it did not attract the necessary interest or strength to convince of the urgency of the proposal. Ecodevelopment seeks a harmonious relationship between society and its natural environment, but does not elaborate a theory on socio-historical determinations that explains how economic and political structures and processes lead to social and technical forms of linking with the environment and making use of resources. Therefore, his proposal does not go further than wanting to introduce ecological criteria to the functioning of the market and thus make it more "civilized", through a political equation of balance of power between the State, business and civil society.

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and respect for other cultures

In the years between Stockholm (1972) and Brundtland (1987), a more propitious scenario is created to relaunch environmental problems and obtain greater receptivity, which will be carried out under the formula of sustainable development. In this time three are the main forces that place the new concept: first a greater awareness of the environmental crisis with new technological and energetic alternatives for its attention; second in political matters there was a process of change displacing the old opposition capitalism-socialism; third, new theoretical-political proposals were drawn up from the environmental field and the field of international relations. The nominative map of approach to sustainable architecture and its antecedents Graciela Pedemonte and Eduardo Yarke used for the first time in 2009 the term "Umbrella of sustainability" to name all the architectural positions that aim to respond to the environmental problem from its contribution to the design and construction of habitability, in a sense metaphorical that covers all positions and brings them together in a concept of recent incorporation into global discourse. These authors in turn import it from other disciplines citing Humberto Tommasino from whom the initial concept comes. Based on this group of diverse denominations that aim for the same purpose and review their variables that make them converge and those that make them diverge Lárraga 2012 proposes a map that describes the variables in a spectrum, using the X and Y axes of the Hopwood map et al., (2005) -Mapping the views on sustainable development- as well as Pearce's multivariable management (1993), the principles that distinguish the three trends reviewed by Pierri (2001). The sustainability principles of Toledo (2000), Tetrautl (2004), and the goals for development reviewed in Brown (1982), WCED (1987), O'Riordan (1989), Sachs (1993). Including the actions for sustainable design of the authors McLennan (2004), Dorschel (2003), Buckminster Fuller (1963) and Papanek (1971), Vezzoli, Manzini (2008). Although the purpose of the nominative concept for sustainable architecture is clearly defined, the variety of positions is extensive. Distinguishing one from the other in practice and in their results When looking at the area of assessed postures one faces considerable diversity. This is due to the very nature of this category, since each position has certain aspects of sustainability according to the criteria applied (see Holden, 2007). Of particular interest for this study, however, is a model developed by Hopwood et al. (2005). Based on the environmental spectra of O'Riordan (1989) and Pearce (1993) the map marks 39

different approaches in the field of sustainability according to their "attitude towards change" (Hopwood et al., 2005). In this way, the whole spectrum of ecocentrism to technocentrism applies to both the X and the Y directions, each one, respectively, describing environmental and socioeconomic concerns. The resulting space between the axes allows the assignment of any principle of sustainability in relation to its position in relation to the two senses: the range of eco-centric to techno-centric, in addition to the entire spectrum of environmental preferences to socioeconomic concerns. Finally, the space is divided into three zones ranging from the "status quo" through "Reform" to "Transformation" Fig.2


Figure. 2, map that describes the three areas

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Figure 3. Approach map that describes trends

The approach is based on the assumption that sustainable design can not be seen as a single norm, but rather as an underlying notion, a philosophical approach to almost any design or activity (McLennan, 2004). This notion finally responds to the same question as the concept of sustainable development: At the center of attention, it is the exit from the current situation towards more sustainable scenarios.

To capture the fields and their relationship as described above, a visual approach is chosen. The review of the literature served as the basis for the conception of sustainable design in the context of sustainable development. Based on this, visual models of both spheres are introduced, classified and discussed to build a database for the framework that will be created. As a result, a composite framework has been developed that is able to visualize the field of sustainable design in the context of sustainable development recognizing the potential to depart from the status quo as described above. Depending on how it is used, the framework has the following implications: On a theoretical basis, the framework functions as a visual map that describes the relationship of sustainable design and sustainable development. At a practical level the framework can be used as a visual evaluation tool that promotes a better understanding and evaluation of the growing number of postures. However, the allocation process may be debatable since many factors are not finally defined yet. This could be the starting point for future research. 41

Figura 4. Cuadro que define las diferencias y puntos de necuentro de las tendencias de sostenibilidad de muy fuerte a muy debil Ecocentrismo Tecnocentrismo Ecologia profunda Comunitarismo Bienestar básico Bienestar Abundante explotación de recursos orientados al crecimiento

preservación extrema

Tipo de economía

economía regulada para el economía de la ecología contraria a la economía verde, aprobechamiento de recursos economía verde guiada por profunda regulacion dura en el es guida por el mercado no tiene bajo standares incentivos economicos y multas uso de los recursos límites internacionales

Estadísticas de su manejo

Reducción demográfica al extremo literal de poner en primer lugar al planeta

cero crecimineto económico y modifica el crecimiento poblacional la prioridad es el económico , adecua y sustituye ecosistema completo pero la regla es el Capital

el principal objetivo es el crecimiento económico su principal valor el libre mercado y la tecnologia para mitigar las consecuencias

Etica

Bioética, se aceptan derechos intrinsecos de las especies

se promueve una etica responsabiliza uno de otros del razonada donde predominan bienestar intrageneracional e los intereses colectivos sobre intergeneracional los individuales

predominan los derechos e intereses individuales generacionales

Uso saberes tradicionales en la construcción

es clave para el entendimiento de la procedencia de los recursos

es necesaria para la innovación de productos contemporáneos

son despreciados por su falta de integración a un mundo moderno y consumista

Habitabilidad

el concepto es universal para todos los seres vivos

es primordialmente se inscribe al ser humano y su antropocentrico y busca el entorno contemplando y bienestar haciendo uso de los respetando a otras especies recursos a su alcance

preservación de recursos

no son consultados por ser ineficientes y retrogradas

el ente y razon principal es el confort humano sobre cualquier otra especie, transformar es simbolo de progreso

se pronuncia en contra del uso disminución de energias fosiles y el uso de energía alternativa que permita la forma de energía autosuficiencia energética

busqueda de energia infinita y limpia, uso racional de energia fosil y tranformacion de clima para el confort humano

Uso de energia según el mercado, sea fosil, nuclear o alternativa, no hay limites para el confort humano

Asequibilidad en la vivienda

promueve una vivienda minima, predominantemente bioconstruida y bioasimilable en su destino final

se pronuncia por una vivienda al alcance de todos, democrática, autónoma, autosuficiente

propone la vivienda en serie, adquirida con costos creditos para acercarse ala necesidad social de vivienda propniendo espacios minimos y vivienda vertical

La vivienda es un producto que responde al libre mercado y las voluntades inmobiliarias, es una fuente de generación de capital en una economía global

Autonomía en la obtención y adecuación de la vivienda

tiene por principio la permnacultura y promueve la autonomía en la autoconstrucción y transmisión de los saberes ancestrales

el principio mas relevante es el intercambio solidario de la fuerza de trabajo con ella logra la cohesion social y la ayuda mutua asi como la transmision de saberes

pretende la utilizacioón de los materiales industrializados de la region disminuyendo las externalidades de los procesos y su transporte

el libre mercado define la procedencia de los materiales, los tiempos y costos dependen de las grandes constructoras y del comportamiento internacional de los precios

Manejo sostenible de los recursos naturales insumos en la construcción

uso racional de los recursos naturales dando prioridad la reducción y el deuso de insumos industriales y energía fosil

manejo del medio ambiente para el uso sostenible de los recursos en terminos de preservación y disminución de insumos

dismunución y ahorro energético utilización de materiales industrializados con impacto ambiental moderado

uso indiscrimidado de recursos principalmente no producidos por el usuario final, a libre demanda del mercado con proceso industriales contaminantes

Autosuficiencia en la obtención de los insumos para la construcción

uso de materiales del entorno principalmente no industrializados

uso de materiles del entorno incluyendo aquellos preindustrializados de bajo impacto ambiental, uso del intercambio solidario de mano de obra

uso de materiales locales y no locales, principalmente indiustrializados con atención al ciclo de vida de estos

uso de materiales que ofrezca el mercado, no importando externalidades, procedencia, destino final, ni uso de energia fosil en su proceso y transportación

Asentamiento humano

comunidades aisladas, con autogobierno, de pequeñas dimensiones

ciudades medias con niveles intermedios de calidad de vida, comunidades empoderadas gran participación ciudadana, con sistemas ancestrales seguridad humana y niveles de donde la diversidad cultural bienestar aceptables, uso hace frente a la globalización regulado del automovil y limites en la emision de contaminantes

ciudades grandes y megaciudades con gran dependencia alimentaria, y energética, cinturones de miseria y segregación socioespacial, sin limites en la emision de contaminantes y uso indiscriminado del automovil

Diversidad cultural

pone su principal interés en este valor, y se opone a la hegemonía de la globalización

Su principal interes esta en el recate de los saberes ancestrales de las comunidades

promueve una cultura universal, unica, principalmente de consumo

Uso de enérgeticos en de energéticos fósiles y la disminución de cualquier otra las construcciones

Etiqueta sustentable

muy fuerte

fuerte

preserva algunos razgos culturales y negocia otros por sustitución en pro de la modernidad

debil

muy debil

Fuente: Pearce, (1993), adecuado por Lárraga 2012.

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conservación de recursos mediante un manejo responsable

Etiqueta verde

Finally, the distribution of the positions on the map according to their nominal identification was made according to the sustainability indicators described by Lárraga (2015) in their text "Components of sustainability" where the author uses the Oktay methodology, B. , Hoskara (2009) and order the data through a Decorana multivariable computer. Among the variables used are those found in Figure 4 and have to do with the design premises used in the different philosophical positions of the main representatives of the architectural movements reviewed. On the map it is possible to identify which are the opposites of this long list of options and thus we come to determine that there are positions that are born and valued in the "market", which aspire to be a "brand", that propose exclusive solutions and for elitist and that rely heavily on technological resources (sometimes sophisticated). Their promoters are usually very active, they exercise an efficient Marketing task and their objective is to achieve a portion of the Real Estate Market aimed at the sectors of greater purchasing power with environmental sensitivity. In this group we can find some of the solutions called Green Buildings, Green Buildings, Intelligent Buildings or High Environmental Quality, etc. On the opposite side, there are proposals for construction aimed at social sectors of low economic level and strong ecological awareness, using very simple technologies (often rescued from traditional construction systems, using local materials and knowledge) that are geared towards improving the habitat conditions, which move outside the market or in its periphery and which have a very low profile. There are examples of this action among those who practice Eco-Architecture or Natural Architecture, those who carry out Participatory Management or Sustainable SelfConstruction, Ecovillas, etc. although also under these labels are labeled solutions that are not committed to sustainability in a broader sense. Pedemonte and Yarke 2009 It could be said that this polarity represents the gap between the most favored and the less favored sectors, but in reality social inequality is even broader and extends to both sides of these proposals, although this extension is greater towards sectors without resources. Between both opposites are the so-called "media" social sectors, which in Latin America tend to be relatively numerous in the interior of the most important cities.

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This dichotomy according to Pedemonte and Yarke (2009) has its correlate in the personal decisions that each professional assumes to put their knowledge at the service of a sector, according to their reality, their ideology, scale of values, etc. and it also has a correlate in the way in which architecture should be taught, and in the Institutional when orienting fields of action, both for Private Institutions (Chambers, NGOs, Media, etc.) or Public Institutions (Faculties, Institutes of Housing, Development Banks or Development, etc.)


In short, it is when the ethical-political variable intervenes and encourages the State to act in solidarity, when it comes to improving the "sustainability" of social sectors with fewer economic resources, or to establish regulations or legislation that will reach only a part of the population, are essential when defining the direction to take.

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Chapter III THE MAP OF APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE

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Approach map to sustainable architecture In this chapter each of the positions related to sustainable architecture is described, for this purpose they are distinguished into 6 groups according to their location on the map, see Figure 5 and 6. Figure 5. Map of approach to sustainable architecture by affinity groups

A.- Transformationist, human-critical eco-group THCEG B.- ERG ecovillage reformist group C.- SCRG solidarity collaborative reformist group D.-Design-democratic reform group DDRG E.-Group Status Quo technocratic normative GSQTN F.-Group Status Quo technocratic futurists GSQTF Figure 6. Approach map to sustainable architecture by simplified affinity groups

A.- Transformationist, human-critical eco-group THCEG

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In the first group are ecovillages and ecovillages, we will define each of them and how their design premises place them in this group. WHAT IS AN ECO-VILLA? Hildur Jackson (2012) mentions in his text "Law and cultural sociology" "An ecovillage is a human measure, a completely conceived settlement which integrates human activities without harming the natural environment, supports healthy developments and may persist in the indefinite future." Robert Gilman in his report "Eco-Villas and Sustainable Communities" (1991) offers this definition. "Eco-Villas are sustainable settlements in urban or rural environments respecting and restoring the circulatory system of the four elements: earth water, fire and air in nature and in people. They cover all aspects of human life: physical structures (earth), infrastructure (water), social structures (fire), culture (air) This definition was accepted when 15 projects in Denmark created a national ecovillage organization in 1991.

The circulatory system of the earth element is the construction of matter by the sun in the process of photosynthesis and the destruction of matter in humus by fungi, bacteria and microorganisms. The design premises are taken from Earth analogies and their natural way of solving their interaction with life: 48


This way of defining an ecovillage has several advantages. - It is built on an old wisdom around the planet - All the spheres of life are given the same weight. Ecological and spiritual data are equally important. - We consider it as a tool of self-control. - Finally we have a definition of what is really "development" which returns the meaning to the word development.

1. Production of organic, local and bio-regional food. 2. Ecological construction. When the ecovillas are built, local, natural and non-toxic building materials are used wherever possible. Plaster, wood, stone, grass, gravel and branches. The question is can they be recycled ?. Green buildings are needed most in the north. In the south, ecological buildings have rarely been abandoned yet. But they are not considered modern and there is room for improvement. Part of the building process will be the integration of renewable energy systems, wastewater treatment, and food supply. All planners must learn to think holistically. 3.- Analysis of the life cycle. 4.- Restoring nature. Local actions: 1. Water care 2. Integrated renewable energy systems. 3. Transportation reduction. 4. Access to communication. Transformational social actions: 1. Decision making at community level. Habitats should not be too large to allow everyone in the settlement to be heard directly and be part of the circle. At the ecovillage conference in October 1995 (FINDHORN) the general feeling was that the optimum size of a community was 500 people. The participants from all over the world agreed with that. Some suggested up to 2000 or 3000 people but nobody accepted that larger entities were convenient. We need decision structures that are truly democratic. Habitats are defined by being on a piece of land, being rural, suburban, or urban, has clearly defined boundaries with access to open fields. People want community support. They want to claim the right to resolve their own conflicts, make their own rules, take care of their children, the oldest and weak, worry about their own 49

health and enjoy full lives. Most of this must be re-learned. The resolution of conflicts in communities will be a big issue everywhere. It involves an entire village to educate a child. 2. Sustainable Economies. 3. Health Care. 4. Teaching and Research. Actions for cultural diversity 1. Creativity, Art and Personal Development 2. Rituals, Celebrations and Cultural Diversity. 3. A New Vision of the Holographic and Circulatory World 4. A Process Towards Peace, Love and Global Consciousness

Nierika Center Tenancingo, Mexico, Mexico. www.centronierika.net CUTHEJE Nopala Centro, Nopala de Villagrán, Hidalgo, Mexico. ECOVILLANANDA San Sebastián Río Hondo, San Sebastián Río Hondo, Oaxaca, Mexico. ecovillananda.com HUEHUECOYOTL Tepoztlán, Morelos, Mexico. www.huehuecoyotl.net Iztac Multiversidad Amecameca, Mexico, Mexico. www.iztac.org Kalpulli Yolokuamiztonal Amecameca, Mexico, Mexico. Los Guayabos 50


Some Eco-villas have developed programs to teach the design of Eco-villas: Crystal Waters in Australia, The Farm in the United States and Steyerberg in Germany. Eco villas in Mexico:

Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico. www.iztac.org Sacbe Town Playa del Carmen, Solidarity, Quintana Roo, Mexico. pueblosacbe.com TAXCAN Tetela de Ocampo, Puebla, Mexico. Figure 7. Transformationist group ecoprofundo humanocrítico TGEHC

Ecovillages and ecovillages are integral concepts with a profound change in the life system, use of materials and minimum consumption of fossil energy, and reduction in the use of industrialized materials. An ecovillage is an intentional community whose goal is to be socially, ecologically and economically sustainable. Its development is based on a respect for nature, the use of renewable energies, food and economic sustainability, recycling and the use of ecological building materials. Robert Gilman (1995), one of the main promoters and promoters of ecovillages at an international level, defines what an ecovillage is: 51

"An" ecovillage "is a human settlement, conceived on a human scale, that includes all the important aspects for life, integrating them respectfully in the natural environment, that supports healthy forms of development and that can persist indefinitely.» Gilman pronounces the bases of an ecovillage which are: Human scale: everyone knows and communicates with others, participating in the direction and evolution of the community. The size of these self-organized communities in ecovillages should not exceed 500 inhabitants. Complete vital functionality: studies, work, leisure, daily needs, everything is covered within the ecovillage. This does not mean an isolation from the outside of traditional urban organized life; the ecovillage is related to the exterior in terms of elements that surpass the characteristics of an ecovillage, such as long-distance transport or the use of hospitals; The ideal is a distributed society formed by ecovillages.

Main theoreticians: Robert Gilman, Glen Ocher, Jill Jordan, Helena Norberg-Hodge, Max Lindegger. Maddy and Tim Harland, (1995), Barton, Hugh, (2000), Jackson, H. and Svenson, K. (2002), Jackson, R, (2001), Langford, A. (1995), Mander, Jerry. (2001), Max Neef, Manfred A. (1995), Moreno, E. and Pol, E. (1999), Wackernagel, M. and Rees, W. (2001), Warburton, Diane, (2000).

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Integration with nature: in short, it is a sustainable life, which respects and cares for the environment, which practices a traditional agricultural activity, which uses bioclimatic constructions, recycles waste, takes advantage of renewable energies, etc.

Figure 8. Findhorn, el espíritu del futuro

Source: https://telefrenacalentamiento.wordpress.com/2014/01/31/findhorn-el-espiritu-del-futuro-ejemplode-comunidad-autosustentable-en-escocia/

Figure 9. Findhorn, el espíritu del futuro

Source:

http://tracybarnettonline.com/blog/2010/02/19/huehuecoyotl-an-eco-power-center-inthe-hills-of-morelos/

B.- ERG ecovillage reformist group

In this group are the studies on traditional housing, eco-architecture, innovation and application of eco-techniques and self-construction. 53

Study on traditional housing, authors who relate it to sustainability: (Maldonado, 2009), Moholy-Naguy, (1954), Rudofsky (1977), Goldfinger (1970), Rapoport (1969), Oliver (1978). Moya Rubio (1982); Lárraga (2012, 2015). Benítez (2002), Torres (2010), the authors look at the traditional housing components that make it sustainable, including: Self-sufficiency in obtaining materials for housing construction -sufficiency constructionEquate disposal of household wasteEnergy savings organization for resources for housing

Which lead to the autonomy and self-sufficiency and independence mentioned by Toledo (2000) and Tetrautl (2004). Larraga 2015 presents goals for the sustainability of traditional housing, these goals were drawn from different sources (see Figure 10) and were built by categories of analysis according to the selected sustainability criteria and build the "should be" of the sustainability of the traditional housing in the Huasteca Potosina.


Figure 10. Table of specialized authors

Source: "Components of the sustainability of traditional housing in the Huasteca Potosina: towards a sustainable rural housing" PMPCA-UASLP. EUMED 2015

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Ecoarchitecture Eco architecture is a general term that describes environmentally conscious design techniques in the field of architecture. Eco architecture is framed by the broader discussion of sustainability and the pressing economic and political issues of our world. In the general context, it tries to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by improving efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy and development space. The ecological design ensures that our actions and decisions today do not inhibit the possibilities of future generations. This term can be used to describe an energy and an ecologically conscious approach to the design of the built environment. Eco architecture is the practice of creating structures and the use of processes that are environmentally responsible and efficient resources throughout the life cycle of a building: from the location in the design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and deconstruction. This practice expands and complements the concerns of a classic building in its design, economy, utility, durability and comfort. Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in the creation of greener structures, the common goal is that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment with human health care in mind. and the natural environment through the following elements: Efficient use of energy, water and other resources Protection of occupant health and improvement of productivity. The reduction of waste, pollution and degradation of the environment A concept similar to eco architecture is natural construction, which is usually on a smaller scale and tends to focus on the use of natural materials that are available locally. There are no authors who theorize about eco-architecture, but a large number of offices that call their work as such. 55

Ecotechnics The use of ecotechnics is not an architectural position but is part of the design premises of this group. Eco-technologies are a technological contribution developed to efficiently use natural and material resources and allow the development of products and services, as well as the sustainable use of natural resources and diverse materials for daily life. You can choose the eco-technologies that best meet the needs and adapt to our environment, uses and customs, as well as the materials available in our communities.

Source: http://www.enfemenino.com/disegno-arquitectura/construcciones-de-bambus1402095.html

Advantage

-renewable natural resources.

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Figure. 11 self-construction, traditional techniques.

Main Ecotechnics known today Natural paint Natural waterproofing Compost (organic fertilizers Lombri compost, earthworm humus Biodigester: Sawdust stove: Rope pump: Hydroponics Biointensive bed of vegetables: Rainwater harvesting: Ferrocement tank: Dry latrine: Metal bags reuse workshop There is little theorization of the process, action research is used as a method and community participation as an implementation tool, sometimes only remaining as experimental laboratory models. Figure. 12 self-construction. Walls with bales, plant materials

Source: http://artchist.blogspot.mx/2015/10/beneficios-ambientales-de-la.html

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Self-construction This is not an architectural posture but it is part of the constructed vernacular. Until 1960 self-construction was not considered as architecture but through a philosophical recognition at the end of the century it was given the name of architecture made by non-architects, Until a few years ago, self-construction was understood as a constructive process through which a family, even though alone or in coordination with its neighbors, set out to build their own home, advancing as they progressively dispose of resources. Now we prefer to make a distinction. When future users are those who make their own home, the most frequent motivation is the lack of money; and when the designers, the researchers or the students are the ones who materialize their own ideas, participating directly in the construction, the central concern is generally the experimentation of innovative methods and instruments. The symbolic meanings of self-construction, evoking the liberation of the bonds of capitalism, the construction of greater solidarity among men, a condition of life in harmony with nature, and the feeling of being the architects of a new beginning. Economists such as Amartia Sen, Jeremy Rifkin and Muhamad Yunus, architects such as Peter Eisenman or James Wine, narrators such as Gabriel García Márquez and George Lucas, express the urgency of a new relationship with the world and life, the desire to start again from the beginning, the tension towards the encounter between the remote past and the near future.


Figure. 13 self-construction

Source – Creative Commons. http://creativecommons.org/

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The reference of who integrates the investigation, experimentation, project and construction, is Richard B. Fuller, and Michael Weinstock adopted like teacher of the youthful movements of years '60 and '70, that constructed and inhabited their geodesic. In more recent times the reference is Shigeru Ban, who makes temporary housing with recycled paper tubes in areas affected by natural calamities, or invites students to build subtle peels with bamboo strips. Some texts on the subject: Burguess, Rod, “Algunas falacias respecto a las políticas de autoconstrucción en los países en desarrollo”, Estudios demográficos y urbanos, vol. 3, núm. 2, mayo-agosto de 1988, pp. 267-274. Sevilla, Amparo, 1994. “Autoconstrucción y vida cotidiana”, en Alejandra Massolo (coord.), Mujeres y ciudades. Participación social, vivienda y vida cotidiana, México, El Colegio de México, pp. 219-241. Johan Van Lengen. 1980, Manual del arquitecto descalzo: como construir casas y otros edificios. Editorial Pax México. CEDURE, S /F. Manual de Autoconstrucción, Santa Cruz Bolivia Disponible 10 de septiembre del 2015, en http://cedure.org/files/autoconstruccion.pdf Fernández J. et al 2010, Manual Instructivo para la Autoconstrucción de Viviendas Transitorias de Emergencia Social, RSyDS. Guajardo A. Rodríguez H. 1990. Perspectiva para una investigación de vivienda popular de autoconstrucción, encontrado 3 de octubre del 2015 en http://cdigital.uv.mx/bitstream/123456789/10164/2/margen3-4-cinco.pdf UNAM-CEMEX 1984. Manual de autoconstrucción y mejoramiento de la vivienda, ISBN 968-7938-00-3, Encontrado en http://ecf.caltech.edu/~heaton/papers/Manual%20de%20Autoconstruccion.pdf

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Figure 14. B.-ERG ecovillage reformist group

Most of these investigations describe the processes as manuals or guides for self-construction, without going into more depth about the activity and its problems. In Mexico more than 70% of the housing is self-built, enough data to interest us in the matter. Finally, the GREV ecovillage reformist group seeks alternatives in the components of traditional housing sustainability to the solution of environmental problems in human settlements, through the solidary exchange of labor force, the use of traditional materials of type non-industrialized plants and stones of local origin, the promotion of cultural diversity, the affordability of decent housing as a human right, the preservation of the diverse cultural heritage that is constituted by traditional housing, bio-climatization, and the reduction of fossil energy, analysis of the life cycle of the materials used with attention in their final disposal.

The solidary collaborative reformist group, is linked to the critical humanist current, attends first the collective needs of habitability, works mainly with urban or rural communities in conditions of vulnerability and high marginalization, the strength of this group is the tools of community participation that they detonate the appropriation of architectural projects in the communities. This position to face the environmental problems of the communities has generated a broad reflection with authors such as: Asaro, Peter M. (2000), Banathy, B.H. (1992), Beck, E. (2002), Belotti, V. and Bly, S., (1996), Beyer, H., and Holtzblatt, K. 60


C.- SCRG solidarity collaborative reformist group

(1998), Button, G. and Sharrock, W. ( 1996), Bødker, S. and Iversen, OS (2002), Carr, AA (1997), Ehn, P. (1988), Grudin, J. (1993), Kristo Ivanov (1995), Kensing, F. (2003), Kyng, M. (1989), Muller, M.J. (2007), Reigeluth, CM (1993), Sarkissian, W, Perglut, D. (1986), Schuler, D. & Namioka, A. (1993), Trainer, Ted (1996), Wheeler, Stephen, (2004) , all of them describe and theorize the experiences in the action research of the design of collective imaginaries, where diverse techniques are proposed to empower the people of a community for the design of their habitat. Participatory Design (formerly known as "Cooperative Design") is an approach to design actively dealing with all parties in order to help ensure that the architectural object fits their needs and can be used. Participatory design is in itself a process of expanding information, learning and collective agreements. It is as important how the process is developed as the design results that are reached. Figure 15. Participatory on-site design CIBA

Source: http://www.ecoportal.net/Eco-Noticias/Sin_tierra_no_hay_bioconstruccion

The term is used in different fields of design and scales: urban design, architecture, landscape architecture, product design, sustainability, graphic design, planning are more sensitive and appropriate to its inhabitants and users 61

of cultural, emotional, spiritual and practical. It is an approach to design in situ. It has been used in many environments and at various scales. Participatory design is an approach that focuses on design processes and procedures and is not a design style. For some, this approach has a political dimension of training and democratization. For others, it is seen as a form that derogates the responsibility of design and innovation from the designers. In several Scandinavian countries of the 1960s and 1970s, it is based on working with trade unions, and their offspring also includes action research and the socio-technical system. Ramírez (2012) says that based on the referential frameworks described, and understanding participatory architecture as a method of doing architecture, three tentative tendencies are proposed according to the degree of relationship between architect and community during the design and design process of the project, named after the relational prefixes: de, para and con. These are community architecture, architecture for the community and architecture with the community. Architecture of the community. It is a trend in the design process where the decisions about the design of the architectural and / or urbanistic project are taken mainly by the community.

Architecture with the community. Unlike the two previous tendencies, the architecture with the community is characterized by a balance in the architectcommunity relationship, a symmetrical and symbiotic relationship at the same time, where each of them contributes to the project indispensable factors for its conception, design and realization. Ramírez (2012: 7) Participatory Management The participation referred to the disciplines architecture and urbanism, can be defined as a management model to achieve a habitat model: an alternative of possible action to solve spaces created for man. According to Maffrand (2001), the proactive range of territorial management can occur at any stage of the design process, from the identification of the need to 62


Architecture for the community. This trend within participatory architecture reverses the primacy of factors in the previous trend, and privileges the role of the architect as the main figure in decision-making, while the role of the community takes a back seat.

the evaluation of the solution that was proposed to solve it. Each particular case to be addressed can make participant management in some stages more determinant than in others. Participation as a management mechanism involves a series of actors and roles, and commits them to the use of participatory techniques and instruments. Once exercised as a methodological process, it becomes a natural mechanism of community action. Giancarlo di Carlo (1977: 42-48) says that participation is not possible on a large scale; and that is only achieved by approximation of successive minor scales. So the approach to the problem is done through institutions, organizations and their representatives. Time is usually a fundamental condition when making decisions. The community must organize itself, take actions and take agreements that use times totally different from any private management over space. In its multidisciplinary conception, participation is defined as a mechanism that makes subjects fully aware of their decisions based on a deep knowledge of reality, allowing collective access to knowledge and information (Ezequiel Anderegg 1984: 124-131). Figure 16. IPCO participatory management. COGEBICIS DESIGN

Source: disponible 12 de diciembre del 2015 https://wearethecityheroes.wordpress.com/2013/04/01/ambient-bike-2/

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Authors describing methodologies and experiences of good practices in Latin America: Álvarez, C. and A. Guzón (1997), Borja J. and M. Castells (1998), Carrión, Fernando (1983), Castilla, Adolfo (1980), Collective of authors Red XIV.F. (2003), Fernández Romero, A (1988), Goethert, R .; N. Hamdi (1992), Hanercker, Martha (1997), Romero, Gustavo (2002). Efficient management of resources Through efficiency in the use of resources, it offers a key opportunity to reverse the unsustainable tendency of cities: to create green economies where economic growth dissociates from damage to the environment. If the design and production of goods and services of low environmental impact is promoted, the efficiency in the use of the resources can contribute to satisfy the human needs respecting the capacity of ecological load of the planet.


Efficient resource management focuses on reducing the negative impact on the environment of the production, processing and use of human settlements and services while satisfying human needs and improving the well-being of people. This proposal has four fundamental objectives: • Evaluate critical trends: In order to strengthen the knowledge base on the efficiency in the use of resources, • Development of capacity for adoption of community policy measures • Take advantage of local development opportunities • Stimulate the demand for goods and services with an efficient use of resources Although still far from architectural products, this proposal is used to a large extent in the design premises of a large number of builders and designers of the human habitat, where it is sought to make the architectural space more efficient, effective and equitable and sustainable.

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Figure 17

Source: http://www.swisscontact.org/fileadmin/images/Country_Subpages/Bolivia/documents/SC_Resour ce_Efficiency_Spanish.pdf

According to Mokate (1999) four terms very frequently used in dialogues and debates on social policy make up a set of criteria that give foundation to the formation, management and evaluation of social policies and programs: effectiveness, efficiency, equity and sustainability. These are embraced by the effective management of resources in the construction of human settlements. Figure 18. SCRG solidary collaborative reformist group

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The solidary collaborative reformist group GRCS brings together the positions with a high social commitment, many of them are not even directed by architects, but by community workers, anthropologists, community managers, social workers or activists, in this collaborative environment they have developed techniques and methodologies, in the last 4 decades they have been structuring very defined currents in the design of the community environment and it is here where the architecture wants to position a space of opportunity to contribute its knowledge of the architectural space. D.-Design-democratic reform group DDRG In this group, the most defined positions in time and in theoretical discourse meet because of their high design content in their contributions.

In this way, the Bio-environmental Architecture according to Arellano (2012) was born as an alternative to industrialization and international style; it offers conceptual, methodological and technological bases that link the development of our civilization with other organisms that cohabit a given region; In addition, it considers pre-existing conditions such as sun, climate, hydrology, topography and composition of the soil, sources of resources, etc .; even the social, political, economic and cultural characteristics are part of the data set that must be previously known for the development of a bioenvironmental project (Serra and Coch cited in Castro et al, 2009). Eduardo Yarke (2010) defines Bioenvironmental Architecture as a flexible methodology that incorporates the variable Environment into the entire process of design, construction and use of a building and that, while emphasizing seeking a decrease in energy consumption, does not forget the other problems to be solved from the "environmental sustainability" approach. 66


Bioenvironmental architecture Originally, the term Bioambiental Architecture was used in Argentina as a synonym of what in other countries, such as Spain and Mexico, is known as bioclimatic architecture; however, the use of this concept transcended that first stage and widened its limits to accommodate other applications. Just as bioclimatic principles reached the urban scale, bioenvironmental design has been successfully carried out at the regional level; For this reason, it incorporates, to its original theoretical body, issues such as the load capacity and the closing of cycles: water, matter and energy. On each occasion that a new study or project is defined as bioenvironmental, the epistemological heap is increased, the foregoing without losing sight of the roots of this school.

Figure 19. Bioenvironmental architecture. Casa Imfeld, architecture studio Mauricio Falvo

Source: http://www.arquimaster.com.ar/web/casa-imfeld-estudio-de-arquitectura-mauricio-falvo/

For more than thirty years, and as a direct consequence of the Energy Crisis of 1973/74, proposals arose parallel to the current architectural trends, which proposed a better relationship of the buildings with the environment and the environment of their place of implantation. This search gave rise to the Solar Architecture in the 70s, which proposed to cover the heating needs of buildings with passive or active systems that use solar energy as an energy resource. Then this concept limited to heating and born of the needs of the most industrialized countries generally located in cold climates, was expanded to the so-called Bioclimatic Architecture - developed in the following decade. - It proposed to use particularized techniques to be applied both in periods or warm climates as in periods or cold climates, that is to say, to construct buildings that responded to the local climatic characteristics whatever and at any time of the year. 67

The concept of sustainable development, introduces in the 90's, a greater expansion of the previous proposals and it is then when looking, within this common denomination of Bioenvironmental Architecture, to design and build buildings "respectful" or "friendly" with the Environment within a methodology that takes into account the Life Cycle of it. Bioenvironmental Architecture is then a flexible methodology that incorporates the variable Environment into the whole process of design and construction and use of a building and that, although it emphasizes seeking a decrease in energy consumption, it does not forget the other problems to be resolved from the "environmental sustainability" approach of the same. Figure 20. BBVA mortgage center. Mauricio Rojas Vera

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Source: http://www.mrv-arquitectos.com/#!bbva-centro-hipotecario-conc/c7vw

Therefore, it is neither inside nor outside the current currents of architectural thought, although it seems "a priori" to have a greater affinity with some of them. In fact, it is an approach that tends to modify some of the categories of the Scale of Values of the Industrial Society, since materializing an Architecture based fundamentally on local demands and resources, is contrary to the concept of "internationality" and to take advantage of energies like the sun or the wind, they necessarily lead to an urban "deconcentration". - where it is not essential, due to the change of scale, the "synchronization" of all movements, nor does it make practical sense to appeal to the "gigantism" of the proposals.

From this point of view, the Bioenvironmental Architecture proposes a point of rupture with established values since the 18th century and from there the difficulty for its generalized acceptance, although the problems and the growing tendencies in the socio-economic field and in environmental issues, will lead societies to rethink some concepts still in force, to accept others such as: 1. All industrial products must be "friendly" in relation to the Environment and a building is already a product of the industry. 2. Every saving, however small it may seem, acquires significant importance when it assumes a mass scale in relation to the "greenhouse effect" 3. An economy based on exacerbated competition will not overlook all savings derived from energy savings or maintenance. 4. All "short-term" vision will be replaced by a vision in the medium or long term. A building is also an economic and social project for 50 or 80 years. Yarke (2012). Bioclimatic architecture The precursor of bioclimatism was Víctor Olgyay, a Hungarian architect based in the United States. In the 1950s he formalized bioclimatic (or passive solar) design as a discipline within architecture. His ideas and research were presented in the book Design with climate: Bioclimatic approach to architectural regionalism, published in 1963. Its main authors are: Steadman (1975), Blume (1978), Cambridge, (1975), Vale, (1991, 2000). In the 1980s, bioclimatic design began to be discussed in Mexico and a thought of its own was developed. the publication in Spanish of some books on the subject, among them bioclimatic architecture, by Jean-Louis Izard & Alain Guyot (1980), Patrick Bardou and Varoujan Arzoumanian (1980), Edward Mazria (1983) Camous & Watson (1983).

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Figure 21. Bioclimatic Architecture. Brian Ford, 2011

Source: http://arquitectura.ubiobio.cl/navegacion/blogs/actualidad/index.php/2011/01/17/conferencia%E2%80%9Cenfriamiento-pasivo-y-reduccion-de-huella-de-carbono-en-los-edificios%E2%80%9D/

In a more recent reflection, Celis (2000) indicates that not only energy efficiency should be sought during the useful life of the building, but also during the obtaining of the materials used and the construction of the structure and spaces. According to Páez (2006), ecotechnics and bioclimatism must be guiding elements of architectural thought, since they are the practical expression of what is proposed when talking about energy efficiency. The main challenge is to make architects design based on this knowledge, overcoming the frivolity of postmodern thinking and the dehumanization of most commercial and governmental projects. 70


In 1982, the Barefoot Architect's Manual was published. How to build houses and other buildings (Concept), by Johan van Lengen; Deffis (1987) presents: principles of bioclimatic and some ecotechnical design, and bioclimatic architecture and solar energy: Housing and its bioclimatic context, The UAM-A created in 1992 the Bioclimatic Design Laboratory and in 1996 the master's degree. In addition to the University of Colima and the UAM-A, the Universidad Cristóbal Colón de Veracruz offers a master's degree in Architectural Design and Bioclimatism. At the National Autonomous University of Mexico, bioclimatic design is a line of research in architecture graduate programs. The offer is insufficient considering the geographic diversity of the country and that in each state there is at least one school of architecture. Bioclimatism has remained outside the urban and real estate development plans.

Figura 22. Arquitectura bioclimática. Del Puerto-Sardin Arquitectos

Fuente: http://delpuerto-sardin.com/instituto-tecnico-judicial-dra-cecilia-grierson/

The architects must abandon the vacuum. What is usually characterized and understand the energy, ecological and social problems facing and facing the country. Not only must the design of new projects be studied, the bioclimatic intervention of buildings already built, some with historical character, what is the most complex problem? How can cities be built without bioclimatic criteria that are energy efficient?

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Figure 23. Bioclimatic architecture. The ecological housing of Kobayashi Hikaru.

Arquitectura solar El diseño de construcciones basadas en la arquitectura solar pasiva proviene de la antigüedad y ha permanecido ligado a la arquitectura tradicional de muchos países. El primer caso fue la Casa solar MIT #1 construida hacia el año 1939 en Massachusetts (EEUU) bajo el proyecto académico y dirección de H.C. Hottel. Este edificio implicó un paradigma que en el transcurrir de dos décadas generó una competencia entre universidades americanas, primero, a la que se sumaron luego europeas. Esto llevó a la realización de congresos y creación de asociaciones nacionales e internacionales (ASES, ANES, ISES, ASADES, PLEA) donde concurrían en un espacio académico multidisciplinario arquitectos, físicos e ingenieros trabajando en grupos para la concreción de estas viviendas de carácter experimental. La American Solar Energy Society (ASES) fue la asociación pionera creada en 1954, a la que siguieron la Asociación Argentina de Energía Solar (ASADES) en 1974, La Asociación Nacional de Energía Solar de México (ANES) en 1980, entre otras. Se ensayaban nuevas ideas y propuestas, se generaban innovaciones, se monitoreaba y modelizaba registrando meticulosamente cada avance en actas de congresos y reuniones o revistas referadas de cada asociación.

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Source: http://www.nippon.com/es/views/b00301/

Figura 24 . Arquitectura solar. Casa solar MIT #1 1939 en Massachusetts

Source: http://arquitecturasolarpasiva.blogspot.mx/2015_02_01_archive.html

These solar constructions, mainly houses, took shape mainly in the developed world although cases were also made in developing countries, South America case. New constructions were continually appearing in rural areas or in urban suburbs by enthusiastic patrons. They were systematically ignored by the construction industry until the end of the 19th century. XX, when the problem of global warming arises, climate change responsible for the construction of habitat 50% of the problem. This takes public status and the media are beginning to talk about eco-architecture, green architecture, sustainable architecture, sustainable architecture. Adjectives to the word architecture that seek to differentiate it from conventional architecture by implying an environmental awareness and therefore a minimization of the local and / or global environmental impact generated by each construction. Despite the lack of general interest, passive solar technologies were resumed and improved in the last third of the 20th century, coinciding with the 1973 oil crisis. The introduction of computer-aided design technologies and the appearance of pioneering buildings also helped . At the beginning of the 21st century, the subject has gained a new interest, due mainly to the already visible consequences of the global warming of the planet. Main authors and theoretical exponents: Mazria, (1979). Izard, Guyot (1980). Crosbie, (2008). David Wright. (2008); Anderson, A. and Wells, Bardou, Patrick. (1980), Mc Phillips, (1985), Olgyay, (1998), Wassouf, (2014), Yañez, (1982). Pioneering architects: George Fred Keck, (1933), HC Hottel, (1939), Gerge Fred Keck, (1940), G Löf, (1945), HC Hottel, (1947), Telkes, Raymond & Peabody, (1948), HC Hottel, 73

(1949), L Gardenshire, 1953), HR Lefever, (1954), Denovan, Raymond & Bliss, (1954), EA Allcut, (1956), Yanagimachi, (1956), L Gardner, (1956), E Curtis, (1956), HC Hottel, (1958), CM Shaw & Associates, (1958) M Yanagimachi, (1958), G Löf, (1959), Olgyay, (1959), R Bliss, (1959), A Thomason, ( 1959), Trombe & Michel, 1967) Tedeschi, 1972), Harold R. Hay, 1973), Bernardo, 1975), Harold R. Hay, 1973), Rosenfeld - Brusasco - Del Cueto, 1979), Harold R. Hay, 1973), Bott, Ridder & Westermeyer, 1990), World Architecture Awards, 2002). Natural architecture There is an emerging art movement that is exploring humanity's desire to reconnect to the earth, through the built environment. It is known as "natural architecture" and aims to create a new and more harmonious relationship between man and nature by exploring what it means to design with nature in mind. The roots of this movement can be found in previous artistic movements such as the land art movement of the late sixties. Although this movement focused on protesting the lack of austerity of galleries and the commercialization of art, it managed to expand the formal link between art and nature. This has helped to develop a new appreciation of nature in all forms of art and design. (Ecohabitar 2014)


The movement "natural architecture" aims to expand "land art", acting as a form of activism instead of protesting. This new art form aims to capture the harmonious connection we seek with nature through the fusion of humanity and nature through architecture. The central concept of the movement is that humanity can live in harmony with nature, use its resources for our needs, respecting its balance.

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Figure 25 Natural Architecture Ecohabitar 2013.

Source: http://www.ecohabitar.org/arquitectura-natural/

The movement is characterized by the work of a number of artists, designers and architects who express these principles in their work. The pieces are simple, humble and built with the most basic materials. Because of this, the results often resemble indigenous architecture, reflecting the desire to return to a less technological world. The forms are stripped to their essence, expressing the inherent natural beauty of the materials and the location of the performance. The movement has many forms of expression that go, for example, in interventions based on the location of structures built with living materials. All the works of the movement share a central ethic that shows respect and appreciation for nature. These works are intended to formulate observations about architecture and offer a new framework for approaching buildings and structures. They intend to infuse new ideas in architecture by subverting the idea that architecture should take refuge in nature. Instead, the structures deliberately expose the natural materials used in the construction process. We see the branches, the rocks and all the materials. The observer understands structures will not always exist. 75

Figure 26. Natural architecture. Chris Dury 2002

Source: http://www.ecohabitar.org/arquitectura-natural/

Architecture of high environmental quality It is the architecture that seeks to integrate the built with the natural and reflects on the environmental impact and the life cycle of the buildings; It analyzes the local climate and adjusts to its conditions by studying the factors, climate elements and special phenomena. Environmental Architecture considers all the processes of thinking, managing, projecting, making, maintaining and undoing Architecture. He gets involved in all the moments of the work, in which he considers all the direct and indirect, global and local, natural and artificial aspects. It also seeks to reduce energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, waste generation and maintenance; At the same time, it optimizes and makes more efficient the use of resources, reducing the costs of the building and its consumption. 76


The materials will evolve over time, little by little until the decomposition does its job. These characteristics are intentional, causing the spectators to question the convictions of the architecture. Designers are not suggesting that architecture should fulfill their vision, they are only contributing ideas hoping that it will inspire us to rethink the relationship between nature and the built environment.

The Environmental Architecture concentrates all the branches that come from the search for an Integrated Architecture positively to the environment, which improves the quality of life of its occupants while promoting the quality, permanence and stability of natural resources, ecosystems and the planet. Figure 27. Bioclimatic architecture. Conceptual map of Environmental Architecture

Source: https://sites.google.com/a/correounivalle.edu.co/laboratorio-de-arquitectura-y-urbanismo-bioclimatico/lineas-deinvestigacion/arquitectura-de-alta-calidad-ambiental

Monroy (2010) considers as environmental quality the adequate environmental conditions in the environment in which human life develops, in harmony with the natural environment. These conditions can be classified schematically in four fundamental aspects of human health and comfort: • Air quality and ventilation • Thermal environment • Luminous atmosphere • Acoustic environment 77

Environmental quality is also closely related to the ergonomics of inhabited space, considering the adaptation of its dimensions to human activities, accessibility and safety of use. Figure 28. Architecture of high environmental quality. Research Center for Environmental Protection and Energy Conservation. Mario Cucinella 2006

Green architecture Given the growing awareness of environmental problems, cities are considered as pollution generation centers. In contrast to these notions, we begin to use the term 'green' that acquires a new meaning when it comes to searching and starting to apply solutions for life, housing construction and urban design sustainable with the environment. One way to support a conscious lifestyle with the environment is green architecture. Green architecture is a form of design and construction sensitive to the environment. When we talk about green architecture we talk about energy saving, sustainable development and natural materials characteristic of this form of construction. Green architecture is also sensitive to the effects of construction on the environment in the coming years and decades after construction has been completed. The relationship between architecture and ecology is explored. (Arkiplus 2013) 78


Source: http://www.arquitecturayempresa.es/noticia/edificio-ecologico-sieeb-mario-cucinella

One of the key points for green architecture is to create synchrony with the surrounding environment. Everything about a green building should easily transition from nature, and building materials. The best material to use for green construction is materials that have been recycled or come from easily restored resources. Advantages of Green Architecture: 1. Optimizes the use of resources, especially water and energy. In the design and construction stage, which incorporates recycling of resources during construction, and later, when the building is being used. 2. It causes minimal impact on the environment during the entire life cycle of the site building, design, construction, operation, maintenance and dismantling. 3 . Where possible, natural topography is used to optimize the use of energy. 4. This leads to the reduction of operating costs by optimizing the use of resources. Green Architecture focuses on recycling resources - especially water Whenever possible, it focuses on the use of construction materials for the work itself. Well insulated doors, windows and walls reduce energy consumption and loss. 5 . Green Architecture promotes the improvement of the health of the occupants of the building, due to a better natural circulation of the air and the use of natural light. 6 It provides on-site facilities for recycling, thus minimizing the waste that is sent to landfills. In general, a green architect will try to design buildings that provide all the necessary functions but do not pose a threat to the environment. The building materials can be made of wood, bricks or other elements that are obtained from the programmed for demolition of old buildings. These harvested materials come together with the latest technology to create structures that fit into the surrounding landscape more easily and make the best use of the resources available for heating, cooling, cooking and water supply in the building.

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Figure 29. Green architecture. Arkiplus. 2013

Source: http://www.arkiplus.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/arquitectura-verde.jpg

Collection vats and other devices are also a common element in green architecture. This makes it possible to collect rainwater and use it for tasks such as watering lawns, crops or sewage systems. A technique of this type helps alleviate the demand for municipal purification systems, reserve of purified water for drinking, cooking and bathing.

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The use of solar panels is a common element of green architecture. The panels, together with their storage tanks, make it possible to store energy for electrical needs such as cooking, keeping the temperature in the building at a comfortable level and executing necessary equipment, such as computers.

Figure 30. Green architecture. Architecture design.com

Source: https://arquitecturadisen.wordpress.com/tag/arquitectos-quito/

Another important aspect of green design is the strategic placement of windows around the front of the building. Ideally, the windows are placed so that the most efficient use of sunlight during the day takes place. In addition to reducing the demand for artificial light during the day, windows can also serve as a means of allowing natural sunlight to provide a degree of heat inside the building. This in turn makes it possible to use less solar or wind storage to maintain the space at an equal temperature.

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Figure 31. Green architecture.

Depending on the location of the building and its purpose, other aspects of green architecture may be included. The building can be partially embedded in the side of a hill, providing natural isolation. Composting toilets can be the ideal solution in areas where water is harder to get. Finding ways to use any of the native elements of the area also helps maintain the structure in balance with nature, such as creating blocks using local sand instead of shipping in bricks built elsewhere. Although the process of creating ecological architecture may be more difficult in some areas, there is no doubt that just about any structure can be altered or designed to be more respectful of the environment.

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Source: https://arquitecturadisen.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/diseno-interior-quito.jpg

Figure 32 Green architecture Mental map of how it is built under this premise.

Source: http://ovacen.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/como-hacer-un-edificio-verde.png Source 33. Arquitectura verde. divisare.com-Beppe Giardino 2015

Source: http://ovacen.com/arquitectura-verde-ejemplo-del-edificio-verde/

The primordial purpose is based on maintaining a greater harmony between man and nature. For example, the integration of natural light into a building will not only provide economic savings and lower environmental impact, due to lower electricity consumption, but also reduce the possible stress of its occupants. 83

Recognized green buildings • The Solaire This residential building was the first in the green category. It was designed by Rafael Pelli and later built in New York, USA. • Basel Hospital This hospital was built in Switzerland, where you can see the plantations of its roof. Seen from the height, it looks like a forest full of insects and birds that enjoy this architectural work. • Academy of Sciences With an inspiration in the topography of San Francisco, this space was designed by Renzo Piano, with the clear objective of adapting it to solar panels and skylights. It was built in California.

Source: http://www.altonivel.com.mx/la-arquitectura-verde-del-futuro.html

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Figure 34-36. Green architecture The solaire, Basel Hospital, Academy of Sciences

Figure 37. D.-Design-democratic reform group DDRG

The design-technocratic reformist group gathers the positions with the most representations and followers, among which is the solar, bio-environmental, bioclimatic architecture, of high environmental quality, natural architecture, green architecture; which use alternative energies and design to guide more efficient living spaces, with great emphasis on thermal comfort, waste management and energy savings. Within technocratic thinking, it confronts the environmental problem with design, in a limited disciplinary vision. Due to the ideal conditions for the orientation of the buildings and the complex system of their designs, many of them are limited to the semi-rural area and for a mediumhigh economic sector, not being accessible to all people. The lines of distinction between them are very diffuse, the same ones that promote it sometimes confuse them or mention that they are similar or the same. In the last decades they prefer to take refuge in the umbrella of sustainable architecture and desist in making a substantial difference between them. E.-Status Quo Technocratic Regulatory Group This group brings together architects who, in the comfort of the status quo, confront the environmental problem through a checklist of superficial actions that in most cases take into account only energy savings. Green mortgage 85

The green mortgage is not a position before the architectural design, but it does define some premises for obtaining subsidies. Definition: It is the credit that has an additional amount so that the rightful owner can acquire a house with efficient technologies that reduce the consumption of water, electricity and gas, or incorporate them in case the house to be acquired does not have them in them. the moment of the formalization of the loan, with the aim of improving the quality of life of our borrowers by reducing their family expenses, optimizing the use of these resources and mitigating CO2 emissions to the environment. Requirements: As of 2011, the incorporation of eco-technologies in housing is mandatory so that they can be linked to credits granted by the Institute in the following products; online II (buy your new or used home), line III (build your individual home) and line IV (expand, repair or improve your home) with mortgage guarantee, according to the following considerations:

R4 materials Denominative for constructions that use the 4 R that are: Recycling taking advantage of recycled and recyclable materials, obtained from existing products. Recovery Some of the materials used in the construction of R4House are recovered, are materials that have been discarded by society, are industrial and urban waste. In some cases this waste has been recovered through an industrial process, new products created using disposable material, in others, were recovered by professionals or artists, new products made from waste by designers This aspect of construction, instead of being negative for the environment, is a process of positive regeneration. Reuse 86


The home should incorporate a flexible combination of eco technologies, whose measurement of efficiency in water or energy consumption has been certified by the bodies authorized by the competent regulatory authorities; The mentioned ecotecnias range from water savers in faucets, sanitary tanks and showers, as well as in the use of saving lights, and use of solar heaters, the support from the Government in Mexico is up to 80, 000.00 MN, the checklist is not going beyond minimum requirements in saving electricity and gas.

Some materials have served a particular purpose in another situation and have been reused for the same purpose in the construction of this prototype. This process minimizes the energy used and prevents the generation of waste. A central concept in the design is the reuse of all the components. Due to this requirement all materials can be replaced and reused in other projects, without generating waste and with minimum energy consumption. To reason Undoubtedly the most important point of all. The construction sector has greater inertia to change than any other sector of wealth production in our society. For sustainability to be established, a thorough reasoning process is necessary. To create sustainable architecture we are obliged to review the complete life cycle of the buildings that are created, from design, construction and maintenance, focusing on the need to reduce the negative impact on the environment. All changes that must be established should be directed to: - Minimization of emissions and generation of waste. - Minimize energy consumption. - Optimize the material and resources used. - Improve the welfare and health of the occupants. - Reduction of maintenance costs. Undoubtedly, R4House is an architectural reference that invites dialogue and criticism, while at the same time helping to improve the construction sector.

features Some of the design features of R4House: Zero energy consumption Solar panels Unique design Roof slope Automation system (home automation) Low green roof maintenance. Green roof New facilities in the kitchen from Silestone antibacterial. New insulating glass sandwich panels Materials and Assembly 87

Floors of remains of Silestone Silestone parquet placed dry. Mosaic panels on agglomerated board, assembled in dry. Bamboo parquet placed by pressure. Plywood and polyethylene panels. Panels of remains of Silestone, assembled in dry. Double glass panels filled with decorative material Trespa panels bolted. Double glass panels filled with decorative material. Double glass panels filled with insulation. Decorative tempered glass panels. Backlit plak'up panels. Agglomerated board panels. Bamboo plywood panels. Painted gypsum-cellulose panels. Zinc panels. Ceilings: Bamboo plywood panels. Plywood sandwich panels of spruce.


Figure 38. Use of R4 materials for architectural design Garrido 2011 Housing reusing train carriages and other recycling materials

Source: https://jokeryvalls.wordpress.com/tag/reciclar-2/

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Architecture with appropriate technology The general concept of appropriate technology is one of the fundamental pillars of debate. It is appropriate, therefore, to qualify it especially in the context of its application to the case of low-income housing. A given technology can be considered virtually appropriate if its application achieves a positive effect on industrial development, or on a virtually appropriate subsistence community economy, because it is effectively only by referring to a well-defined concrete situation. This adapts to the specific conditions of a specific place. Appropriate technology is a term that implies a particular vision of society and technology. It suggests that the latter is not so vital, nor does it evolve in a single direction. It recognizes that different cultural and geographic groups have different technologies that are appropriate to their circumstances and that technological self-determination is essential for cultural identity and political independence. In the debate on appropriate technologies, opinions basically agree on the following two points: The field of application of these extends far beyond innovations that allow to improve traditional materials, tools and ways of building. Appropriate technology does not mean, low level of technicality. It is admitted that there is no continuity between appropriate technologies and advanced technologies and the interest of so-called intermediate technologies is underlined. In the search for appropriate technologies, the approach is usually normative; that is, it refers to official and declared objectives or also to needs linked to ideological values. This approach ignores the practices of effective operators. Among them, some are the users of construction materials, others exert a determining influence on the evolution of the production section. Appropriate technologies can be described as those that have a moderate balance among themselves: technical qualities, economic viability and ability to adapt to the environment in which they are to be used. The appropriate technology (TA), also known as appropriate or intermediate technology, is that technology that is designed with special attention to the environmental, ethical, cultural, social and economic aspects of the community to which they are directed. In response to these considerations, the TA usually demands fewer resources, is easier to maintain, has a lower cost and a lower impact on the environment compared to other comparable technologies. Those who propose the term use it to describe those technologies they consider most suitable for use in developing countries or in underdeveloped rural areas 89

of industrialized countries, where they feel that high technologies could not operate and maintain themselves. Adequate technology usually prefers laborintensive solutions to capital-intensive ones, although it uses work-saving mechanisms when this does not imply high maintenance or capital costs. In practice it is often defined as the one that uses the simplest level of technology that can effectively achieve the purpose sought for that particular location. In any case, this terminology is not very precise. E. F. Schumacher says that this technology, described in the book Small is beautiful, tends to promote values such as health, beauty and permanence, in that order. LEED certification LEED (acronym for Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design) is not a position in architecture, but rather a certification system for sustainable buildings, developed by the United States Green Building Council. It was initially implanted in the year 1998, being used in several countries since then. It consists of a set of rules on the use of strategies aimed at sustainability in buildings of all types. It is based on the incorporation into the project of aspects related to energy efficiency, the use of alternative energies, the improvement of the internal environmental quality, the efficiency of water consumption, the sustainable development of the free spaces of the plot and the selection of materials. There are four levels of certification: certificate (LEED Certificate), silver (LEED Silver), gold (LEED Gold) and platinum (LEED Platinum).

LEED is a system of points in which the buildings obtain LEED points for satisfying specific criteria of sustainable construction. In each of its categories, projects must satisfy certain prerequisites and earn "Points" or "LEED credits". The five categories are; Sustainable Sites (SS), Water Saving (WE), Energy and Atmosphere (EA), Materials and Resources (MR) and Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ). An additional category, Innovation in Design (ID), addresses the expertise of sustainable construction as well as design measures that are not covered by the five environmental categories above. The number of points obtained by the project determines the level of LEED certification that the project will receive. The certification 90


The certification, for voluntary use, aims to advance the use of strategies that allow a global improvement in the environmental impact of the construction industry.

Figure 39. LEED certificate. Bancolombia

Source: http://vidamasverde.com/2012/edificio-bancolombia-obtuvo-certificacion-leed-gold/ Figura 40. Edificio Certificado LEED. Herma Parking Building

Source: http://www.contemporist.com/2012/04/16/herma-parking-building-by-joho-architecture/

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Sustainable Integral Urban Developments DUIS These are mixed ventures in which federal, state and municipal governments participate together with private developers to create fully planned areas of development that contribute to the territorial organization of states and municipalities. ARE DIVIDED IN: • Urban: compact cities near poles of industrial development. • Intra-urban: created to redensify metropolitan areas of low population density that have infrastructure and services. In Mexico they are certified by the Promotion and Evaluation Group of DUIS (GPEDUIS), composed of 11 units that evaluate projects technically and financially. INCENTIVES: • Technical assistance in urban development plans, transportation, solid waste management and others.


• Support in the management and authorization of licenses and feasibilities. • Financing of the federal government for the construction of infrastructure, equipment, building and housing acquisition. • Financing through funds, investment banking and commercial banking. • Guarantees of timely payment. • Subsidies according to the sustainability of the project. The DUIS are the engine of regional development, where housing, infrastructure, services, equipment, trade, education, health, industry, leisure and other inputs, constitute the support for Regional Development.

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Figure 41. DUIS Rehilete, León Guanajuato

Source: http://urbandemexico.com/Comercio-Rehilete

The DUIS should consider: • Use of alternative energies, ecotechnologies, bioclimatic architecture, management and reuse of water, management and use of solid waste. • Public spaces: More and better green areas, cultural, sports, recreational areas that promote neighborhood integration • Connectivity to services and sources of work through light rail, metro, bike lanes and the city system. • Sustainable mobility based on bike paths, light rail and pedestrian walkways. • Consolidation of New Development Poles with Vocations and equipment that promote work, commerce and services. • Strengthening of the Social Fabric through the mixture of predominantly vertical social, economic, medium and residential housing, close to sources of employment and services.

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Figure 42. DUIS. Cancún

Source: http://foro.sketchando.net/viewtopic.php?f=71&t=6109

Biomimetic architecture Biomimetic architecture is a contemporary philosophy that seeks sustainable solutions in nature, without replicating its forms purely, but through the understanding of the rules that govern them. This multidisciplinary approach seeks to follow a series of principles instead of focusing on stylistic codes.

The field of biomimicry, which is the application of natural methods and systems to engineering, technology, and design, has developed a number of innovations far superior to what the human mind would have conceived on its own. Biomimicry has been applied to areas ranging from political science and the design of a car, a building to computing.

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These natural mechanisms seem to work better than some of the most advanced technologies at present, they require less energy and do not produce waste or leave traces. The challenge is how the architects are taking them to reality ... and if they really end up functioning as the system that inspired them.

Figure 43. Biomimetic Architecture. Vincent Callebaut

Source: www.designboom.com

"The silk of the spider is much more ductile and 5 times more resistant in relation to its weight than the higher grade steel. The firefly produces cold light with almost no energy loss (a normal incandescent bulb wastes 98% of its energy in the form of heat). A beetle that spawns in freshly burned wood has developed a structure capable of detecting the exact infrared radiation that it produces in forest fires and locating it hundreds of kilometers away. That talent is already being explored. Many processes, which remain a utopia for technicians, have already materialized optimally in nature. Biomimicry is the scientific discipline that deals with locating them and is on the rise internationally. Biologists and engineers are discovering developments of unsuspected transcendence. "- Jordi Alemany in the article" Biomimicry: the future is in nature ". "Biomimicry is a leading science in the economy of the 21st century and is based on 3.8 billion years of evolution Obviously, the way in which nature creates new substances, generates energy and synthesizes exceptional structures are indicators of how humans we can survive and thrive on this planet. "- Janine Benyus, leader of the Biomimicry Network and founder of the Biomimicry Institute and Biomimicry Guild. The design of the stadium was inspired by the formation of bird nests. The architects have managed to capture the concept in such a way about their work 95

that the project soon earned the nickname of "bird's nest" spontaneously among the Chinese population. The design is based on bird nests not only aesthetically but also structurally. All the structure visible from the outside imitates the interlaced branches of the nests that when working together with each other achieve unimaginable resistance for each isolated element. In the center of the area that also houses the other Olympic structures, the stadium seems to be perched like a spaceship, with a silent majesty whose attractiveness is also given by its slightly wavy form. Figure 44. Biomimetic architecture. The nest. Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron 2008

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Frank Lloyd Wright's Johnson Wax building is illuminated with water lily-like columns that float on the surface of the water. Not only is the principle of natural aesthetics fulfilled, these columns were the first structures of thin concrete shell, reinforced with steel meshes. Modern architecture has also opted for the "parametric design", which is inspired by insect shells, cellular microorganisms or organic structures, which adjust their components to be able to open or close according to the climatic conditions or the interior program. While other structures are more involved in natural processes for its functionality. 96


Source: https://es.wikiarquitectura.com/index.php/Estadio_ol%C3%ADmpico_de_Pek%C3%ADn

Figure 45 and 46.E.-Status Quo Technocratic Regulatory Group

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This group brings together the weak sustainability positions, where the Green Building is located, the buildings with sophisticated technology to offer comfort, the Sustainable Integral Urban Developments, the buildings with Certifications such as LEED and the social housing groups with mortgage subsidy certification. green, energy-efficient buildings; all of them with a common denominator, are product of marketing, are elitist, use high and sophisticated technology making waste of energy, materials and human capital in its construction. F.-Group Status Quo technocratic futurists GSQTCF This group brings together the most radical positions of the technocratic designers that confront the environmental problem with technology.

The problem of futuristic architecture does not focus on changing the constructive details, of differentiating the old from the modern building, but of creating a futuristic house adopting all the resources that science and technology offer. Create new shapes, and lines, a harmony in the contours and volumes. It is about creating an architecture whose only justification is in the conditions of modern life. The new age. In 1997, the Frank Gehry Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, founded a new stage in the history of architecture. He was the first famous architect who, through the 98


The futurist architecture was characterized in its beginnings by the antihistoricism and long horizontal lines that suggested speed, movement and urgency. Among the futuristic themes of the Futurists were technology and even violence. The futurist movement was founded by the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who signed the Manifesto of Futurism in 1909. The movement attracted poets, musicians and artists (such as Umberto Boccioni, Giacomo Balla, Fortunato Depero and Enrico Prampolini) and also architects, among those who were Antonio Sant'Elia, who, although he built little, translated the futuristic vision into the urban environment. Futurism demanded the constitution of a new artistic concept based on speed, which they understood as the fundamental characteristic of modern life. The members of the Futurist Movement presented in architecture a utopian project, supported in the New City, where the measure would no longer be given by the building, but by the urban structure, betting on the new architectural typologies, such as train stations and airports, electrical, stepped houses with elevators. They thought of a new vertical and mechanical world, which would be connected by networks of iron and glass elevators.

use of digital technology, built a complex building with forms that would have been almost impossible to achieve before. In his work on the digital revolution, architect Fredy Massad and Alicia Guerrero Yeste state that "Gehry broke the monotony and disappointment." Young architects like Greg Lynn, Ben Van Berkel, Alejandro Zaera-Polo or Winny Maas enthusiastically toured schools, magazines and symposia preaching a new formal world produced by technology. " The first tests built ended in failures or in buildings very distant from what appeared in the digital graphics. But "everyone wanted to experiment with wavy surfaces and deformed shapes," according to Massad. The computer invites you to fantasize and it shows. This revolution is not an act of reaction against established models but the materialization of a new sensibility. Far from the theory, research on botany applied to digital architectural experimentation, in the case of farm towers, raises the possibility of a new generation of structures whose development would be based on the characteristics of a plant organism. The idea of functionality is reconsidered by a genetic architecture whose hybrid form allows not to subordinate form to function but to achieve that both coexist and redefine each other, as the buildings of the R & Sie Study expose. Figure 46. Futuristic architecture. Olympic Stadium in Beiging

Source: http://arquitecturafuturista.blogspot.mx/

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The utopias fulfilled. The new utopian reason rescues from history the visions that came true. The dream of the great metropolis for millions of people dominated by the towers has been fulfilled. That fascination with scale, new materials and the speed of construction comes before the First War, when futurist architects drew images of a world of metal buildings. In 1928, Buckminster Fuller imagined a series of tall buildings that rose like darts over the earth's crust. These were immense room towers of a light and resistant material, which were assembled in factories and transported in airship, to be thrown into craters opened by the impact of a bomb that the same dirigible would previously throw. Thus an entire city could be built. Le Corbusier also proposed towers for millions of inhabitants and, in 1939, Norman Bel Geddes built a model of Futurama, the city of mobility. Those were times when the old was a bad word. The urban and architectural plans were to finish with everything old. The exhibition in London goes through history and presents a model of the New Babylon of Constant Nieuwenhuys, the global city on a planetary scale conceived in 1956, and the city of the future thought by Rem Koolhaas in 1972. The space fever of the 60 projected a life similar to that of "the supersonic" with plastic constructions and houses in floating capsules that never materialized. But it strengthened the utopias of new forms and materials, which were fulfilled by the first exponents of the high-tech current: the Pompidou of Paris and the Lloyds Bank of London. And, from there, they expanded with symbols such as the Kunsthaus Museum by Peter Cook or the Phaeno Center by Zaha Hadid.


Figure 47. Futuristic architecture. Vincent Cabellaut

Source: www.designboom.com 100

Smart Buildings Intelligent buildings and houses are those buildings in which the concepts that presently delineate architecture and technology to make the "AMBIENTES" more functional and satisfactory for its occupants are involved from the conception of the project, the integral application. By integrating the architectural and technological concepts in an executive project and in the application of all the necessary engineering for the development of the work, intelligent construction is taking place as a result. Figure 48. Smart buildings.

Source: www.sgwm.cecyt11.ipn.mx

At the beginning of the 80's, some magazines began publishing versions of the "Intelligent Buildings". Publications concerned with mechanical systems talked about buildings that had automation systems that meant energy savings and efficient consumption of it. Some other magazines talked about the significant advancement of telecommunications systems which meant making communication schemes in a building more efficient and smarter. Nowadays the construction companies that keep evolving in their field and that always look for the continuous improvement have advised and pressuring the developers and the owners of buildings that decide to build smart buildings. Smart buildings are more attractive and easier to lease than ordinary buildings. Existing buildings sometimes lack facilities and services that are nowadays necessary for any client and that is why many of them decide to look for alternatives that can satisfy their business and communication needs. 101

Source: www.infotechlead.com

A smart building is that building equipped with structured wiring to allow its occupants to remotely control or program a series of automated devices through a single command, ie a single button can perform several tasks at once. For some, this concept of intelligent building can be one that has a system that varies the light, temperature adjustment and moisture changes all controlled automatically or by sophisticated control devices. That the occupants 102


A definition which was the result of the international symposium on May 28 and 29, 1985 in Toronto is: "An Intelligent building combines technological innovations and not technologies, with intelligent management of the same resources, to "maximize the return on investment". With this definition in mind, one can discern meanings of a simple explanation of intelligent buildings. The basis of the explanation is the simple comparison of current "conventional" building characteristics with the features that are now employed in updated intelligent buildings. Figure 49 Smart buildings Dubai

of the building can customize (customize) the building services. An Intelligent building is a building that is designed and built with intelligence and talent - A Safe Building -. A smart building must be operated efficiently and assisted with its own maintenance - A building of distinction must reflect the owner's own characteristic. Authors specialized in intelligent building architecture: AT & T (1989), Computerworld, (1991), Finley, Jr., M. R., Karakura, A., Nbogni, R. (1991), Flax, B.M., (1991), Fujie, S., Mikami, (1991), M.C. Gálvez Ruiz, X. Corsica, B., (1990), Intelligent Buildings Institute, (1987), Kujuro, A., (1988), The intelligent buildings institute has its own definition: An intelligent building is one that is capable of creating an environment that maximizes the efficiency of occupants while allowing effective management of resources at the lowest cost of time. Biomas The most representative example of this environmental position is the Eden Project (in English Eden Project) is an environmental complex of 50 hectares, designed by Tim Smit and designed by the architect Nicholas Grimshaw and inspired by nature and sustainable development. Figure 50. Architecture in Biomas

Source: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyecto_Eden

The five geodesic structure domes harbor an exceptional set of plant species organized along a landscaped course. The project, funded by a non-profit foundation, emphasizes the conservation of resources and the contribution of plant diversity to human life. The educational contribution of the project allowed the foundation to obtain the GiftAid label that allows the organization to recover the taxes of the British State. These taxes represent around 30% of the amount of subsidies. 103

All the technologies related to the cultivation of the plants that are carried out and developed in the Eden Project are done in collaboration with different research centers. Interior of the Tropical Biome The designers of the Eden Project refute the qualification of theme park. The park was initially created to demonstrate the ability to use nature to regenerate a site damaged by human activity. The park however includes all the ingredients of a theme park: Signposted transit area, amusement hall, exhibition building, screening rooms, recently built in 2006, the "Core" implies a wooden armature of spiked foils inspired by the method of plant growth, as can be seen on the outside of a pineapple where the woody leaves overlap, and the inevitable shop that closes the visit at the obligatory step.

Sculpture made with residues of modern life - teeth are computer mice In spite of the evident pedagogical quality of the plantations and exhibitions, the aspect of sustainable development is little appreciated in the exploitation of the park. Apart from the preparation of fertilizer and the recovery of runoff water, little emphasis is placed on eco-energy management.


Infused by features from the silhouette of a serpentine river, the Ecology Center is an organism that evolves the terrain in the dynamics of its forms. The set is composed of five biomes, each dedicated to a different climatic range. These biomes are arranged in semicircular forms, similar to those produced by the erosion of water on land.

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Figure .51. Architecture Biomas. National Ecology Center for Botanical Greenhouses, Grimshaw and Samoo

Source: http://tecnne.com/arquitectura/meandro-de-biomas/

The spaces were designed as a continuous series. The design is structured in the sum of curved steel beams that hold light glass sheets. These transparencies help to maximize natural light inside each space. In this way, a powerful growth of the vegetations is promoted, eliminating the need for supplementary electric lighting. You enter the complex through a large lobby. The plan leads visitors through the five biomes, formulated by a series of botanical gardens that allow direct contact with the flora and fauna of each region The route begins in the tropical zone, the largest of the hemispheres. The height of the upper arch allows the trees to grow in the future. Sequentially, the tour goes through different climates: sub-tropical, mediterranean and temperate. The final greenhouse contains a polar zone with subzero temperature that offers visitors the opportunity to experience a penguin habitat. The objective of the project is to convert the center into a space for education and research in ecology, formulating a practical experience of the different ecological environments existing in the world and the importance of its conservation. "The concept of the project is inspired by the shape of a meander lake, an aquatic organism created by the evolving erosion of a serpentine river"

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High Tech Architecture The high-tech (high technology) is an architectural style that was developed during the seventies. It takes its name from the book: The Industrial Style and Source Book for The Home, published in 1978 by Joan Kron and Suzanne Slesin. The book shows abundant examples of works where industrialized materials prevail, particularly used in ceilings, floors and walls. Another term used to identify this style is that of Tardo Modernismo, in any case, initially High Tech architecture implied a revitalization of the Modern Movement; a natural development of the preceding ideas but supported by innovation and technology. This period acts as a bridge between the Modern Movement and Postmodernism; it is suggested in one of those gray periods where there is no clear limit between the end of one period and the beginning of another. It could be said that a style that is agonizing like the Modern Movement is retaken, it is reinterpreted by giving it a strong technological image and it is launched persisting until the present.

Source: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_hightech#/media/File:Barcelona%27s_Gherkin.jpg

There was a growing disillusion in modern architecture about the progress and evolution of that style. The realization of the urban development projects proposed by Le Corbusier, led to a terribly monotonous city. More when they were done in a standardized way. The enthusiasm for the construction of economic buildings led to the realization of buildings with extremely low end 106


Figure 52. high-tech. Torre Agbar by Jean Nouvel, Barcelona, Spain, 2005.

quality. Many of the designed residential neighborhoods degenerated into places where social disintegration, violence and crime reigned throughout the world. As a result people are disappointed with the image of progress that was proposed and in the western world began to recognize the mistake that had been made. Figure 53. High Tech. Headquarters of HSBC (Hong Kong) by Norman Foster

Source: http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/hongkong-and-shanghai-bankheadquarters/

In any case, the development of Modern Architecture prevailed and society appropriated modern aesthetics. He also took elements of the Metabolist Movement of the '60s where technology went to the extreme of imagining buildings and cities of science fiction. In these ideas stood out the group Archigram and Japanese architects enlisted in the Metabolism, like Kenzō Tange, Kiyonori Kikutake, Kishō Kurokawa and others. This was to be expected since the modern buildings were very soft and flexible and the novelty of their aesthetic appearance had been adopted. The High Tech is a response to this and creates a very new aesthetic: glorifying the fascination for continuous technological innovation.

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Figure 54. Futuristic technocratic Status Quo Group GSQTCF


The Group Status Quo technocratic futurists GSQTCF, brings together the most radical positions technocrats and futurists where their followers seek through technology to solve environmental problems Therefore, weak sustainability assumes that the different forms of capital are completely interchangeable (Costanza & Daly, 1992). There is another important assumption in weak sustainability: the environment, considered another form of capital, is perfectly substitutable by another type of capital or assets. Thus, the progressive disappearance of those natural resources of which there is a fixed amount, the so-called non-renewable resources, should be accompanied by investment in another type of capital (Hartwick, 1977, Solow, 1986).

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Chapter IV

THE DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY IN ARCHITECTURE: a model that brings the designer closer to sustainability.

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THE DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY IN ARCHITECTURE: a model that brings the designer closer to sustainability. Sustainability presents different dimensions given its complexity. To fully define sustainability it is necessary to consider all its dimensions in an articulated manner, given that otherwise, it falls into irrelevant reductionism. In this tenor in the last decade, more and more profound reflections have been made about sustainability and its dimensions. The sustainability of the architecture is reviewed around the environmental, cultural, economic, social and political sustainability since in these dimensions is the observed components. Figure 55. Criteria and dimensions of sustainability

Source: Lárraga 2015.

Economic sustainability. Foladori (2001) mentions that unemployment and poverty are symptoms of an economic model in crisis (neoclassical) that the theory that the market must organize production through the "invisible hand" has originated a society of consumption, unemployment, contamination and 111

To develop the issue of the economic dimension towards a sustainable architecture, the question can be posed: is environmental sustainability possible with the neoliberal real estate market economy? This issue requires a debate in which it is necessary to admit as a sustainable economic model from the environmental point of view to one that adapts to the biogeochemical cycles of 112


depredation of natural resources. Foladori (2001) mentions among the alternatives to the political economy and the ecological economy; the first seeks to stop depredation and pollution, putting a price on resources that previously did not have it and making a difference between renewable and non-renewable resources for their management, thus facing the externalities not contemplated by the Keynesian model; The second is the ecological economy, which considers a direct relationship between polluters and those affected, through control policies that control the use of natural resources and the generation of waste. The challenge of economic sustainability is to face the technical difficulty of how to put a price on future generations not yet present in the negotiation, so the ecological economy proposes a dynamic economy that tries to put a price on the different natural rhythms (distinction between resources renewable and nonrenewable), as well as the speed and recycling of waste. Other authors delve into the topic of economic sustainability as Daly (2005), Ochoa (2008), UN (2006), Perry (2006), Romero (2002), Barkin (1998) who reflect with different approaches and perspectives towards sustainability . The debate economy - environment is one of those that has raised the most arduous polemics in terms of its relationship with sustainability. It has been rightly pointed out that even economic science does not have a convincing response to ecological criticism. The economy fails to value the global wealth of nations, their natural resources and especially the prices of raw materials. For example, if we refer to the price of exhaustible energy resources, it is evident that their valuation is always lower than the real value in terms of their preservation for future generations. It is also possible to question whether the price that industries have to pay for inserting waste not recycled into the environment is not the rational one either. Then, what will be the appropriate prices. Here, the notion of externalities is usually incorporated as environmental aspects that do not have a quantitative valuation in accounting or in the production process. Hence the importance of valuing resources at least for their replacement cost and build with them, for example, natural heritage accounts to know what and how much we have, how we could use it in different alternatives and how much we have left in each case.

the subject, and thus allows it to perpetuate itself over time. There are a series of agreements that establish certain environmental goals, in order to influence the forms, products and by-products of economic activities. There are also regulations that promote influencing the environmental improvement of the activity of a company, but whose acceptance and development are fully voluntary, (ISO 14000 standards). At another scale, there are also procedures for evaluating the environmental impacts generated by a project or activity. But without doubt the question brings up, according to the same author, another that raises: is it possible to make sustainable the relationship maintained by the economy and the natural environment without changing the economic model? The current economic model is based on the search for surplus value. All activity is done through this logic, in which private interest also prevails over the collective interest. The owner of the resources has the right to exploit them in the way that best suits their interests, that is to say, in the form that obtains the greatest value. Considering the panorama, the administrations seem to try to do the possible thing so that the greater surplus value is obtained realizing sustainable activities, or by means of helps to the technological improvement or certifying stamps that improve the image of the company. But the path taken in this sense since only partial improvements occur and the economic model remains unsustainable. Finally, there are some more questions. Can there be equity without asertability to habitability? Does economic disparity and the growing distance between rich and poor allow free and democratic exercise to design our cities? What happens with big cities and ostentatious constructions like those of Dubai, where in the middle of the desert the most extravagant caprices take place even at the cost of labor slavery. How will we talk about sustainable architecture in these conditions? Political sustainability According to WRI (2003) all our decisions involve a large number of actors and each of them has different interests, different areas of authority and different access to information, establishing relations between them that interact in a complex way and leave them at a disadvantage. to the ecological systems that maintain the natural systems on which man depends for his survival. In addition to the actors involved in decision making, there are factors that determine advantages or obstacles in the management of natural resources, among which WRI (2003) mentions: science and technology, criminal activities, natural conditions, social and economic conditions, voice and access and political stability. The interaction of the different levels of power, the interests of 113

It is known that the origin of environmental problems is closely related to the development styles of societies in rich and poor countries. While in the former, overconsumption causes unsustainability, in the latter poverty is the primary cause of the underutilization of natural resources and situations of lack of coverage of basic needs that give rise to problems such as deforestation, pollution or erosion. of the floors. In relation to the social sustainability of architecture, we must bear in mind that it implies promoting a new style of consumption that favors the access and use of natural resources and the preservation of biodiversity and that is "socially sustainable in the affordability of decent housing, reduction of patrimonial poverty and social inequalities and promote justice and equity; that is culturally sustainable in the conservation of the system of values, practices and symbols of identity that, in spite of their evolution and permanent updating, determine the national integration through the times; and that is politically sustainable by deepening democracy and ensuring access and participation of all in public decision-making. This new style of habitability has as its goal a new ethic, an ethic in which the economic objectives of progress are subordinated to the laws of functioning of natural systems and the criteria of respect for human dignity and improvement of the quality of life of people". But not only sustainability should promote qualitative changes in the welfare of societies and strengthen the planetary environmental balance, but should consider the social dimension in its deepest sense. This is understandable if it 114


the actors and the access to information with the different physical, economic and social factors result in the current environmental conditions. Environmental management is necessary, which deals with those who have responsibility, how they use their power and how they can be held responsible for their decisions (WRI: 2003). Therefore, the participation of society is the key element for the management of natural resources, and this can only occur in an environment of democracy which remains a challenge for many countries. Policies must be equitable, participatory and consensual. It is necessary an ethical-political commitment that combines the environment with the set of social policies that aim to defend the most vulnerable, protect the most threatened, preserve the essential that is life. Regarding political sustainability, governance participation authors such as Najam et al. (2006), Leff (2001), Gudynas (2002), Gosseries (2008), Singh (2008), Arnold, Denise (2005), contribute to the reflection towards political sustainability.

is expressed that it is natural that a human being in a situation of extreme poverty, exclusion or marginality can not have a close commitment to sustainability. For example, those who do not have firewood to heat their homes can not be asked to do so without cutting down trees near their homes or overconsumption of the species and overgrazing the land with their cattle. In the opposite direction, in situations of wealth, populations tend to overconsumption and, therefore, they will not commit to sustainability either, a fact that is notorious in large cities, where the culture of shopping, junk food, spending Exaggerated energy and water is common currency. In terms of the relationship between these two extremes of society, there is no doubt that the privileged insertion of some -the rich-, in the accumulation process, and therefore in the access and use of natural resources and services, it allows them to transfer to others - the poor - the social and environmental costs of unsustainability to subordinated or excluded sectors. This implies, especially in the peripheral countries, with serious problems of poverty, inequality and exclusion, that the social foundations of sustainability suppose to postulate as basic criteria of public policy those of distributive justice, in the case of goods and services, and those of the universalization of coverage, for the global policies of education, health, housing and social security. Guimarães (1998) contributes the concept of social actors of sustainability when referring to the basic components of sustainability, such as the sustenance of the stock of resources and environmental quality for the satisfaction of the basic needs of the populations. From this point of view it is necessary to consider current and future generations, which are foreign to the market, since they respond to the optimal allocation of resources in the short term and not in the long term. The same applies, a fortiori, to the specific type of current shortage. If the scarcity of natural resources can, although imperfectly, be addressed in the market, elements such as the climatic balance, the ozone layer, biodiversity or the resilience of the ecosystem transcend market action. Today we live with two opposing realities. On the one hand, the social actors agree that the current style has been exhausted and is decidedly unsustainable, not only from the economic and environmental point of view, but mainly in what refers to social justice. (Guimares, 1998) On the other hand, the measures required for the transformation of the institutions that gave sustenance to the current lifestyle are not adopted. The concept of sustainability would mean an environmental restriction to the economic process, without yet facing the 115

Environmental sustainability. Takács (2004) mentions that the transformation of the biosphere has passed through at least 6 important transitions: fire; the language; the Agriculture; the European conquests; the scientific-technological transition, which allowed the exponential growth of the population and thus greater pressure on the resources and greater extraction power of the same with the use of fertilizers and pesticides; finally the current transition where more food is produced than at any other time in history, and at the same time there is more number of people who do not have a decent access to it. Many have posed the problem as a technological problem, but history teaches us that it is not quantity alone but poor distribution that is exhausting and deteriorating the environment and the human being that inhabits it. The transformations of the biosphere have been more in recent decades than in the entire history of the planet, the externalities of consumption production in today's civilization is putting at risk the sustainability of human life as reflected by authors such as: Fiisher et al. (2005), Rosales (2006), Balée (2006) and Verhagen (2008). The ecological dimension of sustainability promotes the protection of the natural resources necessary for food and energy security and, at the same time, includes the requirement of expansion of production to satisfy populations in population growth. The aim is to overcome the environment-development dichotomy, which is not easy to judge from the environmental impacts of the neoliberal economic models in use in the contemporary world. 116


institutional and political processes that regulate the ownership, control, access and use of natural resources and environmental services. The growing importance given to the criteria of consumption and sustainable production is an objective that countries will reach when they begin to recognize that sustainability demands a long-term strategic approach to transform the causes that cause environmental problems. Regarding the issue of consumption patterns it is possible to point out that they are determined by a network of actors and mechanisms that can be synthesized in: the price of goods and services, the characteristics of infrastructure (housing, energy, transportation), individual and business budgets, the activity profile of individuals and companies and alternatives in lifestyles. The different levels of influences and links of interdependence within these networks highlight conditioning aspects that governments must consider in order to operate sustainable changes

The ecological dimension of architecture towards sustainability is conditioned by the provision of natural resources and environmental services from a geographical space. It is possible to notice that although the abundance of natural resources does not guarantee the endogenous nature of sustainable development, as evidenced by the circumstance of so many underdeveloped countries that possess an important endowment of water, mineral or energy resources; there is no doubt that it constitutes the basic potential of territorial development and human well-being. It is essential to incorporate the ecological dimension into political decision making and, also, it is necessary to examine the environmental consequences of the appropriation of natural resources that each society promotes in the different historical stages. Ecological sustainability refers to the relationship with the carrying capacity of ecosystems, that is, the magnitude of nature to absorb and recompose itself of anthropogenic influences. The load capacity is the maximum number of people that can be supported by the resources of a territory and is normally defined in relation to the maximum sustainable population, at the minimum level of life essential for survival. The concept of load capacity allows to evaluate the maximum limits of population growth according to different technological levels (Duran, Lara 2002). The load capacity can also have several meanings. When it comes to renewable resources (reserves of groundwater, diverse trees and vegetables, fish and other animals) this concept refers to the maximum yield that can be obtained indefinitely without endangering the future capital of each resource. In the case of pollution (liquid and gaseous spills in rivers, lakes, oceans and in the atmosphere) the carrying capacity refers to the quantities of polluting products that these receptors can absorb before being irremediably altered. In the case of renewable natural resources, the utilization rate should be equivalent to the rate of recomposition of the resource. For nonrenewable natural resources, the utilization rate must be equivalent to the rate of substitution of the resource in the productive process, for the period of time foreseen for its depletion (measured by the current reserves and by the utilization rate). If it is taken into account that its own character of "non-renewable" prevents an indefinitely sustainable use, it is necessary to limit the rate of use of the resource to the estimated 117

period for the appearance of new substitutes. This requires, among other aspects, that the investments made for the exploitation of non-renewable natural resources, in order to be sustainable, must be proportional to the investments allocated for the search for substitutes, in particular investments in science and technology (Guimares, 1998).

Toledo (1996) raise some principles and criteria that allow an approach to the "should be" of communities in the pursuit of their development, this approach unlike the status quo allows, seeks or strengthens the principles of: diversity, self-sufficiency, integration, equity, economic justice, spatial equilibrium, productive equilibrium, community balance and family balance as a priority axis in sustainable community development (DCS). The most outstanding feature of the DCS is its endogenous nature where the community takes or regains control of the processes that determine or affect it, since self-determination or selfmanagement, conceived as a "takeover" is the central objective of all development community, it is proposed 6 dimensions that hardly exist without the others to regain control in an integral way these are: 1-control of the territory and its limits, 2-control of the use of resources (diagnosis, inventory) 3- cultural control safeguard their own cultural values, .4- social control increase in the quality of life 5- economic control, in the setting of prices, subsidies, taxes, loans, political control, norms, rules, principles, participation, democracy, autonomy and execution of the customary law. According to Toledo et al. (2002) The appropriation of nature is the axis of the rural, appropriation is a fraction of the general process of production is the moment in which humans articulate with nature through work. It is the act in which the subject makes his own a "thing" the appropriation is transformed into production in the moment the man transits a piece of matter or energy from the "natural space" to the "social space". The phenomenon of appropriation has a multidimensional nature, the authors mention at least 7 and these are: 1appropriation of nature, 2 -population, 3- exchange of materials or energies, 4technologies, 5-knowledge employees, 6- cosmovisión, 7- Institutions that regulate local regulations. 118


Social sustainability Mainly the sustainability related to the rulares societies (that in this thesis we want to review and analyze) we find the following authors: Sevilla (2000) Barkin (2002) Altieri (2000) Toledo et.al. (2002) Toledo (1996, 2002) who have deepened the relationship of society with the environment and its agroecological appropriation vs industrial agriculture.

The "sustainable society" is proposed as a mediation between "tradition" and "modernity" and is constituted in a new mode of appropriation of nature could only be understood in terms of multidisciplinarity (Toledo 1996). As we can understand the metabolism of the appropriation that rural societies have of their environment, we can collaborate in strengthening and recovering these societies from the control of their territory, economy, culture, politics, society, environment. Cultural sustainability According to Chiu (2004), Galafassi (2001) attributes of culture in general have relevance in the concept of sustainability. In the first place, culture is stored, and transmitted from one generation to another. In the process it accumulates, and improves or evolves with time and space, but it can also become extinct. Another attribute is the diversity of culture: there are many separate cultures and each one is different from the others. Therefore culture gives identity to a place in different periods of time, an important attribute of culture, particularly for the perspective of sustainability. The culture of a place is also inseparable from the natural environment and undoubtedly plays a fundamental role in the search for the environmental sustainability of a place. The concept of cultural sustainability according to Delgado et.al. (2005) can be equated to "empowerment" of the cultural environment; exercise that has its most evident expression in the identity phenomena, but that is expressed in a multiplicity of private and public acts object of other political, economic and social readings. The cultural elements of identity must be used, taught and renewed permanently, and the community has the right and the obligation to adopt the necessary decisions to make memory present, enrich everyday languages and encourage their creators. The evolution of society towards sustainable production and consumption styles implies a change in the model of civilization that is dominant today, particularly in regard to the cultural patterns of society-nature relationship. "Adequate understanding of the crisis therefore implies the recognition that it refers to the exhaustion of an ecologically predatory, socially perverse, politically unjust, culturally alienated and ethically repulsive development style. What is at stake is the overcoming of the paradigms of modernity that have been defining the orientation of the development process. In that sense, perhaps the emerging modernity in the Third Millennium is the `modernity of sustainability ', where the human being is once again part of nature" (Guimares1998).

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Sustainability should not only promote the productivity of the resource base and the integrity of ecological systems, but also the cultural patterns and cultural diversity of peoples. Currently, the main cause of unsustainability has a cultural dimension, depending on how the worldview or way of seeing the world. From this perspective, contemporary Western culture is unsustainable. Its relationship with the environment is based on the idea of the appropriation of nature as an inexhaustible source of resources. Cultural sustainability includes the situation of equity that promotes the members of a community or country, have equal access to opportunities for education and learning values consistent with an increasingly multicultural and multilingual world and a notion of respect and solidarity in terms of their ways of life and ways of relating to nature.

Now it's up to us, to change the course, towards an architecture more linked to the social and economic problems that we are experiencing, and that many times it will not be to build buildings. We have clear foundations, but we must develop new ideas and innovate towards a better way of doing architecture. There are many who can help us in the search, as designers, craftsmen and engineers. We have to put aside the idea of the star architect and start thinking together, in cooperation between the different disciplines, in working as a team to find more elaborate solutions, and not thinking about signing a single character and much less linking it to a brand.

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We conclude that the true richness of the concept of sustainability lies in the diversity of approaches and positions that allow us to build our "must be"; the goal that is pursued is very clear, and how it is on the discussion table at all levels and scales; each individual contribution, in the end, is a contribution towards sustainability.

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Autor RIGOBERTO LARRAGA LARA Architect and Master in Architecture from the Faculty of Habitat of the Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, PhD of the Multidisciplinary Program in Postgraduate of Environmental Sciences of the UASLP. Speaker in 59 international and national conferences, Articulator in 35 publications in 7 specialized journals, 14 book chapters and author of 5 books among which are: Components of the sustainability of traditional housing (2015a); Transforming communities towards local development (2015b); Philosophy of the science of sustainability in the transformation of communities (2015c); Sustainability of the urban environment (2015d). Architect for Community Development (2015e). I participate from 1997 to the year 2000 in a multidisciplinary action research project in Huasteca potosina sponsored by SIGHO-CONACYT. Research professor of architecture, urban design and landscape careers, in the last 4 years he has projected together with his students collaborative academic exercises, developing and adapting methodologies for participatory design and community development management. Founder of the International Network of Researchers of the Philosophy of the Sustainability of Traditional Housing in 2015.

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