Mapping data

Mapping and synthesis of data and monitoring in Gladstone Harbour August 2013 Lyndon Llewellyn Australian Institue of Marine Science Mary Wakeford Australian Institue of Marine Science Emma McIntosh Independent Science Panel, Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership

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This project was commissioned by the Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (Queensland) for the Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership initiative. Funds were provided by the Department of Environment and Heritage Protection and the Australian Institute of Marine Science. SUGGESTED CITATION Llewellyn, L., Wakeford, M. & McIntosh, E. (2013) Mapping and synthesis of data and monitoring in Gladstone Harbour. A report to the Independent Science Panel of the Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership, August 2013. Townsville: Australian Institute of Marine Science. COPYRIGHT Copyright for this report rests in the Australian Institute of Marine Science. Apart from uses permitted under the Australian Copyright Act 1968, all material in this report, except for the AIMS logo, the Commonwealth Coat of Arms, the Queensland Government Coat of Arms, Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership logo, photographs provided by third parties, and any material protected by a trade mark, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia licence. This means that provided the user credits the Australian Institute of Marine Science, the user is free  to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work  to make derivative works  to make commercial use of the work Details of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia licence can be found here. DISCLAIMER While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this document are factually correct, AIMS does not make any representation or give any warranty regarding the accuracy, completeness, currency or suitability for any particular purpose of the information or statements contained in this document. To the extent permitted by law AIMS shall not be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of or reliance on the contents of this document.

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Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank those members of the government, research, industry and community who gave willingly of their time and knowledge during the course of this study. In particular, we would like to thank the members of the Independent Science Panel of the Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership for their valuable review comments. We also acknowledge the many individuals that have conducted the studies and research projects to generate the knowledge and data about Gladstone Harbour that this reports draws upon. We are also indebted to the AIMS e-Atlas and Data Centre teams who enabled production of the electronic on-line repository and visualisation tool. We thank the Gladstone Area Promotion and Development Ltd (GAPDL) for providing the front cover photographs. For further information and to provide information about datasets that exist but may not yet been discovered, please contact: Dr. Lyndon Llewellyn Research Manager & Program Leader, Data and Technology Innovation Australian Institute of Marine Science

Emma McIntosh Science Panel Convenor Independent Science Panel Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership

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[email protected]

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[email protected]

Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 2 Figure legends ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 8 Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................... 15 Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 16 Background ........................................................................................................................................ 16 The Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership and Report Card......................................................... 16 Purpose of this study ..................................................................................................................... 17 Area of Interest ............................................................................................................................. 18 Methodology ......................................................................................................................................... 20 Data collation .................................................................................................................................... 20 Search Strategy.............................................................................................................................. 20 Prototype database ....................................................................................................................... 23 e-Atlas overview ............................................................................................................................ 23 Gladstone Harbour e-Atlas instance ............................................................................................. 24 Compliance to ANZLIC metadata format ...................................................................................... 25 Database optimisation and user testing ....................................................................................... 25 Dataset prioritisation ........................................................................................................................ 25 Visualisation of key datasets ............................................................................................................. 26 Synthesis of available data for Gladstone Harbour ............................................................................... 27 Background information ................................................................................................................... 27 Topic area overviews ......................................................................................................................... 28 Agriculture and Forestry................................................................................................................ 30 Air Quality ...................................................................................................................................... 32 Amenity ......................................................................................................................................... 33 Biodiversity: Fauna ........................................................................................................................ 35 Biodiversity: Flora .......................................................................................................................... 38 Contaminants ................................................................................................................................ 41 Cultural Preservation..................................................................................................................... 43 Economics...................................................................................................................................... 46 Fisheries......................................................................................................................................... 48 Human Health incl. Food Safety .................................................................................................... 50 Liveability....................................................................................................................................... 52 Metals ............................................................................................................................................ 54 Nutrients........................................................................................................................................ 56 Physical .......................................................................................................................................... 58 Recreation, Access and Use........................................................................................................... 61 Sediment Composition .................................................................................................................. 63 Shipping ......................................................................................................................................... 66 Water Quality ................................................................................................................................ 68 Wildlife Health ............................................................................................................................... 71 Current monitoring relating to Gladstone Harbour .......................................................................... 73 Potential relationships between parameters.................................................................................... 78 General Findings ................................................................................................................................ 88 Overview of depth and intensity of data including gap analysis................................................... 88 Overview of baselines ................................................................................................................... 90 Data accessibility ........................................................................................................................... 90 Recommendations relating to future management of Gladstone Harbour datasets ........................... 91

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Data and metadata management ................................................................................................. 91 Data and metadata policy ............................................................................................................. 92 Technical certainty ........................................................................................................................ 93 Conclusions and future directions ......................................................................................................... 95 Bibliography........................................................................................................................................... 97 About the Authors ............................................................................................................................... 106 Appendix A Timeline for major developments in Gladstone harbour since 1950 .............................. 108 Appendix B Data sources searched ..................................................................................................... 109 Search repositories .......................................................................................................................... 109 Other relevant databases held by the Queensland and Commonwealth governments ................ 112 Appendix C Bibliography of Primary Literature relevant to Gladstone Harbour ................................ 113 Appendix D Reprising data and knowledge gaps in the different topic areas .................................... 126 Appendix E Major sampling sites within Gladstone Harbour ............................................................. 134 Appendix F Examples of metadata records within the e-Atlas repository.......................................... 138 Appendix G Glossary of terms ............................................................................................................. 149 Appendix H Complete list of entries in the Gladstone Harbour database developed in e-Atlas for this report as of 31 July 2013 ..................................................................................................................... 151 Appendix I Screen images of several trial visualisations using the e-Atlas Atlasmapper component 161 Appendix J Port Curtis Industry Release Point Compliance Data as at 13/05/2013. .......................... 164

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Figure legends Figure 1 Map of Gladstone Harbour including the associated waterways assessed in this study .......... 8 Figure 2 Scale used to assess temporally and spatially resolved data as well as the quality and potential utility of available datasets for the Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership (see Figure 3). ..................................................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 3 Quality and utility of data relevant to the nineteen Gladstone Harbour topic areas on a geographic and time scale, using the symbols described in Figure 2 ............................................ 10 Figure 4 Summary of the stages for development of a report card for the Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership .................................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 5 Map of Gladstone Harbour including area of interest ............................................................ 18 Figure 6 Schematic of the approach and systems (including software) utilised to capture and store the metadata and associated reports/data relevant to Gladstone Harbour ...................................... 21 Figure 7 Gladstone sub-regions, and their names, used in this study to identify the geographic resolution of reports, studies and datasets ................................................................................... 22 Figure 8 Schematic of e-Atlas architecture with elements employed in this study highlighted with red stars ............................................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 9 Prioritisation approach used to assess, collate, synthesise and visualise key datasets relating to Gladstone Harbour .................................................................................................................... 26 Figure 10 Scale used to assess temporally and spatially resolved data as well as the quality and potential utility of available datasets for the Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership ................ 29 Figure 11 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Agriculture and Forestry" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 .............................................................. 31 Figure 12 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Air Quality" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 ...................................................................................... 32 Figure 13 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Amenity" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 ...................................................................................... 34 Figure 14 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Biodiversity: Fauna" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 ..................................................................... 37 Figure 15 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Biodiversity: Flora" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 ..................................................................... 40 Figure 16 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Contaminants" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 ............................................................................. 42 Figure 17 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Cultural Preservation" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 ..................................................................... 45 Figure 18 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Economics" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 ...................................................................................... 47 Figure 19 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Fisheries" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 ...................................................................................... 49 Figure 20 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Human Health incl. Food Safety" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 ........................................... 51 Figure 21 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Liveability" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 ...................................................................................... 53 Figure 22 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Metals" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 ...................................................................................... 55 Figure 23 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Nutrients" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 ...................................................................................... 57 Figure 24 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Physical" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 ...................................................................................... 60 Figure 25 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Recreation, Access and Use" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 ........................................... 62

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Figure 26 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Sediment Composition" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 .............................................................. 65 Figure 27 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Shipping" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 ...................................................................................... 67 Figure 28 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Water Quality" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 ............................................................................. 70 Figure 29 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Wildlife Health" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 ............................................................................. 72 Figure 30 Current monitoring programs relating to Gladstone Harbour .............................................. 73 Figure 31 Examples of different natures of potential relationships between key components in a harbour system. ............................................................................................................................. 78 Figure 32 Legend for figures 33, 35 and 37. Arrows which comprise a full line are those relationships where a study has attempted to explore the relationship and the arrows and their titles contain hyperlinks to a relevant report(s) in the electronic repository ...................................................... 79 Figure 33 Looking at available data for Gladstone Harbour through an environment lens, identifying studies which have investigated potential cause-and-effect relationships (see Figure 32 for legend to arrows) ........................................................................................................................... 80 Figure 34 Some expanded detail of potential relationships between different parameters depicted in Figure 33 ........................................................................................................................................ 81 Figure 35 Looking at available data for Gladstone Harbour through a maritime lens, identifying studies which have investigated potential cause-and-effect relationships (see Figure 32 for arrow legend) ........................................................................................................................................... 83 Figure 36 Some expanded detail of potential relationships between different parameters depicted in Figure 35 ........................................................................................................................................ 84 Figure 37 Looking at available data for Gladstone Harbour through a socio-economic lens, identifying studies which have investigated potential cause-and-effect relationships (see Figure 32 for arrow legend) ........................................................................................................................................... 85 Figure 38 Some expanded detail of potential relationships between different parameters depicted in Figure 37 ........................................................................................................................................ 86 Figure 39 Number of metadata records assigned to different Topic areas within the electronic report and data repository ....................................................................................................................... 88 Figure 40 Number of metadata records assigned to different geographic sub-regions within the electronic report and data repository ............................................................................................ 89 Figure 41 Consolidated table of gaps identified in the 19 topic overviews (pages 30-75). Assessments have also been included of the scale of the gaps, accessibility of existing data and the suggested priority for filling the gaps. .......................................................................................................... 127 Figure 42 The following three maps show locations of monitoring sites used for water quality monitoring since 2011 by the Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection. The first shows all of the sites with the ensuing two panels showing closer views of the Harbour itself and locations south of the Harbour mouth ......................................................................... 134 Figure 43 Map showing locations of monitoring sites used for water quality monitoring as part of the Western Basin Dredging Management Plan ............................................................................... 136 Figure 44 Map showing locations of monitoring sites being used as part of the Port Curtis Integrated Monitoring Program (PCIMP) ...................................................................................................... 136 Figure 45 Overlaid maps of monitoring sites for Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (white inverted teardrop symbol, white labels), Western Basin Dredging Management Plan (transparent burgundy symbols, yellow labels) and PCIMP (concentric white circles, orange labels)........................................................................................................................................... 137 Figure 46 Locations of Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) weather stations with the station descriptor containing a live hyperlink to the BOM data page for that station ............................................. 161

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Figure 47 Similar to Figure 46 which shows BOM weather station locations and links to BOM station data pages but including locations of Queensland Department of Natural Resource and Management stream flow stations with live links to their data pages ....................................... 161 Figure 48 Shipwreck locations from the Australian National Shipwreck Database for the Capricorn region with live links to individual records for each wreck in the Database ............................... 162 Figure 49 Fish health results from the Queensland Government Fish Health Survey for Gladstone Harbour as at 1 March 2012 showing location and reported results .......................................... 162 Figure 50 GBR coast land use from the Queensland Land Use Mapping Project (Queensland department of Natural Resources and Mining, 2005) showing a point-and-query result .......... 163 Figure 51 Two active maps showing Western Basin Dredging and Disposal Project monitoring buoy locations as well as results of water analyses for aluminium for April, 2013 (Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection). This latter dataset includes all monthly testing since 2011 for numerous metals and water quality parameters and these can be selected from the map controls as well as generate time-based animations for individual parameters . 163

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Executive Summary This study documents the available data relating to Gladstone Harbour for use by the Independent Science Panel (ISP) of the Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership (GHHP). It does not include an assessment or summary of the condition of Gladstone Harbour. Rather its purpose was to locate, collate and present the sources of information relating to environmental, social and economic datasets, and assess the coverage and potential suitability of these sources for the specific purpose of developing an annual report card on the condition of the harbour. There were three primary deliverables for this project: 1. Production of a report including a synthesis of available information relating to environmental, social and economic aspects of Gladstone Harbour 2. Identification of potential baseline or ‘landmark’ studies 3. Development of a centralised online metadata repository The area of interest was Gladstone Harbour Port Limits and neighbouring locations which are likely to influence the harbour, or which the harbour may itself influence. Where possible the data was also associated with sub-regions of Gladstone Harbour and neighbouring regions to enable an assessment of geographic coverage of datasets (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Map of Gladstone Harbour including the associated waterways assessed in this study

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The aim of this project was to collate metadata, and where possible, associated datasets. “Metadata” provides information about the data and one or more aspects of the data content, such as author, date of creation, purpose, format of the data, geographic location of the samples etc. “Data” refers to the values of qualitative or quantitative variables, usually relating to a series of measurements conducted for a specific purpose. A desktop audit was conducted to locate potential sources of metadata and data relating to Gladstone Harbour. This resulted in the assessment of 100 data sources including university and publicly funded research agencies (especially their data and publications databases), as well as government databases and reports prepared by government departments and agencies active within the Port Curtis region. Direct contact was also made with stakeholder groups and members of the GHHP to obtain readily available data holdings and reports. To house the obtained outputs from the above search effort, an on-line electronic repository was established, based on an existing online tool called the e-Atlas (e-atlas.org.au) to allow the ISP, whose members come from multiple organisations, access to the repository. Critical metadata information was also included in this repository to allow easy searching and to meet ANZLIC metadata standards, which ensure compatibility with similar data and metadata management systems nationally. The repository includes close to 340 metadata records, many related to multiple reports/datasets so over 600 associated files have been included. The e-Atlas tool also includes a mapping function which allows the visualisation of data in the form of shape and kml files, graphs, point locations and sophisticated graphical overlays on satellite imagery. Trial visualisations of selected datasets have been created to allow the ISP to assess their utility for future initiatives. Primary literature (i.e. scientific reports and published theses) relevant to the Gladstone Harbour and owned by commercial entities was not included in the e-Atlas metadata system due to copyright restrictions. A separate bibliography was created for these references with a dynamic link to their abstracts. The core of the synthesis is a semi-quantitative mapping of data intensity through time and space. To make this task feasible, datasets and reports were categorised into nineteen topic areas, specific regions within Gladstone Harbour and time periods around when the data was generated (Figure 3). This allowed the highlighting of information gaps and “landmark” studies which may provide baselines or points of reference for a report card. Sources of data were obtained from as early as the 1800s to as recently as 2013 however a close assessment of the spatial coverage of these datasets focused on those post 1950s. The topic areas do not presuppose the potential indicators for a report card and the Independent Science Panel will make their own assessment of which datasets will inform the report card and associated monitoring program and accordingly, which data gaps are priorities to fill. Figure 2 Scale used to assess temporally and spatially resolved data as well as the quality and potential utility of available datasets for the Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership (see Figure 3). Symbol

Characteristics Robust QA/QC; readily accessible; attributable to discrete Gladstone geographies; data generation method clear and standardised Consistent methodology; data curated; some periodicity Attributable to broad geography that captures Gladstone; method can be extrapolated from information Inconsistent; method for data generation not apparent

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Figure 3 Quality and utility of data relevant to the nineteen Gladstone Harbour topic areas on a geographic and time scale, using the symbols described in Figure 2 Topic Area

Definition for the purposes of this report

Landmark studies

Agriculture and Forestry

measurement of available resources for plant and animal-based production, and production statistics measurement of the condition of air relative to human health and safety concerns

1.

natural and built amenities, attractiveness of the physical environment, visual amenity [visual quality of the area experienced by residents, workers or visitors], tourism amenity [beauty, pleasure or experience unique to the locality knowledge about presence, distribution and seasonal patterns in abundance and diversity of animals

1.

Air quality

Amenity

Biodiversity fauna

Biodiversity flora

knowledge about presence, distribution and seasonal patterns in abundance and diversity of plants

Contaminants

presence of unnatural levels of inorganic and organic chemicals within the environment, either dissolved in the water or bound by sediments and other particulate matter

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2. 1. 2.

2.

Queensland State-wide Landcover and Trees Study Queensland Agricultural Land Audit Clean and Healthy Air for Gladstone project RG Tanna and Barney Point Coal Loading Facilities benchmarking studies 2011 report on marine debris Great Barrier Reef wide socioeconomic research funded by the NERP Tropical Ecosystems Hub

1. The Saenger study 1988 2. Macrobenthos monitoring in the 2000s 3. GPC shorebird monitoring program 4. StrandNet time series 5. Ecosystem Research and Monitoring Program 1. Port Curtis and Rodds Bay seagrass monitoring program (Queensland Government) 2. Port Curtis seagrass monitoring program in the late 90’s and early 2000’s (Central Queensland University) 3. Baseline map in 2005 of the intertidal wetlands of Port Curtis (DPI&F) 1. Survey undertaken during the Coastal CRC which targeted the central regions of Gladstone Harbour in 2003-05

Assessment of overall coverage Spatial Temporal

Topic Area

Definition for the purposes of this report

Landmark studies

Cultural preservation

places and resources of cultural significance to Indigenous and nonindigenous people

1.

2. 3.

Economic wellbeing

Fisheries

income, employment, housing costs and availability, tourism (relating to Gladstone Harbour)

1.

understanding fisheries stocks

1.

2.

2. 3.

Human health

Liveability

Metals

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illness and wellbeing relating to the harbour, including health effects of eating or handling contaminated seafood sense of place, quality of housing, provision of health services, recreation facilities, attraction of the urban environment, availability of services

metal in its many forms [dissolved, colloidal, complexed, dust] in the environment

Study on indigenous cultural heritage of the Port Curtis region The Indigenous Sites Register The Australian National Shipwreck Database Data on housing sales and land valuations Rental market data from the Queensland Residential Tenancy Authority Commercial fisheries data from the Queensland Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Recreational fishing data collected by Infofish The Halliday and Robins study on the links between river flows and fisheries Nil

1. A 2010 community perception study conducted by the Gladstone Industry Leadership Group 2. The Gladstone housing project (Coordinator General) 3. A Coastal CRC study on stakeholders and governance arrangements in Port Curtis and the Fitzroy Region 1. Several Coastal CRC studies for Alma Bay region and Fitzroy River 2. Queensland Dept. of Environment & Heritage Protection monitoring of coastal waterways 3. Vision Environment, Gladstone Ports Corporation and PCIMP raw data for past ten years

Assessment of overall coverage Spatial Temporal

Topic Area

Definition for the purposes of this report

Landmark studies

Nutrients

basic chemical ingredients that sustains biodiversity and life i.e. nitrogen, phosphorous, carbon

Physical

physical forces that influence the environment and the biodiversity and people within

Recreation, access & use

access to public water areas, direct on-water recreational use [fishing, boating, swimming, diving] and beside-water recreational use [beach use, fishing, walks, camping] physical nature of sediment – size, geochemistry and mineralogy

1. Queensland Dept. of Environment & Heritage Protection monitoring of coastal waterways 2. Vision Environment, Gladstone Ports Corporation and PCIMP raw data for nutrient sampling harbour wide 3. Coastal CRC study on the utility of remote sensing for inshore water quality parameters 1. The Fitzroy estuary was the subject of intensive studies during the Coastal CRC 2. Hydrodynamic studies conducted in relation to the Western Basin Dredging and Disposal Approval process 1. Infofish series of reports 2. Department of Transport and Main Roads annual reports on vessel registrations and marine incidents

Sediment composition

Shipping

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number and intensity of ship visits and the quality of the ships and their practices; this topic area has been used to capture information on resource imports and exports for manufacturing, refining and other purposes e.g. coal, gas, alumina, etc.

1.

The Conaghan study of the early ‘1960’s 2. Coring data collected in relation to the Western Basin Dredging and Disposal Approval process 1. The Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics (BREE) forecasts of likely shipping intensity scenarios out to 2025

Assessment of overall coverage Spatial Temporal

Topic Area

Definition for the purposes of this report

Landmark studies

Water quality

the clarity and suitability of conditions for the support of biodiversity e.g. transparency, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, chlorophyll a

Wildlife health

occurrence of pathogens, nutritional deficiencies and injuries to wildlife related to Gladstone Harbour

1. Queensland Dept. of Environment & Heritage Protection monitoring of coastal waterways 2. Vision Environment, Gladstone Ports Corporation and PCIMP raw data for past ten years 3. Coastal CRC study on utility of remote sensing for inshore water quality parameters 1. StrandNet database and associated reports 2. Fish health studies associated with the 2011 floods 3. EHP study on turtle health in 2011 in combination with a 2011 University of Queensland study

Assessment of overall coverage Spatial Temporal

In addition to providing a synthesis of datasets by topic areas, some datasets and reports were highlighted in an assessment of the current understanding of potential relationships between parameters (e.g. river flow volumes and intensity upon fishing success). Generally speaking, there is a large amount of data describing water quality and sediment sampling, megafauna (e.g. turtles, dugongs etc.) and macroscopic flora (e.g. seagrass and to a lesser extent, mangroves). While some gaps remain in these areas, there is a substantial mass of data with high resolution in terms of time (with some parameters measured at a frequency that can be measured in minutes) and space, with some monitoring able to be linked to specific latitudes and longitudes. In contrast, temporal and spatial coverage of socioeconomic datasets relating to Gladstone Harbour (especially those with direct causal links to the environmental condition of the harbour) is sparse. Human health links to considerations such as water quality or wildlife health are particularly poorly understood and understudied. Often datasets can only be associated with broader regions such as the Fitzroy catchment, or the Gladstone Local Government Area as used by the Australian Bureau of Statistics or other agencies. While significant data holdings exist, there is a continuing hurdle of the “practical” accessibility of many reports and data produced in Gladstone. This term means that where information is provided and is perceived as being accessible, the form it is provided in requires substantial effort to access the underlying data e.g. data is synthesised in figures only, or tables are unsuitable for export from a pdf. Considerable time can also be consumed in the steps required to locate relevant reports and studies and in examining those reports to confirm their relevance. Several recommendations were made in response to such issues, including the need to consider coordinated long term management of the vast quantity of information available and continuing to be developed for the harbour. This includes access to the primary literature (e.g. journal articles and published theses) owned by commercial entities and bound by copyright restrictions.

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In summary, this project has highlighted the considerable amount of data which has been generated in relation to Gladstone Harbour, as well as some key gaps in our current state of knowledge. Despite this, the coordination of data collection activities, data storage and access, and integration of findings across topic areas could be further improved. This presents a considerable opportunity should the GHHP choose to seize it, with benefits both to those who have previously invested in developing this information as well as interested parties.

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Acronyms Acronym ABS AIMS AMSA ANZECC APLNG BOM CHAG CQU CSIRO DNRM DSITIA DTMR DTRP EHP EIA EIS EPA EPBC Act ERMP FBA GAPDL GAWB GBR GBRMPA GHHP GILG GPC GRC GSDA HERBRECS ISP LNG MSQ PCIMP QAL QCLNG QLNG QPWS UQ WBDDP 1.

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Meaning Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Institute of Marine Science Australian Maritime Safety Authority Australian and New Zealand Environment Conservation Council Australia Pacific LNG Bureau of Meteorology Clean and Healthy Air for Gladstone Project Central Queensland University Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Department of Natural Resources and Mines (QLD) Department of Science, Information Technology, Innovation and the Arts (QLD) Department of Transport and Main Roads Dredge Technical Reference Panel Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (QLD) Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Impact Statement Environmental Protection Agency Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Commonwealth) Ecosystem Research and Monitoring Program Fitzroy Basin Association Gladstone Area Promotion and Development Limited Gladstone Area Water Board Great Barrier Reef Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership Gladstone Industry Leadership Group Gladstone Ports Corporation Gladstone Regional Council Gladstone State Development Area Queensland Herbarium Records System Independent Science Panel (of the GHHP) Liquefied Natural Gas Maritime Safety Queensland Port Curtis Integrated Monitoring Program Queensland Alumina Limited Queensland Curtis LNG Gladstone LNG Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service University of Queensland Western Basin Dredging and Disposal Project

Introduction Background On September 16, 2011, the Queensland government closed fishing in Gladstone Harbour and the surrounding waters in response to reports of large scale die-off of turtles within the region, unexplained and increased incidence of disease in fish, and concerns that fish handling was leading to human health issues. During the closure, an independent scientific expert advisory committee was convened to advise the then responsible Minister. They were tasked with addressing fish health issues in the Gladstone area by reviewing government monitoring regimes, results and analysis, water quality guidelines and human health issues where relevant and appropriate. The aforementioned closure was lifted on 7 October 2011. The expert panel reported on 5 January 2012 and relevant recommendations to this current study were:  

“as a priority, a conceptual model should be completed of possible cause-effect relationship(s) to help guide studies and eliminate potential causal factors”; “the Queensland Government should engage with Port Curtis Integrated Monitoring Program Inc. (PCIMP) and industries around Gladstone Harbour to ensure monitoring programs do have the ability to detect potential impacts of the multiple potential stressors on Gladstone Harbour”;

Both recommendations were acted upon and the Gladstone Harbour Integrated Aquatic Investigation Program was instigated by the Queensland Government. The final report was delivered in July 2013.

The Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership and Report Card The Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership (GHHP) embodies a response by government, industry and community alike to the concerns that continue to be raised with respect to the scale of development within the Harbour, including the activities that will continue after the current construction phases of multiple LNG developments. The GHHP, which is currently being formally established, will aim to ensure the ongoing monitoring and improvement of Gladstone Harbour and its surrounding catchments. The GHHP is made up of representatives from the Gladstone community, industry, science institutions, government, statutory and management bodies. They will develop agreed strategic directions, building a partnership that will leverage the benefits of streamlined monitoring, targeted management and expert science advice, into which the partners will co-invest. The purpose of the partnership is to align activities, harness the co-investment potential, implement an annual reporting and adaptive management framework, and deliver a shared vision for a healthy Gladstone Harbour. The GHHP intends to track the health of Gladstone Harbour and enable effort prioritisation towards identified improvement activities by developing a whole-of-system report card. Report cards come in various forms but their core function is to compare the condition of agreed sets of assets (e.g. water quality, fisheries) against an agreed goal or vision. Over several years it is then possible to determine trends in the ‘scores’ or ‘grades’ marked against each asset in the report card. This report card will require reliable, meaningful and, where possible, quantitative data; as well as robust benchmarks against which to report and inform management action. An Independent Science Panel (ISP) has been established to inform the decisions made by the GHHP. In turn, the partnership will be responsible for the Gladstone Healthy Harbour Report Card and any actions needed to address its findings. By implementing collaborative actions, the partnership aims to maintain and continuously improve harbour health.

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To determine the data that will underpin this report card, two foundation activities are required: 1) identifying existing data that may inform the report card’s initial construction and ongoing updates; and 2) identifying baseline values for parameters against which report card grades can be generated to provide a means of determining whether there has been improvement or degradation. The results within this report card also need to be accepted by all stakeholders in Gladstone Harbour. Quantitative baselines can be derived in two ways: historical quantitative baselines or by defining desired “benchmark” values for parameters in the system e.g. water quality levels which adhere with legislated water quality guidelines. Benchmark values for a system (i.e. a standard or target for a particular parameter) may be higher or lower than a measured baseline depending on whether the baseline was taken from a pristine or already degraded environment. A baseline taken from a degraded environment represents a value against which to measure improvement. Existence of a quantitative baseline allows robust comparison of the current state (or the state at the time a report card) to a known previous state. Once available data and baselines have been identified, it will be feasible to test the assumptions of a conceptual model for Gladstone Harbour using quantitative data. Conceptual and quantitative models will be used to select report card indicators which in turn will feed back into improving the design of underlying monitoring programs. The findings of this project will identify our best knowledge of the current state of Gladstone Harbour, as well as (fillable) gaps within that knowledge base to advance model robustness. The robustness of the model is paramount as it will determine the structure of the report card, which must stand the test of time by informing the first as well as future report cards (Figure 4).

Data mapping & synthesis

Conceptual model

Quantitative model

Report Card

Figure 4 Summary of the stages for development of a report card for the Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership Purpose of this study In this study reliable sources of data about Gladstone Harbour and its near surrounds were identified and compiled to create a centralised resource for use by the Independent Science Panel of the Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership. This foundation information resource can be the basis from which the Partnership develops tools such as report cards for monitoring and communicating to all stakeholders the current state of knowledge about the harbour. It can later provide a user-friendly access point for interested parties to investigate the scope of work that has and continues to be undertaken in Gladstone Harbour. This study has not attempted to make an assessment or summary of the condition of Gladstone Harbour, rather it is intended to map out, and provide a synthesis of the quality of available datasets relating to Gladstone Harbour. The purpose was to locate, collate and present the sources of information relating to environmental, social and economic datasets, and assess the coverage and potential suitability of these sources for the specific purpose of developing an annual report card for the harbour.

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This has been done by investigating numerous potential sources of information ranging from government, industry, multi-stakeholder partnerships, research organisations and universities. Some of these entities are domiciled within the Harbour or are distant but conduct occasional studies and projects within the Harbour using it as a model to investigate particular research questions. The project described here is a mapping of existing monitoring and research in the harbour to provide a complete picture of the state of knowledge relating to Gladstone Harbour i.e. an assessment of what has been studied and what datasets are, or could be made available. Any potential baselines will be identified for further evaluation by the Independent Scientific Panel. It will also highlight potential areas of duplication and knowledge gaps. In addition to the knowledge generated during studies created by environmental impact statements and any ongoing monitoring conditions within approval licenses, industry and community partnerships have been engaging in cooperative initiatives to monitor and improve impacts upon the liveability and environment of the Gladstone region for several decades (e.g. Clean and Healthy Air for Gladstone, Port Curtis Integrated Monitoring Program). Such activities have produced data, but not all of this data has been further integrated into a whole-of-Harbour knowledge base that can be easily accessed by residents, industrial stakeholders, community groups, and indigenous landowners. To support the initiative for access to whole-of-Harbour knowledge into the future, it was identified that a searchable, on-line repository would be an effective method for members from multiple organisations to access a central knowledge bank. All reports and datasets discovered in the course of this project are accessible to the GHHP Independent Science Panel as an on-line resource. This repository is currently not public but can be made so in the future with the appropriate resourcing and adjustments to ensure its suitability for public use. This repository also links to a mapping tool which allows visualisation of selected datasets, for example plotting monitoring sites in the harbour and their associated Aluminium levels. To demonstrate the mapping tool, visualisations of several relevant Gladstone datasets have been created. Area of Interest Gladstone Harbour is the focus for this project and for the purposes of this project is defined by the statutory limits of the Port of Gladstone (Figure 5).

▬ GBR Marine Park

▬ Port of Gladstone limits

Ship channel markers

Ship anchorages

Figure 5 Map of Gladstone Harbour including area of interest

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However, no system acts in isolation so consideration will also be given to data and knowledge for neighbouring systems and how they may impact upon the Harbour and also how they may respond to changes within Gladstone Harbour. Therefore data has been considered from catchments (including dams) that influence the Port of Gladstone and the adjoining marine areas that may be influenced by the Port of Gladstone including current and historical dredge spoil disposal sites. Socio-economic data for towns and human economic activities that adjoin the Port of Gladstone and/or the catchment areas that influence the Port of Gladstone and/or the coastal and marine areas influenced by the Port of Gladstone have also been identified and their utility assessed. At the time of writing, Gladstone is experiencing an intense period of construction around its harbour shores as it enters its next era of industrial development. Three multi-train LNG production and export facilities are being built upon Curtis Island, with another negotiating the development approvals process, the Wiggins Island Coal Export Terminal is nearing completion, Gladstone Pacific Nickel Limited is establishing a nickel and cobalt refinery, and Rio Tinto Alcan has recently expanded their Yarwun facility doubling its production capacity. This is all building upon a base of the existing coal export terminals (e.g. RG Tanna), the Boyne Island aluminium smelter, phase I of the Yarwun smelter, Australia’s largest cement production plant owned by Cement Australia, an Orica chemical production facility and a coal-fired power station that has the largest production capacity in the state of Queensland. Port development is often accompanied by development of a fishing sector. Gladstone’s proximity to the southern Great Barrier Reef together with its diverse system of rivers, inlets, channels, mangroves, seagrass meadows and islands has given rise to a productive fishing industry. Recreational fishing is also a highly prized activity for those in the Capricorn region and an integral part of the region’s way-of-life. Gladstone is also a key gateway to the Capricorn-Bunker group of islands within the southern section of the Great Barrier Reef, home to resorts such as Heron and Lady Elliot Islands and highly valued camping and diving locations such as North-West, Masthead and Lady Musgrave Islands. Appendix A includes a timeline of major developments and events within Gladstone Harbour since 1950 which also provides reference points for any potential baselines.

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Methodology The project involved collating, mapping and synthesising data relevant to the Gladstone Harbour into a searchable, living repository for use by the GHHP Independent Science Panel. Desk-top audits and interviews with experts were conducted to identify, and where possible, provide direct access to material. A metadata system was implemented to describe (metadata records) and store the data. To enable the ISP and GHHP to assess the value of dataset visualisation, several key studies were mapped and their data summarised using graphs, plots and other mapping displays. This project provides an understanding of the current state of knowledge of Gladstone Harbour. The spread of data can be readily assessed both geographically and by key topic area. This reveals knowledge gaps and also provides a way of identifying which studies link topics (e.g. the relationship between seagrasses/mangroves and fisheries production) and which warrant further investigation. Detailed analysis of reports in the primary scientific literature were excluded from this project as they can be readily accessed through literature search tools and often build upon more extensive reports and studies which are unpublishable in their original form (often being too long or detailed for an academic journal). A bibliography of potentially relevant articles has been included in Appendix C with references linked to publisher’s web-sites. Media articles have also been excluded as compilation of such records is beyond the scope of this project. However, such resources may be useful for social discourse analysis or similar studies in future. The project commenced in February 2013. The preliminary approach was to identify probable sources of data to address the key topics areas (i.e. environmental, social, and economic aspects of Gladstone Harbour). A workload management approach was implemented to spread effort amongst the researchers based upon topic area. Once compiled, the source list was investigated more closely to determine which would yield useful information. During this initial phase a Microsoft Access database was prototyped to capture and link information about sources, metadata and reports. As the project developed we determined the best software to deliver project requirements would be the e-Atlas system comprising metadata and mapping components. Once e-Atlas was implemented we concentrated our efforts on populating the system by generating the metadata records and storing the associated data and reports. When we were satisfied that data from the key sources had been captured we proceeded with the mapping and synthesis aspects of the project. Figure 6 below summarises the approach and systems (including software) utilised to capture and store the metadata and associated reports/data relevant to Gladstone Harbour.

Data collation Search Strategy The initial phase of the data search involved the identification of all potential sources of datasets relating to Gladstone Harbour and an examination of each to determine which were likely to be useful. This desktop audit investigated over 100 sources of potential reports and data regarding Gladstone and the Port Curtis region and enabled the rapid elimination of sources which did not yield results. Sources are listed in Appendix B. Sources interrogated included university data repositories, websites of major national and state research institutions, companies and organisations known to operate in the area, government websites/databases and multi-stakeholder groups. Sources of data ranged from studies constrained within the Gladstone Harbour (e.g. Fish Health reports), regional studies that encompass or neighbour the Harbour (e.g. water quality studies) and programs with a pan-regional/global remit from which data could be cropped (e.g. broad scale multi-point sampling such as Landsat Foliage Projective cover for Queensland). In addition to datasets, the e-Atlas repository has been used to aggregate reports and related material which provides background information rather than being 20 | P a g e

directly connected to the topic areas of interest. Information on major developments, events or planning instruments is among some of this background information. Initial list of Sources

industry/economic

social/heritage/cultural

environmental

ACCESS Database

• refined list of Sources

• prototype metadata records

File repository • reports • raw data

linked

Refine • metadata fields • locations, topics • thesaurus

Gladstone Harbour e-Atlas

METADATA System MAPPING System • metadata records • reports and raw data • links

Figure 6 Schematic of the approach and systems (including software) utilised to capture and store the metadata and associated reports/data relevant to Gladstone Harbour A broad range of search terms were used to interrogate data repositories, publication titles, keywords and full text. Initially, searches were centred upon Gladstone Harbour in order to gain an understanding of the scope and type of data available for the region. To determine the geographical spread and overlap of data, we segregated the near Gladstone waters into 11 sub-regions (see Figure 7) and the far regions into 4 categories (Greater Gladstone Region, Queensland, National and Global).

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Figure 7 Gladstone sub-regions, and their names, used in this study to identify the geographic resolution of reports, studies and datasets We also categorised datasets according to their primary topic for the purposes of organising, searching and ensuring adequate coverage across all areas of interest. Topics were derived from the Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership Stage One Framework, the GHHP Independent Science Panel Terms of Reference, as well as the results of early GHHP stakeholder workshops on defining a ‘healthy’ harbour (covering bio-physical, ecological, social and economic aspects of the harbour). Nineteen topics were defined:              

Agriculture and forestry Air quality Amenity Biodiversity fauna Biodiversity flora Contaminants Cultural preservation Economic Fisheries Human health incl. food safety Liveability Metals Nutrients Physical

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    

Recreation, access and use Sediment composition Shipping Water quality Wildlife health

Datasets were assessed in isolation for their quality and utility prior to the synthesis and consideration was given as to whether they would be useful for report card construction. In the section called “General Findings”, the distribution of reports and data among the different topic areas is described. To complement the desktop audits, we approached companies, organisations, experts and community groups associated with Gladstone Harbour and the Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership to discuss the project (e.g. Gladstone Region Environmental Advisory Network). Requests for data from the broader community were also solicited through the local newspaper, the Gladstone Observer. Input from these sources was invaluable as through their particular involvement in the region, it was possible to discover datasets, monitoring programs and key contacts which may have been overlooked in a desktop study alone. These contacts are listed in Appendix B. Whenever accessible, recommended datasets and reports were included and additional sources or leads pursued. This proved a valuable way to obtain older records and those which were not available online or which may not have been formatted or compiled for general use. Prototype database Initially a Microsoft Access database was developed to 1) manage the list of sources; 2) prototype metadata fields for entry; and 3) link to a file repository (containing reports and data). MS Access provides a user friendly interface for creating tables, recording and searching data and experimenting with entry forms design. Priority datasets and critical metadata fields were determined initially in consultation with some members of the GHHP Independent Science Panel. The preliminary metadata extracted and tabulated for each dataset included; dataset name, owner, year, summary, availability, period covered, and spatial limits. Records were expanded to trial the feasibility of including extra details such as sampling periodicity (if applicable), protocol(s) used, data quality, original purpose for data, limitations and assessment and linking to the raw data. e-Atlas overview After prototyping the requirements of the project in MS Access it was determined that the-Atlas system (http://e-atlas.org.au/) would be optimal for managing the Gladstone Harbour repository. One of the major benefits of choosing the e-Atlas system is that it is based on open-source software and meets the ANZLIC metadata standards for compatibility with other national and international data repositories. The e-Atlas is a website and mapping system that enables people from different institutions and locations to access the same repository and data. It aims to promote collaboration and support the work of management agencies, researches, reef-based industries and community groups. It presents environmental research data in an accessible form that promotes greater use of this information and is also a data management system for preserving and encouraging reuse of this data. It is already the primary data and knowledge repository for a range or research topics including seagrass, coral reefs, turtles, dugongs, seabirds, bathymetry, fish abundance, Crown Of Thorns Starfish, rainforest revegetation, wet tropics species distributions and historically, the Marine and Tropical Science Research Facility, and this data could be ported across into the Gladstone Harbour eAtlas for the purposes of this project.

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Gladstone Harbour e-Atlas instance An instance of the e-Atlas system (http://e-atlas.org.au/data/faces/search.xhtml) was tailored to the needs of the project and runs on a dedicated server. This instance of the software will be referred to as the Gladstone Harbour e-Atlas. In Figure 8, the components of e-Atlas which have been implemented are highlighted (red stars). 1. An Enduring Repository of all the data, metadata, and scientific reports: currently data is backedup to the AIMS file system which has multi-site backup and a disaster recovery system 2. The Website/Articles component was not developed however it is an important element that allows information about the project, its progress, stakeholders, links or latest news to be publicised. A simple web-page was constructed however with links to the Metadata catalogue and mapping tools. 3. The Metadata catalogue component was streamlined to reflect the categories of information we considered relevant to the scope of the project in its current form, however categories can be added or removed as the project evolves. For each dataset/data source a record was created to describe the data (a metadata record). The approach was to identify the set of key fields (derived from the Access database) that would best describe the Gladstone Harbour data. These fields were populated for each metadata record (e.g. author, date, title, topic area categories, geographic extent, and purpose: see Appendix F for an example of a metadata record). In addition to descriptive information for each metadata record, we uploaded and linked relevant reports, datasets and websites. Metadata has been extracted for around 350 reports/datasets (implemented using GeoNetwork and the AIMS Metadata viewer) however the number of associated files is over double this number. 4. The Data Preparation/Statistical Tools and 5. Mapping component were not in the project scope but examples were provided to demonstrate how datasets can be described in the Metadata component, and their spatial component derived and visualised in the Mapper.

Figure 8 Schematic of e-Atlas architecture with elements employed in this study highlighted with red stars

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The Gladstone Harbour e-Atlas has been designed for access by the GHHP Independent Science Panel and is password protected. In future, access to the system and data could be widened to include other user groups, and since it is based on open-source software and accessed via the web, there would be no cost or requirement to transfer huge amounts of data. However consideration would need to be given to redistribution rights as most datasets are covered by copyright (i.e. permission is required to redistribute each dataset). Alternatively e-Atlas could be developed as a stand-alone, cross compatible resource for open access and use by anyone interested in Gladstone Harbour. For example, the parent e-Atlas tool delivers data to the Australian Ocean Data Portal. This is discussed further in “Recommendations”. Compliance to ANZLIC metadata format The Australian and New Zealand Land Information Council (ANZLIC) was established in 1991 and provides leadership in the collection, management and use of spatial information in Australia and New Zealand. In 2003, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) promulgated the ISO 19115 (Geographic Information – Metadata) as an “international standard” and Australia adopted the standard as AS/NZS ISO 19115:2005 Geographic Information – Metadata (see ANZLIC Metadata Profile Guidelines). The e-Atlas Metadata Catalogue is implemented using GeoNetwork and the AIMS Metadata Viewer. GeoNetwork (see http://geonetwork-opensource.org/) supports different metadata standards e.g. Dublin Core, ISO, FGDC etc. It supports exporting and importing of metadata records (i.e. harvesting) and is the recommended implementation of the preliminary National Plan for Environmental Information. e-Atlas uses the ISO19115/19139 Marine Community Profile metadata standard and the Gladstone Harbour e-Atlas instance uses, at a minimum, the “mandatory“ set of metadata elements for each record (see Appendix F for an example of a metadata record from the Gladstone Harbour eAtlas). Database optimisation and user testing To test the useability of the database, a range of potential future users were invited to explore the Gladstone Harbour e-Atlas in the later stage of development to offer feedback on its functionality and ease of use for their purpose. Invited users included members of the Independent Science Panel and representatives of the various GHHP stakeholders. Their feedback was used to fine-tune the Gladstone Harbour e-Atlas database prior to completion for this project. Note: the current iteration of the database has been developed for the exclusive use of the GHHP Independent Science Panel however a similar iteration of the Gladstone Harbour e-Atlas database could be developed for a broader range of users.

Dataset prioritisation There were several stages involved with prioritising datasets including  Assessment of data coverage across time, space and a range of topic areas  Assessment of the potential utility for the purposes of informing Gladstone Harbour Report Card  Assessment of quality

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The design of the tools, search and prioritisation approach is summarised in the Figure 9 below: Data/Report Library

Visualised data

Grey literature

Accessible

Associated datasets

Fit-for-purpose

Minimal/draft metadata

Likely to continue

Point data including multiple parameters at each point

Potential usefulness

Insight into potential baseline

Surfaces based on some model

Sources Limitations



Mature metadata

Access Database Prototype

Priority gate

............

Priority gate

Temporal data Shape files .............

GeoNetwork & Metadataviewer Tool

e-atlas Mapper and Tools

Figure 9 Prioritisation approach used to assess, collate, synthesise and visualise key datasets relating to Gladstone Harbour

Visualisation of key datasets Following the initial prioritisation of which datasets to include in the Metadataviewer (metadata repository), a select number of metadata records for which detailed data was available were developed further using the e-Atlas interactive mapping client. This was intended to provide the Independent Science Panel with examples of possible ways to display complex datasets using the eAtlas or similar tools. Visualising key datasets against maps and satellite imagery allows for closer inspection of the data in a spatial format and provides the analytical tools for understanding overlap, making inferences, recognising limitations and progressing decision making. Visualising multiple datasets concurrently may also assist in framing hypotheses for further intensive investigation. For example the DERM/EHP water quality data measures a range of topic areas at a number of sites. Visualising the data spatially highlights the most sensitive areas in the harbour, whether spatial and/or temporal aspects of monitoring need be adjusted, and the spread and appropriateness of control sites. Overlaying several datasets can confirm or refute pre-existing assumptions or ideas as well as reveal unexpected patterns that instigate further investigation. Examples of trial data visualisations are shown in Appendix I.

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Synthesis of available data for Gladstone Harbour A key aim of this project was to provide a synthesised view of datasets which may be used in conjunction with conceptual models of the harbour to develop a Gladstone Healthy Harbour Report Card, paying attention to both environmental and socio-economic datasets. This section provides an overview of the data collated in the Gladstone Harbour e-Atlas database. It does not outline every dataset collected, but does highlight those likely to be of primary interest and offers a general assessment of how much information is available for a given topic and location through time. To assist in the identification of knowledge gaps, an assessment was made of the coverage, quality and suitability of these datasets. Data creation with respect to the environment or socio-economic considerations generally arises due to the following motives: Motive Knowledge building

Explanation Hypothesis-driven monitoring over a predetermined timeframe to test the hypothesis Operational information Point sampling or repeated monitoring to detect operational inefficiencies or concerns about particular activities Planning A desire to know the best likely expenditure of efforts and resources to achieve cost-effective investment Compliance Point sampling for compliance with regulations or license conditions. This may be done by the party holding the license or being regulated, who may be audited from time-to-time by an independent entity, or by an independent party or authority overseeing the condition governed by the permit/license With the last category, there is also a “pre-compliance” phase where data is generated in the process of pursuing a license-to-operate whereas the compliance monitoring afterwards is conducted in order to maintain the license to operate. Results of monitoring may require rapid incident reporting and resolution (e.g. chemical spills) or regular reporting to a separate entity or authority (e.g. National Pollutant Inventory):  

Reactive - Point sampling or monitoring in response to an incident, instigated to determine the extent and longevity of the incident Pre-emptive - Monitoring to detect lead indicators of risks, degradation or measurable change in environment/economics/health/community attitudes.

Background information The primary focus of this Mapping and Synthesis project was on data discovery; the identification and analysis of detailed datasets which could be used to inform a Gladstone Harbour Report Card, and wherever possible, the raw data rather than amalgamations or interpretations of existing datasets. However, background information was also compiled in the e-Atlas database to provide contextual understanding of Gladstone Harbour and the range of natural and anthropogenic processes and activities in the area. This background information is not exhaustive as it was not the focus of the project, nor has it been summarised in this report as overviews exist elsewhere e.g. the Curtis Coast Coastal and Marine Inventory Report (GPC, 2013a).

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The background information captured in the Gladstone e-Atlas database includes:  Government policies and plans e.g. the Central Queensland Plan (DSDIP, 2013), Boyne River Basin Draft Resource Operations Plan.  Government guidelines e.g. Commonwealth Government significant impact guidelines for migratory shorebird species (DEWHA, 2009)  Approvals e.g. Wiggins Island Coal Terminal approval under the EPBC Act (2005/2374) (DEWHA, 2008)  Related databases such as the Queensland Regional Database (also known as the Queensland Regional Statistical Information System – QRSIS), Cultural heritage database and register search request (DATSIMA, 2013)  Reports for which the underlying datasets are not accessible  Details of current monitoring activities in the harbour  Scientific texts relevant to, but not specific to Gladstone Harbour e.g. A chapter of the Handbook of marine mammals on the Irrawaddy dolphin (Marsh, Lloze, Heinsohn, & Kasuya, 1989)

Topic area overviews To make this task feasible, datasets and reports were analysed by topic areas, specific sub-regions within Gladstone Harbour and time periods around when the data was generated. The nineteen topic areas were selected in consultation with the GHHP Independent Science Panel to capture the range of ecological, biophysical, social and economic information. The topics are 1. Agriculture and forestry 2. Air quality 3. Amenity 4. Biodiversity fauna 5. Biodiversity flora 6. Contaminants 7. Cultural preservation 8. Economics 9. Fisheries 10. Human health incl. food safety 11. Liveability 12. Metals 13. Nutrients 14. Physical 15. Recreation, access and use 16. Sediment composition 17. Shipping 18. Water quality 19. Wildlife health As described in the methods, sub-regions (Figure 7) have been identified within Gladstone Harbour for ease of attributing data about a topic to a geographic location. The sub-regions are 1. Alma Bay 2. Auckland Creek 3. Awoonga Dam 4. Boyne River 5. Calliope River 6. Fitzroy River 7. Harbour Fringes

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8. 9. 10. 11.

Middle Harbour Outer Harbour The Narrows Western Basin

Some datasets (e.g. in topic areas “Liveability” and “Economics”) do not fit neatly into these subregions, and have wider classifications such as the “Gladstone Local Government Area”, the Australia Bureau of Statistics “Statistical Divisions” and various sub-divisions within. In these cases, the “Geographic coverage” for analysis was set to the “Greater Gladstone Area (GGA)”, and the original detail about precise coverage was preserved in the “Abstract” of the metadata record. To convey the intensity of data collation efforts, the topic areas and locations are further summarised by time. The figures are presented on an annual basis from 2000 to 2013 and in five year blocks prior to 2000 (see Figure 11 to Figure 29). Where figures include blank years, data may exist but may not yet be in a consolidated or useful form that may assist the Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership. Large amounts of data are available for certain periods due to intense research or monitoring activities, such as during the Coastal CRC in 1999-2006. This analysis of data coverage through time and space is partly subjective being based upon professional judgement, rather than quantitative analysis of the data holdings obtained during this study. Scoring for each year/time block is based on the following scale (Figure 10). Symbol

Characteristics Robust QA/QC; readily accessible; attributable to discrete Gladstone geographies; data generation method clear and standardised Consistent methodology; data curated; some periodicity Attributable to broad geography that captures Gladstone; method can be extrapolated from information Inconsistent; method for data generation not apparent

Figure 10 Scale used to assess temporally and spatially resolved data as well as the quality and potential utility of available datasets for the Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership Each topic area overview (below) begins with a “Summary” about the most relevant datasets, the type of information collected and how it is reported on. Apparent “Gaps” in monitoring are identified and “Landmark” studies listed in an attempt to point towards potential baselines or points of reference for a Report Card. Where specific datasets are referred to, hyperlinks have been included linking to the related entry in the Gladstone e-Atlas database. The “Data coverage” figure summarises the topic area data by Geographic spread (sub-region), Time and Notes. Citations and a reference list at the end of the report are also provided (Appendix C). All of the identified gaps were then consolidated into a single table and subjectively assessed for how extensive the gaps were when considered together for each topic overview, how accessible was the data in each topic area and a recommended priority for expenditure of effort to fill the knowledge gap (Appendix D).

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Agriculture and Forestry (Definition: measurement of available resources for plant and animal-based production, and production statistics) Summary Data about land use within the broader Gladstone region is available via the Queensland government’s State-wide Landcover and Trees Study (DSITIA, 2012a). This is not a high resolution study (i.e. 30 m resolution) but probably sufficient to determine trends within the region. This data, which goes back to the late 1980’s is probably most relevant to the GHHP in terms of understanding change on Curtis Island and the region adjacent to Alma Bay in terms of vegetation cover. Other groups have used this data to produce derived datasets (Danaher, Scarth, Armston, Collett, Kitchen, & Gillingham, 2010). In 2013, a comprehensive Queensland agricultural land audit (DAFF, 2013a) was published and a detailed report is provided for the Central Queensland region, including the areas around Gladstone. This audit leveraged off the Queensland Land Use Mapping Project (DSITIA, 2012b) which has produced comprehensive datasets for the state in 1999 and updated data in the major river catchments until 2009. Other datasets exist which use remote sensing to derive estimates of land cover (CSIRO study) (Guerschman, Hill, Renzullo, Barrett, Marks, & Botha, 2009). These are regional studies which might be downscaled to the Gladstone region. The Australian Soil Resource Information System (ASRIS) (CSIRO Land and Water) is a tool in development that may provide data layers that could be used to understand land use in the catchments that feed into Gladstone Harbour. It provides information at different resolution and scales, including land use on a broad scale as well as soil characteristics such as depth, water storage, permeability, fertility, carbon and erodibility. An example map from ASRIS of the land use at the catchment scale has been included in the e-Atlas tool but all layers are available from the Mapping tool which draws upon the ASRIS web mapping service. The depicted data does not include a time element to be able to understand changes over the years but it may enable some insight into catchment practices and properties that could influence Harbour conditions. Commodity production is reported via economic analyses (QRSIS) (QTT, 2012) but may also be extrapolated from port data if it is exported. Gladstone Ports Corporation (GPC) reports export volumes of sorghum, wheat and chick peas in their on-line trade statistics tool (GPC, 2013b) and how direct the link is between export volumes and local production would be a matter for further investigation. The actual commodity production data coverage is poor (QRSIS only reports data for 2005/06). Also, data is spread across a large region and apart from urbanisation data, most data relates to areas distant from the Harbour. It is however a catchment for the port in terms of some of the agricultural commodities that may be exported via the port. The reported volumes for the abovementioned grains are in the tens-of-thousands per month and is relatively minor compared to the ore and coal exports.

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Gaps 1. Remote sensing data is gathered regularly but because of the usual limits of remote sensing (i.e. has to pass over region of interest and with no atmospheric interference over region of interest at time of passing) each image needs to be assessed for its usefulness and if coverage does not include complete region of interest, then images need to be stitched together. Hence, large scale detailed studies are only conducted every few years. If there were to be a Gladstone-specific effort, it would be a much smaller spatial challenge but would require investment of time and effort. This could be done in partnership with the Remote Sensing Centre within the Queensland Department of Science, Information Technology, Innovation and the Arts. 2. Historic aerial photographs may also be examined for their potential in determining land use and the proportions dedicated to different activities. This data series include imagery from 1959, 1965, 1970, 1973, 1979, 1989, 1998, 1999 and 2007 but it has not been determined whether Gladstone imagery is available for each of these years. It should be noted however that the quality and resolution of imagery taken in 1959 is likely to be lower than that obtained in 2007. Landmark study 1. Queensland State-wide Landcover and Trees Study (DSITIA, 2012a) 2. Queensland Agricultural Land Audit (DAFF, 2013a) Data coverage Year(s) Geographic Notes '60-'65 '66-'70 '71-'75 '76-'80 '81-'85 '86-'90 '91-'95 '96-'00 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 spread QRSIS; ABS Agricultural productivity GGR QRSIS; ABS Agricultural exports GGR QALL; SLATS Land dedicated to agriculture GGR QLUMP Land use GGR Acronyms: ABS: Australian Bureau of Statistics; GGR: Greater Gladstone Region; QALL: Queensland Agricultural Land Audit; QLUMP: Queensland Land Use Mapping Project; QRSIS: Queensland Regional Statistical Information System; SLATS: Statewide Landcover and Trees Study Data

Figure 11 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Agriculture and Forestry" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 Note that prior to 1986, data may exist but it is not yet in a consolidated or useful form that may assist the Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership.

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Air Quality (Definition: measurement of the condition of air relative to human health and safety concerns) Summary Air quality has been the subject of intense community interest in Gladstone, and government and industry responded by establishing the Clean and Healthy Air for Gladstone project (DERM, 2011c). This project encompassed human health risk analyses (Queensland Health, 2009) for the various forms of dust (chemical nature/source, size and ability to drift far from sources). A specific study was also conducted focusing on the RG Tanna (Anon., 2008a) and Barney Point (Anon., 2008b) coal loading facilities which led to significant changes in dust management infrastructure and procedures. The risk assessments for human health and baselines studies conducted as part of the Clean and Healthy Air Project form a robust baseline against which to compare. Ongoing monitoring continues and data is delivered via the web (DERM, 2013). There is a secondary monitoring of air quality via the National Pollutant Inventory (DSEWPaC, n.d.) where corporate entities report their emissions of up to 93 substances that have been identified as important due to their possible effects on human health and the environment. Greenhouse gas emissions (Australian Government, 2013) are also reported on an annual basis but these figures are not necessarily monitored directly but may be estimated from measuring activities which produce these emissions at a known rate. Gaps Air quality in Gladstone has been subjected to intensive studies and monitoring, which continues to this day. An assessment by DSITIA of the potential for cumulative impacts on air quality in relation to the Gladstone State Development Area is currently underway and due to be released in the near future. Landmark studies 1. Clean and Healthy Air for Gladstone project (DERM, 2011c) 2. RG Tanna (Anon., 2008a) and Barney Point (Anon., 2008b) Coal Loading Facilities benchmarking studies Data coverage Data

Year(s) Geographic spread '60-'65 '66-'70 '71-'75 '76-'80 '81-'85 '86-'90 '91-'95 '96-'00 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13

Noxious gases

GGR

Dust monitoring

GGR

Greenhouse gases GGR Acronyms: GGR: Greater Gladstone Region;

Notes Clean & Healthy Air for Gladstone Program RG Tanna & Barney Point benchmarking studies & ongoing monitoring Greenhouse Gas accounting

Figure 12 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Air Quality" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 32 | P a g e

Amenity (Definition: natural and built amenities, attractiveness of the physical environment, visual amenity [visual quality of the area experienced by residents, workers or visitors], tourism amenity [beauty, pleasure or experience unique to the locality]) Summary There is little data to inform this topic area. A study of marine debris within the Harbour has been led by Central Queensland University with the assistance of Conservation Volunteers Australia. The first report was published in 2011 (Wilson, 2011) but is limited in geographic scope focussing on three sites, two within the Harbour and a third on the seaward side of facing Island. Data continues to be gathered but is not yet published and can be obtained if warranted. Clean Up Australia Day and Great Northern Clean Up records may be available upon request, and may provide an indication of both level of concern for the effect of waste on amenity (participation rates) and amount of waste in the area (tonnage collected) however these measures are indirect and participation in particular relates to many other factors e.g. weather. The other means of gathering data is by surveying people and ascertaining their attitudes to the region in which they live. Such a survey was conducted during the life of the Coastal CRC in 2001-03 (Lockie & Rockloff, 2005) which could form a baseline for future studies. Currently, there are two projects being conducted within the National Environmental Research Program Tropical Ecosystems Hub which are likely to generate data relevant to the GHHP. Specifically, one is investigating questions (Stoeckl, 2013) such as the importance of pristine beaches, iconic marine mammals and healthy coral reefs to the community, tourists and the tourism industry and the impact if they were to be degraded while the second has a broader remit (Marshall, 2012), which is to establish a long-term socio-economic monitoring program across the Great Barrier Reef. The first survey in the Gladstone region for the latter project has recently been completed (~1250 respondents), with data currently being collated and analysed. While the project is covering a region that encompasses Gladstone, Rockhampton and Bundaberg, the survey data will be linked to more specific locations allowing interrogation of Gladstone-specific data. Preliminary results are intended to be reported back to stakeholders in September/October of this year to confirm the quality of the study design and data obtained. Secondary data is also being included in the data repository for this study which will also be made available to users and stakeholders. Gaps Continuous or repeated data that will allow tracking of change through time. Data relating to amenity prior to the Coastal CRC surveys is limited but may be required for benchmarking purposes. Landmark studies 1. 2011 report on marine debris by Scott Wilson at CQU (Wilson, 2011) with support from Conservation Volunteers Australia and QGC, but the initial report was limited in geographic scope 2. The NERP funded projects, specifically the data that relates to the Gladstone and the Port Curtis region (Stoeckl, 2013; Marshall, 2012), have the potential to be landmark studies especially if data can be retrieved from the resulting databases that can inform Gladstone-specific questions

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Data coverage Year(s) Geographic Notes '60-'65 '66-'70 '71-'75 '76-'80 '81-'85 '86-'90 '91-'95 '96-'00 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 spread Harbour Fringes CQU Marine Debri Middle Harbour Marine debris study in partnership Western Basin with CVA Community attitudes GGR Coastal CRC; NERP Acronyms: CQU: Central Queensland University; CVA: Conservation Volunteers Australia; GGR: Greater Gladstone Region; NERP: National Environmental Research Program Data

Figure 13 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Amenity" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10

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Biodiversity: Fauna (Definition: knowledge about presence, distribution and seasonal patterns in abundance and diversity of animals) Summary Megafauna: James Cook University (JCU) has led major dugong, turtle and cetacean surveys over the years and this data is available for: 1986, 1987, 1992, 1994, 1999 and 2005 e.g. (Grech, 2012). Data can be extracted for the Gladstone and neighbouring regions. These datasets along with StrandNet data collected by the Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, provide information about the presence and abundance of marine animal populations. StrandNet indicates when marine animal deaths occur directly as a result of human causes, for example through boat strikes, revealing some of the pressures on the population in terms of mortality. There have been a large number of studies on turtle populations in the Port Curtis region such as those by the Queensland Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (Limpus, McLaren, McLaren, & Knuckey, 2006) and light monitoring studies (Kahlon, Savage, & Pendoley, 2012) and further information is expected to be available through behavioural monitoring in relation to LNG developments on Curtis Island. The Capricorn Cetaceans Project (Cagnazzi, 2013) is a long term study on coastal dolphins in Central Queensland, with regular surveys of Port Alma and Port Curtis. Fish: Fishmap (Atlas of Living Australia, 2013) is an online resource built upon the tools and technologies developed at the Atlas of Living Australia, which contains distribution data for fish species. Fisheries data (DAFF, 2013b) held by the Queensland Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries can also act as a proxy for changes in population size noting fishing success is often linked to effort (so catch per unit effort might be a better statistic). Some of the macrobenthos studies (see below) included surveys and identification of smaller fish associated with benthic macrobenthos. Some of the tag/recapture data (Infofish, 2012) obtained during studies of barramundi and recreational fishing studies conducted by Infofish (Sawynok B. , Platten, Parsons, & Sawynok, 2013) and CapReef (Sawynok, Platten, & Parsons, 2009) can provide some information of fish presence/absence and movement patterns. Some data may be available from the Great Barrier Reef seabed biodiversity project (Pitcher et al., 2007) for the areas immediately adjacent to Port Curtis as they used baited remote underwater videos (Cappo et al., 2007) and prawn trawls (Pitcher et al., 2007) as sampling devices. The Coastal CRC conducted a study on demersal fish (Currie & Connolly, Distribution and community composition of demersal fish in shallow nearshore waters of Port Curtis, 2003) which obtained a very detailed dataset for presence of fish species with sampling in The Narrows, Western Basin, Middle and Outer Harbours with some sampling towards Hummock Hill Island and may be suitable as a baseline study Macrobenthos: Numerous studies of the macrobenthos (macroscopic organisms which inhabit the sea floor) present throughout Port Curtis have been undertaken such as 1) port wide macrobenthos survey in 2004 conducted by CQU (Currie & Small, 2004), 2) the Saenger study (Saenger, 1988) which is focussed on a small region within the Harbour and covers the years 1974-1983; 3) the Port Curtis Macrobenthic Monitoring Program 1995-2003 (Alquezar & Small, 2006) sponsored by the Gladstone Port Authority; 4) a survey in 2000 to create a baseline for presence/absence of known marine pests (Lewis, Hewitt, & Melzer, 2001). Sampling and monitoring has also been undertaken at the offshore dredge disposal sites providing a significant multi-year time series (Richardson D. , 2006) about macrobenthos presence/absence, community composition with some sampling targeted at pre- and post-dredging activities (Richardson & Pietsch, 2007).

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The Great Barrier Reef seabed biodiversity project (Pitcher et al., 2007) is one of the few studies of regions immediately adjacent to the Port Curtis region that may provide insight into the transition from the port region to the broader environment and neighbouring ecosystems. Shorebirds: Various Environmental Impact Statements (EIS’) associated with major developments in Gladstone Harbour include surveys of shorebirds, populations and migratory patterns, in response to terms of references for the EIS. This has been the basis for a long-term monitoring by (Leavesley & Reside, 2013) Sandpiper Ecological Services (funded by Gladstone Ports Corporation) that commenced in 2011 and is planned to continue for up to a decade as part of the ERMP Program. Museum and other biodiversity records provide presence/absence information about species within the region which could be extracted for Gladstone specifically. Such initiatives include the Queensland Museum, the Australian Museum collection records, the national Atlas of Living Australia (Anon., 2013b) initiative, Birdlife Capricornia, UNSW Aerial Surveys of Waterbirds in Eastern Australia and the Queensland government database Wildnet, also known as Wildlife Online (because of search limitations, the results were split into quadrants: South-East, North-West, South-West, North-East (EHP, 2013c)). Some of these data base systems are interlinked so other regional or global databases like the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) harvest the data within them (e.g. Atlas of Living Australia). The oldest dataset for the region are the prose descriptions of biodiversity within Port Curtis gathered during the voyage of the HMS Alert in 1881/82 (Coppinger, et al., 1884). Gaps 1. Strength of connections between communities and populations separated by distance but connected by water–borne pathways(e.g. estuarine and marine currents, rivers and their flow), as well as wind, which can allow movement of marine biodiversity (e.g. catadromous and anadromous fish, airborne plant seeds). 2. Monitoring of communities, rather than single species 3. A well-structured fish health monitoring program similar to and/or incorporating aspects of the Ichthys Program in Darwin Harbour. Ongoing monitoring of fish health during dredging and non-dredging periods provides valuable information concerning health/bioaccumulation in tissue and a means for detecting changes in the level of disease. Landmark studies 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

The Saenger study (Saenger, 1988) is very extensive but focussed on a small region within the Harbour and covers the years 1974-1983 Macrobenthos monitoring of dredge site by BMT WBM (time series, pre- and post-dredging) (Richardson D. , 2006; Richardson & Pietsch, 2007) Port Curtis Macrobenthos Monitoring studies and marine pest surveys Sandpiper Ecological Services and Gladstone Ports Corporation shorebird monitoring program, which commenced in 2011 (Leavesley & Reside, 2013) StrandNet time series Several major studies focusing on; turtles, inshore dolphins, dugongs and migratory shorebirds will be undertaken as part of the Ecosystem Research and Monitoring Program.

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Data coverage Data

Megafauna

Geographic spread Alma Bay Boyne River Calliope River Fitzroy River Harbour Fringes Middle Harbour Outer Harbour The Narrows Western Basin

Year(s) '60-'65 '66-'70 '71-'75 '76-'80 '81-'85 '86-'90 '91-'95 '96-'00 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13

Port Curtis GGR Fish GGR GGR Harbour Fringes Alma Bay Boyne River Calliope River Fitzroy River Marine Harbour Fringes macrobenthos Middle Harbour Outer Harbour The Narrows Western Basin Alma Bay Boyne River Calliope River Fitzroy River Shorebirds Harbour Fringes Middle Harbour Outer Harbour The Narrows Western Basin Acronyms: GBR: Great Barrier Reef; GGR: Greater Gladstone Region; JCU: James Cook University

Notes

Strandnet (1996 onwards); JCU Dugong surveys;

Coastal CRC study on demersal fish; ancillary records to macrobenthos studies Fishmap - note records reflect aggregated data from numerous holdings & collections made over many years Commercial fisheries data as a proxy for population Infofish/Gladgfish tag/recapture GBR Seabed Biodiversity project

Saenger study; Port Curtis Macrobenthos studies; EIS studies, GBR Seabed Biodievrsity project

EIS studies and ongoing monitoring

Figure 14 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Biodiversity: Fauna" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 37 | P a g e

Biodiversity: Flora (Definition: knowledge about presence, distribution and seasonal patterns in abundance and diversity of plants) Summary The major coastal flora that have been mapped and monitored in the Gladstone region is seagrass and to a lesser extent mangroves and a substantial amount of distributional information is available. Information exists for terrestrial tree and vegetation cover and is summarised in more detail in “Agriculture, Forestry” but includes the Queensland State-wide Landcover and Trees Study (DSITIA, 2012a), the 2013 Queensland Land Audit (DAFF, 2013a), and the Queensland Land Use Mapping Project (DSITIA, 2012b) with the latter also capturing information on wetlands and mangroves. The most relevant data for the GHHP is likely to be that for Curtis Island. The Department of Environment and Heritage Protection has developed an online database of regional ecosystem descriptions which enables searches for different ecosystem types, such as coastal dunes and tidal flats and beaches present in broad regions (e.g. Central Queensland). Other plant and related groups such as macroalgae and phytoplankton have been covered in some of the benthic monitoring studies and water quality studies but these are not extensive (i.e. low taxonomic resolution). Museum of Queensland records also provide some presence/absence data for some species but searches return few records. Engaging Queensland Museum staff may provide more records. Seagrass: Seagrass has been the subject of monitoring since the early 1990’s (Small, Rogers, & Currie, 2004), increasing in intensity and temporal resolution in the 2000’s (e.g. monthly monitoring under the Gladstone permanent transect seagrass monitoring program (McCormack, Rasheed, Davies, Carter, Sankey, & Tol, 2013) linked to earlier Seagrass-Watch monitoring). Annual broad scale monitoring continues (Rasheed, Reason, McCormack, Chartrand, & Carter, 2012) and will do for the foreseeable future. Seagrass distribution and health has been reported under the Port Curtis Integrated Monitoring Program (PCIMP) for their published report cards [2005-06 (Storey, Andersen, Lynas, & Melville, 2007), 2008-10 (Vision Environment QLD, 2011)]. The original data is likely to be very useful but the published data is derived and difficult for others to apply as it is averaged over many sites and years. Some initial characterisation was also undertaken during the 1970’s and early 1980’s for a narrow region as part of the Saenger study (Saenger, 1988). SeagrassWatch (Anon., 2013a) is a global participatory program for monitoring seagrass meadows and the program has been active in Gladstone since 2005. During the life of the Coastal CRC, the feasibility of remote sensing of seagrass meadows (Dekker & Phinn, 2005) (using data from 1986, 1990, 1995 and 2002) was assessed under a broader study which may provide a baseline for a similar approach using newer techniques and data sources. Central Queensland University Centre for Environmental Management also has a monitoring program underway. Evidently, there is intensive monitoring of seagrass within Gladstone Harbour. Several of the programs are interrelated (e.g. PCIMP and DTRP monitoring) but there may be efficiencies in better coordinating and communicating all seagrass monitoring and research related programs going forwards.

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Mangroves: A mangrove monitoring program (Hendry, Small, & Stratford, 2005) was initiated in 1994 and conducted by Central Queensland University, visiting permanent study plots until 2004 to measure basal area, stem counts, foliage projective cover, productivity, crab activity, substrate accretion/erosion and substrate type. In 2005, a detailed map (Danaher, Rasheed, & Thomas, 2005) derived from Landsat ETM+ imagery, aerial photography and field work was produced of the mangroves, saltmarsh, intertidal mudflats, sandbanks and rocky substrate which also incorporated some historical surveys. Southern Cross University has engaged in a 6-monthy mangrove monitoring program within the Western Basin (Stokes & Bucher, 2012) since 2011. As is the case with PCIMP monitoring of seagrass health, mangrove distribution and health has been included in their published report cards (2005-06 (Storey, Andersen, Lynas, & Melville, 2007), 2008-10 (Vision Environment QLD, 2011)) but the published data is derived data and lacks specificity. The abovementioned Coastal CRC project on the utility of remote sensing in Alma Bay and Port Curtis region also assessed the feasibility of remote sensing for monitoring of stands of mangrove. A recent literature review to determine gaps in knowledge for mangrove and saltmarsh ecosystems (Trewin, 2013) in the Gladstone region was conducted for the Gladstone Ports Corporation. Gaps 1. There is a need to obtain Harbour-wide baseline data on phytoplankton (particularly dinoflagellates that may cause harmful algal blooms due to release of species from ships’ ballast water). Chlorophyll monitoring provides a gross measure of the levels of phytoplankton within a location but provides no information on species and their contribution to the total phytoplankton population. Pigment analysis can provide higher resolution to groups (but not species), molecular techniques can provide further resolution (some to species but depending on what sequences exist for known species or taxonomy (and counting) by visual inspection. Approaches which analyse DNA sequences are increasingly being used to assess biodiversity of cyanobacteria and eucaryotes and this should be explored in future. An initial foray has been attempted with the survey for Pfiesteria (Bolch, 2012) but this was a one-off study. 2. Systematic macroscopic algae surveys Landmark studies 1. 2. 3. 4.

Port Curtis and Rodds Bay seagrass monitoring program (DPI/DEEDI/DAFF) under the sponsorship of the Gladstone Ports Corporation Port Curtis seagrass monitoring program in the late 90’s and early 2000’s (Central Queensland University) Baseline map in 2005 of the intertidal wetlands of Port Curtis (DPI&F) (Danaher, Rasheed, & Thomas, 2005) Several major studies focusing on; mangroves, tidal wetlands, seagrass and corals will be undertaken as part of the Ecosystem Research and Monitoring Program.

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Data coverage Year(s) Geographic Notes '60-'65 '66-'70 '71-'75 '76-'80 '81-'85 '86-'90 '91-'95 '96-'00 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 spread Alma Bay Port Curtis and Rodds Bay seagrass Boyne River monitoring program; SeagrasCalliope River Watch; Port Curtis seagrass Fitzroy River monitoring program in the late Seagrass Harbour Fringes 1990’s and early 2000’s by CQU; Middle Harbour Assumes raw PCIMP data is high Outer Harbour quality; Saenger study; Coastal CRC The Narrows remote sensing - '86, '90, '95, '02 Western Basin Alma Bay Boyne River Assumes raw PCIMP data is high Calliope River quality; Port Curtis mangrove Fitzroy River monitoring programme: CQPA Mangroves Harbour Fringes surveys 1994 - 2004 (CQU); DPI Middle Harbour map of intertidal wetlands in 2005; Outer Harbour EIS studies; Saenger study The Narrows Western Basin QALL; SLATS Trees & terrestrial vegetation GGR Acronyms: CQPA: Central Queensland Port Authority (forerunner to Gladstone Ports Corporation); CQU: Central Queensland University; GGR: Greater Gladstone Region; PCIMP: Port Curtis Integrated Monitoring Program; QALL: Queensland Agricultural Land Audit; SLATS: Statewide Landcover and Trees Study Data

Figure 15 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Biodiversity: Flora" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10

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Contaminants (Definition: substances present in the environment at concentrations above natural background. They can be chemical (e.g. tributyl-tin), biological (e.g. pathogens) or physical (e.g. salinity). Here we are focusing on chemical contaminants which include organic and inorganic chemicals, either dissolved in the water or bound to sediments or other particulate matter) Summary Contaminants comprise both inorganic and organic chemicals. Inorganics are metals and this is covered in a specific “Metals” sections. The exception to this is tributyl-tin (TBT), a widely used antifoulant which is being phased out of use. In an initial screening after a risk assessment of potential contaminants within Port Curtis (Apte, et al., 2005), TBT was detected in a small number of samples taken in 2001/02 from around locations considered to be at risk of TBT contamination (e.g. wharves). A further study was conducted in 2008 (Wilson, 2009). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which can come from fuel spills and engine emissions were identified as part of the aforementioned risk assessment and included in a survey throughout the central regions of Gladstone Harbour in 2003-05 (Vicente-Beckett, Shearer, Munksgaard, Hancock, & Morrison, 2006). Likewise during the Coastal CRC, an extensive study was conducted of the Fitzroy Estuary (Vicente-Beckett, et al., 2006) which included PAH analyses (earlyto late 2000’s). An oil spill in Gladstone Harbour in 2006 triggered localised sampling and some follow-up testing by the PCIMP monitoring program described in the 2008-10 Ecosystem Health Report (Vision Environment QLD, 2011). Pesticide testing has mainly been directed at the Fitzroy River and its estuary (Webster, et al., 2006) due to the agricultural activity that occurs in the Fitzroy catchment. Within Port Curtis itself, pesticide testing is minimal with some secondary assessment by virtue of screening for bioaccumulated contaminants within Green Turtle (Gaus, et al., 2012) tissue from samples collected in 2011. There is unlikely to be a high degree of connectivity between the Fitzroy mouth and Port Curtis except during major floods due to the Narrows. Gaps 1. There has been significant change since the last risk analysis for these contaminants within Port Curtis as well as changes in farming practices under the Reef Plan and it might be an appropriate time to undertake a repeat or update of previous risk analyses. This should include lower profile organic chemicals such as those that may be released into the ecosystem from upstream blue-green algal blooms. This risk analysis would allow prioritisation of effort towards monitoring for TBT (major shipping-related pollutant), PAHs (important pollutants from fossil fuel refining or burning) and pesticides (pollutants associated with agricultural but also urban/industrial land uses) in Port Curtis, noting that the herbicide diuron is also used as an anti-foulant on boats 2. The abovementioned risk analysis would also highlight what contaminant mixtures may need to be understood in terms of whether they have additive, synergistic or antagonistic influence on their individual effects. In addition, changed climate conditions and or extreme events may accentuate any interactive effects and the risk analysis should consider the risks during acute abnormal periods (e.g. floods) or more chronic change (e.g. climate change). 3. Routine monitoring of concentrations of potential contaminants within tissue of local biota 41 | P a g e

4. Transformations of locally relevant potential contaminants when exposed to UV in sunlight, microbial biodegradation and other degradative processes 5. Gladstone Area Water Board reports the pH, colour, turbidity, alkalinity, aluminium, iron, manganese, conductivity, hardness, dissolved oxygen, E. coli and total cyanobacteria cell counts for the most recent month for which data is available for the raw water within Lake Awoonga (GAWB, 2013). It would be beneficial to have long-term records for this data to integrate into a time series as an input into the Harbour Landmark studies 1. Survey undertaken during the Coastal CRC which targeted the central regions of Gladstone Harbour in 2003-05 (Vicente-Beckett, Shearer, Munksgaard, Hancock, & Morrison, 2006). Data coverage Year(s) Geographic Notes '60-'65 '66-'70 '71-'75 '76-'80 '81-'85 '86-'90 '91-'95 '96-'00 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 spread Alma Bay Boyne River Calliope River Fitzroy River PAH's & Coastal CRC Harbour Fringes pesticides reports; PCIMP Middle Harbour Outer Harbour The Narrows Western Basin Alma Bay Boyne River Calliope River Fitzroy River Coastal CRC Tributyltin Harbour Fringes reports Middle Harbour Outer Harbour The Narrows Western Basin Acronyms: PAH: polyaromatic hydrocarbons; PCIMP: Port Curtis Integrated Monitoring Program; Data

Figure 16 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Contaminants" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10

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Cultural Preservation (Definition: places and resources of cultural significance to indigenous and non-indigenous peoples) Summary The Gidargil Development Corporation on behalf of the tribes within the Port Curtis Coral Coast alliance conducted a study of the known information on indigenous cultural heritage (CQG Consulting, 2012) (including turtles and dugongs as iconic species), seagrass, water quality and coral with the aim of the initiative of establishing management strategies focused on having a positive impact on their sea country. A priority for the alliance is gathering known information and the identification of gaps The Queensland government maintains a cultural heritage database and register (DATSIMA, 2013) whose purpose, in part, is to assemble information about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultural heritage. License conditions and terms of reference for EIS’ often direct development proponents to utilise the database and deposit newly discovered information within it during the course of an EIS. Likewise, social impact assessments are becoming more commonplace as part of an EIS and impacts on indigenous Australians and their culture is often an identified topic (see Australia Pacific LNG Social Impact Assessment (APLNG, 2011) for an example). During the Coastal CRC, a study was undertaken to identify indigenous resource issues (Lockie, Rockloff, & Muir, 2003), indigenous resource management initiatives, indigenous capacity building needs and training; and processes/protocols to advance collaboration between indigenous communities and researchers. A second Coastal CRC study (Lockie & Rockloff, 2005) consulted widely with stakeholders within Port Curtis and the Fitzroy catchment about consequences of existing decision-making on resource management and access and included engagement and analysis of the views of indigenous stakeholders. There is one report published in 2001 (An overview of the historical cultural heritage resources of the Curtis Coast (McDonald, 2001)) which describes much of the social and cultural history of the Port Curtis region focussing on the period since European settlement. A 1993 study of Aboriginal archaeological sites on the Curtis Coast is available at the National Library of Australia but has not yet been sourced for the e-Atlas database. A 2009 study (GHD, 2009a) by GHD describes in detail the ecology, environmental and heritage values of the Curtis Island Environmental Management Precinct land use, access, physical attributes, land contamination, nature conservation, current recreational values, visual amenity and potential recreational opportunities, as well as cultural heritage. The Commonwealth government maintains the Australian National Shipwreck Database (DSEWPaC, 2011) which documents those wrecks that are older than 75 years and protected under the Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976. Assoc. Prof Sean Ulm, currently of James Cook University, has led archaeological studies of the southern Curtis Coast (Ulm, 2006), documenting where possible, species of marine biodiversity consumed in the region over the past millennia (e.g. shellfish species in middens which have been radiocarbon dated). Ancient land use patterns have also been inferred from these aforementioned studies of dietary items as well as from artefacts which can be

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accurately dated. These activities have also been linked to particular sub-regions providing some explicit spatial information more resolved than simply the “southern Curtis Coast”. Gaps 1. Data with an increased spatial resolution finer than the broader Gladstone region 2. Updated consultation with indigenous communities and traditional land owners 3. Quantitative data obtained in a repeated manner to provide a time series Landmark studies 1. Gidargil Development Corporation study on indigenous cultural heritage of the Port Curtis region (CQG Consulting, 2012) 2. The Indigenous Sites Register is assumed to be a landmark study but requires a data request beyond the norm and further consideration needs to be given as to what data or knowledge is being targeted before initiating this process. Consulting with indigenous knowledge experts and traditional owners within the Gladstone region would help refine the potential data request 3. The Australian National Shipwreck Database (DSEWPaC, 2011) which provides a reference point in that the listed shipwrecks have been assessed against national legislation which embodies the community view (as represented by the government) of cultural importance 4. The body of work led by Sean Ulm on the archaeology of the southern Curtis Coast

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Data coverage Data

Indigenous heritage & traditional knowledge

Year(s) Geographic spread '60-'65 '66-'70 '71-'75 '76-'80 '81-'85 '86-'90 '91-'95 '96-'00 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13

GGR

Notes PCCC TUMRA Enviromental Monitoring Analysis by Gidargil Development Corporation * Bibliography of AIATSIS Library holdings cited in PCCC TUMRA Enviromental Monitoring Analysis by Gidargil Development Corporation * Archaelogy of southern Curtis Coast by Ulm * Assumes that the Indigeonous Database and register extends to 1961; Indigenous stakeholder consultation by Coastal CRC in 2003

Acronyms: GGR: Greater Gladstone Region;

* The PCCC TUMRA Environmental Monitoring Analysis Report, and the AIATSIS Library Bibliography it also contains, does not have a distinct timeframe but covers a lengthy cultural history extending back beyond the limits of this figure. Likewise, the work of Assoc. Prof. Ulm documents activities back to 4000 B.P. which could not be accommodated above. Figure 17 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Cultural Preservation" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10 Note also that the Australian National Shipwreck Database provides comprehensive data about documented shipwrecks but only one in the Port Curtis region post-1960, with another near Alma Bay and close to the Capricorn-Bunker section of the Great Barrier Reef.

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Economics (Definition: income, employment, housing costs and availability, tourism) Summary Employment figures are available on a quarterly basis via the QRSIS (QTT, 2012)which obtains its data from DEEWR, Australian Government Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations but only at the resolution of the local statistical area. More detailed data is obtained every five years via the national census but data does not become immediately available. Detailed housing data is available from the Queensland Valuer-General (DNRM, 2013) including sales data, land valuations and the like. Detailed data about the rental market is also available from the Queensland Residential Tenancy Authority (RTA, 2013). Tourism data is collated by Tourism Research Australia (DRET, 2012) and provided via the Queensland government on a sub-regional basis. Extensive data is available back until the late 90’s but the data is on a regional basis (i.e. Fitzroy statistical division) and attributing tourism numbers to Gladstone (or the Harbour) is difficult. Finer resolution data might be available from Tourism Research Australia but this has not been further investigated. The Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics (BITRE) has developed numerous regional databases documenting economic indicators such as taxable income, industry structure, household wealth, social capital and education. These databases draw upon other data sources (e.g. the National Census) but in some cases are overlaid with sophisticated modelling to extrapolate data for time periods between comprehensive data gathering exercises like the census. Alternative ways to assess the economic value of Gladstone Harbour are “willingness to pay” studies which consider choices made by harbour users based on assessments of costs and benefits e.g. how much a recreational fisher is willing to pay to fish in the harbour versus elsewhere. These are often published in the scientific literature and have not been pursued in this study. The relationship between many economic parameters, such as between household income, and the harbour are extremely difficult to determine, so were not considered to be priority datasets in this study. Gaps Tourism data is low resolution both spatially and temporally. Additional data may exist at Tourism Research Australia but this has not been assessed. GBRMPA may possess extensive data within the records pertaining to the Environment Management Charge but this is probably commercial-in-confidence and would require a value judgement about how detailed tourism statistics may assist in defining a healthy harbour. Landmark studies 1. 2.

the Queensland Valuer-General (DNRM, 2013) data on housing sales and land valuations rental market data from the Queensland Residential Tenancy Authority (RTA, 2013)

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Data coverage Year(s) Geographic Notes spread '60-'65 '66-'70 '71-'75 '76-'80 '81-'85 '86-'90 '91-'95 '96-'00 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 QRSIS -quarterly since 2007, CENSUS every 5 years Employment GGR QRSIS -quarterly since 2007, CENSUS every 5 years Income GGR TRA data for Fitzroy Statistical Division Tourism GGR ABS, Qld Valuer-General, RTA Housing: construction, sales, rentals GGR BITRE Regional economies:numerous GGR Acronyms: ABS: Australian Bureau of Statistics; BITRE: Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics; CENSUS: Australian Census of Population and Housing; GGR: Greater Gladstone Region; QRSIS: Queensland Regional Statistical Information System; RTA: Queensland Residential Tenancy Authority; TRA: Tourism Research Australia Data

Figure 18 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Economics" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10

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Fisheries (Definition: understanding fisheries stocks) Summary The database managed by the Queensland Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF, 2013b) is an impressive dataset, providing monthly data for numerous species. Fisheries catch data is held until the late 1990’s and can be resolved down to 30 and 6 nautical mile grids. The data provided reflects location of capture rather than location of home port (which may also be Rockhampton in this region). Data has been obtained for grids R29, R30, S29 and S30, all of which are 30 nautical mile grids, with grid S30 covering much of Gladstone Harbour itself and the waters off the seaward side Curtis Island. Data beyond these four grids is also available but its potential value should be assessed before inclusion. Data for small operators (5 boats or less) has an additional layer of confidentiality as the data becomes of a size that the dealings of an individual business may be ascertained from this data. Excluding this data does not compromise analysis of datasets which contain large sample numbers, which is the case for some species within these four grids, because the influence upon overall statistics is low, but some caution will be necessary for some species with fewer catch numbers and sample points. While the commercial catch data in this database is impressive, the recreational data collected by DAFF is limited (DAFF, 2013c), gathered in the years 1997, 1999, 2002 and 2005. The data has a much lower resolution in terms of species reported than the commercial data. A more reliable set of data for recreational fishing can be derived from the series of studies conducted by Infofish and Capricorn Bunker section of the Great Barrier Reef upon recreational fishing within the Port Curtis and Capricorn-Bunker region. This has culminated in the Gladfish initiative (Sawynok B. , Platten, Parsons, & Sawynok, 2013) which has recently published a report on recreational fishing including some data series back to the late 1990s. These studies have closely engaged with local fishing clubs who have extensive club records of fish catches going back 10-20 years (Platten & Sawynok, 2006). Data from these studies is also referred to under the “Recreation, Access and Use” topic area. Gaps Value of commercial fisheries data available from the Queensland Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is calculated as the price of a catch at a single point in time and does not reflect the value of the catch at the time it was captured. This negates the usefulness of the value data provided with the actual catch. Other useful data would be the days spent fishing, from which a catch per unit effort statistic can be derived. What price the fishers obtained for their catch is an unknown and is a better indicator of profitability/viability of the fishery. Landmark studies 1. 2. 3.

commercial fisheries data from the Queensland Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF, 2013b) recreational fishing data from Infofish, Capricorn Bunker and Gladfish (Infofish Australia, 2013) the Halliday and Robins study (Halliday & Robins, 2007) on the links between river flows and fisheries

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Data coverage Data

Geographic spread

Year(s) '60-'65 '66-'70 '71-'75 '76-'80 '81-'85 '86-'90 '91-'95 '96-'00 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13

Commercial fisheries catch & value GGR (S30, R29, R30) Recreational fish catch GGR Recreational fish catching GGR Acronyms: DAFF-Queensland Dept. of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries; GGR: Greater Gladstone Region; GGR (S30, R29, R30): DAFF grid numbers S30, R29 & R30

Notes DAFF DAFF Infofish/Gladfish; Fishing clubs

Figure 19 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Fisheries" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10

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Human Health incl. Food Safety (Definition: illness and wellbeing, including health effects of eating or handling contaminated seafood) Summary Human health covers a wide array of conditions, many of which will be irrelevant to the GHHP project as they do not relate directly to the harbour. General health indicators like aged care services, births/deaths and the like are available via statistical databases such as the ABS and QRSIS (QTT, 2012). Broad health statistics are available via the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare that maintains hospital data for the Australian government but this is often not available at a spatial resolution attributable to Gladstone. This may be available in more extensive but confidential datasets from which the publicly available data is drawn. Gladstone Hospital records might also be accessible (noting ethical and privacy concerns and statutory requirements with respect to such data) but it is best to decide whether human health data, and which indicators in particular, might be useful before commencing the process of obtaining access. This would require a medical or public health specialist to design the questions to guide data identification. Some of the specific community concerns from the region (i.e. sores and other skin afflictions, infections) have been investigated (e.g. as part of the Integrated Aquatic Investigation Program for Gladstone Harbour (Gladstone Harbour Fish Health Interdepartmental Committee, 2013)) although community concerns remain (this is discussed further in “Datasets relating to cause and effects”). The publicly known cases linked to Gladstone Harbour are few in number and cannot be used within a statistically valid study or epidemiological analysis but there may be other cases not yet revealed. Case reports from local general practitioners (e.g. infections, stings from hazardous marine organisms) and data from medical insurance companies and Medicare might be available but this would require extensive consultation and permissions. Medication usage data might also be available via the pharmaceutical benefits scheme administrating agency. Queensland seafood producers are required to implement food safety schemes under the Australian Primary Production and Processing Standard for Seafood (Food Standards Australia New Zealand, 2006). Routine testing of seafood within Queensland is limited and often responsive rather than preventative. Potential sources of contamination that may be reflected in test results for seafood testing is covered in other topic area overviews (e.g. wildlife health). The potential for adverse effects upon human consumers from bioaccumulation in seafood was included in a risk assessment for potential contaminants in Port Curtis (Apte, et al., 2005) which was later affirmed as a risk that needs consideration but noting that this was a state-wide “issue of interest” and not restricted to Port Curtis (Apte, et al., 2005). A large portion of the report is based on the Masters thesis by Mary-Ann Jones (Jones, 2002) and measures of arsenic, lead and mercury in the tissues of shellfish and fish from Gladstone Harbour and determinations of the risks to humans through seafood ingestion. Other datasets potentially of interest include Queensland Ambulance Service records and Surf Lifesaving club records of marine stinger incidents. Risk assessments and knowledge/data about other activities around the Harbour that may affect human health (e.g. dust and air quality, injury in marine incidents) are covered in other topic area overviews (“Air quality”, “Contaminants”, “Shipping”). Landmark studies Nil 50 | P a g e

Gaps 1. Identification of potential human health indicators, relevant to the concept of a “healthy harbour” that may enable better pursuit of existing data. 2. Routine testing of seafood for toxicants (organic and inorganic), viruses and bacterial contamination. Data Coverage Data Human health

Year(s) Geographic '60-'65 '66-'70 '71-'75 '76-'80 '81-'85 '86-'90 '91-'95 '96-'00 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 spread GGR

Seafood toxicity GGR Seafood contamination GGR Acronyms: GGR: Greater Gladstone Region;

Notes Air quaility risk assessments; Coastal CRC contaminants risk assessment Biosecurity Queensland Biosecurity Queensland

Figure 20 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Human Health incl. Food Safety" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10

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Liveability (Definition: sense of place, quality of housing, provision of health services, recreation facilities, attraction of the urban environment, availability of services) Summary The Queensland Regional Statistical Information System (QRSIS (QTT, 2012)) aggregates numerous statistics from various sources relevant to Queensland at different regional breakdowns (e.g. local government areas, statistical divisions, etc.). This includes data on various aged care and health services. Other community consultations (Gladstone Regional Vision 2028 (Phillips & McGrail, 2008), Gladstone Region Wellbeing Study (The Hornery Institute, 2010), Gladstone Industry Leadership Group Community Perceptions Study 2010 (Greer, Akbar, Rolfe, & Mann, 2010), Central Queensland Healthy Waterways Study (Lockie & Jennings, 2003)) provide useful information about community perception of the available facilities and amenities within Gladstone and their desires for the future as does the Social Infrastructure Strategic Plan for the Gladstone region (DEEDI, 2011). The Gladstone housing project (Coordinator-General, 2013) that arose out of social impact assessments for the current LNG projects provides a useful baseline and background to the housing situation in Gladstone in 2008-10. This project provides reports on a 6 monthly basis which can provide some information on how housing quality is changing through time. The Social Impact Assessments and management plans associated with the LNG development approvals also provide useful background information and data that may provide baselines (Santos (Santos GLNG, 2012), Queensland Curtis Island LNG (QGC, 2010), Australia Pacific LNG (APLNG, 2011) and Gladstone Ports Corporation (GHD, 2009b)). Other housing statistics and data series can be found under the “Economics” topic area. “Recreation, access and use”, and “Amenity” are also discussed elsewhere. The national Social Capital Database (BITRE, 2013) includes data on labour force participation and the proportion of people living at the same address as five years prior at the resolution of Gladstone LGA. In 2001-03, a Coastal CRC study (Lockie & Jennings, 2003) examined how different governance arrangements within the Port Curtis and Fitzroy catchment regions impacted upon community access to natural and social resources. Gaps 1. A unified definition for liveability refined in consultation with a wide stakeholder group. This may arise during the GHHP visioning exercise which will allow a more targeted search for hidden data sources and guide future efforts to generate data relative to a community-defined baseline or existing survey results. 2. Quantitative data obtained in a repeated manner to provide a time series. This would be enabled by adopting accepted measures and/or attributes of this concept from the peer-reviewed literature for comparison with different geographical spaces and community structures. It will be difficult however to capture both ‘objective’ and ‘subjective’ quality of life measures to inform a liveability score.

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Landmark studies 1. 2. 3.

the 2010 community perception study conducted by the Gladstone Industry Leadership Group (Greer, Akbar, Rolfe, & Mann, 2010) the Gladstone housing project (Coordinator-General, 2013) the Coastal CRC study (Lockie & Jennings, 2003) into governance arrangements in the Port Curtis and Fitzroy River catchment areas

Data coverage Year(s) Geographic Notes spread '60-'65 '66-'70 '71-'75 '76-'80 '81-'85 '86-'90 '91-'95 '96-'00 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 Police service levels & crime Queensland Police Service GGR Aged care & health services QRSIS -2010/11 only GGR Facilities and amenities Community consultations GGR Community access to resources GGR Coastal CRC study Housing availability Gladstone Housing Reports GGR Acronyms: GGR: Greater Gladstone Region; QRSIS: Queensland Regional Statistical Information System; Data

Figure 21 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Liveability" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10

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Metals (Definition: metal in its many forms [dissolved, colloidal, complexed, dust] in the environment) Summary Because of the nature of the industry around Gladstone Harbour, the presence of metals within the environment has been long studied and monitored. Several studies during the life of the Coastal CRC investigated metal concentrations within the environment (report 1 (Vicente-Beckett, Shearer, Munksgaard, Hancock, & Morrison, 2006), report 2 (Apte, et al., 2005), report 3 (Angel, et al., 2010), report 4 (Apte, et al., 2005), report 5 (Andersen, Revill, & Storey, Metal bioaccumulation through food web pathways in Port Curtis, 2005)), and this study was the baseline for comparison by a one-off study in 2012 by CSIRO (Angel, et al., 2012) involving scientists that conducted the original studies in the Coastal CRC to measure metal concentrations in the water and sediment in response to concerns about diseased fish and dredging. Several of these reports hint that sediments from the original Coastal CRC program remain stored within selected laboratories and may be available for future analysis of inorganics (which are mostly stable unlike sediment-bound organics). Some of these studies included analysis of metals within the tissue of local species critical to understanding bioaccumulation of metals. They also examined whether this might lead to adverse health effects in crabs, oyster, fish and other relevant biodiversity, especially when water and sediment metal concentrations are low, implying that a biomagnification process must be occurring between source and biota. Extensive baseline studies involving the analysis of numerous sediment cores throughout Gladstone Harbour were also conducted during the EIS’ for the current LNG projects as well as more site-specific studies as part of the Gladstone Pacific Nickel EIS (GPN, 2007) and for approvals relating to the expansion of alumina refineries (DEH, 2003). The underlying data from each of these reports would need to be manually extracted or provided by the proponents or the consultants that undertook the studies. The Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection has undertaken broad scale sampling of sediments every 1-2 months since 2011 as a response to community concerns about the health of the Gladstone Harbour and the fish within. This includes reports following the 2013 January flood e.g. (Arango, et al., 2013), and in 2011-2012 e.g. (DERM, 2011b) (which included an analysis of historical data). An increasing number of sample sites were employed as the monitoring program progressed, but it is expected to conclude in October 2013. As part of the PCIMP program, numerous parameters have been measured across the Port Curtis region including sediment composition. This data has been used to produce several report cards (2005-06 (Storey, Andersen, Lynas, & Melville, 2007), 2008-10 (Vision Environment QLD, 2011)) but the published data are averages across nine zones throughout Port Curtis of standardised scores for multiple parameters in eight environmental performance categories sampled over several years. Gaps 1. Understanding the bioavailability of different metal forms in the environment and their associated risks - e.g. dissolved versus bound versus colloidal. 2 Each metal has different detection limit with some being especially analytically difficult to obtain robust data. Furthermore, sample contamination when trying to measure very low metal concentrations in water and tissue extracts is extremely difficult, an analytical challenge not overcome until 54 | P a g e

3

recent years. This leads to different uncertainties for different metals and may undermine the reliability of data from historical studies.. There is also different costs involved for different analyses (both dollars and time taken) which may sometimes influence the intensity of sampling. An agreed priority for each metal, analytical deficiencies identified and experts consulted on the current best practice for each of the metals. Metal concentrations in marine locations that abut the Harbour are not as well sampled and understood. Nor is the natural metal background of some major natural sources (e.g. Awoonga Dam). Metal inflows from sediment from Awoonga Dam, Boyne, and Calliope Rivers has not been well characterised. Fitzroy River and Alma Bay metal concentrations (sediment and water) were studied during the life of Coastal CRC and it may be worthwhile revisiting these locations which may inject metals into the Harbour via the Narrows. An understanding of temporal variance in bioavailability of metals e.g. before, during and after floods, or in different seasons. Bioavailability is influenced by temperature, seawater chemistry and the degree by which the analyte of interest is bound by dissolved organic matter in fresh and seawater

Landmark studies 1. Coastal CRC studies (report 1 (Vicente-Beckett, Shearer, Munksgaard, Hancock, & Morrison, 2006), report 2 (Apte, et al., 2005), report 3 (Angel, et al., 2010), report 4 (Apte, et al., 2005), report 5 (Andersen, Revill, & Storey, Metal bioaccumulation through food web pathways in Port Curtis, 2005)) for Alma Bay region and Fitzroy River 2. EHP monitoring program (post-2013 flood e.g. (Arango, et al., 2013), 2011-2012 which included an analysis of historical data e.g. (DERM, 2011b)) 3. Vision Environment, Gladstone Ports Corporation and PCIMP raw data for past ten years is likely to provide a powerful baseline but it needs to be accessed and assessed for this purpose Data coverage Year(s) Geographic Notes '60-'65 '66-'70 '71-'75 '76-'80 '81-'85 '86-'90 '91-'95 '96-'00 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 spread Alma Bay Boyne River • Intensified activity during Coastal CRC Calliope River • PCIMP Fitzroy River • Baseline studies for EIS' Metals Harbour Fringes • CSIRO study in 2012 Middle Harbour • Sampling/analysis in response to fish Outer Harbour disease issue The Narrows Western Basin Acronyms: CSIRO: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation; PCIMP: Port Curtis Integrated Monitoring Program; Data

Figure 22 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Metals" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10

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Nutrients (Definition: basic chemical ingredients that sustains biodiversity and life i.e. nitrogen, phosphorous, carbon) Summary Living organisms need nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous to flourish, but too much (eutrophication) and ecosystems can suffer the excessive growth of particular species that best utilise the nutrients and outcompete other species (e.g. algal blooms). Nutrients are relatively straight forward to measure but there are different forms and components of the whole chemical pool (e.g. nitrogen, phosphorous and carbon) which are not as readily available being refractory and biologically unavailable. As mentioned elsewhere, the Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection has monitored waterways throughout Queensland (DERM, 2012) since 1993 with most attention in estuaries and upstream of the river mouths and the Harbour. Since 2011, this monitoring has extended into the Harbour (post-2013 flood e.g. (Arango, et al., 2013), 2011-2012 e.g. (DERM, 2011b)), with an increasing number of sample sites as the monitoring program progressed, but this recent harbour monitoring program has a finite life (ends October 2013). Monitoring of water quality throughout the Western Basin has been intense in recent years due to dredging activity and numerous reports have been produced, the latest of which captures the period up to April 2013 (Vision Environment, 2013). Visualisations (i.e. graphs) of the latest data, but not the data itself, and some interpretation can be accessed on the Western Basin Dredge and Disposal Project website, and are routinely updated. The EIS data generated prior to these developments are also quite extensive. As part of the PCIMP program, numerous parameters have been measured across the Port Curtis region including sediment composition. This data has been used to produce several report cards (2005-06 (Storey, Andersen, Lynas, & Melville, 2007), 2008-10 (Vision Environment QLD, 2011)) but the published data is highly derived providing averages across nine zones throughout Port Curtis of standardised scores for multiple parameters in eight environmental performance categories sampled over several years. However, the original data is likely to be very useful. There are occasional datasets produced during some Coastal CRC projects (1. Biogeochemical modelling and nitrogen budgets for the Fitzroy Estuary and Keppel Bay (Robson, Webster, & Rosebrook, 2006); 2. Nutrient dynamics and sediment budgets in the Fitzroy estuary during a flood event (Ford, 2006); 3. The Fitzroy Contaminants Project – A study of the nutrient and fine-sediment dynamics of the Fitzroy Estuary and Keppel Bay (Webster, et al., 2006)) but these mostly focus on the Fitzroy River estuary. Nutrient data is also often produced during some of the macrobenthos surveys as these are parameters that can significantly influence species presence/absence and their numbers. The Reef Rescue Marine Monitoring Program (RRMMP) also collects and reports seagrass tissue nutrients (N and P) as a measure of nutrient loads (GBRMPA, 2013).

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Gaps 1. Vision Environment, Gladstone Ports Corporation and PCIMP raw data for past ten years 2. More sophisticated analysis of nutrient budgets accommodating bioavailability and refractoriness 3. An indication of the types and quantities of nutrients entering Gladstone Harbour from the Boyne, Calliope and Fitzroy catchments. The Boyne and Calliope are not included in the Great Barrier Reef Loads Monitoring activities associated with the Great Barrier Reef Report Card and while the Fitzroy is, it is unknown how much of this enters Port Curtis via the Narrows. Landmark studies 1. Queensland Dept. of Environment & Heritage Protection monitoring of waterways (DERM, 2012) and Gladstone (post-2013 flood e.g. (Arango, et al., 2013), 2011-2012 which included an analysis of historical data e.g. (DERM, 2011b)) 2. Vision Environment, Gladstone Ports Corporation and PCIMP raw data for nutrient sampling harbour wide 3. Coastal CRC study (Dekker & Phinn, 2005) on utility of remote sensing for inshore water quality parameters Data coverage Year(s) Geographic Notes '60-'65 '66-'70 '71-'75 '76-'80 '81-'85 '86-'90 '91-'95 '96-'00 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 spread Alma Bay EHP monitoring program; Boyne River Vision Environment Calliope River monitoring for Western Basin Nitrogen, Fitzroy River dredging program; PCIMP; phosphorous Harbour Fringes Western Basin developments carbon Middle Harbour (EIS baseline and continued Outer Harbour monitoring); Coastal CRC The Narrows Fitzroy Estuary studies Western Basin Acronyms: EHP: Queensland department of Environment & Heritage Protection; PCIMP: Port Curtis Integrated Monitoring Program; Data

Figure 23 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Nutrients" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10

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Physical (Definition: physical forces that influence the environment and the biodiversity and people within) Gaps Hydrodynamics: Water flows through the harbour influence numerous processes, and the behaviour of the rivers that flow into the Port Curtis region (Fitzroy, Boyne and Calliope) have long been studied, with the Fitzroy attracting the most attention because of its size and importance to the broader region. In the 1980s the ‘Gladstone Harbour Model’ was developed by the Queensland Government Hydraulics Laboratory (Department of Harbours and Marine, 1983). The Coastal CRC in the 2000s produced models of both the Fitzroy Estuary (Herzfeld, Andrewartha, Sakov, & Webster, 2006) and the Port Curtis region (model report 1 (Andrewartha & Herzfeld, 2005), model report 2 (Herzfeld, Parslow, Andrewartha, Sakov, & Webster, 2004)). Numerous hydrodynamic studies have been conducted within the Harbour (many restricted to particular locations depending on their purpose) as a requirement for the EIS’ for various developments, including those currently underway (Australia Pacific LNG (APLNG, 2010), Queensland Curtis LNG (QGC, 2012), Arrow Energy LNG (Arrow Energy, 2012), Gladstone LNG (Santos, 2013), Gladstone Pacific Nickel (GPN, 2007)) and past developments (e.g. extension of pipelines at the Boyne Island smelter (DEH, 2003)). Gladstone Ports Corporation Ltd have conducted numerous studies over the years as activities within its limits increased and these have sometimes been cooperative efforts with multiple proponents with an interest in getting similar approvals (e.g. Western Basin Strategic Dredging and Disposal Project (DSEWPaC, 2010)). Factors affecting the quality and utility of hydrodynamic models include the imposed boundary conditions and the number and location of real data points that are used to calibrate/validate the models. The accessibility of hydrodynamic models is often quite varied because of the different, sometime proprietary, software that is used to run, display and analyse the models, which are often not transferrable to other parties or available to broader, non-specialist, user groups. February 2013 saw publication of a series of Erosion Prone and Storm Tide Inundation Areas for Queensland including the Port Curtis (State of Queensland, 2013) region (including projected climate change impacts to 2100), which indicate the erosion and tidal inundation extent that may occur with projected sea level rise and increased storm intensity at 2100. Seawater temperature: Seawater temperature is an extremely easy parameter to measure (repeatedly and accurately) and this ease of monitoring has resulted in the high measuring intensity. Temperature is a fundamental condition that influences the rate and intensity of many processes but can also be used as proxy for other phenomena such as water movement (e.g. injection of surface and deeper water from distant locations with a different temperature profile to the location being monitored). One of the older studies documenting fresh- and seawater temperature, water movement and influences of an ecosystem was that conducted by Saenger (Saenger, 1988) and colleagues during the planning and subsequent expansion of the Gladstone Power Station because of concerns of potential thermal pollution from the return of water used as coolant during generation. PCIMP, Queensland Government and Gladstone Ports Corporation (Western Basin Dredging and Disposal Project) and the Gladstone Area Water Board are just some of the organisations who routinely measure seawater (and river) temperature.

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Air movement and temperature: One of the other physical forces which influence the harbour is the movement of air (speed and direction). Long term data at different locations within the region can be obtained from the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM, 2013) and the Gladstone component of the Queensland government Clean and Healthy Air Project (EHP, 2013b) and ongoing monitoring, some of which was used as part of the dust benchmarking studies in 2008 (see “Air Quality”). Gaps 1. Four-dimensional models (X,Y,Z in space, along with time) integrating air movement, water movement (through lengthy time periods including some extreme conditions – e.g. intense storm or cyclone) and examples of representative particles (e.g. large sediment, colloidal metals) in the environment 2. Water exchange between the main harbour area and the Narrows, open ocean, river mouths etc. 3. A single whole of Harbour hydrodynamic benchmark model which has been approved by a range of experts 4. Integration of the available sophisticated Fitzroy estuary hydrodynamic models and Port Curtis hydrodynamic models Landmark studies 1. The Fitzroy estuary was the subject of intensive studies in the late ‘90’s (Margvelashvili, et al., 2003) and early 2000’s (Herzfeld, Andrewartha, Sakov, & Webster, 2006) during the life of the Coastal CRC 2. Port Curtis has been subjected to numerous hydrodynamic studies during EIS and development of the Western Basin Dredging and Disposal Approval (DSEWPaC, 2010) process

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Data coverage Year(s) Geographic Notes '60-'65 '66-'70 '71-'75 '76-'80 '81-'85 '86-'90 '91-'95 '96-'00 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 spread Alma Bay Boyne River Calliope River Coastal CRC; EIS Fitzroy River Hydrodynamics Harbour Fringes studies; Ongoing Middle Harbour monitoring Outer Harbour The Narrows Western Basin Alma Bay Power station thermal Boyne River studies in Saenger Calliope River study; Coastal CRC; Fitzroy River Seawater EIS studies; Ongoing Harbour Fringes temperature monitoring; Middle Harbour Queensland Outer Harbour government ambient The Narrows water monitoring Western Basin Air temperature, Point locations BOM; Clean & Healthy wind speed and in Gladstone Air direction region Data

Acronyms: BoM: Bureau of Meteorology

Figure 24 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Physical" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10

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Recreation, Access and Use (Definition: access to public water areas, direct on-water recreational use [fishing, boating, swimming, diving] and beside-water recreational use [beach use, fishing, walks, camping]) Summary Most of the recreational use for Gladstone Harbour is via boating, primarily for the purposes of fishing. Boat registration data gives an indication of the numbers of boats in the area, detailed registrations data by postcode is now being released on a monthly basis by the Department of Transport and Main Roads (DTMR, 2013b) and historical data can be easily obtained. Registration data includes the length of crafts and model details. Surveys conducted at boat ramps indicate whether boats have been launched for recreational activity and the intensity of use of the harbour for boating purposes. Infofish and CapReef have released a series of reports which document results of their surveys at boat ramps and have attempted to quantify recreational fishing intensity (in 2007 (Platten, Sawynok, & Parsons), 2008 (Platten, Sawynok, & Parsons), 2009 (Sawynok, Platten, & Parsons), 2012 (Sawynok, Platten, & Parsons), and 2013 (Sawynok B. , Platten, Parsons, & Sawynok)). The annual Boyne Tannum Hook-Up competition is another source of catch data and photographs. The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry also keeps records of recreational fisheries catches (DAFF, 2013c). Other recreational fishing intensity data might be derived from fishing club records and sources mentioned in the “Fisheries” overview. Some historical data (including boat registrations) is published in reports from Maritime Safety Queensland (MSQ) about marine safety incidents throughout Queensland (DTMR, 2013a) (including Gladstone). MSQ also maintain an internal database called CASEMAN for marine incident case management and the previously mentioned reports include some analysis of trends in recreational boating activity and the detail and number of safety incidents that result in changes in boating activity. Swimming and beach attendance is another recreational use but records of this are limited (i.e. number of persons, beach closures) with Queensland Surf Lifesavers only regularly patrolling two beach (Agnes Waters, Tannum Sands) but having done so for almost two decades. The Surf Life Saving Queensland lifeguards record significant data in the beach patrol records (in some cases counts/estimates of beach attendance) but this data would have to be manually extracted from the beach patrol books. Recently, they have reported the installation of Coastalwatch cameras, in partnership with the Gladstone Ports Corporation, at Kelly’s Beach and Agnes Waters which may also provide data about beach use but again, this would have to be extracted from the imagery obtained. Sailing is another important recreational activity in and around Gladstone Harbour and clubs are likely to keep detailed information on membership and participation in weekly events, as well as the economic contribution of major events such as the annual Brisbane to Gladstone Yacht Race. Data sources surrounding harbour access, in order to visit the foreshore and launch boats, and in relation to harbour congestion are also covered in “Liveability” and “Shipping”, and data on tourism trends is mentioned in “Amenity”.

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Gaps 1. 2. 3. 4.

Beach use statistics at multiple beaches around the Harbour Collated statistics on sailing and non-fishing activities Marine and National Park use records e.g. fines, camping permits, estimates of visitor numbers Quality baseline for older historical uses

Landmark studies 1. Infofish series of reports (2007 (Platten, Sawynok, & Parsons), 2008 (Platten, Sawynok, & Parsons), 2009 (Sawynok, Platten, & Parsons), 2012 (Sawynok, Platten, & Parsons), and 2013 (Sawynok B. , Platten, Parsons, & Sawynok)). 2. Department of Transport and Main Roads (Formerly Marine Safety Queensland) annual reports (DTMR, 2013a) Data coverage Year(s) Geographic Notes spread '60-'65 '66-'70 '71-'75 '76-'80 '81-'85 '86-'90 '91-'95 '96-'00 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 Infofish/Gladfish; Fishing clubs, Recreational fishing GGR Infofish/Gladfish; Fishing clubs; MSQ Boating use GGR Qld Dept Transport & Main Roads; MSQ Boating registrations GGR Acronyms: GGR: Greater Gladstone Region; MSQ: Maritime Safety Queensland Data

Figure 25 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Recreation, Access and Use" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10

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Sediment Composition (Definition: physical nature of sediment – size, geochemistry and mineralogy) Summary Sediment is often characterised by measuring its size distribution as well as its general geochemical nature (content of silica, carbonate and their different forms). In some instances, elemental analyses are also conducted but this is a sophisticated analysis requiring preparative techniques to allow attribution of obtained measurements to the sediment particles themselves and not extraneous material such as surface bound matter. The work by Conaghan in the early ‘60’s (thesis (Conaghan, Honours Thesis: Terrestrial and Marine Geology of the Gladstone Area, Queensland , 1963) and later report (Conaghan, 1966)) is a detailed study of sediment within the Port Curtis region and the geological and sedimentary processes that created its presence and distribution at that time. The size distribution of the sediment and its composition, but not elemental composition, is well described and mapped. As part of the PCIMP program numerous parameters have been measured across the Port Curtis region including sediment composition. This data has been used to produce several report cards (2005-06 (Storey, Andersen, Lynas, & Melville, 2007), 2008-10 (Vision Environment QLD, 2011)) but the published data is highly derived providing averages across nine zones throughout Port Curtis of standardised scores for multiple parameters in eight environmental performance categories sampled over several years. The original data is likely to be very useful. The design of the PCIMP program was informed by a comprehensive study (Harch, Toscas, & Jones, 2003) conducted as part of the Coastal CRC which investigated the statistical design of a sampling program and in the process conducted its own small-scale sampling program and sediment characterisation. The PCIMP monitoring program was reviewed and revised in 2012 and again in 2013. Marine macrobenthos studies often include an analysis of the sediment composition within which the macrobenthos is living. Often, in addition to analysis of macrobenthos composition, particle size characterisation has been conducted which gives an idea of the muddiness of the sediment (and its stickiness) and therefore susceptibility to resuspension. Numerous examples exists including 1) port-wide macrobenthos survey in 2004 conducted by CQU (Currie & Small, 2004); 2) the Saenger (Saenger, 1988) study which is focussed on a small region within the Harbour and covers the years 1974-1983; 3) the Port Curtis Macrobenthic Monitoring Program 1995-2003 (Alquezar & Small, 2006) and 4) a one-off study in 2012 by CSIRO (Angel, et al., 2012). Prior to extensive dredging that is currently underway in the Western Basin, hundreds of sediment cores were taken throughout the Harbour as part of developing the various EIS’. Similar, although not as extensive, harbour floor characterisation is likely to exist in historical datasets from previous major capital dredging programs (~20 million m3) such as those in the early ’1980 (Carter, 1986) to create the approach channels to Clinton and Fisherman's Landing. This latter paper describes some of the survey projects and environmental assessments undertaken at this time (before during and after dredging) and what organisations or companies undertook these studies.

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Significant sampling and monitoring was undertaken at the offshore dredge disposal sites providing a significant multi-year time series aggregating data from 1992 to 2005 (with sampling programs occurring at variable intervals ranging from 1-3 years) (Richardson D. , 2006) about presence/absence, community composition with some sampling targeting pre- and post-dredging activities (Richardson & Pietsch, 2007) in 2006 and pre-and during-dredging studies in 2010/11 by BMT WBM (not yet sourced). It is anticipated that the results of a project investigating management of the major offshore dredge spoil relocation sites located near major Queensland ports sponsored by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority will be published in the second half of 2013. This project was undertaken as part of the World Heritage Strategic Assessment Project - Regional Sustainability Plan. Gaps 1. Detailed time series maps overlaid with other major activities (e.g. dredging events) 2. Sediment composition and change through time in immediate Harbour fringing environments 3. Ongoing sediment and macro-benthos monitoring of the dredge spoil disposal groups (following on from BMT WBM monitoring in 2010/2011) and there is no obvious plan to undertake post-disposal re-colonisation studies at or around the disposal site 4. Information on factors affecting metal bioavailability in sediments such as TOC and acid-volatile sulfides Landmark studies 1. The Conaghan study of the early ‘60’s (thesis (Conaghan, 1963) and later report (Conaghan, 1966)). Most of the data is presented as derived maps and prose descriptions but it provides extremely detailed information on the Harbour prior to a major phase of industrial development. The maps may be able to be digitised. 2. All of the detailed coring and analysis undertaken as part of the EIS studies for the Western Basin provide a high resolution, detailed map of the Harbour sediment in the mid- to late 2000’s.

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Data coverage Year(s) Geographic Notes '60-'65 '66-'70 '71-'75 '76-'80 '81-'85 '86-'90 '91-'95 '96-'00 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 spread Alma Bay Boyne River Saenger study; Conaghan Calliope River study; Port Curtis Fitzroy River Macrobenthos studies; Size distribution Harbour Fringes EIS studies; PCIMP, Middle Harbour Coastal CRC, GBR Seabed Outer Harbour Biodiversity project The Narrows Western Basin Alma Bay Mineralogy and geochemistry (e.g. Boyne River Saenger study; Conaghan Calliope River elemental study; Port Curtis analysis, content Fitzroy River Macrobenthos studies; Harbour Fringes of silica, EIS studies; PCIMP, Middle Harbour carbonate and Coastal CRC, GBR Seabed Outer Harbour their different Biodiversity project The Narrows forms) Western Basin Acronyms: GBR: Great Barrier Reef; PCIMP: Port Curtis Integrated Marine Monitoring Program Data

Figure 26 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Sediment Composition" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10

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Shipping (Definition: number and intensity of ship visits and the quality of the ships and their practices; this topic area has been used to capture information on resource imports and exports for manufacturing, refining and other purposes e.g. coal, gas, alumina, etc. Summary Shipping intensity is well monitored and reported by the Gladstone Port Corporation (GPC, 2013b) and from Queensland government gathered data (Maritime Safety Queensland shipping movement reports (MSQ, 2013)). Instantaneous data (i.e. within the past hour) about shipping intensity is also publicly available via public systems and sites that display data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) (e.g. “Marine Traffic website” (MarineTraffic.com, 2013)). Short term data is available via QSHIPS which provides a public interface to identify ships due at the ports along the Queensland coast (or have departed in the previous 7 days). The purpose for the shipping is also revealed via trade cargo statistics reported by Gladstone Port Corporation (GPC, 2013b) and by monitoring and reporting via the Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines. The Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) administers the Port State Control (PSC) (AMSA, 2013) regime of the Australian maritime quality auditing and compliance reports (specifically ship compliance with United Nations maritime convention as well as other duties including flag State inspections, marine survey, cargo related inspections, marine qualifications duties and occupational health and safety audits of Australian flag ships. Details of monthly PSC inspections are published for each port. Shipping incidents are investigated by the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB, 2013) and Maritime Safety Queensland (MSQ, 2013) results and learnings from these investigations are published. The Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics (BREE) is an economic and statistical research unit within the Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism (RET) and in 2012 undertook a forecasting project of the likely shipping intensity scenarios out to 2025 (BREE, 2012). Another consideration in relation to shipping, particular with international vessels is the introduction of marine pest species. The National Introduced Marine Pest Information System (NIMPIS) (DAFF, 2013d) contains information on the biology, ecology and distribution of marine pest species known to have been introduced to Australia, or considered to be a risk of future introduction. Gaps 1. Agreed uncertainty about forecasting data, not only in terms of shipping, but also in terms of the amount and nature of future development in Gladstone in terms of key industries, resource products being imported and exported. 2. Correlations of multi-decadal time series of shipping traffic with major changes in Harbour activity (e.g. expansion events, extreme weather) Landmark studies 1. The Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics (BREE) forecasts of likely shipping intensity scenarios out to 2025 (BREE, 2012).

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Data coverage Year(s) Geographic Notes spread '60-'65 '66-'70 '71-'75 '76-'80 '81-'85 '86-'90 '91-'95 '96-'00 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 AMSA Port Control Surveys Ship quality GGR MSQ, ATSB, AMSA Shipping incidents GGR MSQ, GPC Shipping number & intensity GGR GPC, NRM Resource movement (ie cargo) GGR NRM Coal exports GGR Acronyms: AMSA: Australian Maritime Safety Authority; ATSB: Australian Transport Safety Bureau; GGR: Greater Gladstone Region; GPC: Gladstone Ports Corporation; MSQ: Maritime Safety Queensland; NRM: Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines Data

Figure 27 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Shipping" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10

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Water Quality (Definition: the clarity and suitability of conditions for the support of biodiversity e.g. transparency, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, chlorophyll a) Summary Growth and healthy living of biodiversity endemic to a region requires clear water, possessing suitable parameters within the limits of tolerance. Availability of nutrients is also critical but is dealt with in a separate section on “Nutrients” as are some physical parameters (“Physical”). The Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (EHP) is the home of a long term project sampling estuaries and inshore coastal waters throughout Central Queensland (DERM, 2012) but this ends at the mouth of the rivers of interest to Gladstone Harbour (Boyne, Calliope and Fitzroy) with highly variable effort at the different sampling sites upstream along the rivers. Within the Harbour, since the emergence of water quality as a major community concern, EHP commissioned additional monitoring throughout the Harbour, increasing the number of sampling sites as the program has progressed. The program has taken measurements every 1-2 months since 2011 (post-2013 flood (Arango, et al., 2013), 2011-2012 which included an analysis of historical data (DERM, 2011b)), with an increasing number of sample sites as the monitoring program continued, but this monitoring program has a finite life (ends October 2013). Under the Reef Rescue Marine Monitoring Program (RRMMP), CSIRO has conducted GBR-wide remotes sensing-based monitoring of chlorophyll and suspended solids since 2005 ( Brando, Schroeder, Blondeau-Patissier, Clementson, & Dekker, 2011). AIMS has monitored for the same period various water quality parameters at 3 sites in Keppel Bay and JCU in flood plumes (GBRMPA, 2013). These and other point sampling exercises provide data in their own right but also provide calibration and validation for many of the automated water quality monitoring activities (i.e. valuable duplication) and that used for the hydrodynamic studies conducted within the Harbour. Monitoring of the water quality throughout the Western Basin has been intense in recent years for which there have been numerous reports produced with the latest capturing the period up to April 2013 (Vision Environment, 2013). This Western Basin Dredging and Disposal monitoring program will end two months after the conclusion of dredging (towards the end of 2013), with many of the buoys removed. Some will continue under the purview of PCIMP who will also deploy buoys in other locations. Visualisations (i.e. graphs) of the latest data, but not the data itself, and some interpretation can be accessed on the web which is routinely updated. Remote sensing has been used to identify proxies for water clarity (Petus & Devlin, 2012) and then extrapolate water quality although reports to date are of limited value. This approach has been used in a detailed study within the Fitzroy Estuary (Dekker & Phinn, 2005) using different streams of remote sensing data to cross-validate the interpretations, and increase robustness. PCIMP, Gladstone Ports Corporation (Western Basin Dredging and Disposal Project), the Gladstone Area Water Board, EISs, university research projects and near-field compliance monitoring by major Gladstone industries are just some of the sources of regular water quality measurements in and around Gladstone Harbour, although notably at different localities and frequencies. Overall, water quality parameters such as those listed above are cheap and easy to measure and the harbour and estuarine water have been extensively studied for at least the last decade

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Gaps 1. Technologies have evolved rapidly allowing much robust data to be generated rapidly and linked with other spatial data. This may enable the approach of providing as near as real-time models/visualisations integrating water quality data with other forcing/driving factors (e.g. turbidity patterns linked with hydrodynamics) 2. Robust analysis of utility of remote sensing for inshore water quality monitoring, especially within an embayment where there are numerous signals that can contaminate interpretation of remote sensing data 3. Better understanding of the waters that fringe the Harbour mouth to understand the interactions between harbour, near-shore and reef waters 4. Monitoring around development sites or dredge and spoil disposal sites is often focused around the time of the activity meaning datasets at a range of harbour locations are piecemeal and not part of a single long term dataset 5. Coordination between measurement/monitoring activities including and assessment of the responses to multiples pressures, interactions between pollutants and cumulative impacts over time. Landmark studies 1. Queensland Dept. of Environment & Heritage Protection monitoring of waterways (DERM, 2012) and Gladstone (post-2013 flood (Arango, et al., 2013), 2011-2012 which included an analysis of historical data (DERM, 2011b)) 2. Vision Environment, Gladstone Ports Corporation and PCIMP raw data for past ten years is likely to provide a powerful baseline but it needs to be accessed and assessed for this purpose 3. Coastal CRC study (Dekker & Phinn, 2005) on utility of remote sensing for inshore water quality parameters

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Data coverage Year(s) Geographic Notes '60-'65 '66-'70 '71-'75 '76-'80 '81-'85 '86-'90 '91-'95 '96-'00 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 spread Alma Bay Boyne River EHP monitoring program; Calliope River Western Basin developments Turbidity, dissolved Fitzroy River (EIS baseline and continued Harbour Fringes oxygen, pH, salinity Middle Harbour monitoring); Coastal CRC Outer Harbour Fitzroy Estuary studies The Narrows Western Basin Alma Bay EHP monitoring program; Boyne River Vision Environment Calliope River monitoring for Western Basin Fitzroy River dredging program; PCIMP; Chlorophyll a Harbour Fringes Western Basin developments Middle Harbour (EIS baseline and continued Outer Harbour monitoring); Coastal CRC The Narrows Fitzroy Estuary studies Western Basin Acronyms: EHP: Queensland Department of Environment & Heritage Protection; PCIMP: Port Curtis Integrated Monitoring Program; Data

Figure 28 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Water Quality" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10

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Wildlife Health (Definition: occurrence of pathogens, nutritional deficiencies and injuries to wildlife) Summary With respect to disease, there is always some level of disease within a community which varies due to a variety of external factors (e.g. seasons). Determining whether changes in disease occur beyond the norm, requires monitoring and knowledge of a baseline, and uncovering the links between abnormal variations and specific causes (single or multiple) is difficult. Diagnosis can also be difficult, especially in non-vertebrate organisms because their physiologies are markedly different to that for which we have most knowledge (e.g. veterinary and biomedical knowledge is overwhelmingly focussed on vertebrates). Often there is a time lag between environmental conditions and any disease manifestations within the ecosystem that they may cause, and direct links are difficult to confirm after the fact especially since multiple stressors need to be considered (for more detail see “Potential relationships between parameters”). In 1994, a shell lesion disease was observed by crab fisherman prompting an investigation from 1998 to 2001 of its prevalence, potential causes and whether it might be transmissible (Andersen L. E., 2003). Health effects due to injuries are much easier to identify and record so this data is far more robust and is available from the Queensland government’s StrandNet program, which incorporates reports from the RSPCA and GBRMPA, and includes data on injuries to turtles (Biddle & Limpus, Marine wildlife stranding and mortality database annual reports 2005-2010: Marine turtles, 2011), dugongs (Biddle, Boyle, & Limpus, 2011) and dolphins (Greenland & Limpus, 2008). A new initiative, the Quoin Island Turtle Rehabilitation Centre will also have records about injured turtles which can provide more information about mortalities and numbers of turtles but this is a recent initiative and their records database might not yet be very extensive. The Department of Environment and Heritage Protection conducted a focussed study on turtle health in 2011 along the Queensland (Limpus, Limpus, Savige, & Shearer, 2012) coast in response to reports of large numbers of turtle deaths suspected to be caused by loss of food supply after Cyclone Yasi, and two of the study sites were within Gladstone Harbour. This was a comprehensive study but was limited in geographic and temporal scope. A similar study was conducted by University of Queensland (Eden, Flint, Mills, & Owen, 2011) researchers in 2011 with most turtles examined from around the mouth of the Boyne River, supplemented by sickened or stranded animals collected by state government environment staff. A large research investment into fish health was made following the 2011 floods and mass fish deaths in Gladstone. The Queensland Government established an independent Fish Health Advisory Panel (Gladstone Fish Health Scientific Advisory Panel, 2012), and an Integrated Aquatic Investigation Program (EHP, 2013a), which resulted in fish health sampling (DEEDI, 2012) several related reports (e.g. report 1 (DAFF, 2012a), report 2 (DERM, 2011a), report 3 (DAFF, 2012b), report 4 (DAFF, 2012c), report 5 (Anon., 2011)), the last of which is due in mid-2013. These reports include veterinary diagnostic assessments, pathology studies (on fish, molluscs and crustaceans), collation of fish kill reports and sightings and historical water quality analysis. Related reports include the Landos study and subsequent reviews (Landos, 2012; Batley, 2013; Nowak, 2013); a research review by QGC (QGC, 2013); flood and water flow data from Gladstone Area Water Board and historical data from Queensland government monitoring station 133005A on the Boyne River at Awoonga Dam Headwater (Open: October, 1984; Closed: June, 2012) (DNRM, 2012).

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Gaps 1. Baselines and seasonal variations in natural disease background level 2. Thorough understandings of the key drivers of disease in different types of wildlife (e.g. molluscs, birdlife, fish and large mammals) Landmark studies 1. StrandNet database and associated reports 2. Fish health studies associated with the 2011 floods 3. Potentially the Department of Environment and Heritage Protection study on turtle health in 2011 (Limpus, Limpus, Savige, & Shearer, 2012) in combination with a 2011 University of Queensland study (Eden, Flint, Mills, & Owen, 2011) but with the latter dominated by turtles collected around the mouth of the Boyne River and not from throughout Port Curtis, although some sickened and stranded turtles were provided by state government staff. Data coverage Data

Year(s) Geographic spread '60-'65 '66-'70 '71-'75 '76-'80 '81-'85 '86-'90 '91-'95 '96-'00 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13

Notes

EHP & UQ reports; CQU mud crab disease studies - 1998-2001 Injury GGR Strandnet, EHP & UQ report Acronyms: CQU: Central Queensland University; EHP: Queensland Department of Environment & Heritage Protection; GGR: Greater Gladstone Region; UQ: University of Queensland Disease GGR

Figure 29 Quality and utility of data relevant to the topic "Wildlife Health" on a geographic and time scale using the symbols described in Figure 10

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Current monitoring relating to Gladstone Harbour The following table summarises the primary long term, widespread monitoring programs in or around Gladstone Harbour which are ongoing as of July 2013. The list is not exhaustive but provides a general introduction to current programs in the region. Further details of industrial point source compliance monitoring are included in Appendix J. Figure 30 Current monitoring programs relating to Gladstone Harbour Monitoring Program

Organisation

Monitoring period

Scope

Notes

Port Curtis Integrated Monitoring Program (PCIMP)

A consortium of major stakeholders in the port comprising of industry, government, research and catchment management organisations.

2001 – ongoing Water quality sampling began in 2006 and was conducted annually until 2012 after which it has been conducted quarterly.



PCIMP was established to monitor ambient water quality in Port Curtis in relation to industry compliance requirements. Report Cards are released every three years.

Western Basin Dredging and Disposal Project - Ecosystem Research and Monitoring Program (ERMP)

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Gladstone Ports Corporation & ERMP Advisory Panel

2011 –2020 onwards

Physico-chemical parameters  Nutrients  Metals including dissolved  Biological indicators  Sediments  Mangroves  Seagrass 54 monitoring sites from the Narrows in the north to Colosseum Inlet in the south and reference locations at Rodds Bay.  Turtles  Inshore dolphins  Dugongs  Migratory shorebirds  Mangroves  Seagrass  Corals and associated benthos  Any other species relevant to the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area

http://www.pcimp.com.au/

The research will be used to monitor and offset any impacts of the Western Basin dredging program on EPBC Act listed threatened and migratory species and the values of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. http://www.westernbasinportd evelopment.com.au/ermp

Duration of capital dredging works in the Western Basin approx. 2011 – 2014



Infofish and QGC

2011 – ongoing

Assessing trends in recreational fishing in Gladstone Harbour and adjacent waterways

Monitoring relating to Awoonga Dam

Gladstone Area Water Board (GAWB)

ongoing

Gladstone seagrass monitoring

Seagrass Watch

2002 – ongoing

Capricorn Cetaceans Project

Southern Cross University

2005 – ongoing

 Drinking water quality  Sedimentation  Flow  Riparian vegetation  Fish stocks  Cyanobacteria Seagrass habitat monitoring at:  Facing Island  Fishermen’s landing  Gladstone Harbour  Rodds Bay  Wiggins Island Regular surveys of humpbacks, snubfin dolphins and other cetaceans in the Capricorn Coast region including Gladstone Harbour.

Western Basin Dredging and Disposal Project - Dredge Technical Reference Panel (DTRP)

Gladstone Ports Corporation & DTRP

Gladstone Recreational Fishing Project - Gladfish

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     

Physico-chemical parameters Chlorophyll A Turbidity Metals Nutrients Light monitoring Seagrass cover

The Dredge Technical Reference Panel (DTRP) is a committee of technical experts and regulators the Commonwealth Government requires as part of the approvals for the dredging project. http://www.westernbasinportd evelopment.com.au/dredge_te chnical_reference_panel This program has taken over from the 2005-12 CapReef citizen science monitoring program. http://infofish.net/gladfish/aboutgladfish/ http://www.gawb.qld.gov.au/

http://www.seagrasswatch.org/ Gladstone.html

http://www.capricorncetaceans project.com/index.html

Gladstone Harbour catchment care program

Conservation Volunteers Australia, QCG and Central Queensland University National Environmental Research Program (NERP) – Tropical Ecosystems Hub

2011 – ongoing (quarterly surveys)

Socio-economic systems and reef resilience

NERP Tropical Ecosystems Hub

2011 – 2014

Gas Industry Social and Environmental Research Alliance (GISERA)

APLNG and CSIRO

2011 – ongoing

National Pollution Inventory (NPI)

DSEWPaC (Commonwealth)

1998 – ongoing

Annual Reports from Industry.

National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting

Clean Energy Register (Commonwealth)

2008 – ongoing



Social and economic long-term monitoring program

2011 – 2014

Marine debris surveys and clean ups and a catchment to coast tagging study using drift cards Design and implementation of a long-term social and economic monitoring programme for the GBR region. Status and trends of socio economic data in the GBR.

http://www.conservationvolunt eers.com.au/about-us/ourpartnerships/qgc http://www.nerptropical.edu.a u/search?search=10.1

Long term monitoring of visitor patterns in the GBR. Stakeholder views on the relative value of different market and non-market goods and services provided by the GBR.  Turtle tagging  Dugong movements  Seagrass surveys  Hydrodynamic modelling

http://www.nerptropical.edu.a u/search?search=10.2



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Greenhouse gas emissions (t CO2-e) Total energy consumption 3(GJ)

Funding research into the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of the natural gas industry. http://www.gisera.org.au/ Detailed information about industry/government emissions into air and water since 1998. http://www.npi.gov.au/ Regulatory compliance. Several registered corporations (controlling corporations and RTC holders) in Gladstone are registered and expected to report under the NGER Act for each reporting year. http://www.cleanenergyregulat or.gov.au/NationalGreenhouse-and-EnergyReporting/Pages/default.aspx

QUEENSLAND GOVERNMENT MONITORING Event based water quality monitoring

Department of Science, Information Technology, Innovation and the Arts (DSITIA) on behalf of Department of Environment and Heritage Protection

e.g. January 2013 – bimonthly monitoring until late 2013.

Central Queensland Coastal and Estuarine Ambient Water Quality Monitoring

DSITIA on behalf of Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (EHP)

1993 – ongoing monthly sampling

Marine strandings

Department of National Parks, Recreation, Sport and Racing on behalf of Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (EHP)

2011 – ongoing

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  

       

Physicochemical parameters of water quality Nutrients Metals

Physicochemical parameters of water quality organic nitrogen ammonia nitrate plus nitrite total nitrogen total phosphorus filterable phosphorus chlorophyll a

All of Queensland, Gladstone identified as a hotspot.

Opportunistic monitoring to establish the effects of 2011 floods on water quality and ecosystem health in Gladstone e.g. 2013 flood monitoring. http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/gla dstone/reports.html#water_qu ality The Queensland Government monitors 11 coastal and estuarine waters between Tin Can Inlet and the Fitzroy estuary in Central Queensland. The main aims of the program are to assess the quality of these waters with respect to both condition and long-term trend. http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/wat er/monitoring/qld-coastalwater-quality.html Response to stranding concerns following 2011 floods. http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/wil dlife/caring-for-wildlife/marinestrandings-data.html

Air quality monitoring

Environmental Assessment Program

Flows

DSITIA on behalf of EHP (and industry funding for Gladstone sites)

2000 – ongoing

Department of Natural Resources and Mines (QLD)

2004 – ongoing

QLD Fisheries

Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (QLD)

Pre 1997 – ongoing

Paddock to Reef integrated monitoring, modelling and reporting program

Department of Premier and Cabinet (QLD) and Commonwealth Government

2009 – ongoing

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 

Meteorological data Visibility-reducing particles (aerosols)  Nitrogen oxides  Sulphur dioxide  PM10  PM2.5  Air toxics (organic pollutants)  Ozone The effect of trigger flow releases from Awoonga Dam on the Boyne River estuary. This includes monitoring of:  salinity  nutrients  catadromous fish  macroinvertebrates  aquatic habitat  waterholes as refugia Recreational and commercial fisheries catch data.

Ambient air quality monitoring. The program was expanded for the Clean and Healthy Air for Gladstone initiative between 2008 and 2010. http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/air/ monitoring/network/gladstone. html

Loads monitoring sites at the mouth of the Fitzroy, Burnett & Mary Rivers but not in Gladstone.

http://www.reefplan.qld.gov.au /measuring-success/paddockto-reef.aspx

The program is designed to provide information to assist in the assessment of ecological outcomes identified in Water Resource Plans for the Boyne River. http://www.nrm.qld.gov.au/wa ter/monitoring/efap.html http://chrisweb.dpi.qld.gov.au/ CHRIS/

Potential relationships between parameters Many of the datasets examined in this study were designed to stand alone, rather than to be integrated with data describing other components of the system to which they relate. However, in addition to understanding the presence and quality of datasets relating to key topic areas in Gladstone Harbour, it is necessary to appreciate the current state of knowledge regarding the potential relationships that may exist between individual environmental variables, as well as socioeconomic factors. Process studies are those which explain relationships between components of a system, and the strength and directionality of change brought about in one component as the result of a change to another. The complexity of the potential relationships between parameters relating to environmental and socioeconomic status is summarised below, depicting the many types of variations in the status of a variable that may result from changes in another. Several examples are depicted below in Figure 31 and this is made even more complex if these linkages have to be considered in a cumulative manner. The way in which they interact (e.g. synergistic, antagonistic, additive) is also critical. What also needs to be borne in mind is the domino effect where there may be a time lag between one event and another but the occurrence of an event may be deterministic and so the knock-on effect will occur after the initiating event has abated. Phenomenon Rainfall

Nature of effect Curvilinear increase (exponential, logarithmic, cumulative, etc.)

Boat ownership

Linear increase

Riverine dissolved organic matter

Bell-like

Solar irradiation Habitat loss

Population density

Effect Initial rainfall is absorbed by soil and vegetation before runoff is able to reach streams and rivers. After saturation, runoff entry into rivers increases rapidly Boat traffic increases with number of boats registered in the Gladstone area

Nutrient levels are beneficial to an estuarine ecosystem but if they become excessive, this can lead to a negative feedback causing degradation of the system (i.e. eutrophication) Fluctuation Both seawater and air temperatures fluctuate on seasonal and diurnal cycles Curvilinear Initial habitat loss may have a small decrease effect on dependent species, however (exponential, beyond a certain threshold, seagrass logarithmic, reliant species may decline cumulative, etc.) dramatically with too little habitat Linear decrease Unless suitable and affordable housing is available, access to housing is reduced

Figure 31 Examples of different natures of potential relationships between key components in a harbour system.

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Any modelling projects undertaken in Gladstone Harbour, such as the proposed conceptual and quantitative modelling tasks, require an understanding of the state of knowledge around processes in Gladstone Harbour. This complexity in relationships and potential cause-and-effect is beyond the remit of this study but initial steps were taken to identify those reports or studies where the investigators attempted to understand processes within Gladstone Harbour. Following are a series of figures showing potential links between different variables for which data is, or may be, available. The depicted links between parameters relate to the following legend (Figure 32): Link symbol

Meaning Green arrows signify a (potentially) positive relationships with the arrow head indicating the dependent property when one was hypothesized Red arrows signify a (potentially) negative relationships with the arrow head indicating the dependent property when one was hypothesized Red/green arrows signify an intensity-based relationship where at one level they are beneficial but at another, they are detrimental. As above, the arrow head points to the dependent property when one was hypothesized Dotted green and red arrows indicate examples where relationships are likely to exist but which do not yet appear to have been fully investigated within Gladstone Harbour Double-ended, arrows indicate relationships that are likely to exist but the directionality and identity of the dependent factor is uncertain

Figure 32 Legend for figures 33, 35 and 37. Arrows which comprise a full line are those relationships where a study has attempted to explore the relationship and the arrows and their titles contain hyperlinks to a relevant report(s) in the electronic repository For ease of viewing, the figure has been replicated with several different foci: environmental, maritime, and socio-economic. Note that these foci are not completely exclusive and there may be some overlaps (e.g. maritime activity and wildlife injury). Please note, this study has focused on datasets which may provide information specific to Gladstone Harbour, however there will be other relevant studies nationally and internationally that can provide general baseline knowledge, such as general relationships between specific dissolved metals and fish health. Even in Gladstone Harbour alone there would be hundreds of potential relationships between parameters about which information may be required in order to improve an understanding of the Harbour so the following is intended to provide examples of existing process datasets rather than to be exhaustive.

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Figure 33 Looking at available data for Gladstone Harbour through an environment lens, identifying studies which have investigated potential causeand-effect relationships (see Figure 32 for legend to arrows) Agriculture & Forestry Air quality  Agricultural productivity Wildlife health  Agricultural exports  Noxious gases Water quality  

Turbidity, dissolved O2, pH, salinity Chlorophyll a

 

Disease Injury

 

Land dedicated to agriculture Land use

 

Ship quality Shipping incidents Shipping number & intensity Resource movements (cargo) Coal exports

   

Size distribution Mineralogy & geochemistry

 

Recreational fishing Boating use Boating registrations



PAHs & pesticides

Cultural preservation 

Hydrodynamic Seawater temperature Air temperature, wind speed & direction 

   

Metals

Nutrients Nitrogen, phosphorous, carbon

Liveability     

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Indigenous heritage

Economy

Metals



Seagrass Mangroves

Contaminants

Physical   

Megafauna Fish Marine macrobenthos Shorebirds

Biodiversity flora

Recreation, access & use   

Marine debris Community attitudes

Biodiversity fauna

Sediment composition  

Dust Greenhouse gases

Amenity

Shipping     

 

Police service levels & crime Aged care & health services Facilities & amenities Community resources access Housing availability

Human health, incl seafood safety   

Human health Seafood toxicity Seafood contamination

Employment Income Tourism Housing: construction, sales, rentals

Fisheries  

Commercial fisheries catch & value Recreational fishery catch

Figure 34 Some expanded detail of potential relationships between different parameters depicted in Figure 33 Examples Population density and wildlife strike number Ship number and megafauna injury Tributyl-tin and imposex

Dissolved metals and fish health River flow and fishery success

Fertiliser run-off

Nutrient status eutrophication

and

Effect of extreme weather events on wildlife health

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Description The number of turtles and dugongs that suffer boat and ship strikes is dependent upon the population density: the more populous the turtles, dolphins and dugongs are, the greater the risk that they will be hit by boat and ship traffic. The greater the number of boats and ships operating will increase the risk that turtles (Biddle & Limpus, 2011), dolphins and dugongs (Biddle, Boyle, & Limpus, 2011) will be hit by boat and ship traffic. Number of boat registration does not necessarily measure boat activity as individual boat use is highly varied. Tributyl-tin (TBT) is an antifoulant which is being phased out globally because of its long residence time in the environment and the causes it may have on marine organisms. TBT containing paint is removed from ship’s hulls through abrasion during berthing and other operations. One of its effects is to cause imposex, or the imposition of male sexual characteristics (notably a penis) on female marine snails. After an initial survey for the presence of TBT in Port Curtis during the life of the Coastal CRC (Apte, et al., 2005), a follow-up broad survey (Andersen L. , 2004) was conducted with a follow-up study (Wilson, 2009) with sampling undertaken in 2008. The effects of dissolved metals (i.e. not colloidal or particulate) on the health of animals exposed at adverse concentrations and exposure times are poorly understood in Gladstone Harbour. The effects of some metals in its many possible states in different water conditions (e.g. marine, fresh, high levels of dissolved organic matter) upon marine biota is not yet conclusively understood. One study (Halliday & Robins, 2007) has examined correlations between river flows and fishery stocks within estuaries within the Port Curtis and Alma Bay area. This was prompted by the intention to understand how much water is required to maintain healthy estuaries from the fishery perspective to better inform upstream water harvesting. Likewise, analysis of recreational fishing club catch records (Platten & Sawynok, 2008) shows a complicated link to river flows where catch rates increased slightly with flow, followed by a period where catch rates increased exponentially to an upper flow limit above which the influence of river flow on catch rates appeared to decline. Rivers and creeks throughout Queensland, including the Fitzroy, Boyne and calliope Rivers have been monitored for several freshwater quality measures for over two decades (DERM, 2012). Such a measure is nutrients which may reflect anthropogenic input from fertiliser run-off, injecting unnatural levels into the estuaries and Port Curtis and Alma Bay. Eutrophication can result in dense algal growth. Chlorophyll a concentration is often used as an indication of microalgae density and was included in the Port Curtis Integrated Marine Monitoring Program (Storey, Andersen, Lynas, & Melville, 2007; Vision Environment QLD, 2011) for this purpose. Extreme weather events cause major disruption to the habitats and ecological processes upon which marine megafauna (Limpus, Limpus, Savige, & Shearer, 2012) depend. Major floods scour seagrass meadows removing food sources, increase turbidity and lead to decreases in water quality which can add to the stress on species (Mustoe, 2011). Multiple stressors and lagging effects make cause and effect relationships difficult to uncover.

Marine uptake of dust & atmospheric pollutants Wind speed/direction and dust pollution

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Mercury was identified within biota within Port Curtis in a screening level risk assessment (Apte, et al., 2005) which noted that the dominant local anthropogenic source was industrial air and water emissions Dust studies focusing on the RG Tanna (Anon., RG Tanna dust benchmarking study Gladstone port coal losses and air quality, 2008a) and Barney Point (Anon., 2008b) coal loading facilities which included analysis of prevailing winds, their direction and strength and subsequent dust pollution risk zones within Gladstone.

Figure 35 Looking at available data for Gladstone Harbour through a maritime lens, identifying studies which have investigated potential cause-andeffect relationships (see Figure 32 for arrow legend) Agriculture & Forestry Air quality  Agricultural productivity Wildlife health  Agricultural exports  Noxious gases Water quality  

Turbidity, dissolved O2, pH, salinity Chlorophyll a

 

Disease Injury

 

Land dedicated to agriculture Land use

 

Ship quality Shipping incidents Shipping number & intensity Resource movements (cargo) Coal exports

   

Dredging

Size distribution Mineralogy & geochemistry

 

Recreational fishing Boating use Boating registrations



PAHs & pesticides

Cultural preservation 

Hydrodynamic Seawater temperature Air temperature, wind speed & direction 

   

Metals

Nutrients Nitrogen, phosphorous, carbon

Liveability     

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Police service levels & crime Aged care & health services Facilities & amenities Community resources access Housing availability

Indigenous heritage

Economy

Currents & ship safety

Metals



Seagrass Mangroves

Contaminants

Physical   

Megafauna Fish Marine macrobenthos Shorebirds

Biodiversity flora

Recreation, access & use   

Marine debris Community attitudes

Biodiversity fauna

Sediment composition  

Dust Greenhouse gases

Amenity

Shipping     

 

Human health, incl seafood safety   

Human health Seafood toxicity Seafood contamination

Employment Income Tourism Housing: construction, sales, rentals

Fisheries  

Commercial fisheries catch & value Recreational fishery catch

Figure 36 Some expanded detail of potential relationships between different parameters depicted in Figure 35 Examples Description Maritime facilities and Visual amenity can be assessed by modelling existing and future landscapes and then assessing the changed views that would activity and visual amenity be seen from locations important to the community which will be impacted. An example is given in a Visual Impact Assessment in the GLNG EIS (Santos, 2013). Currents and ship safety Heavily laden ships are subject to numerous stresses on their hulls and which may crack or fissure if subjected to too much force. Unexpected eddy formation and current changes may also increase the safety risks during the process of tying up to the berth. Modelling flows near berths under a variety of conditions is necessary to properly assess potential risks caused by changing flow patterns (Department of Harbours and Marine, 1983). Boating & fishing intensity A significant portion of the debris found on beaches within Port Curtis (Wilson, 2011) can be attributed to boating, fishing and and marine debris shipping (plastic bottles & caps, fishing line and equipment, rope, polystyrene waste). Resource exports, In 2001, the (Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics assessed the regional impact of the Port of Gladstone employment and over the previous decade (Department of Transport, 2001), determining the direct and flow-on effects concluding output economic impact attributable to the port totalled $224 million in 1999–2000 with additional value-adding of $139 million. Mangroves and seagrasses The effect of an oil spill on seagrass in Gladstone Harbour was monitored to determine the impact and rate of recovery of the and their ability to recover seagrass meadows. More generically, the effects of oil on mangroves (Taylor, Rasheed, & Thomas, 2006) was reviewed in a (ecosystem resilience) partnership project between the Reef CRC, Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association and the Energy Research and Development Corporation. This project included experimental oiling of mangroves within Gladstone Harbour which may be drawn upon for a specific measure of the effects of Gladstone Harbour sediments on oils and the ability of mangroves to tolerate oil exposure (e.g. resilience) in this particular environment. Dredging and sediment Dredging generates sediment plumes during both the dredging stage and when spoil is deposited in the dredge spoil relocation distribution ground. Plume behaviour is dependent upon hydrodynamics which is influenced by currents, tides, river flows, and winddriven surface movement. A detailed example can be found in the Western Basin Dredge Management Plan. Shipping and exhaust Coastal and port emissions from ships at anchor, at berth and underway (Goldsworthy & Galbally, 2011) can be transported emissions over land or dissolved into the water column. The main emissions are CO, VOC, SO2, particulate matter and NOx

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Figure 37 Looking at available data for Gladstone Harbour through a socio-economic lens, identifying studies which have investigated potential causeand-effect relationships (see Figure 32 for arrow legend) Agriculture & Forestry Air quality  Agricultural productivity Wildlife health  Agricultural exports  Noxious gases Water quality  

Turbidity, dissolved O2, pH, salinity Chlorophyll a

 

Disease Injury

 

Land dedicated to agriculture Land use

Sediment composition Size distribution Mineralogy & geochemistry

Recreation, access & use   

 

Fish illness & human health

Ship quality Shipping incidents Shipping number & intensity Resource movements (cargo) Coal exports  

Recreational fishing Boating use Boating registrations

   

Megafauna Fish Marine macrobenthos Shorebirds

Iconic species & Biodiversity flora cultural heritage  

Seagrass Mangroves

Contaminants 

PAHs & pesticides

Cultural preservation 

Hydrodynamic Seawater temperature Air temperature, wind speed & direction 

   

Metals

Nutrients Nitrogen, phosphorous, carbon

Liveability     

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Indigenous heritage

Economy

Metals



Marine debris Community attitudes

Biodiversity fauna

Physical   

Dust Greenhouse gases

Amenity

Shipping     

 

Police service levels & crime Aged care & health services Facilities & amenities Community resources access Housing availability

Human health, incl seafood safety   

Human health Seafood toxicity Seafood contamination

Employment Income Tourism Housing: construction, sales, rentals

Fisheries  

Commercial fisheries catch & value Recreational fishery catch

Figure 38 Some expanded detail of potential relationships between different parameters depicted in Figure 37 Examples Description Housing construction Current development proponents and the Queensland government have initiated integrated housing projects (Coordinatorand availability General, 2013) to enable Gladstone to better cope with the influx of workers during construction phases increasing demand for accommodation, potentially putting pressure on the prices and rental costs of housing. These strategies also aim to ensure that the produced housing solutions do not have a negative impact upon the housing and rental market when this workforce decreases when the projects reach their operational phases. Air quality and human The Clean and Healthy Air for Gladstone (DERM, 2011c) Project was established in response to community concerns about the health cumulative impact of industrial air emissions on the well-being of the community in the Gladstone region on the Central Queensland coast. An interim report (Queensland Health, 2009) was undertaken to determine if there were any immediate health risk concerns that required urgent action and assess the quality of the monitoring program. Air quality data from throughout Gladstone continues to be monitored and the data reported to the web (EHP, 2013b). Health of key species Information on cultural heritage (including turtles and dugongs as iconic species), and seagrass, water quality and coral in the Port and ecosystems and Curtis region is available (CQG Consulting, 2012). The report mentions cultural history and the connection to country of the cultural preservation Gooreng Gooreng, Gurang, Bailai and Tarebilang Bunda tribes of the PCCC TUMRA including the importance of different flora and fauna species for food, materials and ceremony, cultural law and traditional practice. Visual amenity and The relationship between visually attractive surroundings and wellbeing or enjoyment of peoples’ place of living and work has not quality of life been closely studied in Gladstone however certain values can be derived from wellbeing studies (The Hornery Institute, 2010) and social impact assessments. It is possible there is a curvilinear decrease in happiness or quality of life once as visual amenity declines. Access and amenities The large number of recreational fishers in Port Curtis demonstrates the high value placed on access to the harbour for recreational purposes. This might be assessed by “willingness to pay” studies which quantify decisions made by harbour users based on their assessments of costs and benefits. Congestion and The 2012 report from the Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads “Marine incidents in Queensland” (DTMR, 2013a) likelihood of smaller noted a 9.8% increase in reported incidents from 702 to 771 (up 9.8%) which the report attributed to “port expansion work in the boats using the harbour Gladstone harbour region where there was a 137% increase in vessel movements and a 62% increase in the number of reported marine incidents”.

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Gaps in available datasets relating to processes and relationships between variables The previous figures are not comprehensive but identify some of the high profile relationships likely to exist within the Harbour and point to whether there has been much investigation of each particular relationship. Generally speaking, integration questions are not being asked to drive the data creation in Gladstone Harbour. There are occasional studies conducted out of universities (e.g. mangrove research at CQ University and Griffith University projects using stable isotopes to understand food webs within Port Curtis) but these are often dependent upon success in various competitive funding schemes or are the subjects of postgraduate theses (e.g. PhD projects). In particular, studies focusing on multiple system interactions are lacking, such as the effect of multiple stressors on seagrass productivity or on dugong numbers, or the possible additive effects of several physical parameters on water quality, or how changes in liveability relate to not just recreation and wildlife sightings but also amenity. An example of an attempt to do this is “Intertidal wetlands of Port Curtis: ecological patterns and processes, and their implications” (Connolly, et al., 2006) produced during the life of the Coastal CRC. Future research should focus on assessing the responses to multiple and interactive environmental and socioeconomic pressures as well as and cumulative effects over time. A comprehensive analysis of the available data, guided by the soon available conceptual model of ecosystem processes and responses, could be the first step to identify potential cause-effect linkages. It is often difficult to obtain data to understand processes and interpret it with absolute certainty, but it is critical to answering key questions relating to harbour health and human interactions within the harbour. A significant number of studies that may relate one data series to another are not necessarily process or cause-and-effect studies. While one parameter or data series may change in apparent correspondence with another data series; this does not mean that one has caused the change in the other. They may instead both be responding to a third parameter which is affecting each of them in a similar manner or responding to other factors, which can be positive or negative, or acting in concert. This latter situation is a simple example of cumulative impacts or effects, which are caused by past and present activities and events. It is important also to recognise that statistical correlation between variables or datasets does not mean there is a cause-and-effect relationship. Similarity in patterns of change may simply be similarity and there is no link that drives the corresponding change in one property by another variable (i.e. a “nonsense” or “spurious” correlation). Of course, the intensity of the causative factor influences the scale of the effect. For instance, in a flood event, turbidity levels may increase slowly with early inflows from rivers, then rapidly accelerate as river flow and sediment load quickly increases, remaining at a plateau long after the riverine input has ceased, dissipating slowly through time. In short, many processes cannot be explained by a single causative factor, such as the fish deaths in 2011, and require more detailed analysis.

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General Findings This data collation effort has produced a cross-organisational repository that can be used repeatedly and can continue to be supplemented and reassessed for gaps or data opportunities that might not have been realised in this initial study. The use of standards ensures that the metadata records are portable to other metadata systems, such as that which the GHHP may choose as their preferred tool. The Geonetwork component of the e-Atlas tool used here is a widely used platform and will likely be part of other systems available to the GHHP. Overview of depth and intensity of data including gap analysis In general, the amount of environmental data available for Gladstone Harbour is heavily weighted towards water quality, air quality and biodiversity. Figure 39 clearly shows this, except in the case of air quality where most metadata records refer to more than one report or dataset. Please read the figure with caution noting that the number of metadata records compiled for this project is not directly related to research effort, number of datasets, quality of reports or the adequacy of our current knowledge on any particular topic area. A collation of data gaps is provided in Appendix D. Much of this has been driven by EIS studies, follow-on monitoring programs, or community concerns about industrialisation within the harbour. Monitoring effort sometimes reflects the height of technical hurdles to develop a data stream, with the lower the hurdle leading to increased datasets in terms of number of data points on a time basis. For example, some water quality parameters are easy to monitor in real-time, as opposed to aerial surveys of megafauna which are costly and cannot be done on an hourly/daily/weekly/monthly basis. The size of a dataset does not necessarily mean the community is more informed.

Topic Area 100 Number of metadata records

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Figure 39 Number of metadata records assigned to different Topic areas within the electronic report and data repository

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Socio-economic data is comparatively weak with much of the data being gathered in one-off community surveys or via the national Census which only happens every five years and this may then be extrapolated to derive annual data. Regulated or monitored markets can provide standard metrics such as car sales, house prices and the like. The value of such data for the purposes of the GHHP needs to be considered. Data about maritime activity is also quite strong, supported by traffic management systems as well as tracking resource/cargo movements required by customers, shipping companies and the port for financial charging purposes but also by the governments who have a financial stake in the economic activity driven by the import and export activity. Human health links to considerations such as water quality or wildlife health are particularly poorly understood and understudied. Geographically, much of the data can be attributed to sub-regions within the Harbour (see Figure 7) with the data available for Alma Bay primarily being outputs of the Coastal CRC which existed in the early 2000’s. An area of weakness is the Harbour Fringes region. While Figure 40 would initially suggest that there are a significant number of metadata records for reports and data that provide information about the Harbour Fringes, in reality this information is primarily about Rodds Bay which a seagrass protection zone and also a reference site for many of the Port Curtis studies that have been conducted over the years. The regions that fringe the Harbour are comparatively poorly studied compared to the Harbour itself and this is a deficiency that needs redressing in any whole-ofharbour model or report card.

Geographic coverage 80

Number of metadata records

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Figure 40 Number of metadata records assigned to different geographic sub-regions within the electronic report and data repository

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Overview of baselines A baseline is a point of reference from which to measure change in a particular parameter of interest. Baselines can be derived in two ways: historical quantitative baselines or by defining desired characteristics developed through stakeholder consultation. This project has highlighted “landmark studies”, which may provide relatively robust and quantitative reference point about an identifiable region over a definable period of time. These landmark studies can also then be linked to the timeline of major events in the recent history of Gladstone Harbour (Appendix A) to provide multiple baselines at different points in time or to identify the preferred timeframe for a baseline. The region has been subjected to multiple monitoring programs often targeting specific outcomes rather than developing a holistic view of the system. Known datasets possess different characteristics and varied timeframes, approaches and sampling periodicity (including one-off sampling). Elements of these studies may contribute to baselines quantitative data but this was not their original intent and they need to be assessed in this light. Defining the desired characteristics of baselines for a system can be achieved through various means such as expert review/consultation and/or by community definition. Ideally, it is best to have baselines which represent a marriage of these two processes: expert and community identified characteristics which can be monitored and for which a quantitative baseline exists. This allows robust comparison of the current state, or the state at the time a report card is issued, to the preferred state, and these efforts are owned by experts and community alike. Contained within the aforementioned monitoring programs may be datasets suitable for use in their current, or slightly improved, form and require assessment with the report card goal in mind rather than their original intent. Likewise, lesser known data may be integrated and this will require identifying, documenting and assessing their utility. Data accessibility Access to data relating to Gladstone Harbour was often freely given or available in the form of reports or publications. Some of the hurdles to obtaining data included:       

Raw data vs. compiled results Presentation in a usable form for a particular audience limiting use by other potential users Confidentiality provisions Data extraction from where it was embedded in a longer report Reports were not easily searchable e.g. hard copy only, anecdotal only, etc. Available on request – issues around knowing what data to request Grey literature was reported but underlying data unavailable

Original data can also be easily and unintentionally obfuscated. Any value-adding step removes information from the original data. For example, simple statistics or figures filter the original data as does rounding of raw data. Another issue that inhibits practical accessibility are poorly prepared or overuse of pdf files. While this document format has proved a boon in making documents accessible and transferrable electronically, this does not necessarily translate to practical accessibility to data within. Extracting data, if so desired, can be difficult if the settings used in the pdf creation have not been correctly set.

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Recommendations relating to future management of Gladstone Harbour datasets In addition to the data collation, repository construction, synthesis and gap assessment, we make the following recommendations for consideration by the Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership. These recommendations are intended to assist with the future management of datasets relating to Gladstone Harbour both by the GHHP as well as other data creators and users in the region but also to highlight broader issues that the GHHP may pursue as a part of their representative function. As many appreciate, databasing reduces data redundancy and errors as well as increases consistency. Databases can improve data integrity and access, and reduce the cost and time demands of data entry and retrieval. Increasing the portability of data between different database platforms will increase opportunities for integration studies incorporating data from different stakeholders and GHHP partners. Using a metadata sharing and interrogation tool such as that contained in e-Atlas (which in and of itself can be a database) will help industry, government and other stakeholders discover the existence of potentially useful datasets, reducing the risk of duplication of effort in generating new datasets and potentially adding significant value to their historical studies and reports. Data and metadata management 1.

Data champions from key GHHP and other organisations should be identified who have an intimate knowledge of the data holdings of said organisations. Effort should also be made to ensure their knowledge is secured and available. Our experience from this project is that this is the most time and cost effective way to ascertain what information is potentially available and to arrange for access to the data where necessary.

2.

A more refined attitude to data accessibility needs to be adopted, with consideration of the concept of “practical accessibility” where data are accessible but not in a usable format. Simply providing pdf files does not make data truly accessible. Extracting data, if so desired is difficult (especially if the pdf is a digital scan rather than a document converted into pdf). Even the latter example does not necessarily make the data practically accessible because converting documents to pdf can introduce formatting errors, font issues etc. which means data needs to be checked and manually retyped. Providing very large documents in pdf format, often broken down into multiple pieces does not make it practically accessible as the files must be downloaded and digested individually to assess the value of its contents. The size of some of the EIS documents is extraordinary and innovative solutions are required to enable diverse stakeholder groups to digest, interrogate and understand the data and interpretations they contain. Those proponents who do not currently do so, should consider use of searchable eBooks rather than delivering documents via multiple pdf document files.

3.

Another way in which practical accessibility is frequently restricted is when data is provided in a derived format that limits or prevents its use or reuse e.g. a synthesis of the main data is provided in figures but the underlying tables or detail is not accessible. Depending on the user’s needs, data presented in the opposite manner can also be inaccessible e.g. if a complex table is included in an EIS with very little explanatory notes or summary statements to guide the nonexpert reader. Hence it is recommended that when data is published or reported on, the potential audiences are carefully considered and if necessary, summaries or more detailed appendices are included where they could enhance the practical accessibility of the material and increase the likelihood of independent verification of the datasets.

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4.

The GHHP should consider the production of a data management toolkit that eases the process of producing metadata records and their deposition into a centralised repository. The kit can take the form of including schema/templates for particular data types or guided metadata entry forms (e.g. DataUp) and could include a best practices user guide. This will also assist organisations and citizen science initiatives, which do not have the wherewithal (either funds or skills), to adhere to standards and allow them to contribute to the larger effort.

5.

The GHHP should consider establishing a repository for the outputs of citizen science initiatives. For example, many digital photographs are now geolocated, dated and time stamped, providing a verifiable record of an event. A centralised on-line tool could be established for GHHP collation of existing records (e.g. fish photographs and megafauna observations) and citizen deposition, which in turn can then be used for housing future records.

6.

An important task is ongoing data management and metadata creation for all of the stakeholders in the harbour and ensuring data is updated, contributors use methods compatible with adopted systems, data is not corrupted and QA/QC is maintained. This issue may have merit on a “whole of Queensland” scale which would further increase the level of support, and potentially increase the security of this support. The GHHP has an opportunity to lead such an initiative.

Data and metadata policy 7.

Data and metadata standards within the EPBC approvals framework have a low profile. Within the university and publicly funded research agency sector there has been increased attention paid to producing data and metadata that complies with international standards and there needs to be a convergence between the different sectors (industry, consulting/services, academic, PFRA’s) producing data for pre-compliance and licence compliance data. This will have the benefit of reducing costs for all stakeholders, increasing opportunity for greater knowledge development. Regulators could support such an effort by providing additional guidelines with respect to the EPBC Act dedicated to data and metadata to ensure datasets are compiled in a standard format and an accessible location.

8.

Data requirements are referred to at several points in government environmental approvals process. For example, extracts from the Terms of Reference for recent LNG development approvals in Gladstone (which are usually replicated between Terms of Reference for each EIS) are given below:   

 

“Data compatible with the Queensland Herbarium CORVEG database should be collected across the four assessment tiers in accordance with the vegetation community encountered” “vegetation mapping and data should be submitted to the Queensland Herbarium to assist the updating of the CORVEG database” “specimens of species listed as protected plants under the Nature Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation 1994, other than common species, are to be submitted to the Queensland Herbarium for identification and entry into the HERBRECS database”; ”Site data should be recorded in a format compatible with EPA Wildnet databases”; “……map data should be made available in digital (GIS) format (MapInfo format and ArcView shapefiles, with associated metadata) to aid in the assessment of the EIS”.

This diversity of databases for which data must be compliant in turn drives complexity in the data production by proponents. Increased harmony between regulator databases will decrease overall complexity of the data generated during the EIS process. 92 | P a g e

9.

The next 2-3 years will be a critical period to develop an integrated system to house the large amounts of data on Gladstone Harbour that will be generated over the coming decades. In addition to the large body of data, the mathematical/modelling/statistical tools, monitoring systems, software and computing power will have taken enormous steps forward over that time and preparations need to commence in anticipation of these transformations. In addition to data infrastructure, consideration should be given to analysis infrastructure (both people and their analytical tools – e.g. models), together which will provide the opportunity to become a global leader in cooperative data management, analysis and implementation. This will also counter the risk of data and analysis fatigue, where the data collection and associated analyses will become routine rather than cutting-edge, not extracting the potential value that may lay latent within the collected data. As this will be required in order to deliver a Gladstone Harbour Report Card, it could constitute a worthwhile investment to expand the opportunity to maximise the return. Such an initiative should also be designed to enable integration into national data initiatives such as the National Plan for Environmental Information or the Australian Ocean Data Network.

10. There was no clear evidence that reports submitted by proponents to regulators and other interested parties received quality and considered feedback on the gathered data and the analysis they undertook. Regulators (or other experts) need to provide feedback about the value of the data collected and evidence that this tremendous body of work is being compiled, assessed and put to some greater use once it has been received. 11. Recent development approvals all contain in their conditions the following: “If requested by the Department, the proponent must provide all species and ecological survey data and related survey information from ecological surveys undertaken for MNES. The data must be collected and recorded to conform to data standards notified from time to time by the Department.” The environmental returns examined from current industries undertaking development within the Harbour all noted that no requests for the data had yet been received, although some of the projects are still in their early stages and this may change in the future. Unless this condition is acted upon, there is a high risk that value will not be extracted from the data. 12. Biodiversity and environmental data standards are rapidly maturing but it appears that socioeconomic data standards are less developed. This provides an opportunity for the GHHP to take leadership in this field by promoting the development of such standards. Technical certainty 13. Stakeholders within Gladstone Harbour have taken the sensible step of taking some samples for water quality analysis for their different programs from similar sites (see Figures 42-45, Appendix E). This does not necessarily lead to duplication and may often provide valuable points of comparison or data validation through time. A meta-analysis of the original data from this and other studies that measured the same parameters would be useful to detect trends and identify baselines/ranges. Further, integration of the data increases the spatial resolution for any water quality modelling within the Harbour. The GHHP should formalise this initiative, consider them shared sites and ensure use of a common name. Further, these sites may be

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“declared” or gazetted so that they are not artificially influenced therefore disrupting long-term time series from which valuable baselines are derived. 14. GHHP should engage with SEWPaC, or sponsor a study, to ascertain the status of trigger level determination for aluminium in the marine environment. This particular parameter and area of uncertainty is being highlighted because currently, there exists a dramatic difference between freshwater and marine thresholds (55 Vs. 0.5 microgram/L). This contributes to a substantial uncertainty in a coastal environment where there is a complex interplay between freshwater and marine environments co-located with an aluminium industry and potentially high natural levels in the environment (see results for Lake Awoonga in EHP monitoring). 15. GHHP members could promote harmonisation of technology and techniques for various monitoring and measurement needs which are then adopted by current and future members of the partnership. This might be achieved by authoring best practice guides, identifying preferred QA/QC and method specifications or prescribing standard operating procedures. PCIMP represents a major step in this direction with multiple organisations cooperating on their farfield environmental monitoring and using a single agreed method. Expanding upon this model will be beneficial for the GHHP such as in the area of hydrodynamic models of which there have been many produced and often only for portions of the Harbour. A single, agreed Harbour-wide model, that fully accounts for extra-Harbour processes that influence port hydrodynamics (i.e. the boundary conditions), would benefit all. More power would accrue if this model could also be scaled down to sub-regions of immediate interest to stakeholders in the Harbour. Preferably, such a model should provide outputs that are cross-platform in terms of the software that can use and display the model allowing its ready use by multiple organisations Even if organisations chose not to use a shared model, it could provide a benchmark for their past, existing and future models. An alternative approach is to adopt guidelines such as those produced by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority entitled “The use of Hydrodynamic Numerical Modelling for Dredging Projects in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park”. 16. Given that existing licenses for current and recent developments are multi-decadal (until 2060/2061 in the case of LNG plants; 2039 in the case of Gladstone Pacific Nickel), the data holdings, and any associated analyses, will eventually represent an extraordinary body of work. It is important to have a clear plan to ensure the data, its handling and access tools use software or technology that will stand the test of time, noting that many decades of monitoring and reporting lies ahead. International standards and open source software that removes platformdependence (e.g. commitment to a software tool from a single commercial supplier) are methods being used in some sectors to mitigate this risk.

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Conclusions and future directions With respect to the tools created during the course of this project, we recommend the following actions to build upon this initiative. 1. Almost 700 reports and datasets have now been incorporated into the on-line electronic repository developed for this project, making it a resource likely to be of use to a much wider audience than the GHHP Independent Science Panel. Many stakeholders from industry, government, research institutions and community have been calling for a centralised and readily accessible repository of information relating to Gladstone Harbour. 2. This on-line repository can be considered the start of a “Metadata Warehouse” which is a database that contains common metadata and user-friendly search routines to enable improved understanding of the described data resources. GHHP members would benefit by continuing the current data aggregation effort and making it available to members of the GHHP using a Metadata Warehouse tool of their choosing. Further effort would be required to transform the records within the repository into a community accessible tool (permission to publish, copyright and other issues for existing metadata). However this would be relatively straightforward and accrue considerable benefits through easy access to the extensive library of reports and datasets available on Gladstone Harbour in one online location. 3. A Metadata Warehouse would also circumvent many concerns about commercial sensitivity of the underlying data resources. Industry possesses significant environmental data holdings of differing commercial sensitivity. Metadata describes the existence of a dataset, its quality and limitations but allows the data itself to remain confidential. Such a Metadata Warehouse will improve data discovery enabling better, and in some cases new, partnerships and collaborations. Adhering to data standards would also increase data usability and exchange. Additional effort would need to be expended with the existing electronic repository to document data restrictions and legal ownership so that other parties appreciate what the datasets comprise as well as what they may need to negotiate to obtain access. Steps can also be taken to ensure that geolocation of metadata in and of itself does not reveal any commercial-in-confidence information (e.g. by providing a broader spatial description rather than a point location). For GHHP, this would add value to existing monitoring programs run by different organisations but also prove attractive to potential new members. 4. A mechanism such as a Metadata Warehouse would also provide industry, government and community alike with a one-stop shop via which they can become aware of, and access, the most recent datasets and ongoing research initiatives being conducted. This data may not have yet been published in a traditional form and so not come to the attention of a stakeholder, but may add significant value to studies conducted by the ports or the services/consulting sector. 5. This Metadata Warehouse could also promote the existence of high value port datasets to the broader scientific community who could provide high value analytical skills not readily available within the ports or services/consulting sector. Many of the ports datasets are long-term and have been gathered in a consistent manner, potentially making them suitable for analysis in ways other than that which they were originally collected, or in ways only now available with novel technologies or approaches. 6. While not part of the project scope, the potential value of producing visualisations of the data within the repository was assessed through the production of several trial visualisations (Appendix I). Determining which datasets are valuable to map, and how to best visualise their 95 | P a g e

data requires understanding how to integrate many data layers to investigate processes, highlight anomalies, knowledge gaps or inter-connectedness. This requires input from the ISP and GHHP members to further prioritise datasets for visualisation and test the results for their utility as analytical tools. 7. The historical PCIMP Ecosystem Health Report Cards publish data three steps removed from the original data making it difficult to assess its quality and utility (i.e. they provide averages across nine zones, throughout Port Curtis, over several years, of standardised scores for multiple parameters in eight environmental performance categories). Comparing future studies to these derived data is also difficult but likely to be feasible with the original and underived data. Obtaining access to the underlying data for each parameter, zone and year should be investigated as a priority. This should include the raw data, the QA/QC data and worked up data (i.e. the final analytical results derived from the raw data) as well as the methods used at each stage of data management and analysis. 8. Many water quality monitoring sites, whether they be automated and telemetered or sampled manually, are near enough to be comparable. In some cases, the same sampling sites are used. In these cases, the different organisations or entities that do these parallel sampling and analyses can be used to provide calibration/validation to each other if they do not decide to rationalise their activities to reduce direct duplication. Although this may be the intent it is currently not easy given the difficulties around data access or access to data in a suitable format. Cross validation could add greatly to the confidence of community and other stakeholders in the results being presented by either party. This could also be extended by using these datasets to then develop a Gladstone Harbour specific algorithm for measurement of turbidity from remote sensing and continued calibration/validation after such an algorithm were developed and implemented.

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Halliday, I., & Robins, J. (2007). Environmental flows for sub-tropical estuaries: understanding the freshwater needs of estuaries for sustainable fisheries production and assessing the impacts of water regulation. Brisbane: Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, the Coastal Zone Cooperative Research Centre and the Fisheries Research Devlopment Corporation. Harch, B., Toscas, P., & Jones, P. (2003). Aspects of Statistical Design for Monitoring Waters of Port Curtis, Queensland. St Lucia: CSIRO Mathematical & Information Sciences. Hendry, R., Small, K., & Stratford, P. (2005). Port Curtis Mangrove Monitoring Programme . Gladstone: Central Queensland University. Herzfeld, M., Andrewartha, J., Sakov, P., & Webster, I. (2006). Numerical hydrodynamic modelling of the Fitzroy Estuary. Indooroopilly: Cooperative Research Centre for Coastal Zone, Estuary and Waterway Management. Herzfeld, M., Parslow, J., Andrewartha, J., Sakov, P., & Webster, I. (2004). Hydrodynamic Modelling of the Port Curtis Region. Indooroopilly: Cooperative Research Centre for Coastal Zone, Estuary and Waterway Management. Infofish. (2012). Recaptures of barramundi in the central queensland area from Yeppoon to Bundaberg - Barramundi season 2012. Infofish. Infofish Australia. (2013). Infofish Australia. Retrieved July 3, 2013, from http://info-fish.net/ Jones, M.-A. (2002). Thesis: Assessing the risk from chemical contaminants in the Port Curtis estuary, Australia. Rockhampton: Central Queensland University. Kahlon, A., Savage, J., & Pendoley, K. (2012). Gladstone Baseline Sky Cam Light Monitoring. Prepared by Pendoley Environmental Pty Ltd for Gladstone Ports Corporation. Landos, M. (2012). Investigation of the Causes of Aquatic Animal Health Problems in the Gladstone Harbour and Nearshore Waters. Report commissioned by the Gladstone Fishing Research Fund. Leavesley, A., & Reside, J. (2013). Gladstone Ports Corporation Report for Migratory Shorebird Monitoring Port Curtis and the Curtis Coast, Annual Summer Survey - 2013. Bairnsdale: Wildlife Unlimited Pty Ltd for Gladstone Ports Corporation. Lewis, S., Hewitt, C., & Melzer, A. (2001). Port Survey for Introduced Marine Species - Port Curtis. Final Report. Gladstone: Central Queensland University. Limpus, C., Limpus, D., Savige, M., & Shearer, D. (2012). Health assessment of green turtles in South and Central Queensland following extreme weather impacts on coastal habitat during 2011. Brisbane: Department of Environment and Heritage Protection. Limpus, C., McLaren, M., McLaren, G., & Knuckey, B. (2006). Queensland Turtle Conservation Project: Curtis Island and Woongarra Coast Flatback Turtle Studies, 2005-2006. Environmental Protection Agency and Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service. Lockie, S., & Jennings, S. (2003). Central Queensland Healthy Waterways Survey. Indooroopilly: Cooperative Research Centre for Coastal Zone, Estuary and Waterway Management. Lockie, S., & Rockloff, S. (2005). Stakeholder Analysis of Coastal Zone and Waterway Stakeholders in the Port Curtis and Fitzroy Catchments of Central Queensland. Indooroopilly: Cooperative Research Centre for Coastal Zone, Estuary and Waterway Management. Lockie, S., Rockloff, S., & Muir, B. (2003). Indigenous coastal and waterways resource management. Current reflections and future directions. Indooroopilly: Cooperative Research Centre for Coastal Zone, Estuary and Waterway Management. Margvelashvili, N., Robson, B., Sakov, P., Webster, I., Parslow, J., Herzfeld, M., et al. (2003). Numerical modelling of hydrodynamics, sediment transport and biogeochemistry in the Fitzroy Estuary. Indooroopilly: Cooperative Research Centre for Coastal Zone Estuary and Waterway Management. MarineTraffic.com. (2013). Ships Map. Retrieved July 29, 2013, from MarineTraffic.com: http://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/default.aspx?centerx=151.2946¢ery=23.8670&zoom=11

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Marsh, H., Lloze, R., Heinsohn, G., & Kasuya, T. (1989). Irrawaddy Dolphin Orcaella brevirostris (Gray, 1866). In S. Ridgeway, & R. Harrison, Handbook of marine mammals, vol 4. London: Academic Press. Marshall, N. (2012). Project 10.1 'Social and Economic Long Term Monitoring Programme (SELTMP)'. Retrieved July 3, 2013, from NERP Tropical Ecosystems Hub: http://www.nerptropical.edu.au/search?search=10.1 McCormack, C., Rasheed, M., Davies, J., Carter, A., Sankey, T., & Tol, S. (2013). Long Term Seagrass Monitoring in the Port Curtis Western Basin: Quarterly Seagrass Assessments & Permanent Transect Monitoring Progress Report November 2009 to November 2012. Townsville: Centre for Tropical Water & Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University. McDonald, L. (2001). An overview of the historical cultural heritage resources of the Curtis Coast. Consultancy report prepared by Dr Lorna McDonald for the Coastal Planning Unit of the Environmental Protection Agency. MSQ. (2013). Ship movements – monthly reports 2000 - 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013, from Maritime Safety Queensland: http://www.msq.qld.gov.au/Shipping/Shipping-movements/Shipmovement-statistics-2013.aspx Mustoe, S. (2011). Status of turtles in Queensland after 2010 flood events: a review. Belgrave Heights: Applied Ecology Solutions Pty Ltd. Report produced for Gladstone Port Corporation Limited. Nowak, B. (2013). Scientific Review of: "Investigation of the Causes of Aquatic Animal Health Problems in the Gladstone Harbour and Nearshore Waters" (Dr M. Landos, 1 October 2012). University of Tasmania, Prepared for Gladstone Ports Corporation. Petus, C., & Devlin, M. (2012). Using satellite maps to document the extent of sediment plumes associated with dredging activity in Gladstone Port's western basin, Queensland FINAL REPORT 31/5/2012. Townsville: James Cook University. Phillips, S., & McGrail, S. (2008). Gladstone Regional Vision 2028 Final Project Report. Melbourne: Futureye Pty Ltd for Rio Tinto Alcan. Pitcher et al. (2007). Seabed Biodiversity on the Continental Shelf of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (Epibenthic Sled). Retrieved July 13, 2013, from MarLIN CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Laboratories Information Network: http://www.marine.csiro.au/marq/edd_search.Browse_Citation?txtSession=7036 Pitcher et al. (2007). Seabed Biodiversity on the Continental Shelf of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (Prawn Trawl). Retrieved July 13, 2013, from MarLIN: http://www.marine.csiro.au/marq/edd_search.Browse_Citation?txtSession=7042 Platten, J., & Sawynok, B. (2006). The effects of management changes on the Catches of two Deepsea Fishing Clubs in Central Queensland. Frenchville: Infofish. Platten, J., & Sawynok, B. (2008). Do river flows affect coastal and offshore catch rates? A numerical model of fisheries response to flow regime change in the estuaries and Great Barrier Reef waters of Central Queensland. Frenchville: Infofish. Platten, J., Sawynok, B., & Parsons, W. (2007). How much fishing effort is there? Patterns of fishing effort of recreational fishers offshore from Central Queensland. Frenchville: Infofish. Platten, J., Sawynok, B., & Parsons, W. (2008). How much fishing effort is there? 2005-08 Patterns of fishing effort of recreational fishers in Central Queensland. Frenchville: Infofish. QGC. (2010). Queensland Curtis LNG Social Impact Management Plan (SIMP). Available at http://www.dsdip.qld.gov.au/resources/plan/cg/simp/simp.pdf: Queensland Curtis LNG. QGC. (2012). EPBC Approvals. Retrieved July 25, 2013, from QGC A BG Group Business: http://www.qgc.com.au/environment/environment-management/epbc-approvals.aspx QGC. (2013). Research Review: Recent Environmental Issues in Port Curtis. Queensland Gas Company Pty Limited. QTT. (2012). Queensland Regional Database (also known as QRSIS). Retrieved July 3, 2013, from Queensland Treasury and Trade: http://www.oesr.qld.gov.au/products/qld-regionaldatabase/qld-regional-database/index.php

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QTT. (2013). Queensland Regional Database (also known as QRSIS). Retrieved July 25, 2013, from Queensland Treasury and Trade: http://www.oesr.qld.gov.au/products/qld-regionaldatabase/qld-regional-database/index.php Queensland Health. (2009). Interim Human Health Risk Assessment Report. Brisbane: Queensland Health. Rasheed, M., Reason, C., McCormack, C., Chartrand, K., & Carter, A. (2012). Port Curtis and Rodds Bay seagrass monitoring program, November 2011. Cairns: DAFF Publication, Fisheries. Richardson, D. (2006). Port of Gladstone Dredged Material Disposal Site - Review of Benthic Fauna. Brisbane: WBM Pty Ltd for the Central Queensland Ports Authority. Richardson, D., & Pietsch, C. (2007). Benthic Macroinvertebrate Monitoring - Port of Gladstone Dredged Material Ocean Disposal Site. Brisbane: BMT WBM Pty Ltd for the Central Queensland Port Authority. Robson, B., Webster, I., & Rosebrook, U. (2006). Biogeochemical modelling and nitrogen budgets for the Fitzroy Estuary and Keppel Bay. Indooroopilly: Cooperative Research Centre for Coastal Zone, Estuary and Waterway Management. RTA. (2013). Resources. Retrieved July 10, 2013, from Residential Tenancies Authority: http://www.rta.qld.gov.au/Resources Saenger, P. (1988). Gladstone Environmental Survey. Final Report to Queensland Electricity Commission. Santos. (2013). Resource Library. Retrieved July 25, 2013, from Santos GLNG Project: http://www.santosglng.com/resource-library/glng-eis.aspx Santos GLNG. (2012). Respecting the land and the locals. Santos GLNG Social Impact Management Plan. Available at http://www.dsdip.qld.gov.au/resources/plan/cg/simp/santos-glngsimp.pdf: Santos GLNG. Sawynok, B., Platten, B., & Parsons, W. (2012). Looking into the "Crystal Bowl". Frenchville: Infofish Australia. Sawynok, B., Platten, J., Parsons, W., & Sawynok, S. (2013). Gladfish 2012 Assessing trends in recreational fishing in Gladstone Harbour and adjacent waterways. Frenchville: Infofish Australia. Sawynok, W., Platten, J., & Parsons, W. (2009). CapReef Recreational Fishing and Fish Resources in Central Queensland 2005-09. Frenchville: Infofish. Small, K., Rogers, V., & Currie, D. (2004). Port Curtis Seagrass Monitoring Programme. Gladstone: Central Queensland University. Smyth, D., & Monaghan, J. (2004). Living on Saltwater Country: Review of literature about Aboriginal rights, use, management and interests in northern Australian marine environments. Hobart: National Oceans Office. State of Queensland. (2013). Coastal Hazard Areas Map Erosion Prone Area: 9150-243 Gladstone. Brisbane: State of Queensland. Stoeckl, N. (2013). Project 10.2 – Socio economic systems and reef resilience. . Retrieved July 3, 2012, from NERP Tropical Ecosystems Hub: http://www.nerptropical.edu.au/search?search=10.2 Stokes, D., & Bucher, D. (2012). Monitoring mangrove condition: Gladstone Harbour, 2011-2012 Fishermans Landing. Bilinga: Southern Cross University. Storey, A., Andersen, L., Lynas, J., & Melville, F. (2007). Port Curtis Ecosystem Health Report Card 2005-2006. Gladstone: Port Curtis Integrated Monitoring Program. Taylor, H., Rasheed, M., & Thomas, R. (2006). Port Curtis post oil spill seagrass assessment Gladstone - February 2006. Cairns: Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries Information Series QI06046. The Hornery Institute. (2010). The Gladstone Region Wellbeing Study: A Roadmap. Kelvin Grove: Prepared for Santos by the Hornery Institute. Trewin, C. (2013). Mangrove and Saltmarsh Monitoring: Literature Review. South Brisbane: Sinclair Knight Merz for Gladstone Ports Corporation.

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Ulm, S. (2006). Coastal Themes: an archaeology of the Southern Curtis Coast, Queensland. Terra Australis, 24 . Canberra: ANU E Press. Vicente-Beckett, V., Noble, R., Packett, R., Verwey, P., Ruddle, L., Munksgaard, N., et al. (2006). Pesticide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and metal contamination in the Fitzroy Estuary, Queensland, Australia. Indooroopilly: Cooperative Research Centre for Coastal Zone, Estuary and Waterway. Vicente-Beckett, V., Shearer, D., Munksgaard, N., Hancock, G., & Morrison, H. (2006). Metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants in benthic sediments of Port Curtis. Indooroopilly: Cooperative Research Centre for Coastal Zone, Estuary and Waterway Management. Vision Environment. (2013). WBDDP Water Quality Monitoring April 2013. Gladstone: Vision Environment Queensland. Available at http://www.westernbasinportdevelopment.com.au/environmental_reports. Vision Environment QLD. (2011). Port Curtis Ecosystem Health Report Card 2008-10. Gladstone: Port Curtis Integrated Monitoring Program. Webster, I., Atkinson, I., Bostock, H., Brooke, B., Douglas, G., Ford, P., et al. (2006). The Fitzroy Contaminants Project – A study of the nutrient and fine-sediment dynamics of the Fitzroy Estuary and Keppel Bay. Indooroopilly: Cooperative Research Centre for Coastal Zone, Estuary and Waterway Management. Wilson, S. (2009). Status of Imposex from Tributyltin Contamination in Port Curtis. Gladstone: Central Queensland University. Wilson, S. (2011). Gladstone Healthy Harbour Marine Debris Study. Gladstone: Central Queensland University.

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About the Authors Dr. Lyndon Llewellyn Research Manager & Program Leader, Data and Technology Innovation Australian Institute of Marine Science Lyndon is the Research Manager for the Australian Institute of Marine Science, responsible for many day-to-day research operations across the Institute. He is also Program Leader for the AIMS Data and Technology Innovation program which includes the AIMS Data Centre and other eScience initiatives. He has a technical background in marine biology, biochemistry and molecular pharmacology, training in environments such as University of Queensland, University of New South Wales and Yale University. He has conducted numerous studies on the effects of both natural and artificial chemical toxicants on marine organisms using tools ranging from the molecular to mangrove trees, as well as bio-discovery for biotechnology. He has developed expertise in analytical and bio-analytical techniques and possesses extensive experience with very large datasets, their management, databasing, visualization and interrogation. He is an author on 75 research publications, 11 technical reports for industrial collaborators, and an inventor on international patents. Lyndon has led and managed several major projects with industry collaborators ranging in size from start-ups to publicly listed companies. Lyndon’s technical expertise has been drawn upon by the International Atomic Energy Agency for seafood quality testing projects and their implementation in developing nations, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, the UN body that administers the Chemical Weapons Convention, the Queensland Marine Stinger Advisory Group Research Committee, being an Australian representative to the International Oceanographic Commission Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms, and the Australian Lions Foundation for Medical Research into Species of Medical Importance to Humans. He has also been an invited reviewer for granting agencies such as the Australian Research Council, National Health and Medical Research Council, Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, the Canadian National Science and Engineering Research Council and Enterprise Ireland. He has been called upon as a peer reviewer for 27 different journals from a wide variety of disciplines (biochemistry, marine biology, pharmacology, toxicology, environmental health, analytical chemistry). Emma McIntosh Science Convenor Independent Science Panel, Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership Emma is an ecologist with a particular interest in connecting innovative science to effective environmental management and decision making. As Science Convenor she coordinates the activities of the Independent Science Panel, who are responsible for implementing an annual report card and underlying monitoring and modelling programs to report on the status of environmental, social and economic parameters of Gladstone Harbour. Emma completed her Bachelor of Advanced Science (Hons) from the University of Sydney and the University Edinburgh, Scotland, and an Honours thesis on plant evolutionary ecology. Prior to joining the Independent Science Panel, Emma worked with the Wentworth Group of Concerned Scientists, an independent group of Australia’s leading scientists concerned with advancing solutions to secure the long term health of Australia's land, water and biodiversity. Emma’s background also includes Next Generation Sequencing of tropical rainforest plants with the Royal Botanic Gardens, and establishing ‘PrometheusWiki’, a novel approach to science publishing, used by plant scientists around the globe.

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Mary Wakeford Australian Institute of Marine Science Mary has worked in the field of coral reef ecology since 1995 and has a Masters degree in Marine Science. She has extensive experience in survey work assessing various aspects of coral community ecology (including species diversity, abundance and recruitment) for the purpose of modelling impact scenarios associated with disturbance. Throughout, she has designed and developed numerous databases to manage project data, and has extracted and analysed data for scientific publications, consultancy reports and project reviews for stakeholders. Mary has worked on numerous projects including the role of disturbance in shaping coral communities; investigating the genetic structure of outbreak and non-outbreak populations of Crown-of-thorns starfish; collection, identification and curation of bio-active marine organisms, including development of a Bio-resources database; international consultancies for AusAID and The Nature Conservancy; project co-ordination for the Australian node of CReefs: Census of Marine Life; and most recently, environmental issues associated with ports.

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Appendix A Timeline for major developments in Gladstone harbour since 1950 1954

1977

First bulk coal loader commences operation

1966

1970

Awoonga Weir stage 1

Awoonga Weir Stage 2

Final increase in height for Awoonga Dam wall

1964

1967

1976

Barney Point coal loader construction

Queensland Alumina Limited refinery commissioned

NRG Power Station opened

Clinton Coal Facility starts operation 1980

1981/82

1982

1990

Entrance channel dredged to 15-16 m

Boyne Aluminium Smelter commences operations

Orica Australia commences Gladstone operations

1980

1981

RG Tanna Coal Terminal completed

Great Barrier Reef receives World Heritage Listing

1988 Gladstone marina opens

Qld Cement & Lime kiln #1 commissioned 1999 1993 Declaration of Gladstone State Development Area

CRC for Coastal Zone, Estuary and Waterway Management commences

2004

2008

Rio Tinto Yarwun commences operations

Gladstone Regional Council forms

1997

2001

2006

Boyne Smelters undergoes $1B expansion

PCIMP established (monitoring commenced 2005)

CRC for Coastal Zone, Estuary and Waterway Management ends

2012 Jan

2010 Awoonga Dam overflows for first time since dam wall raising

2012 May

Gladstone Fish Health Scientific Advisory Panel releases Final Report

Premier Newman announces Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership

2011

2012 March

2013

Approval of LNG Developments on Curtis Island

World Heritage Centre/IUCN reactive monitoring mission

Awoonga Dam floods

Western Basin Dredging and Disposal Project Commenced Fish deaths in the harbour

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Rio Tinto Yarwun expansion opens doubling production

Appendix B Data sources searched List of sources investigated for reports and datasets on the Gladstone/Port Curtis region. Most have been exhausted but some may still be mined for available data and creation of metadata records. The list represents both sources initially identified for active searching, as well as sources uncovered during the course of the project. The Status column indicates whether any data of potential value or interest was identified or not. The Direct Contact column lists whether representatives from the organisation were contacted directly to discuss projects and metadata records associated with their organisation which should be considered in this report. Not all organisations were able to provide metadata records in addition to that which had already been collated however these discussions provided an opportunity to capture datasets potentially overlooked in the initial desktop audit.  

Base search terms: Gladstone harbour (and harbor), Port of Gladstone, Gladstone Port, Port Curtis, Port Alma, Alma Bay, Capricorn coast, Capricornia These search terms were searched via publication title, keywords or full text where possible.

Search repositories Data Source

Search Status

Australia Pacific LNG Arrow Energy Atlas of Living Australia Auckland University of Technology Scholarly Commons Australian Bureau of Statistics (incl. census data) Australian Catholic University Research Bank Australian Institute of Marine Science Australian Maritime Safety Authority Australian Museum Biodiversity Collection records Australian Museum electronic research publication Repository Australian National University Research Repository Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Australian Rivers Institute (Griffith University) Bechtel Bond University e-publications@bond Boyne Smelter Limited BP Australia Pty Ltd (Gladstone Terminal) Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics (Australian Government DIT) Bureau of Meteorology Caltex Australia Petroleum Pty Ltd Cement Australia Central Queensland University Charles Darwin University eSpace Charles Sturt University Research Output Clean and Healthy Air for Gladstone (Qld Dept EHP) Clean Energy Regulator (Australian Government) Coogee Chemicals Pty Ltd

Complete Complete Complete Nil Complete Nil Complete Complete Complete Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Complete Nil Complete

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Complete Nil Nil Complete Nil Nil Complete Complete Nil

Direct Contact Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Data Source

Search Status

CQUniversity aCQUIRe CSIRO - Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth data (CTD) CSIRO – Marine & Atmospheric Research Laboratories Information Network (MarLin) CSIRO Marine Legacy publications Curtin University of Technology espace@Curtin Curtis Coast Study – resource report (QLD DEH 1994) Deakin University Research Online Defence Science and Technology Organisation (Dept of Defence) Dept of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF) Dept. of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population & the Communities (SEWPaC) Dredge Technical Reference Panel, GPC Ecosystem Research and Monitoring Program (ERMP) , GPC Edith Cowan University Research Online @ ECU Fitzroy Basin Association Flinders University Flinders Academic Commons (FAC) Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Geosciences Australia Gladstone Area Promotion and Development Ltd Gladstone Area Water Board Gladstone Economic and Industry Development Board (Qld Govt) Gladstone Harbour Catchment Care Program Gladstone Industry Leadership Group (GILG) Gladstone Ports Corporation (GPC) Gladstone Regional Council Gladstone Regional Environmental Advisory Network Gladstone Region Water Quality and Air Quality (Qld Dept. EHP) Griffith University Research Online Integrated Aquatic Investigation Program (Qld Dept. EHP) James Cook University ResearchOnline@JCU LaTrobe University Institutional Research Repository Macquarie University ResearchOnline Massey University Research Online Monash University ARROW Repository Murdoch University Research Repository National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) NRG Gladstone Operating Services (Gladstone Power Station) Orica - Yarwun Paddock to Reef (Aust and Qld Govt) Pangaea (Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science) Port Curtis Integrated Monitoring Program (Gladstone Industry and Government)

Complete Complete Complete

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Direct Contact

Complete Nil Complete Nil Complete

Yes

Complete Complete

Yes Yes

Complete Complete Nil Complete Nil Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete

Yes Yes

Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete

Yes

Nil Complete Complete Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete

Yes

Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes

Yes

Data Source

Search Status

Productivity Commission (Aust Govt) Queensland Alumina Limited Queensland Commercial Fisheries (DAFF) Queensland Curtis LNG Qld Dept. Employment, Economic Development & Innovation (DEEDI) Qld Dept. of Environment and Resource Management (DERM) Qld Dept. of Environment and Heritage Protection (EHP) Qld Dept. of Primary Industries (DPI) Qld Dept. of Science, Information Technology, Innovation & the Arts (DSITIA) Qld Dept. of Transport and Main Roads (TMR) Queensland Energy Resources Council Queensland Health (Qld Govt) Queensland Gas Pipeline (Jemena) Queensland Museum Biodiversity Collection Records Queensland Museum Research Publications Queensland Police Queensland University of Technology (QUT ePrints) Queensland Waterways Monitoring Portal (Qld Govt) Research Data Australia (ANDS) Rio Tinto Alcan - Yarwun RMIT University Research Repository Santos Gladstone LNG Sibelco Australia Limited (Calliope Quarry) Southern Cross University ePublications@SCU Swinburne University of Technology Research Bank Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) Text Queensland - Queensland's past online Trove (National Library of Australia) University of Adelaide Research & Scholarship University of Auckland Research Space@Auckland University of Ballarat Research Online University of Canberra Research Repository University of Canterbury Research Repository University of Melbourne ePrints Repository (UMER) University of New England e-publications@UNE University of New South Wales UNSWorks University of Newcastle NOVA University of Notre Dame Research Online @ ND University of Otago University Research Archive University of Queensland eSpace University of South Australia Research Archive University of Southern Queensland ePrints University of Sydney eScholarship Repository

Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete

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Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Nil Complete Nil Complete Complete Complete Nil Complete Nil Complete Nil Complete Nil Complete Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Complete Nil Nil Nil Complete Nil Nil Nil

Direct Contact Yes Yes

N/A Yes Yes

Yes

Yes Yes

Data Source

Search Status

University of Tasmania ePrints # University of Technology Sydney UTSiResearch University of the Sunshine Coast Research Bank University of Waikato Research Commons University of Western Australia Research Repository University of Western Sydney Research Repository University of Wollongong Research Online Victoria University Institutional Repository Victoria University of Wellington Research Archive Worldview/DigitalGlobe Western Basin Port Development (GPC) Wiggins Island Coal Export Terminal (WICET)

Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Complete Nil Nil Complete Complete Complete

Direct Contact

Yes

Other relevant databases held by the Queensland and Commonwealth governments These databases were searched and included in the mapping and synthesis project. Clicking on the title will open their url (as at 31 July, 2013) Database Australian National Shipwreck Database (SEWPaC) Coastal Habitat Resources Information System (Qld Govt CHRIS) CORVEG (Queensland Herbarium) HERBRECS (Queensland Herbarium) Cultural Heritage Database and Register (Qld Govt) CASEMAN *(Qld Govt Maritime Safety Queensland) Queensland Regional Database (Qld Govt QRSIS) QSHIPS (Qld Govt Ship Movements Queensland) Queensland Land Use Mapping Program (Qld Govt QLUMP) Regional Ecosystem Description Database (Qld Dept. EHP) StrandNet (Qld Dept. EHP) Water monitoring data portal (Qld Govt NRM) WetlandInfo (Qld Dept. EHP) WildNet or Wildlife Online (Qld Dept. EHP) * Internal use only (Queensland Government – Maritime Safety Queensland). This database was used to create the reports described from Maritime Safety Queensland

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Appendix C Bibliography of Primary Literature relevant to Gladstone Harbour The below is a bibliography of scientific publications discovered during a search using the tools Google Scholar, PubMed, Scirus, Web of Science and TROVE (theses only), and is current as at 25 August, 2013. The search terms used were: “Gladstone harbour”, “Gladstone harbor”, “Port of Gladstone”, “Gladstone Port”, “Port Curtis”, “Port Alma”, “Alma Bay”, “Capricorn coast” OR Capricornia. Where the search tools allowed, filters were used to exclude “Gladstone” as an author’s name or in the name of credited research organisation (e.g. the “Gladstone Institutes” in the USA). Each reference in the bibliography has a dynamic link to the publisher’s web page for the article. However, access to the full article will require users or their organisation to have a subscription to the publication. Reference 1 Abel N, Gorddard, R, Harman, B, Leitch, A, Langridge, J, Ryan, A & Heyenga, S (2011) Sea level rise, coastal development and planned retreat: analytical framework, governance principles and an Australian case study, Environmental Science & Policy, 14, 279 2 Allen D, Dalal, RC, Rennenberg, H & Schmidt, S (2011) Seasonal variation in nitrous oxide and methane emissions from subtropical estuary and coastal mangrove sediments, Australia, Plant Biology, 13, 126-133. 3 Allen DE, Dalal, RC, Rennenberg, H, Meyer, RL, Reeves, S & Schmidt, S (2007) Spatial and temporal variation of nitrous oxide and methane flux between subtropical mangrove sediments and the atmosphere, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 39, 622-631. 4 Almany GR, Hamilton, RJ, Williamson, DH, Evans, RD, Jones, GP, Matawai, M, Potuku, T, Rhodes, KL, Russ, GR & Sawynok, B (2010) Research partnerships with local communities: two case studies from Papua New Guinea and Australia, Coral Reefs, 29, 567-576. 5 Amiet L (1957) A wader survey of some Queensland coastal localities, Emu, 57, 236 - 254. 6 Andersen LE, Melville, F & Jolley, D (2008) An assessment of an oil spill in Gladstone, Australia Impacts on intertidal areas at one month post-spill, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 57, 607-615. 7 Andersen LE, Norton, JH & Levy, NH (2000) A new shell disease in the mud crab Scylla serrata from Port Curtis, Queensland (Australia), Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 43, 233-239. 8 Andrews J (1931) Tropical and sub-tropical agriculture in coastal Queensland, The Australian Geographer, 1, 62-68. 9 Andrews JC & Bode, L (1988) The tides of the central Great Barrier Reef, Continental Shelf Research, 8, 1057-1085. 10 Angel BM, Hales, LT, Simpson, SL, Apte, SC, Chariton, AA, Shearer, DA & Jolley, DF (2010) Spatial variability of cadmium, copper, manganese, nickel and zinc in the Port Curtis Estuary, Queensland, Australia, Marine and Freshwater Research, 61, 170-183. 11 Angus BM (1996) The history of the cattle tick Boophilus microptus in Australia and achievements in its control, International Journal for Parasitology, 26, 1341-1355. 12 Baker RGV, Haworth, RJ & Flood, PG (2001) Warmer or cooler late Holocene marine palaeoenvironments?: interpreting southeast Australian and Brazilian sea-level changes using fixed biological indicators and their 18O composition, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 168, 249-272

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Reference 13 Balston J (2009) An analysis of the impacts of long-term climate variability on the commercial barramundi ( Lates calcarifer ) fishery of north-east Queensland, Australia, Fisheries Research, 99, 83-89. 14 Barnes RSK (1968) Aspects of the Australasian zoogeography of the Macrophthalminae (Brachyura, Ocypodidae), Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, 179, 67-75. 15 Batianoff G, Reeves, R & Specht, R (1990) Stackhousia tryonii Bailey: a Nickel-Accumulating Serpentine-Endemic Species of Central Queensland, Australian Journal of Botany, 38, 121 - 130 16 Bayer A, Rademacher, M & Rutherford, A (2009) Development and perspectives of the Australian coal supply chain and implications for the export market, Zeitschrift fuer Energiewirtschaft, 33, 255-267. 17 Beer A & Clower, T (2009) Specialisation and growth: evidence from Australia's regional cities, Urban Studies, 46, 369-389. 18 Berg Soto A, Cagnazzi, D, Everingham, Y, Parra, G, Noad, M & Marsh, H (2013) Acoustic alarms elicit only subtle responses in the behaviour of tropical coastal dolphins in Queensland, Australia, Endangered Species Research, 20, 271-282. 19 Bird J (1965) The foundation of Australian seaport capitals, Economic Geography, 41, 283299. 20 Bode L, Mason, LB & Middleton, JH (1997) Reef parameterisation schemes with applications to tidal modelling, Progress in Oceanography, 40, 285-324. 21 Booth DT, Feeney, R & Shibata, Y (2013) Nest and maternal origin can influence morphology and locomotor performance of hatchling green turtles (Chelonia mydas), Marine Biology, 160, 127-137. 22 Bostock HC, Brooke, BP, Ryan, DA, Hancock, G, Pietsch, T, Packett, R & Harle, K (2007) Holocene and modern sediment storage in the subtropical macrotidal Fitzroy River estuary, Southeast Queensland, Australia, Sedimentary Geology, 201, 321-340. 23 Bostock HC, Opdyke, BN, Gagan, MK & Fifield, LK (2009) Late Quaternary siliciclastic/carbonate sedimentation model for the Capricorn Channel, southern Great Barrier Reef province, Australia, Marine Geology, 257, 107-123. 24 Bowater RO, Norton, J, Johnson, S, Hill, B, O'Donoghue, P & Prior, H (2003) Toxoplasmosis in Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphins (Sousa chinensis), from Queensland, Australian Veterinary Journal, 81, 627-632. 25 Brodie J, Wolanski, E, Lewis, S & Bainbridge, Z (2012) An assessment of residence times of land-sourced contaminants in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon and the implications for management and reef recovery, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 65, 267-279. 26 Brooke B, Ryan, D, Pietsch, T, Olley, J, Douglas,G, Packett, R, Radke, L & Flood, P (2008) Influence of climate fluctuations and changes in catchment land use on Late Holocene and modern beach-ridge sedimentation on a tropical macrotidal coast: Keppel Bay, Queensland, Australia, Marine Geology, 251, 195-208. 27 Bunker J & Ferreira, L (2002) Assessing freight corridor modal performance, Traffic And Transportation Studies, 2002, 258-265. 28 Burgess EA, Booth, DT & Lanyon, JM (2006) Swimming performance of hatchling green turtles is affected by incubation temperature, Coral Reefs, 25, 341-349. 29 Burns KA, Codi, S & Duke, NC (2000) Gladstone, Australia Field Studies: Weathering and Degradation of Hydrocarbons in Oiled Mangrove and Salt Marsh Sediments With and Without the Application of an Experimental Bioremediation Protocol, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 41, 392-402

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Reference 30 Burns KA, Codi, S, Pratt, C & Duke, NC (1999) Weathering of hydrocarbons in mangrove sediments: testing the effects of using dispersants to treat oil spills, Organic Geochemistry, 30, 1273-1286. 31 Burrage DM, Steinberg, CR, Skirving, WJ & Kleypast, JA (1996) Mesoscale circulation features of the Great Barrier Reef region inferred from NOAA satellite imagery, Remote Sensing of Environment, 56, 21-41. 32 Burwell CJ, Nakamura, A, McDougall, A & John Neldner, V (2012) Invasive African bigheaded ants, Pheidole megacephala, on coral cays of the southern Great Barrier Reef: distribution and impacts on other ants, Journal of Insect Conservation, 16, 777-789. 33 Cagnazzi D, Parra, GJ, Westley, S & Harrison, PL (2013) At the Heart of the Industrial Boom: Australian Snubfin Dolphins in the Capricorn Coast, Queensland, Need Urgent Conservation Action, PLoS ONE, 8, e56729 34 Camm J (1971) The development of the geographic pattern of dairying in Queensland, 1890 to 1915, The Australian Geographer, 11, 473-491. 35 Campbell ML, Gould, B & Hewitt, CL (2007) Survey evaluations to assess marine bioinvasions, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 55, 360-378. 36 Carron L (1983) A brief history of forestry in Queensland, Australian Forestry, 46, 75-82. 37 Carter B (2013) A Collaborative Effort in Regional Response and Recovery: Innovative Ways to Manage Extreme Flooding in Rockhampton, Regional Advantage and Innovation, 2013, 255-267 38 Casado-Martínez MC, Buceta, JL, Belzunce, MJ & DelValls, TA (2006) Using sediment quality guidelines for dredged material management in commercial ports from Spain, Environment International, 32, 388-396. 39 Chaloupka M (1985) Application of the randomized response technique to marine park management: an assessment of permit compliance, Environmental Management, 9, 393-398. 40 Chaloupka M (2002) Stochastic simulation modelling of southern Great Barrier Reef green turtle population dynamics, Ecological Modelling, 148, 79-109. 41 Chaloupka M & Limpus, C (2001) Trends in the abundance of sea turtles resident in southern Great Barrier Reef waters, Biological Conservation, 102, 235-249. 42 Clarke P (1994) Base-Line Studies of Temperate Mangrove Growth and Reproduction; Demographic and Litterfall Measures of Leafing and Flowering, Australian Journal of Botany, 42, 37-48 43 Coghlan A (2012) Linking natural resource management to tourist satisfaction: a study of Australia's Great Barrier Reef, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20, 41-58. 44 Coull BC (1999) Role of meiofauna in estuarine soft-bottom habitats, Austral Ecology, 24, 327-343. 45 Craik W (1992) The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: Its establishment, development and current status, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 25, 122-133. 46 Currie DR & Small, KJ (2005) Macrobenthic community responses to long-term environmental change in an east Australian sub-tropical estuary, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 63, 315-331. 47 Currie DR & Small, KJ (2006) The Influence of Dry-season Conditions on the Bottom Dwelling Fauna of an East Australian Sub-tropical Estuary, Hydrobiologia, 560, 345-361. 48 Dafforn K, Glasby, T & Johnston, E (2008) Differential effects of tributyltin and copper antifoulants on recruitment of non-indigenous species, Biofouling, 24, 23-33. 49 Dale P, Hulsman, K, Jahnke, BR & Dale, M (1984) Vegetation and nesting preferences of black noddies at Masthead Island, Great Barrier Reef. I Patterns at the macro-scale, Austral Ecology, 9, 335-341. 115 | P a g e

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Theses 1 Andersen LE (2003) A study into the epidemiology of mud crab (Scylla serrata) shell disease, Faculty of Arts, Health and Sciences, Central Queensland University, MAppSc. 2 Burrows DW (2003) The role of insect leaf herbivory on the mangroves Avicennia marina and Rhizophora stylosa, James Cook University, PhD. 3 Curran J (1994) Evaluation of tidal currents in the vicinity of South Trees Wharf, Gladstone, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Building, Central Queensland University, Final year project. 4 Davey MN (2013) Harbouring Discontent: World Heritage, the Great Barrier Reef and the Gladstone Port Development, University of Sydney, Honours. 5 Finegan AK (1990) Geology of the Gladstone to Targinie area, east-central Queensland, University of Queensland, B.Sc. (Hons.). 6 Gistitin C (2011) Greening Capricornia: the Environmental Conservation Movement in Central Queensland 1960s to 1990, The University of Queensland, PhD. 7 Johnson ID (1978) Public policy analysis and planning for urban change : a Gladstone case study, School of Geography, Planning and Architecture, University of Queensland, MUrb & RegPlg. 124 | P a g e

8 9

10

11 12 13

14 15

Jones M-A, (2002) Assessing the risk from chemical contaminants in the Port Curtis Estuary, Australia, Central Queensland University, M App Sci. Killion FM (1992) Aspirations and opportunities : a phenomenological study of youth unemployment in the city of Gladstone, School of Social Science, University of Queensland, PhD. McCall BJ (1994) A report on associations between acute admissions to Gladstone Hospital for exacerbations of airways disease and ambient environmental factors in Gladstone in 1991-1992, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Master of Pub McDonald L (1975) Land settlement in the northern districts of Port Curtis and Leichhardt, 1835-1869, The University of Queensland, Honours. McNeill DWP (1966) Gladstone in transition, School of Geography, Planning and Architecture, University of Queensland, Prayaga P (2011) Estimating changes in values for recreation in the Capricorn Coast region of the Great Barrier Reef, Faculty of Arts, Business, Informatics and Education, Central Queensland University, PhD. Sahoo R (2004) Degradation of coal in a port and shiploading environment, James Goldston Faculty of Engineering & Physical Systems, Central Queensland University, PhD. Sperling JB (2007) The behaviour and physiology of the gravid flatback turtle (Natator depressus), School of Integrative Biology, University of Queensland, PhD.

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Appendix D Reprising data and knowledge gaps in the different topic areas This appendix amalgamates all of the gaps listed within the nineteen topic overviews and includes a subjective assessment against the following three aspects: Aspect Scale of gap Existing Data Accessibility Gap-filling Priority

Definition a measure of whether all of the gaps added together represents a major gap in our knowledge or simply builds on a substantial body of knowledge how easy was it, or would it be, to access the data that that was identified what priority should be given to filling the identified gaps

Minor

Scales Moderate

Major

Straightforward Low

Challenging Medium

Difficult High

These assessments are subjective but are provided to evoke thinking about where to direct future research efforts in Gladstone Harbour. The “Gap-filling priority” relates to areas of our general knowledge around the Gladstone harbour and does not relate specifically to the need to fill these gaps for the purposes of a Gladstone Harbour report card.

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Figure 41 Consolidated table of gaps identified in the 19 topic overviews (pages 30-75). Assessments have also been included of the scale of the gaps, accessibility of existing data and the suggested priority for filling the gaps. Topic Area Agriculture and Forestry

Air Quality

Amenity

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Identified gaps

Scale of gap(s)

Existing data accessibility

Gap-filling priority

Challenging

Medium

Straightforward

Low

Challenging

Medium

1. Remote sensing data is gathered regularly but because of the usual limits of remote sensing (i.e. has to pass over region of interest and with no atmospheric interference over region of interest at time of passing) each image needs to be assessed for its usefulness and if coverage does not include complete region of interest, then images need to be stitched together. Hence, large scale detailed studies are only conducted every few years. If there were to be a Gladstone-specific effort, it would be a much smaller spatial challenge but would require investment of time and effort. This could be done in partnership with the Remote Sensing Centre within the Queensland Department of Moderate Science, Information Technology, Innovation and the Arts. 2. Historic aerial photographs may also be examined for their potential in determining land use and the proportions dedicated to different activities. This data series include imagery from 1959, 1965, 1970, 1973, 1979, 1989, 1998, 1999 and 2007 but it has not been determined whether Gladstone imagery is available for each of these years. It should be noted however that the quality and resolution of imagery taken in 1959 is likely to be lower than that obtained in 2007. Air quality in Gladstone has been subjected to intensive studies and monitoring, which continues to this day. An assessment by DSITIA of the potential for cumulative impacts on air Minor quality in relation to the Gladstone State Development Area is currently underway and due to be released in the near future. Continuous or repeated data that will allow tracking of change through time. Data relating to amenity prior to the Coastal CRC surveys is limited but may be required for benchmarking Major purposes.

Topic Area Biodiversity: Fauna

Biodiversity flora

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Identified gaps

Scale of gap(s)

1. Strength of connections between communities and populations separated by distance but connected by water–borne pathways (e.g. estuarine and marine currents, rivers and their flow), as well as wind, which can allow movement of marine biodiversity (e.g. catadromous and anadromous fish, air-borne plant seeds). 2. Monitoring of communities, rather than single species. Moderate 3. A well-structured fish health monitoring program similar to and/or incorporating aspects of the Ichthys Program in Darwin Harbour. Ongoing monitoring of fish health during dredging and non-dredging periods provides valuable information concerning health/bioaccumulation in tissue and a means for detecting changes in the level of disease. 1. There is a need to obtain Harbour-wide baseline data on phytoplankton (particularly dinoflagellates that may cause harmful algal blooms due to release of species from ships’ ballast water). Chlorophyll monitoring provides a gross measure of the levels of phytoplankton within a location but provides no information on species and their contribution to the total phytoplankton population. Pigment analysis can provide higher resolution to groups (but not species), molecular techniques can provide further Moderate resolution (some to species but depending on what sequences exist for known species or taxonomy (and counting) by visual inspection. Approaches which analyse DNA sequences are increasingly being used to assess biodiversity of cyanobacteria and eucaryotes and this should be explored in future. An initial foray has been attempted with the survey for Pfiesteria (Bolch, 2012) but this was a one-off study. 2. Systematic macroscopic algae surveys.

Existing data accessibility

Gap-filling priority

Challenging

Medium

Straightforward

Medium

Topic Area Contaminants

Cultural preservation

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Identified gaps

Scale of gap(s)

1. There has been significant change since the last risk analysis for these contaminants within Port Curtis as well as changes in farming practices under the Reef Plan and it might be an appropriate time to undertake a repeat or update of previous risk analyses. This should include lower profile organic chemicals such as those that may be released into the ecosystem from upstream blue-green algal blooms. This risk analysis would allow prioritisation of effort towards monitoring for TBT (major shipping-related pollutant), PAHs (important pollutants from fossil fuel refining or burning) and pesticides (pollutants associated with agricultural but also urban/industrial land uses) in Port Curtis, noting that the herbicide diuron is also used as an anti-foulant on boats. 2. The abovementioned risk analysis would also highlight what contaminant mixtures may need to be understood in terms of whether they have additive, synergistic or antagonistic influence on their individual effects. In addition, changed climate conditions and or Major extreme events may accentuate any interactive effects and the risk analysis should consider the risks during acute abnormal periods (e.g. floods) or more chronic change (e.g. climate change). 3. Routine monitoring of concentrations of potential contaminants within tissue of local biota. 4. Transformations of locally relevant potential contaminants when exposed to UV in sunlight, microbial biodegradation and other degradative processes. 5. Gladstone Area Water Board reports the pH, colour, turbidity, alkalinity, aluminium, iron, manganese, conductivity, hardness, dissolved oxygen, E. coli and total cyanobacteria cell counts for the most recent month for which data is available for the raw water within Lake Awoonga (GAWB, 2013). It would be beneficial to have long-term records for this data to integrate into a time series as an input into the Harbour. 1. Data with an increased spatial resolution finer than the broader Gladstone region. 2. Updated consultation with indigenous communities and traditional land owners. Moderate 3. Quantitative data obtained in a repeated manner to provide a time series.

Existing data accessibility

Gap-filling priority

Challenging

High

Straightforward

Medium

Topic Area

Identified gaps

Scale of gap(s)

Tourism data is low resolution both spatially and temporally. Additional data may exist at Tourism Research Australia but this has not been assessed. GBRMPA may possess extensive data within the records pertaining to the Environment Management Charge but this is Moderate probably commercial-in-confidence and would require a value judgement about how detailed tourism statistics may assist in defining a healthy harbour. Fisheries Value of commercial fisheries data available from the Queensland Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is calculated as the price of a catch at a single point in time and does not reflect the value of the catch at the time it was captured. This negates the usefulness of the value data provided with the actual catch. Other useful data would be the days spent Moderate fishing, from which a catch per unit effort statistic can be derived. What price the fishers obtained for their catch is an unknown and is a better indicator of profitability/viability of the fishery. Human health 1. Identification of potential human health indicators, relevant to the concept of a “healthy incl. food harbour” that may enable better pursuit of existing data. Major safety 2. Routine testing of seafood for toxicants (organic and inorganic), viruses and bacterial contamination. Liveability 1. A unified definition for liveability refined in consultation with a wide stakeholder group. This may arise during the GHHP visioning exercise which will allow a more targeted search for hidden data sources and guide future efforts to generate data relative to a community-defined benchmark or existing survey results. 2. Quantitative data obtained in a repeated manner to provide a time series. This would be Moderate enabled by adopting accepted measures and/or attributes of this concept from the peerreviewed literature for comparison with different geographical spaces and community structures. It will be difficult however to capture both ‘objective’ and ‘subjective’ quality of life measures to inform a liveability score.

Existing data accessibility

Gap-filling priority

Straightforward

High

Straightforward

Low

Difficult

Medium

Challenging

Medium

Economics

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Topic Area Metals

Nutrients

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Identified gaps

Scale of gap(s)

1. Understanding the bioavailability of different metal forms in the environment and their associated risks - e.g. dissolved versus bound versus colloidal. 2. Each metal has different detection limit with some being especially analytically difficult to obtain robust data. Furthermore, sample contamination when trying to measure very low metal concentrations in water and tissue extracts is extremely difficult, an analytical challenge not overcome until recent years. This leads to different uncertainties for different metals and may undermine the reliability of data from historical studies. There is also different costs involved for different analyses (both dollars and time taken) which may sometimes influence the intensity of sampling. An agreed priority for each metal, analytical deficiencies identified and experts consulted on the current best practice for each of the metals. Metal concentrations in marine locations that abut the Harbour are Major not as well sampled and understood. Nor is the natural metal background of some major natural sources (e.g. Awoonga Dam). Metal inflows from sediment from Awoonga Dam, Boyne, and Calliope Rivers has not been well characterised. Fitzroy River and Alma Bay metal concentrations (sediment and water) were studied during the life of Coastal CRC and it may be worthwhile revisiting these locations which may inject metals into the Harbour via the Narrows. 3. An understanding of temporal variance in bioavailability of metals e.g. before, during and after floods, or in different seasons. Bioavailability is influenced by temperature, seawater chemistry and the degree by which the analyte of interest is bound by dissolved organic matter in fresh and seawater. 1. Vision Environment, Gladstone Ports Corporation and PCIMP raw data for past ten years. 2. More sophisticated analysis of nutrient budgets accommodating bioavailability and refractoriness. 3. An indication of the types and quantities of nutrients entering Gladstone Harbour from Moderate the Boyne, Calliope and Fitzroy catchments. The Boyne and Calliope are not included in the Great Barrier Reef Loads Monitoring activities associated with the Great Barrier Reef Report Card and while the Fitzroy is, it is unknown how much of this enters Port Curtis via the Narrows.

Existing data accessibility

Gap-filling priority

Challenging

High

Challenging

High

Topic Area

Identified gaps

Scale of gap(s)

1. Four-dimensional models (X,Y,Z in space, along with time) integrating air movement, water movement (through lengthy time periods including some extreme conditions – e.g. intense storm or cyclone) and examples of representative particles (e.g. large sediment, colloidal metals) in the environment. 2. Water exchange between the main harbour area and the Narrows, open ocean, river Moderate mouths etc. 3. An single whole of Harbour hydrodynamic benchmark model which has been approved by a range of experts. 4. Integration of the available sophisticated Fitzroy estuary hydrodynamic models and Port Curtis hydrodynamic models. Recreation, 1. Beach use statistics at multiple beaches around the Harbour. access and 2. Collated statistics on sailing and non-fishing activities. use 3. Marine and National Park use records e.g. fines, camping permits, estimates of visitor Moderate numbers. 4. Quality benchmarks for older historical uses. Sediment 1. Detailed time series maps overlaid with other major activities (e.g. dredging events). composition 2. Sediment composition and change through time in immediate Harbour fringing environments. 3. Ongoing sediment and macro-benthos monitoring of the dredge spoil disposal groups Moderate (following on from BMT WBM monitoring in 2010/2011) and there is no obvious plan to undertake post-disposal re-colonisation studies at or around the disposal site. 4. Information on factors affecting metal bioavailability in sediments such as TOC and acidvolatile sulphides. Shipping 1. Agreed uncertainty about forecasting data, not only in terms of shipping, but also in terms of the amount and nature of future development in Gladstone in terms of key industries, resource products being imported and exported. Minor 2. Correlating multi-decadal time series of shipping traffic with major changes in Harbour activity (e.g. expansion events, extreme weather).

Existing data accessibility

Gap-filling priority

Moderate

Medium

Straightforward

Medium

Challenging

Medium

Straightforward

Low

Physical

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Topic Area Water quality

Wildlife health

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Identified gaps

Scale of gap(s)

1. Technologies have evolved rapidly allowing much robust data to be generated rapidly and linked with other spatial data. This may enable the approach of providing as near as realtime models/visualisations integrating water quality data with other forcing/driving factors (e.g. turbidity patterns linked with hydrodynamics). 2. Robust analysis of utility of remote sensing for inshore water quality monitoring, especially within an embayment where there are numerous signals that can contaminate interpretation of remote sensing data. 3. Better understanding of the waters that fringe the Harbour mouth to understand the Moderate interactions between harbour, near-shore and reef waters. 4. Monitoring around development sites or dredge and spoil disposal sites is often focused around the time of the activity meaning datasets at a range of harbour locations are piecemeal and not part of a single long term dataset. 5. Improved coordination between measurement/monitoring activities including and assessment of the responses to multiples pressures, interactions between pollutants and cumulative impacts over time. 1. Baselines and seasonal variations in natural disease background level. 2. Thorough understandings of the key drivers of disease in different types of wildlife (e.g. Major molluscs, birdlife, fish and large mammals).

Existing data accessibility

Gap-filling priority

Straightforward

Medium

Straightforward

High

Appendix E Major sampling sites within Gladstone Harbour Two of the major water quality monitoring programs within Gladstone Harbour are managed and run by the Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (Figure 42) which commenced in response to the fishing ban in 2011, and the Gladstone Ports Corporation (Figure 43) which comprises part of the monitoring for the Western Basin Dredging and Disposal Project Monitoring at these sites will cease 2 months after dredging concludes which will be before the end of 2013. Monitoring throughout the Harbour will be continued under the remit of the PCIMP program at sites depicted in Figure 44. Many of the sampling sites from these three programs are co-located (Figure 45). Figure 42 The following three maps show locations of monitoring sites used for water quality monitoring since 2011 by the Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection. The first shows all of the sites with the ensuing two panels showing closer views of the Harbour itself and locations south of the Harbour mouth

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Figure 43 Map showing locations of monitoring sites used for water quality monitoring as part of the Western Basin Dredging Management Plan

Figure 44 Map showing locations of monitoring sites being used as part of the Port Curtis Integrated Monitoring Program (PCIMP)

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Figure 45 Overlaid maps of monitoring sites for Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (white inverted teardrop symbol, white labels), Western Basin Dredging Management Plan (transparent burgundy symbols, yellow labels) and PCIMP (concentric white circles, orange labels)

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Appendix F Examples of metadata records within the e-Atlas repository Title Date Date type Abstract

Raw water quality Lake Awoonga (Gladstone Area Water Board) 2013-07-06 Creation Raw water is untreated water from Awoonga dam. The majority of water from the dam (approximately 77%) is supplied in its raw form to various industries in the region. The remaining 23% of raw water is sent to the treatment plants for cleaning and treatment to make it drinkable. The water in Lake Awoonga is run-off water from the Boyne catchment which flows down into the Boyne River and eventually feeds into the lake. The catchment area contributing to the lake is 2,240 square kilometres and is surrounded by the Boyne, Dawes and Many Peaks Ranges. Nutrients such as Nitrogen and Phosphorus can be a problem in Lake Awoonga as they influence blue green algae blooms which occur at Awoonga Dam during spring and summer when the temperature is higher. Blue green algae blooms can become a serious problem if there are toxic blue green algae species present as this can affect the quality of water at the dam and pose a risk to persons coming into contact with the water. Any persons wishing to use Lake Awoonga for recreation should read the warning signs erected at the public access points.

Raw water gravitates from the dam through the intake tower before entering the pump station. High volume pumps at the pump station pump the raw water to the 50 megalitre Toolooa reservoir. From the Toolooa reservoir, the raw water gravitates to two reservoirs at Fitzsimmons Street. The larger reservoir holds 50 megalitres and supplies water to the Gladstone Water Treatment Plant and the Yarwun Water Treatment Plant and also supplies raw water to other industries. Metadata language eng Character set UTF8 Hierarchy level Dataset OnLine resource Linkage Protocol Linkage Protocol Topic category

https://gladstone.e-atlas.org.au:443/geonetwork/srv/en/metadata.show? uuid=3af9b021-30ba-4f8f-a4e8-0f47ba0942a0 WWW:LINK-1.0-http--metadata-URL http://www.gawb.qld.gov.au/rawwater.html WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related Environment

Keyword Thesaurus Keyword Type Thesaurus 138 | P a g e

theme.Gladstone Harbour indicator groups.rdf Water quality Theme theme.Gladstone Harbour sub-locations.rdf

Keyword Type

Awoonga Dam Theme

Geographic bounding box West bound East bound South bound North bound

151.25343322773 151.34132385273 -24.084521484382 -24.017230224617

Lineage Statement

File identifier

Data reported is the average, minimum and maximum for the month for the following parameters (units):  pH  colour (HU)  turbidity (NTU)  alkalinity (mg/L as CaCo3)  aluminium (mg/L)  iron (mg/L)  manganese (mg/L)  conductivity (mS/cm)  hardness (mg/L as CaCO3)  dissolved oxygen (% saturation)  E. coli (Most Probable Number [MPN]/100 mL)  total cyanobacteria count (cells/mL) 3af9b021-30ba-4f8f-a4e8-0f47ba0942a0

Metadata author Organisation name Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) Role metadataContact Date stamp 2013-07-06T16:49:26 139 | P a g e

Title Date Date type Abstract

Western Basin Dredge Environmental Management (WBDEM) water quality data summary: May 2011 -Nov 2011 (Vision Environment) 2011-11-30 Publication These reports summarise weekly water quality monitoring undertaken for the Western Basin Dredging Environmental Monitoring (WBDEM). Although monitoring initially commenced in November 2009, as part of the Port Curtis Benthic Primary Producers Habitat Assessment (BPPHA) project for QGC, it is now managed by the Gladstone Ports Corporation (GPC) as part of the Western Basin Dredge and Disposal Project (WBDDP) environmental monitoring (WBDEM) program. During November 2011, physicochemical parameters, light attenuation and concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS), were examined at 18 sites in Port Curtis and three reference sites in Rodds Bay. Concentrations of total and dissolved metals were also examined at each site in mid-November. Dredging and construction activities have been taking place within Port Curtis since October 2010. Dredging for the Western Basin Dredging and Disposal Project (WBDDP) commenced on the 20th May 2011, initially restricted to backhoe dredge (BHD) operations, with a cutter suction dredge (CSD) commencing operation on the 5th September 2011. However, references to the continued operational records of the dredges are not included in this summary.

Report included: 1) May 2011 2) Jun 2011 3) Jul 2011 4) Aug 2011 5) Sep 2011 6) Oct 2011 7) Nov 2011 Metadata language eng Character set UTF8 Hierarchy level Dataset OnLine resource Linkage Protocol Linkage

Protocol Linkage

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https://gladstone.e-atlas.org.au:443/geonetwork/srv/en/metadata.show? uuid=96c8f4e9-7f59-4b2d-bd7b-fc549fe64cd4 WWW:LINK-1.0-http--metadata-URL https://gladstone.eatlas.org.au/geonetwork/srv/en/file.disclaimer?uuid=96c8f4e9-7f59-4b2dbd7bfc549fe64cd4&fname=WBDEM_Water_Quality_Data_Summary_Vision_Envir onment_May_2011.pdf&access=private WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related https://gladstone.eatlas.org.au/geonetwork/srv/en/file.disclaimer?uuid=96c8f4e9-7f59-4b2dbd7bfc549fe64cd4&fname=WBDEM_Water_Quality_Data_Summary_Vision_Envir

Protocol Linkage

Protocol Linkage

Protocol Linkage

Protocol Linkage

Protocol Linkage

Protocol Topic category

onment_June_2011.pdf&access=private WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related https://gladstone.eatlas.org.au/geonetwork/srv/en/file.disclaimer?uuid=96c8f4e9-7f59-4b2dbd7bfc549fe64cd4&fname=WBDEM_Water_Quality_Data_Summary_Vision_Envir onment_July_2011.pdf&access=private WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related https://gladstone.eatlas.org.au/geonetwork/srv/en/file.disclaimer?uuid=96c8f4e9-7f59-4b2dbd7bfc549fe64cd4&fname=WBDEM_Water_Quality_Data_Summary_Vision_Envir onment_Aug_2011.pdf&access=private WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related https://gladstone.eatlas.org.au/geonetwork/srv/en/file.disclaimer?uuid=96c8f4e9-7f59-4b2dbd7bfc549fe64cd4&fname=WBDEM_Water_Quality_Data_Summary_Vision_Envir onment_Sep_2011.pdf&access=private WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related https://gladstone.eatlas.org.au/geonetwork/srv/en/file.disclaimer?uuid=96c8f4e9-7f59-4b2dbd7bfc549fe64cd4&fname=WBDEM_Water_Quality_Data_Summary_Vision_Envir onment_Oct_2011.pdf&access=private WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related https://gladstone.eatlas.org.au/geonetwork/srv/en/file.disclaimer?uuid=96c8f4e9-7f59-4b2dbd7bfc549fe64cd4&fname=WBDEM_Water_Quality_Data_Summary_Vision_Envir onment_Nov_2011.pdf&access=private WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related Environment

Keyword Thesaurus Keyword Keyword Type Thesaurus Keyword Type

theme.Gladstone Harbour indicator groups.rdf Physical-Chemical Water quality Theme theme.Gladstone Harbour sub-locations.rdf Western Basin Theme

Geographic bounding box West bound East bound South bound North bound

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150.7 151.8 -24.1 -23.3

Temporal extent Time position2011-05-01 (begin) Time position (end) 2011-11-30 Lineage File identifier

3af9b021-30ba-4f8f-a4e8-0f47ba0942a0

Metadata author Organisation name Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) Role metadataContact Date stamp 2013-06-28T10:37:10

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Title Date Date type Abstract

Regional impact of the port of Gladstone (Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics) 2013-06-03 creation This report presents the results of a study of the regional impact of the Port of Gladstone. The study formed part of the BITRE’s research program on policy-relevant issues in regional development and maritime transport. It was undertaken with financial support from the Gladstone Port Authority, through a sponsorship arrangement involving the Association of Australian Ports and Marine Authorities (AAPMA). THE LOCAL REGION The Port of Gladstone is located adjacent to the city of Gladstone, in the Fitzroy region of central Queensland. This region, as defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, comprises 12 local government areas: Gladstone City, Livingstone Shire, Rockhampton City, Calliope Shire, Fitzroy Shire, Mount Morgan Shire, Banana Shire, Duaringa Shire, Peak Downs Shire, Emerald Shire, Bauhinia Shire and Jericho Shire. The Fitzroy region had an estimated resident population of 181 202 persons at 30 June 1999. The regional economy served by the Port of Gladstone has expanded rapidly over the last 30 years, in response to major mining and industrial projects. Mines in the southern Bowen Basin shipped almost 30 million tonnes of export coal through the port in 1999-2000. The area adjacent to the port contains industrial processing facilities such as an alumina refinery, an aluminium smelter, a cement works, several chemical plants, a pilot plant for shale oil production and a demonstration plant for magnesium production. Other activities in the local region include agriculture (e.g. grain), other mining operations (e.g. limestone), forestry, commercial fishing, tourism, and a range of service/support activities. THE PORT OF GLADSTONE The Port of Gladstone is a key part of the transport chain for the Fitzroy region and adjacent parts of central Queensland. In tonnage terms, the port is the State’s largest multi-cargo port and Australia’s fourth largest port. Traffic has increased at a compound average rate of 4 per cent per annum over the last 10 years, with a rise of 8 per cent in the most recent period from 1998-99 to 1999-2000. Around 46 million tonnes of cargo, with an estimated value of $4.2 billion, were shipped through the port in 1999-2000. The Port of Gladstone mainly handles bulk cargoes. In tonnage terms, coal accounted for 64 per cent of the port’s traffic in 1999-2000. A further 29 per cent of the total tonnage involved aluminium and inputs used in its production: bauxite, caustic soda, alumina, petroleum coke and liquid pitch. Other major traffics included cargoes for the cement industry, petroleum products, woodchip and grain. Around 73 per cent of the cargo shipped through the Port of Gladstone in

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1999¬2000 involved the overseas trades. The remaining 27 per cent was coastal traffic, which mainly comprised the movement of bauxite from Weipa. PORT INFRASTRUCTURE AND OPERATIONS The Port of Gladstone comprises a natural deep-water harbour and facilities for the handling of ships and cargo. There are six wharf centres containing 12 berths and associated loading/unloading facilities. Other facilities include a container terminal, a marina, and large areas of industrial land. The Gladstone Port Authority (GPA) has overall responsibility for the efficient operation of the port. It carries out the typical functions of a strategic port manager and port landlord, and also owns and operates several bulk loading facilities. The GPA’s other activities include land reclamation, pilotage, and operation of the marina. Private operators provide a range of services such as ship’s agency, stevedoring, towage, bunkering, ship supplies and ship repairs. Government agencies that undertake Gladstone port-related activities include Transport Queensland, the Australian Customs Service, the Australian Maritime Safety Authority, and the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service. CONDUCT OF THE STUDY The study of the Port of Gladstone was undertaken using the general framework for port impact studies developed by the BITRE. Port impact is defined as the output, value added, income and employment generated by activities required for the movement of ships and cargoes through the port. Inclusion of trade facilitation effects would be expected to result in significantly higher estimates of port impact. The BITRE did not undertake a detailed analysis of these effects due to several factors including conceptual difficulties and the unavailability of reliable data. The estimates of port impact prepared by the BITRE cover the direct effects of the port and the subsequent flow-on effects to other sectors of the regional economy. A survey of 59 organisations involved in Gladstone portrelated activities provided most of the data for estimating the direct effects. Input-output tables, which quantify the linkages and transactions between different sectors of the regional economy, were used to calculate the flowon effects to other industry sectors in the Fitzroy region. ESTIMATES OF PORT IMPACT Direct effects Gladstone port-related activities involved output (i.e. gross revenue/ expenditure) of $135 million in 1999–2000. Value added, which represents payments to the primary inputs of production (i.e. labour, capital, land), was $93 million. 144 | P a g e

Gladstone port-related activities generated household income of $44 million and 738 jobs (full-time equivalent) in 1999–2000. Household income associated with these activities averaged $59 000 per employee, which was well above the average of around $35 000 per annum for all industries in the Fitzroy region. Flow-on effects The flow-on effects to other industry sectors in the Fitzroy region involved output of $89 million, value added of $46 million, household income of $24 million, and 1020 jobs (full-time equivalent). The flow-on effects particularly involved wholesale and retail trade etc., finance and business services, community services, and other transport activities. These sectors generally accounted for at least 70 per cent of the flow-on effects. Total impact The total impact of the Port of Gladstone is the sum of the direct effects and the flow-on effects. Output attributable to the operation of the port totalled $224 million in 1999–2000. Value added was $139 million, which was equivalent to around 3.0 per cent of total value added in the Fitzroy region. Household income generated by the operation of the port totalled $68 million. Employment involved 1758 jobs (full-time equivalent), representing 2.3 per cent of total employment in the Fitzroy region. The results of the case study indicate that, on average, each ship call at the Port of Gladstone involved the following impact on the Fitzroy region in 1999-2000: • $240 000 of output; • $149 000 of value added; • $73 000 of household income; • 1.9 full-time equivalent jobs for one year. Payments to governments attributable to the operation of the port are estimated at around $34 million in 1999–2000. This is an approximate figure, which covers direct and flow-on effects. It comprises payments to Commonwealth, State and local governments (excluding duties and taxes on imports handled at the Port of Gladstone). Detailed impact measures Port function 145 | P a g e

Port authority operations contributed 56 per cent of total impact in terms of value added. This proportion reflects the scope of the GPA’s operations, which involve the operation of major bulk cargo terminals as well as strategic port management and landlord activities. Ship operations generated 14 per cent of total impact in terms of value added. The major activities in this category include towage, ship’s agency, ship survey, ship supplies and pilotage. Land transport and storage (excluding activities at the GPA’s bulk cargo terminals) accounted for 14 per cent of total impact. Ship loading and unloading undertaken by operators other than the GPA generated 11 per cent of total impact. The other port functions were cargo services (3 per cent) and activities of government agencies (2 per cent). BITRE also prepared modified impact estimates on a pure functional basis, with activities at the GPA’s bulk cargo terminals being transferred from port authority operations to the relevant functional areas. The modified estimates indicated proportions of:

• 19 per cent for port authority operations (i.e. excluding the GPA’s bulk cargo terminals); • 36 per cent for land transport and storage (i.e. incorporating receival and storage activities at the GPA’s bulk cargo terminals); and • 26 per cent for ship loading/unloading (i.e. incorporating loading activities at the GPA’s bulk cargo terminals). Commodity/cargo type Coal generated 66 per cent of total impact in terms of value added. It comprised 64 per cent of traffic moved through the Port of Gladstone in 1999-2000. Other dry bulk cargoes accounted for 21 per cent of total impact, and around 31 per cent of port traffic, in 1999-2000. The major cargoes in this category included bauxite, alumina, cement clinker, woodchip and grain. Liquid bulk cargoes such as caustic soda and petroleum generated 7 per cent of total impact. They accounted for 4 per cent of the total tonnage moved through the port. Containers and other general cargo contributed 6 per cent of the total impact, although they accounted for only 1 per cent of port traffic. The input requirements per tonne for these cargoes are relatively high, as their physical attributes result in more resource-intensive handling techniques. 146 | P a g e

INTERPRETING THE RESULTS The results of the study indicate the general magnitude of the effects generated by Gladstone port-related activities in 1999-2000. They do not include trade facilitation effects, the economic benefits of exports and imports handled at the port, or the effects of industrial activities in the port area that are not involved in the transport of cargo. It should also be noted that the estimates of regional impact focus on output, value added, income and employment. They do not measure net economic benefits, technical efficiency, competitiveness, or the contribution of port infrastructure to regional development. The results of the study indicate the effects of the port on the Fitzroy region. These effects will generally differ from the net effects on the broader (e.g. State or national) economy. Metadata language eng Character set UTF8 Hierarchy level Dataset OnLine resource Linkage

Protocol Linkage

Protocol Topic category

https://gladstone.eatlas.org.au/geonetwork/srv/en/metadata.show?uuid=6c133496-9481-47fb97a1-db759d401a06 WWW:LINK-1.0-http--metadata-URL https://gladstone.eatlas.org.au/geonetwork/srv/en/file.disclaimer?uuid=6c133496-9481-47fb97a1db759d401a06&fname=Starr_2001_Regional_impact_of_the_port_of_Gladst one.pdf&access=private WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related Environment

Keyword Thesaurus Keyword Type Thesaurus Keyword Type

theme.Gladstone Harbour indicator groups.rdf Economic Theme theme.Gladstone Harbour sub-locations.rdf Greater Gladstone Region Theme

Geographic bounding box West bound East bound South bound North bound

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150.7 151.8 -24.1 -23.3

Temporal extent Time position1990-07-01 (begin) Time position (end) 2000-06-30 Lineage Statement

File identifier

"It should also be noted that the estimates of regional impact focus on output, value added, income and employment. They do not measure net economic benefits, technical efficiency, competitiveness, or the contribution of port infrastructure to regional development. " 6c133496-9481-47fb-97a1-db759d401a06

Metadata author Organisation name Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) Role metadataContact Date stamp 2013-06-23T16:40:28

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Appendix G Glossary of terms Term Ambient Amenity

Baseline Benchmark Benthic Biodiversity (fauna) Biodiversity (flora) Citizen science Compliance monitoring Contaminants

Cultural preservation Data (datum – singular) e-Atlas Grey literature Indicator

Liveability

Macrobenthos Macroinvertebrate Metadata

Model / Modelling Physicochemical Point source 149 | P a g e

Explanation Of the surrounding area or environment In this report, amenity is used to refer to: natural and built amenities, attractiveness of the physical environment, visual amenity (visual quality of the area experienced by residents, workers or visitors), tourism amenity (beauty, pleasure or experience unique to the locality) A point of reference from which to measure change A standard by which something can be measured or judged; may or may not be equivalent to a baseline Bottom dwelling e.g. in marine sediments presence, distribution and seasonal patterns in abundance and diversity of animals presence, distribution and seasonal patterns in abundance and diversity of plants Scientific research conducted by public participants Monitoring which is undertaken as part of development or licence conditions In this report, contaminants refers to the presence of unnatural levels of inorganic and organic chemicals within the environment, either dissolved in the water or bound by sediments and other particulate matter In this report, cultural preservation refers to places and resources of cultural significance to indigenous and non-indigenous peoples The values of qualitative or quantitative variables, usually relating to a series of measurements The e-Atlas is a website and mapping system that enables people from different institutions and locations to access the same repository and data Informally published material e.g. reports that have not been formally peer-reviewed and published in a scientific journal Indicators are numerical values which provide insight into the state of the environment, or human health etc. As the environment is highly complex, indicators provide a simple, practical way to track changes in the state of the environment over time. For example, the amount of chlorophyll a in the water is an indicator of the amount of algae in the water (chlorophyll is found within algal cells). In this report, liveability is used to refer to a sense of place, quality of housing, provision of health services, recreation facilities, attraction of the urban environment, availability of services Macroscopic organisms which inhabit the sea floor Macroscopic invertebrates, usually used to distinguish invertebrate fauna from planktonic species “Data about data”, the series of descriptors used to identify a particular dataset, e.g. author, date of creation, format of the data, location of the datapoints etc. The creation of conceptual, graphical or mathematical models to describe, visualise or test abstract concepts and processes. physical and chemical forces that influence the environment and the biodiversity and people within e.g. temperature, salinity A single, identifiable localised source of a release e.g. a stormwater outlet

QA/QC

Refugia Sediment Composition Socio-economic

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Quality assurance/Quality control – the process(es) used to measure and ensure the quality of a product, and then to ensure the product or services meet quality expectations. Raw data may have errors in the measurement readings or may be in a format that is not suitable for further analysis so QA/QC must first be used to assess and format the dataset. A location of an isolated or relict population of a once widespread animal or plant species physical nature of sediment – size, geochemistry and mineralogy Pertaining to social science and economic activity that affects social processes

Appendix H Complete list of entries in the Gladstone Harbour database developed in e-Atlas for this report as of 31 July 2013 Note: Many entries include more than one corresponding report or dataset. The database has been developed for the use of the Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership Independent Science Panel and is not currently publicly accessible. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

A 1500 year record of coastal sediment accumulation preserved in beach deposits at Keppel Bay, Queensland, Australia A biological review of Australian marine turtle species (EPA/DERM) A conservation strategy for dugongs (JCU/CRC) A marine climate change impacts and adaptation report card for Australia 2009. Seagrass (Griffith University) A review of water quality issues influencing the habitat quality in dugong protection areas (GBRMPA) A study into the epidemiology of mud crab (Scylla serrata) shell disease (Central Queensland University) Acid sulfate soils of Tannum Sands to Gladstone -Central Queensland Acid sulfate soils of the Bajool-Port Alma area of Central Queensland Acid sulfate soils of the Narrows area of Central Queensland Aerial survey of the urban coast of Queensland to evaluate the response of the dugong population to the widespread effects of the extreme weather events of the summer of 2010-11 (JCU) An overview of the historical cultural heritage resources of the Curtis Coast Annual Statistical review (Queensland Police Service) Antioxidant enzymes as biomarkers of environmental stress in oysters in Port Curtis Approval to extend reduction lines at the Boyne Island aluminium smelter and associated activities at Gladstone, Queensland (EPBC 2001/477) Arrow Energy LNG Plant, Curtis Island (EPBC Referral 2009/5007) Aspects of Developmental Dredging in the Port of Gladstone Aspects of Statistical Design for Monitoring Waters of Port Curtis, Queensland Assessing the Risk from Chemical Contaminants in the Port Curtis Estuary, Australia Australia Pacific LNG Project -Development of a LNG Plant and Ancillary Onshore and Marine Facilities on Curtis Island -EPBC 2009/4977 Australian bulk commodity exports and infrastructure – outlook to 2025 (Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics) Australian Hawksbill turtle population dynamics project (EPA) Australian Sea Freight annual reports (Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics) Australian Soil Resource Information System (ASRIS) Barney Point Coal Terminal Dust Benchmarking Study Gladstone Port Coal Dust Study (Connell Hatch on behalf of Gladstone Ports Corporation) Baseline and monitoring methods for seagrass meadows (CSIRO) Benthic macroinvertebrate monitoring -Port of Gladstone dredged material ocean disposal site: May 2007 (BMT WBM) Benthic Nutrients and Physical Water Properties Annual Amplitude in the Australian Region (0.025 grid) Benthic Nutrients and Physical Water Properties Annual Mean (0.1 grid) in the Australian Region Benthic Primary Producers Habitat Assessment (BPPHA) benthic PAR & temperature data summary Sep 2010 -Nov 2010 (Vision Environment) Benthic Primary Producers Habitat Assessment (BPPHA) water quality and sedimentation data: Nov 2010 -Mar 2011 (Vision Environment)

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31. Benthic Primary Producers Health Assessment (BPPHA) water quality logger summary: 25 Jan -15 Feb 2011 (Vision Environment) 32. Bibliography of Wind-Wave Data and Publications for the Coastal Regions of Australia (Defence, Science and Technology Organisation) 33. Biogeochemical modelling and nitrogen budgets for the Fitzroy Estuary and Keppel Bay 34. Biology of dugongs in relation to their environment. Part 2. Chapter 5. Use of space. 35. CapReef Recreational Fishing and Fish Resources in Central Queensland 2005-09 36. Capricorn Coast Beaches (Beach Protection Branch, Queensland Department of Harbours & Marine) 37. Carbon and Nutrient Cycling in a Subtropical Estuary (The Fitzroy), Central Queensland. 38. Cargo and trade statistics for Port of Gladstone (Gladstone Ports Corporation) 39. CARS 2009 -CSIRO Atlas of Regional Seas 40. CEM Port Curtis portwide macrobenthos study (CQU) 41. Central Queensland Healthy Waterways Survey 42. Central Queensland Regional Plan Draft for consultation June 2013 (DSDIP) 43. Chlorophyll and suspended sediment assessment in a macrotidal tropical estuary adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef: spatial and temporal assessment using remote sensing 44. Clean and Healthy Air For Gladstone 45. Clean and Healthy Air For Gladstone (Live air quality data) 46. Clean And Healthy Air For Gladstone Project: Interim human health risk assessment report 47. Climate Change Assessment Report for Fisherman's Landing Northern Expansion (GHD for Gladstone Ports Corporation) 48. Coastal Hazard Areas Map Erosion Prone and Storm Tide Inundation Areas (Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection) 49. Coastal seagrass habitats at risk from human activity in the GBRWHA (QDPI&F) 50. Coastal Themes: an archaeology of the Southern Curtis Coast, Queensland (James Cook University) 51. Commercial catch of key species. Gladstone 2006-2011 (DAFF) 52. Commercial fisheries catch data for grids Grids R29, R30, S29, S30 (Queensland Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry) 53. Community risk in Gladstone: A multi-hazard risk assessment 54. Conservation and management of the dugong in Queensland 1999-2004 (EPA) 55. Contaminant pathways in Port Curtis: Final report 56. Contaminants in Port Curtis: screening level risk assessment 57. Critical estuarine habitats for foodwebs supporting fisheries in Port Curtis, central Queensland, Australia (Griffith University) 58. Cultural heritage database and register search request (Queensland Department of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and Multicultural Affairs) 59. Curtis Coast Coastal and Marine Resource Inventory Report 2012 60. Curtis Coast study -Resource Report 1994 61. Curtis Island Environmental Management Precinct -Ecology, Environment and Heritage Study (GHD) 62. Development of a light based seagrass management approach for the Gladstone Western Basin Dredging Program (DAFF) 63. Development of a Natural Gas Liquefaction Park associated with the Gladstone LNG Project -EPBC No 2008/4057 64. Development of an Hydraulic Model -Gladstone Inner Harbour (Department of Harbours and Marine) 65. Development of marine facilities to service natural gas liquefaction park, Gladstone LNG Project LNG Marine Facilities -EPBC No 2008/4058 66. Distribution and community composition of demersal fish in shallow nearshore waters of Port Curtis 152 | P a g e

67. Do river flows affect coastal and offshore catch rates? A numerical model of fisheries response to flow regime change in the estuaries and Great Barrier Reef waters of Central Queensland 68. Domestic tourism for Fitzroy Statistical Division (Tourism Research Australia) 69. Draft Water Resource (Boyne River Basin) Plan 2013 (Queensland Government) 70. Dredge Material Placement Area (DMPA) water quality monitoring: Feb 2011 -Feb 2012 (Vision Environment) 71. Dredge spoil placement monitoring in Port Curtis: surveys Jan and Apr 2003 (CQU) 72. Dugong aerial survey (dugongs, cetaceans, turtles) Southern Great Barrier Reef, November 1994 73. Dugong aerial survey (dugongs, cetaceans, turtles) Southern Great Barrier Reef, NovemberDecember 1992 74. Dugong aerial survey (dugongs, turtles) Southern Great Barrier Reef, 1986 75. Dugong behaviour and response to human influences (Thesis: JCU) 76. Dugong distribution and abundance on the urban coast of Queensland: a basis for management (JCU) 77. Dugong research: Current status and opportunities 1988 (JCU) 78. Dugong. A description of key species groups in the Northern Planning Area (P&WS/JCU) 79. Dugongs: papers on movements and habitat usage, traditional hunting and incidental sightings (JCU) 80. Ecosystem Research and Monitoring Program (ERMP) 81. Environmental flows for sub-tropical estuaries: understanding the freshwater needs for sustainable fisheries production and assessing the impacts of water regulation 82. Environmental Review of QER Pty Ltd's Oil Shale Technology Demonstration Plant, Gladstone, Queensland, 2013 (DEHP) 83. Fate and effects of oil and dispersed oil on mangrove ecosystems in Australia 84. Fish health Interim Veterinary Diagnostic Assessment (IVDA) reports (Biosecurity QLD) 85. Fish health sampling reports: Gladstone Harbour (Biosecurity QLD/DEEDI) 86. Fish health survey -Gladstone Harbour (DEEDI/DAFF) 87. Fish kill testing summary: Catfish. Boyne River, Gladstone (Biosecurity Queensland/ DAFF) 88. Fishmap (CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship and the Atlas of Living Australia) 89. Fitzroy River: Intertidal Mudflat Biogeochemistry 90. Focus on Regions 1: Industry Structure Database 2003 (Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics) 91. Focus on Regions 2: Educational Qualifications and Occupations (Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics) 92. Focus on Regions 4: Social Capital Database (Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics) 93. Foliage Projective Cover – Landsat 94. Fractional cover -MODIS, CSIRO Land and Water algorithm, Australia coverage 95. Franklin Voyage FR 01/2002 Underway Data 96. Franklin Voyage FR 04/90 ADCP Data 97. Franklin Voyage FR 04/90 CTD Data 98. Franklin Voyage FR 09/90 ADCP Data 99. Geomorphology and sediment transport in Keppel Bay, central Queensland, Australia 100. Geomorphology and sediments of the Fitzroy River coastal sedimentary system 101. GIS Layer: Sea Salinity in the Australian Region 102. GIS Layer: Sea Surface Currents in the Australian Region 103. GIS Layer: Sea Surface Dissolved Oxygen in the Australian Region 104. GIS Layer: Sea Surface Height in the Australian Region 105. GIS Layer: Sea Surface Nitrate in the Australian Region 106. GIS Layer: Sea Surface Phosphate in the Australian Region 107. GIS Layer: Sea Surface Silicate in the Australian Region 153 | P a g e

108. Gladfish 2012: Assessing trends in recreational fishing in Gladstone Harbour and adjacent waterways (Infofish) 109. Gladstone baseline sky cam light monitoring 2011: marine turtle behaviour (Pendoley Environmental) 110. Gladstone Environmental Survey (Final Report to Queensland Electricity Commission) 111. Gladstone fish health scientific advisory panel: Final report Jan 2012 (DEEDI) 112. Gladstone Harbour Integrated Aquatic Investigation Program 2012 Report (EHP) 113. Gladstone healthy harbour marine debris study 114. Gladstone Industry -Community Perception Study (Gladstone Industry Leadership Group) 115. Gladstone LNG Social Impact Management Plan (Santos) 116. Gladstone Pacific Nickel Ltd, Gladstone Nickel PROJECT, near Gladstone QUEENSLAND EPBC 2005/2376 117. Gladstone permanent transect seagrass monitoring program (DEEDI/DAFF/JCU) 118. Gladstone Regional Vision 2028 Final Project Report (Rio Tinto Alcan Community Fund) 119. Gladstone Seagrass-Watch 120. Gladstone Seasonal Events. Produced for Gladstone Harbour Fish Health/Water Quality extended oversight committee, Dec 2011 (DERM) 121. Gladstone wave rider buoy (Queensland Department of Science, Information Technology, Innovation and the Arts and Gladstone ports Corporation) 122. Google Earth Landsat Timelapse of Gladstone Harbour (1984-2012) 123. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Seabed Biodiversity Project -baited remote underwater video station (BRUVS (TM)) surveys of vertebrates 124. Guide to Standard 4.2.1 Primary Production and Processing Standard for Seafood (Safe Seafood Australia) 125. Handbook of marine mammals. Irrawaddy dolphin 126. Health assessment of green sea turtles from Gladstone Harbour: July to October 2011 (UQ) 127. Health assessment of green turtles in South and Central Queensland following extreme weather impacts on coastal habitat during 2011 (Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection) 128. Historical trends in recreational fishing catches in the Gladstone region 129. Holocene evolution and modern sediment accumulation on a tropical macro-tidal coast – Keppel Bay, central Queensland, Australia 130. Household wealth Database (Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics) 131. Housing in Gladstone (Queensland Coordinator-General) 132. How much fishing effort is there? 2005-08 Patterns of fishing effort of recreational fishers in Central Queensland 133. How much fishing effort is there? Patterns of fishing effort of recreational fishers offshore from Central Queensland 134. Hydrodynamic Modelling of the Port Curtis Region 135. Ichthys Project - Fish health monitoring program (Cardno) 136. Imposex in the City: A Survey to Monitor the Effects of TBT Contamination in Port Curtis, Queensland 137. Indigenous coastal and waterways resource management 138. Industry Structure database 2009 (Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics) 139. Intertidal Crabs as Potential Biomonitors in Port Curtis 140. Intertidal wetlands of Port Curtis: ecological patterns and processes, and their implications 141. Introduced marine pest survey in Port Curtis 142. Investigation of contaminant levels in green turtles from Gladstone (UQ) 143. Investigation of mangrove dieback, Fitzroy River, Rockhampton (EPA) 144. Investigation of the Causes of Aquatic Animal Health Problems in the Gladstone Harbour and Nearshore Waters 154 | P a g e

145. Is what is there what you catch? 2008 update -Baited Remote Underwater Video in the southern Great Barrier Reef 146. Is what is there what you catch? Baited Remote Underwater Video in the southern Great Barrier Reef 147. Keppel Bay: physical processes and biogeochemical engineering 148. Keppel Islands reefs: baseline study 2008-2010 (CQU/AIMS) 149. Lessons learnt from the experimental oiling of mature mangroves (JCU/AIMS) 150. Live shipping position data derived from the AIS system ("MarineTraffic web-site") 151. Living on Saltwater Country: Review of literature about Aboriginal rights, use, management and interests in northern Australian marine environments (National Oceans Office) 152. Looking into the "Crystal Bowl" (Infofish Australia) 153. Macrobenthic community responses to long-term environmental change in an east Australian subtropical estuary: Port Curtis (CQU) 154. Macrobenthic community structure in the Fitzroy River Estuary, Queensland (CQU). 155. Mangrove and saltmarsh monitoring: Literature review for Gladstone (SKM) 156. Mangrove monitoring Gladstone Port: Oct 2011 -ongoing (Southern Cross University) 157. Mangrove regeneration report 1993 -2003 (GPC) 158. Mapping and assessment of seagrass and coral reefs (Oceania Maritime Consultants) 159. Marine Geology of the Capricorn Channel Area 160. Marine Incidents in Queensland (Maritime Safety Queensland) 161. Marine mammals (Marsh 2008) 162. Marine megafauna and acoustic surveys summer and autumn 2011: Curtis Coast region (GHD) 163. Marine safety investigations & reports (Australian Transport Safety Bureau) 164. Marine turtle and dugong habitats in the GBRMP used to implement biophysical operational principles for the Representative Areas Program (GBRMPA) 165. Marine turtles of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (Dept. of Environment) 166. Marine wildlife stranding and mortality database annual reports: Dugong (DERM) 167. Marine wildlife stranding and mortality database. Cetacean and Pinniped (EPA) 168. Marine wildlife strandings and mortality database annual report: Turtles (DERM) 169. Median weekly rents data for central Queensland (Queensland Residential Tenancy Authority) 170. Metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants in benthic sediments of Port Curtis 171. Metal Bioaccumulation through Food web Pathways in Port Curtis 172. Metals in the Waters and Sediments of Port Curtis, Queensland (CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship Technical Report) 173. Migratory shorebird monitoring Port Curtis to Port Alma (Sandpiper Ecological Services; Wildlife Unlimited) 174. Modelling of fine-sediment transport in the Fitzroy Estuary and Keppel Bay 175. Monthly ship movement reports for Queensland ports (Maritime Safety Queensland) 176. National Demersal Fish Datasets for the regionalisation of the Australian continental slope and outer shelf 177. National Greenhouse and Energy Reports (2008-2012) 178. National Pollutant Inventory data extracts for Gladstone Local Government region 179. NERP-TE Project 10.1 -Social and economic long-term monitoring program (JCU) 180. NERP-TE Project 10.2 -Socio-economic systems and reef resilience (JCU) 181. **DRAFT**North-East Shipping Management Plan (North-East Shipping Management Group) 182. Numerical hydrodynamic modelling of the Fitzroy Estuary 183. Numerical modelling of hydrodynamics, sediment transport and biogeochemistry in the Fitzroy estuary 184. Nutrient dynamics and pelagic primary production in coastal creeks delivering into Keppel Bay 185. Nutrient dynamics and sediment budgets in the Fitzroy estuary during a flood event 186. Pathology results for fish collected from Gladstone Harbour on 2 Mar 2012 following cyanide discharge (Biosecurity QLD/DEEDI) 155 | P a g e

187. Pesticide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and metal contamination in the Fitzroy Estuary, Queensland, Australia 188. Population genetics of Southeast Asian and Western Pacific green turtles, Chelonia mydas (UQ) 189. Port Curtis and Fitzroy River Estuary Remote Sensing Tasks 190. Port Curtis and Rodds Bay seagrass monitoring program (DPI/DEEDI/DAFF) 191. Port Curtis and Tributaries Comparison of Current and Historical Water Quality (DERM) 192. Port Curtis benthic primary producer (seagrass) habitat assessment and health studies update: Dec 2010 (DEEDI) 193. Port Curtis Coral Coast (PCCC) Regional Traditional Use of Marine Resources Agreement (TUMRA) Environmental Monitoring Analysis (Gidargil Development Corporation) 194. Port Curtis Ecosystem Health Report Card (2005-06) 195. Port Curtis Ecosystem Health Report Card (2008-10) 196. Port Curtis hydrodynamic model evaluation 197. Port Curtis macrobenthic monitoring program, Oct 1999 (CQU) 198. Port Curtis macrobenthic monitoring program. Final report 1995 -2003 (CQU) 199. Port Curtis macrobenthic monitoring programme 1995 -2001 (CQU) 200. Port Curtis mangrove monitoring programme: CQPA surveys 1994 -2004 (CQU) 201. Port Curtis mud crab shell disease : nature, distribution and management (Central Queensland University) 202. Port Curtis post oil spill seagrass assessment Gladstone -February 2006 (DPI&F) 203. Port Curtis seagrass monitoring program. Surveys Feb 1997 -Mar 2002 (CQU) 204. Port of Gladstone Western Basin Master Plan Under Section 10(2) of the State Development and Public Works Organisation Act 1971 205. Port of Gladstone Western Basin Strategic Dredging and Disposal Project, Gladstone, QLD (EPBC 2009/4904) 206. Port of Glastone dredged material disposal site: review of benthic fauna monitoring data 2006 (BMT WBM) 207. Port State Control inspection results for ships visiting Gladstone (Australian Maritime Safety Authority) 208. Ports and Waterways Safety Assessment Workshop Report for the Port of Gladstone 209. Post-flood water quality monitoring in Gladstone Harbour and waterways: Jan 2013, Feb 2013, Apr 2013 (EHP) 210. Preliminary report on underwater gravity survey, Great Barrier Reef area, Rockhampton to Gladstone 211. Problems in establishing a benthic baseline during a macrobenthos survey near Gladstone, Queensland (UQ/Southern Electric Authority of Queensland) 212. Queensland Agricultural Land Audit 213. Queensland Curtis Island LNG Social Impact Management Plan 214. Queensland Curtis LNG Project -LNG Plant and Onshore Facilities -EPBC No 2008/4402 215. Queensland Globe 216. Queensland government coal export monthly tonnage statistics for Gladstone (Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines) 217. Queensland Government response to the Gladstone Fish Health Scientific Advisory Panel's Final Report 2012 (DERM) 218. Queensland Land Use Mapping Project 219. Queensland Regional Database (also known as the Queensland Regional Statistical Information System) 220. Queensland seagrasses status 2010 -Torres Strait and East Coast (DEEDI) 221. Queensland turle conservation project: Facing Island turtle nesting survey 1999-2000 (to GPA and QPWS) 222. Queensland turtle conservation project: Curits Island marine turtle nesting study 1999-2000 (to GPA and QPWS) 156 | P a g e

223. Queensland turtle conservation project: Curtis Island and Woongarra Coast Flatback turtle studies, 2005-2006 (EPA) 224. Queensland turtle conservation project: Hummock Hill Island nesting turtle study 2006 (EPA) 225. Queensland Valuation and Sales database (Queensland Valuer-General, Department of Natural Resources and Mines) 226. Queensland Wildlife Online North-east Gladstone 227. Queensland Wildlife Online North-west Gladstone 228. Queensland Wildlife Online South-east Gladstone 229. Queensland Wildlife Online South-west Gladstone 230. Rainfall observations for the Gladstone region (Bureau of Meteorology) 231. Raw water quality Lake Awoonga (Gladstone Area Water Board) 232. Recaptures of barramundi in the central Queensland area from Yeppoon to Bundaberg barramundi season 2012 233. Reconstructed Global Mean Sea Level for 1870 to 2001 234. Recreational fisheries catch for 1997, 1999, 2002 and 2005 near Gladstone (Queensland Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry) 235. Reef Rescue Marine Monitoring Program (MMP) 236. Reef Rescue Marine Monitoring Program (MMP): Inshore seagrass monitoring (DPI&F/DEEDI/JCU) 237. Reef Rescue Marine Monitoring Program (MMP): Remote sensing of water quality (CSIRO) 238. Regional economic growth database update 2008 (Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics) 239. Regional economic growth: Taxable Income Database (Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics) 240. Regional impact of the port of Gladstone (Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics) 241. Regulatory controls for Queensland wetlands (CRC for Coastal zone, Estuary & Waterway management) 242. Relationships between seagrass communities and sediment properties along the Queensland coast (QDPI&F) 243. Report in impact of barramundi spillover at Awoonga Dam, 2011 (Fisheries Queensland) 244. Report on the Long-term Water Quality Monitoring of Estuaries and Inshore Coastal Waters in Central Queensland 1993 to 2006 245. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific region -Voyage of the HMS Alert 1881-2 246. Research Review of Recent Environmental Issues in Port Curtis by Environment Group, Queensland Gas Corporation 247. Result of National Land & Water Resources Audit (NLWRA) 2001 for Fitzroy River 248. Review of coastal dolphins in central Queensland, particularly Port Curtis and Port Alma regions (Southern Cross University) 249. RG Tanna Dust Benchmarking Study Gladstone Port Coal Losses and Air Quality (Connell Hatch for Central Queensland Ports Authority) 250. Sample preservation techniques used for Introduced marine pest survey in Port Curtis (2000 251. Samples collected during the introduced marine pest survey in Port Curtis (2000) 252. Scallop sampling -Bundaberg to Gladstone waters. Feb 2012 (DAFF) 253. Seabed Biodiversity on the Continental Shelf of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (Epibenthic Sled) 254. Seabed Biodiversity on the Continental Shelf of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (Prawn Trawl) 255. Seabed Biodiversity on the Continental Shelf of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (Towed Video) 256. Seagrass beds and juvenile prawn and fish nursery grounds. Water Park Point to Hervey Bay, QLD (DPI) 157 | P a g e

257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. 280. 281. 282. 283. 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. 297.

Seagrass communities in the Shoalwater Bay Region, QLD. Sep 1995 -Apr 1996 (DPI) Seagrass health study: Phase II (DEEDI) Seagrass in Australia. Strategic review and development of an R&D plan (CSIRO) Seagrass light based management (Gladstone Ports Corporation/LNG Port Dredging) Search results from Atlas of Living Australia for the Gladstone region Seasonal distribution of the dugong in the southern Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (JCU) Sediment accumulation and Holocene evolution of the Fitzroy River lower floodplain, central Queensland, Australia Sediments and Sedimentary processes in Gladstone Harbour, Queensland (University of Queensland) Shark Control Program (Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry) Ship engine exhaust emissions in waters around Australia –an overview Shipping Activity associated with the Queensland Curtis LNG Project -EPBC No 2008/4405 Sighting for dugong, cetacean and turtle species in the Southern Great Barrier Reef area during the dugong aerial surveys in November 2005 Sighting for dugongs in the Southern Great Barrier Reef area during the dugong aerials surveys between October and December 1999 Sighting for dugongs in the Southern Great Barrier Reef area during the dugong aerials surveys in September 1987 Significant impact guidelines for 36 migratory shorebird species. EPBC 3.21 (SEWPaC) Social Impact Management Plan (Australia Pacific LNG) Social Infrastructure Strategic Plan for the Gladstone region (DEEDI) Soela Voyage SO 1/86 CTD Data Southern Surveyor Transit ST 03/2008 ADCP Data Southern Surveyor Transit ST 03/2008 Underway Data Southern Surveyor Transit ST 06/2007 Underway Data Southern Surveyor Voyage SS 01/2005 Underway Data Southern Surveyor Voyage SS 02/2005 Underway Data Southern Surveyor Voyage SS 03/2003 Underway Data Southern Surveyor Voyage SS 09/2008 ADCP Data Southern Surveyor Voyage SS 09/2008 CTD Data Southern Surveyor Voyage SS 09/2008 Hydrology Data Southern Surveyor Voyage SS 09/2008 Underway Data Southern Surveyor Voyage SS2012_T02 Underway Data Spatial variability of cadmium, copper, manganese, nickel and zinc in the Port Curtis Estuary, Queensland, Australia Species list from the introduced marine pest survey in Port Curtis (2000) Species occurrence at sampling sites during the introduced marine pest survey in Port Curtis (2000) Sprightly Voyage SP 10/83 CTD Data Stable isotopes of nitrogen as potential indicators of nitrogen contamination in Port Curtis – a pilot study. Stakeholder Analysis of Coastal Zone and Waterway Stakeholders in the Port Curtis and Fitzroy Catchments of Central Queensland Statewide Landcover and Trees Study (SLATS) Statistical analysis of the water quality of the Fitzroy River estuary (FE3): recommendations for improving current monitoring practices Status and trends of seagrass habitats in the GBRWHA (QDPI&F) Status of Imposex from Tributyltin Contamination in Port Curtis Status of seagrasses in the Great Barrier Reef region (DPI) Status of turtles in Queensland after 2010 flood events: a review (Applied Ecology Solutions)

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298. Storm tide gauge site: South Trees Is, Gladstone (Queensland Department of Science, Information Technology, Innovation and the Arts and Gladstone Ports Corporation) 299. Streamflow data for Gladstone region (Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines) 300. Suntag (fish tagging program in Central Queensland) 301. Tagged fish recaptures, movement and growth -Tagging of key reef species in Central Queensland 302. Temporal and spatial variations in seagrass standing-stock at a meadow in Port Curtis, Queensland (Central Queensland University) 303. Terrestrial and marine geology of the Gladstone area, Queensland 304. The absence of Pfiesteria species and Cryptoperidiniopsis brodyii from Gladstone Harbour based upon polymerase chain reaction assays (DERM/UTAS/Bolch) 305. The distribution of Snapping shrimp noise near Gladstone, Queensland 306. The effects of management changes on the Catches of two Deep-sea Fishing Clubs in Central Queensland 307. The Fitzroy Contaminants Project – A study of the nutrient and fine-sediment dynamics of the Fitzroy Estuary and Keppel Bay 308. The Gladstone Region Wellbeing Study -A Roadmap (Hornery Institute) 309. The impact of dredge spoil dumping on fringing coral reefs around Facing Island (Sea Research) 310. The intertidal wetlands of Port Curtis (DPI&F) 311. The spatial ecology of dugongs: applications to conservation management (JCU) 312. The status of the pied oystercatcher on the coastal flats of Keppel sands and Joskeleigh on the Capricorn coast of Central QLD 313. To develop, construct, operate and decommission a 430km pipeline network to link coal seam gas fields to a proposed LNG facility on Curtis Island as described in referral EPBC No 2008/4096 314. To develop, construct, operate and decommission a 730km pipeline network to link coal seam gas fields in the Surat Basin, Queensland to the proposed Queensland Curtis LNG Plant located on Curtis Island as described in referral EPBC 2008/4399 315. To develop, construct, operate and decommission a high pressure gas transmission pipeline network to link coal seam gas fields to a proposed LNG facility on Curtis Island (EPBC No 2009/4976) 316. To develop, construct, operate and decommission the marine facilities component of the Queensland Curtis LNG Project as described in referral EPBC 2008/4401 317. Transport and Main Roads open data datasets 318. Using satellite maps to document the extent of sediment plumes associated with dredging activity in Gladstone Port's western basin, Queensland (James Cook University) 319. Water Quality of Port Curtis and Tributaries: reports Jan 1994 -Aug 2012 (DERM/EHP) 320. Water quality parameters measured at sampling sites during the introduced marine pest survey in Port Curtis (2000) 321. Water Resource (Boyne River Basin) Plan 2000 (Queensland Government) OUTDATED 322. Western Basin Dredge Environmental Management (WBDEM) water quality data summary: May 2011 -Nov 2011 (Vision Environment) 323. Western Basin Dredge Environmental Monitoring (WBDEM) benthic PAR & temperature data summary: Dec 2010 to Mar 2011 324. Western Basin Dredge Environmental Monitoring (WBDEM) metal summary: Dec 2011 and Jan 2012 (Vision Environment) 325. Western Basin Dredge Environmental Monitoring (WBDEM) Telemetered PAR: Oct 2011, Nov 2011 (Vision Environment) 326. Western Basin Dredge Environmental Monitoring (WBDEM) water quality & sedimentation data summary: Apr 2011 (Vision Environment) 327. Western Basin Dredge Environmental Monitoring (WBDEM) water quality logger summary: 1 May 2011 -15 Jan 2012 (Vision Environment)

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328. Western Basin Dredging & Disposal Program (WBDDP) stage 8: depth-averaged total suspended solid concentrations along various transects within Port Curtis, 20-28 Oct 2011 (Vision Environment) 329. Western Basin Dredging & Disposal Program (WBDDP) water quality monitoring, May 2012 -Apr 2013 (Vision Environment) 330. Western Basin Dredging & Disposal Project (WBDDP) stage 4 discussion paper: total suspended solids concentrations, pre and during dredging 2010-2011 (Vision Environment) 331. Western Basin Dredging & Disposal Project (WBDDP) water quality management plan: Rev 9 Oct 2012 (Aurecon) 332. What is the catch? 2005-08 The catch of recreational fishers in Central Queensland 333. What is the catch? The catch of recreational fishers offshore from Central Queensland 334. Wiggins Island Coal Terminal approval under EPBC Act (2005/2374)

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Appendix I Screen images of several trial visualisations using the eAtlas Atlasmapper component

Figure 46 Locations of Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) weather stations with the station descriptor containing a live hyperlink to the BOM data page for that station

Figure 47 Similar to Figure 46 which shows BOM weather station locations and links to BOM station data pages but including locations of Queensland Department of Natural Resource and Management stream flow stations with live links to their data pages

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Figure 48 Shipwreck locations from the Australian National Shipwreck Database for the Capricorn region with live links to individual records for each wreck in the Database

Figure 49 Fish health results from the Queensland Government Fish Health Survey for Gladstone Harbour as at 1 March 2012 showing location and reported results 162 | P a g e

Figure 50 GBR coast land use from the Queensland Land Use Mapping Project (Queensland department of Natural Resources and Mining, 2005) showing a point-and-query result

Figure 51 Two active maps showing Western Basin Dredging and Disposal Project monitoring buoy locations as well as results of water analyses for aluminium for April, 2013 (Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection). This latter dataset includes all monthly testing since 2011 for numerous metals and water quality parameters and these can be selected from the map controls as well as generate time-based animations for individual parameters 163 | P a g e

Appendix J Port Curtis Industry Release Point Compliance Data as at 13/05/2013. Source: Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (Queensland). NB: information is subject to change. Industry name

Australia Pacific LNG (APLNG Curtis Island)

Contaminants and source RP3 to RP6: Stormwater Outfall 1-4 (during construction)

RP3 to RP6: Stormwater Outfall 1-4 (during operation)

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Frequency of Release

Quality Characteristics pH TSS Total hydrocarbons DO Cadmium Chromium III Chromium VI Cobalt Copper Lead Mercury (inorganic) Nickel Silver (Ag) Tributly-tin Vanadium (Vn) Zinc pH TSS Total hydrocarbons DO Cadmium Chromium III Chromium VI Cobalt

Release limit Minimum 6.5

6.5

Median

Maximum 8.5 50mg/L 10mg/L 4mg/L 0.0055 mg/L 0.0274 mg/L 0.0044 mg/L 0.001 mg/L 0.0013mg/L 0.0044 mg/L 0.0004mg/L 0.07mg/L 0.0014mg/L 0.000006mg/L 0.0001mg/L 0.015 mg/L 8.5 15mg/L 10mg/L 4mg/L 0.0055 mg/L 0.0274 mg/L 0.0044 mg/L 0.001 mg/L

Minimum monitoring frequency Prior to discharge and during discharge events during first flush. Periods of no discharge must be recorded.

Prior to discharge and during discharge events during first flush. Periods of no discharge must be recorded.

Industry name

Contaminants and source

Frequency of Release

Quality Characteristics

Release limit Minimum

Australia Pacific LNG (APLNG Narrows)

PASS 01 HDD 01 HDD02 ML 01

ML 02

CI 01 CI 02 CI 03 Australia Pacific LNG (ERA 50)

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Copper Lead Mercury (inorganic) Nickel Silver (Ag) Tributlytin Vanadium (Vn) Zinc pH TSS Total hydrocarbons mg/l Petroleum hydrocarbons (C6C9) mg/l Petroleum hydrocarbons (C10C36) DO Aluminium (total) ug/l Iron (total) ug/l Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) Suspended Solids (mg/l) pH

Median

Maximum 0.0013mg/L 0.0044 mg/L 0.0004mg/L 0.07mg/L 0.0014mg/L 0.000006mg/L 0.0001mg/L 0.015 mg/L 9

6.5 30 10 Monitor only

Monitor only

Minimum monitoring frequency

Monthly during periods of no release, immediately prior to discharge and daily during discharge events, Periods of no discharge must be recorded

4 362 387 2

As per Stormwater Management Plan

40 6.5

8.5

Industry name

BP Australia

Contaminants and source

Potential contaminated stormwater from fuel bund from tank 5, workshop and tank 9 interceptor (fuel storage facility)

Frequency of Release

during rainfall

Quality Characteristics Oil and grease (mg/L) Suspended solids

Minimum 10

pH

6.5

Dissolved oxygen

2

oil and grease

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Release limit Median

Maximum

Minimum monitoring frequency

30

not less than 2 monthly between 1 Oct and 31 Mar. During discharge events between 1 Apr and 30 Sept

8.5

not less than 2 monthly between 1 Oct and 31 Mar. During discharge events between 1 Apr and 30 Sept not less than 2 monthly between 1 Oct and 31 Mar. During discharge events between 1 Apr and 30 Sept not less than 2 monthly between 1 Oct and 31 Mar. During discharge events between 1 Apr and 30 Sept

20

Industry name

Contaminants and source

Frequency of Release

Quality Characteristics

Release limit Minimum

Potential contaminated stormwater from fuel bunds to treatment plant plate separators (fuel storage facility)

During rainfall

Suspended solids

pH

6.5

Dissolved oxygen

2

oil and grease

BSL

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Potential contaminated stormwater from smelter site

pH

Median

Maximum 30

8.5

20

6.5

9

Minimum monitoring frequency not less than 2 monthly between 1 Oct and 31 Mar. During discharge events between 1 Apr and 30 Sept

not less than 2 monthly between 1 Oct and 31 Mar. During discharge events between 1 Apr and 30 Sept not less than 2 monthly between 1 Oct and 31 Mar. During discharge events between 1 Apr and 30 Sept not less than 2 monthly between 1 Oct and 31 Mar. During discharge events between 1 Apr and 30 Sept 1 per week

Industry name

Contaminants and source

Frequency of Release

Quality Characteristics

Release limit Minimum

Potential contaminated stormwater from smelter maintenance area serving the Wharf facilities

During rainfall

Dissolved Fluoride (as F) WAD Cyanide (as CN) Dissolved Oxygen Suspended Solids (mg/L) Oil and grease Dissolved Aluminium Total Chromium (mg/L) Total Copper (mg/L) Total Iron (mg/L) Total Lead (mg/L) Total Nickel (mg/L) Total Zinc (mg/L) Total Sodium (mg/L) pH

Suspended Solids (mg/L) 168 | P a g e

Median

Maximum 30

Minimum monitoring frequency 1 per week

0.5

1 per month

30

1 per month 1 per month

10

1 per month 4 per year 1 per year 1 per year 1 per year 1 per year 1 per year 1 per year 1 per year 2 per year

30

2 per year

Industry name

Contaminants and source

Frequency of Release

Quality Characteristics

Release limit Minimum

Oil and grease Suspended solids (mg/L)

Potential contaminated stormwater from smelter (Any other release points other than W1 and W2)

Caltex Australia

Potential contaminated stormwater from fuel bunds

Potential contaminated 169 | P a g e

Median

During rainfall

During rainfall

pH Oil and grease (mg/L) Dissolved Fluoride (as F) (mg/L) WAD Cyanide (as CN) (mg/L) 5 day BOD

6.5

Dissolved oxygen

2

pH

6

Maximum 10 30

Minimum monitoring frequency 2 per year

9 10 30 0.5 20

Daily upon Discharge

8.5

Suspended solids

30

Oil and grease

10

5 day BOD

20

Daily upon Discharge Daily upon Discharge Daily upon Discharge Daily upon Discharge Daily upon Discharge

Industry name

Contaminants and source

Frequency of Release

Quality Characteristics

Release limit Minimum

Median

Maximum

Minimum monitoring frequency

stormwater from fuel bunds

Cement Australia

Wash down water, storm water and treated sewage from STP

Wash down water and storm water runoff.

Wash down water and storm water runoff.

During rainfall

During rainfall

During Rainfall

Dissolved oxygen

2

pH

6

Suspended solids

30

Oil and grease

10

pH

Suspended solids Dissolved Oxygen Free chlorine mg/L BOD(5 day) pH

Suspended solids Dissolved Oxygen Free chlorine mg/L BOD(5 day) pH

Suspended solids 170 | P a g e

8.5

6.5-

9

Daily upon Discharge Daily upon Discharge Daily upon Discharge Daily upon Discharge fortnightly

100mg/L 2.0mg/L 0.3 6.5-

0.7 20mg/L 9

fortnightly

100mg/L 2.0mg/L 0.3 6.5-

0.7 20mg/L 9

100mg/L

fortnightly

Industry name

Contaminants and source

Wash down water, storm water and treated sewage from irrigation.

GPC Barney Point Coal Terminal

Potential contaminated stormwater

Frequency of Release

During rainfall

During Rainfall

Quality Characteristics Dissolved Oxygen Free chlorine mg/L BOD(5 day) pH

Suspended solids Dissolved Oxygen Free chlorine mg/L BOD(5 day) Dissolved oxygen mg/L pH

Potential contaminated 171 | P a g e

During Rainfall

Suspended solids mg/L Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (mg/L) Dissolved Metals (Hg, Zn, Cu, Ag, Ni, Pb, Cr, Cd) and Sulfate (mg/L). Dissolved oxygen mg/L

Release limit Minimum 2.0mg/L 0.3 6.5-

Median

Maximum

Minimum monitoring frequency

0.7 20mg/L 9

fortnightly

100mg/L 2.0mg/L 0.3

0.7 20mg/L

2

5.5

8.5

Once per stormwater discharge event. Once per stormwater discharge event.

40 10

NA

2

Once per stormwater discharge event. To be undertaken twice yearly and whenever pH is