medical-marijuana-patient-numbers/. 5. âState Medical Marijuana Laws,â. National Conference of State Legislatures,.
MARIJUANA REFORM: FEARS AND FACTS (UPDATE) — ENDNOTES
ENDNOTES 1. National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, Marihuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding (1972), http://bit. ly/2mkmcaT. 2. See http://bit.ly/2lEIaBk. 3. Brian Rogers, “New Policy to Decriminalize Marijuana in Harris County Will Save Time, Money, DA’s Office Says,” Houston Chronicle, February 16, 2017, http://www.chron.com/news/houstontexas/article/New-policy-to-decriminalizemarijuana-in-Harris-10935947. php?cmpid=twitter-desktop. 4. Marijuana Policy Project, Medical Marijuana Patient Numbers (2017), https:// www.mpp.org/issues/medical-marijuana/ state-by-state-medical-marijuana-laws/ medical-marijuana-patient-numbers/. 5. “State Medical Marijuana Laws,” National Conference of State Legislatures, November 13, 2014, http://bit.ly/1udxSs4. 6. Texas Senate Bill 269. Available at http://www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/85R/ billtext/pdf/SB00269I.pdf#navpanes=0. 7. John Hudak and Philip A. Wallach, Legal Marijuana: Comparing Washington and Colorado (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 2014), https://www. brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2014/07/08/ legal-marijuana-comparing-washingtonand-colorado/. 8. Carolyn Talmadge, “A Budding Revolution or Destined for Flames? Determining the Effects of Marijuana Legislation on Adolescent Prevalence Use Rates in the United States” (thesis, Tufts University, 2014), http://bit.ly/2mkq5wz; Glenn Greenwald, Drug Decriminalization in Portugal (Washington, D.C.: The Cato Institute, 2009); J. Fetherston and S. Lenton, “A Pre-post Comparison of the Impacts of the Western Australian Cannabis Infringement Notice Scheme on Public Attitudes, Knowledge and Use” (Perth: National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, 2007); S. Nicholas, C. Kershaw, and A. Walker, eds., Crime in England and Wales 2006/07, 4th ed. (London: Home Office, 2007); Mike Vuolo, “National-level Drug Policy and Young
People’s Illicit Drug Use: A Multilevel Analysis of the European Union,” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 131, no. 1–2 (2013): 149–56. 9. Sam Harper, Erin C. Strumph, and Jay S. Kaufman, “Do Medical Marijuana Laws Increase Marijuana Use? Replication Study and Extension,” Annals of Epidemiology 22, no. 3 (2012): 207–12. 10. Katherine M. Keyes, Melanie Wall, Magdalena Cerda, John Schulenberg, Patrick M. O’Malley, Sandro Galea, Tianshu Feng, and Deborah S. Hasin, “How Does State Marijuana Policy Affect US Youth? Medical Marijuana Laws, Marijuana Use, and Perceived Harmfulness: 1991-2014,” Addiction 111(2016): 2187-95; Laura A. Schmidt, Laurie M. Jacobs, and Joanne Spetz, “Young People’s More Permissive Views About Marijuana: Local Impact of State Laws or National Trend?” American Journal of Public Health (May 2016). 11. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “2009 Arizona Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System” and “2015 Arizona Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System,” available at http://bit.ly/2mP49aT. 12. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “1999 Nevada Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System,” “2009 Nevada Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System,” and “2015 Nevada Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System,” available at http://bit.ly/2lEMMHG. 13. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “2007 Connecticut Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System” and “2015 Connecticut Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System,” available at http://bit.ly/2mOZsgY. 14. Colorado Department of Education and Colorado Coalition for Healthy Schools, 2011 Healthy Kids Colorado Survey Report (Denver: Colorado Department of Education and Colorado Coalition for Healthy Schools, 2012). 15. Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment, Monitoring Health Concerns Related to Marijuana in Colorado: 2016, (Denver: Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment, 2017), colorado.gov/ cdphe/marijuana-health-report.
The issue brief “Marijuana Reform: Fears and Facts (Update),” written by William Martin, Ph.D., and Katharine A. Neill, Ph.D., examines the policy concerns and statistical data on the effects of legalizing marijuana and the potential benefits Texas could realize through marijuana reform. For the full brief, please visit http://bit.ly/2nwnoIM.
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16. See http://www.monitoringthefuture. org/pubs/monographs/mtf-overview2015. pdf, 11. 17. Washington Association of Sheriffs & Police Chiefs, Crime in Washington 2011 Annual Report, http://www.waspc.org/ assets/CJIS/2011_ciw.pdf; Washington Association of Sheriffs & Police Chiefs, 2015 Crime in Washington Annual Report, http://www.waspc.org/assets/CJIS/crime %20in%20washington%202015.small.pdf. 18. City of Denver, Crime in the City and County of Denver based on UCR Standards (2014); City of Denver, Crime in the City and County of Denver by Month Based on UCR Standards (2016). 19. Edward M. Shepard and Paul R. Blackley, “Medical Marijuana and Crime: Further Evidence from Western States,” Journal of Drug Issues, 46(2016): 122-34. 20. R.G. Morris, M. TenEyck, J.C. Barnes, and T.V. Kovandzic, “The Effect of Medical Marijuana Laws on Crime: Evidence from State Panel Data, 1990-2006,” PLoS ONE 9, no. 3(2014): e92816, doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0092816. 21. Tamra Johnson, “Fatal Road Crashes Involving Marijuana Double After State Legalizes Drug,” AAA Newsroom, May 10, 2016, http://newsroom.aaa.com/2016/05/ fatal-road-crashes-involving-marijuanadouble-state-legalizes-drug/. 22. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, “Fact Sheet: Prevalence of Marijuana Involvement in Fatal Crashes: Washington 2010-2014,” May 2016, https://www. aaafoundation.org/sites/default/files/ PrevalenceOfMarijuanaInvolvementFS.pdf. 23. Robin Room, Benedikt Fischer, Wayne Hall, Simon Lenton, and Peter Reuter, Cannabis Policy: Moving Beyond Stalemate (Oxford: The Beckley Foundation, 2008), 26, http://bit.ly/2n45MVl. 24. See http://bit.ly/2lnImdf. 25. See http://bit.ly/2lnIbOU. 26. See http://bit.ly/2mBU83B. 27. Jeffrey Miron and Katherine Waldock, “The Budgetary Impact of Ending Drug Prohibition,” white paper (Washington, D.C.: The Cato Institute, 2010), 33.
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28. Trey Williams, “Marijuana Tax Revenue Hit $200 Million in Colorado as Sales Pass $1 Billion,” Marketwatch, February 12, 2017, http://www.marketwatch.com/ story/marijuana-tax-revenue-hit-200million-in-colorado-as-sales-pass-1billion-2017-02-10. 29. Joseph Henchman and Morgan Scarboro, Marijuana Legalization and Taxes: Lessons for Other States from Colorado and Washington (Washington, D.C.: The Tax Foundation, 2016), https://taxfoundation. org/marijuana-taxes-lessons-coloradowashington/#_ftn7. 30. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research, January 12, 2017, http://www.nationalacademies. org/hmd/Reports/2017/health-effects-ofcannabis-and-cannabinoids.aspx. 31. Marcus A. Bachhuber, Brendan Saloner, Chinazo O. Cunningham, and Colleen L. Barry, “Medical cannabis laws and opioid analgesic overdose mortality in the United States, 1999–2010,” JAMA Internal Medicine (2014), doi:10.1001/ jamainternmed.2014.4005. 32. Ashley C. Bradford and W. David Bradford, “Medical Marijuana Laws Reduce Prescription Medication Use in Medicare Part D,” Health Affairs 35(2016): 12301236, http://content.healthaffairs.org/ content/35/7/1230. 33. Mike Males and Lizzie Buchen, “Reforming Marijuana Laws: Which Approach Best Reduces the Harms of Criminalization? A Five-State Analysis,” Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice, September 2014. 34. Jon Gettman, Marijuana Arrests in Colorado After the Passage of Amendment 64 (New York: Drug Policy Alliance, 2015), https://www.drugpolicy.org/sites/default/ files/Colorado_Marijuana_Arrests_After_ Amendment_64.pdf. 35. American Civil Liberties Union, The War on Marijuana in Black and White (New York: American Civil Liberties Union, 2013). 36. Ibid.
MARIJUANA REFORM: FEARS AND FACTS (UPDATE) — ENDNOTES
37. While decriminalizing marijuana has the potential to reduce racial disparities in the criminal justice system, evidence from several major cities indicates that disparities in marijuana arrests persist even after decriminalization. For example, in Philadelphia, marijuana possession arrests have decreased since the city decriminalized in 2014, but blacks are still five times more likely to be arrested for this offense. Similar trends are found in Chicago and New York. Marijuana decriminalization has the potential to reduce racial disparities in nonviolent drug arrests, but these findings highlight issues of uneven enforcement and the need for policy implementation that takes such biases in arrest into account. See Emily Gray, “Extreme Racial Disparities Persist among Marijuana Arrests Despite Decriminalization in Major US Cities,” Extract, March 9, 2016, http:// extract.suntimes.com/news/10/153/16990/ despite-marijuana-decriminalizationafrican-americans-are-arrested-at-higherrates-in-american-cities. 38. Bruce Western and Becky Pettit, Collateral Costs: Incarceration’s Effect on Economic Mobility (Washington, D.C.: The Pew Charitable Trusts, 2010), http://bit. ly/2mOQaSa; S. Lenton and P. Heale, “Arrest, court and social impacts of conviction for a minor cannabis offence under strict prohibition,” Contemporary Drug Problems 27(2000): 805–833. 39. Western and Pettit, Collateral Costs, 18. 40. Office of National Drug Control Policy, “Marijuana,” February 2004, http:// bit.ly/2mOVqoT; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings (Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2016), http://bit.ly/2lInlpP. 41. Art Swift, “Support for Legal Marijuana Use Up to 60% in U.S.,” Gallup, October 19, 2016, http://bit.ly/2mnwl7f. 42. The Texas Lyceum, “2015 Texas Lyceum Poll Executive Summary – Hot Issues,” http://www.texaslyceum.org/ Resources/Documents/TEXAS%20LYCEUM %20POLL/Executive%20Summary%20 %20Day%20One%20FINAL.pdf.
43. Ross Ramsey, “UT/TT Poll: Support for Marijuana Growing Like a Weed in Texas,” The Texas Tribune, February 21, 2017, https://www.texastribune.org/2017/02/21/ uttt-poll-support-marijuana-growingweed-texas/?mc_cid=2f0735291b&mc_ eid=8012da01af.
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