MARINE BIODIVERSITY: PRESENT STATUS AND PROSPECTS
MARINE BIODIVERSITY: PRESENT STATUS AND PROSPECTS
Edited by :
P. Santhanam Department of Marine Science Bharathidasan University TIRUCHIRAPPALLI620024 (T.N.) and
P. Perumal Department of Biotechnology Periyar University SALEM636011 (T.N.)
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Copyright © 2012, Narendra Publishing House, Delhi (India)
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First Published in 2012
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Contents Foreword
vii
Preface List of Contributors
ix xi
1. Meiofauna of Intertidal Region of Chennai Coast, India A. Janakiraman, M.S. Naveed and K. Altaff
1
2. The Eutrophic State of Pulicat Lagoon Ecosystem: An Analysis T. Lynda Keren and R. Moses Inbaraj
15
3. Threats to Marine Biodiversity B. Belim Imtiyaz, P. Dhone Sweta and K. Kaba Prakash
21
4. Diversity of Fish Bycatch in the Trawlers off Parangipettai and Cuddalore (Southeast Coast of India) P. Murugesan and S. Purusothaman
27
5. Habitat Loss and Population Reduction of Mudskippers (Family: Gobiidae) from Tamil Nadu, Southeast Coast of India V. Ravi
37
6. Variation in Diversity of Crabs in Pichavaram Mangrove Environment S. Ravichandran
51
7. Climate Change: Changing Scenario of Resources and Geography with Reference to Pulicat Lake Ecosystem J. Sesh Serebiah and R. Moses Inbaraj
61
8. An Investigation on the Hydrography and Plankton Ecology of Coromandel 75 Coast, Southeast Coast of India B. Balaji Prasath, R. Nandakumar, P. Santhanam, P. Perumal, S. Ananth, S. Dinesh Kumar, A. Shenbaga Devi, V. Chinnaraja, P. Kuyili and P. Ananthi 9. Biodiversity in Mangrove Forest Ecosystems of India K. Kathiresan 10. Occurrence of Double Parasitism (Isopod and Copepod) on Valenciennes Halfbeak Fish from Parangipettai Coastal Waters, South India A. Gopalakrishnan, M. Rajkumar, J. Manoharan, K. Sinduja and J.P. Trilles
91 103
vi
11. Seasonal Variations in the Diversity of Coral Associated Brachyuran Crabs in Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve A. Gokul and K. Venkataraman
111
12. Marine Molluscan Diversity: Where do we stand? G.A. Thivakaran
119
13. Marine Microbial Diversity: Special Emphasis on Industrial Potentiality V. Anuradha
127
14. Sea Turtle Conservation in Orissa: An Overview Brajeswari Singh Samant, Premalata Pati, Sabita Paikaray and R.C. Panigrahy
139
15. Macrofouling in Three Different Test Panels from Vellar Estuary, Southeast Coast of India K. Prabhu S. Bragadeeswaran and S. Sophia Rani
155
16. Are Mangroves Critical Habitat for Fishes? N. Rajendran and K. Kathiresan
173
17. Optimization of Marine Microalgae in Outdoor Tanks for the Sustainable Production of Biofuels Shyam Rajan and Grant Burgess
189
18. Ecology of Macrobenthos in the Coastal Waters of Gulf of Kachchh, West Coast of India G.A. Thivakaran and Sourav Kundu
207
19. Pollution and Marine Biodiversity P. Sampathkumar and P. Karthikeyan
227
20. Ecology of Phytoplankton in Parangipettai Coastal Waters, Southeast Coast of India C. Santhosh Kumar, V. Ashok Prabu, P. Sampath Kumar and T. Balasubramanian
239
21. Effect of Different Pollution on Marine and Coastal Birds: A General Aspect 245 Shailesh Dhameliya, Digvijay Goswami, Bhavisha Parmar, Hetal Parekh and I.R. Gadhvi 22. Impacts of Marine Litter on Marine Biodiversity D. Ruby, J. Kishore Ananth and V. Radhakrishnan Plates
255
Foreword India is one among 12 megabiodiversity countries and 25 hotspots of the richest and highly endangered ecoregions of the world. In terms of marine environment, India has a coastline of about 8000 km, an Exclusive Economic Zone of 2.02 million km 2 adjoining the continental regions and the offshore islands and a very wide range of coastal ecosystems such as estuaries, lagoons, mangroves, backwaters, salt marshes, rocky coasts, sandy stretches and coral reefs, which are characterized by unique biotic and abiotic properties and processes. Study of marine fauna in India drew greater attention from the 18th century onwards. This was achieved due to many surveys and expeditions conducted in the county. So far, surveys and inventorisation of fauna and flora have been conducted only in select areas especially around the mainland coasts where some of the research institutions are based. This is largely attributed not only to the decline in number of taxonomists but also want of facility. To culminate the present scenario in the biodiversity studies in India, capacity building in taxonomy at national, regional and sub regional level with the publication of faunal guides for identification both in the electronic as well as print media is essential. In this perspective, it is significant in the history of marine studies in India that the contributions of “National Conference on Marine BiodiversityPresent Status and Prospects (MABPSAP2010)” held at Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli24 under the dexterous guidance of the faculty of this department, are published as proceedings namely “Marine Biodiversity: Present Status and Prospects”. I believe that this is the need of the hour for biodiversity rich country like India. I deeply admire the editors, Drs. P. Santhanam and P. Perumal for their efforts in bringing out the publication on “Marine Biodiversity: Present Status and Prospects”, and the efforts taken by his team of faculty and students of Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli620 024.
Tamil Nadu, INDIA 15.5.2011
K. Venkataraman Director
Preface
Marine ecosystem and the diversity of species provide a wide range of important resources and services. Food from the sea, particularly fish, crustaceans and molluscs, form a major source of human protein. The marine fisheries industry is considered to be a major source of employment for many of the world’s coastal States. Smallscale fisheries harvest a large proportion of the world’s catch. Fish accounts for about 16 per cent of the average individual’s intake of animal protein worldwide (FAO, 1993), and the percentage is even higher in many developing countries (WRI, 1996). Marine and coastal ecosystems also provide many critically important services for humanity such as: a) storing and cycling nutrients, b) regulating water balances, c) buffering land and protecting it against erosion from storms and waves, d) filtering pollutants, e) regulating planetary balances in hydrology and climate f ) removing the primary greenhouse gases through the ocean’s photosynthetic pump, carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and producing one third to one half of the global oxygen supply. Coral reefs, estuaries, lagoons and shallow coastal waters are particularly valuable for human population because of the valuable goods and services they provide. They are among the most biologically productive ecosystems on the earth. Some reefs and mangroves provide sea defences and buffer the impacts of tropical storms, thereby mitigating the erosive effects of waves and storm surges. All of these systems provide nurseries and feeding grounds for many coastal and pelagic species of fish including the most important sources of fish for human consumption. Marine species provide many other products as well, including edible seaweeds, ingredients for food and cosmetics, industrial chemicals and dyes and a host of other products. Medical researchers have already identified a number of marine organisms that produce previously unknown bioactive compounds, including antiviral and antitumor agents, which may soon have medicinal applications. One compound, derived from a sea sponge, to treat herpes is worth US $50 to $100 million annually (Norse, 1993). This diversity of species and ecosystems in the marine and coastal environment is the basis for the production of goods and services valuable to human communities. While we tend to measure the ocean’s value in terms of harvests of particular species used for food and other purposes, marine and coastal ecosystems provide important ecological services that are rarely perceived until they are lost. Species do not live in isolation, but they are part of and dependent upon vast ecological communities and systems. The conservation of biodiversity, is therefore, an important part of managing economically valuable living resources.
x
India is one of the 12mega biodiversity regions of the world and she has a coastline of about 8000 km besides an EEZ of 2.02 million km 2 . The biodiversity assessment is getting lesser priority compared to other developments. The net result is that we know still little of what biodiversity we have and alarmingly, what fraction of it we are losing. Accelerated loss of marine biodiversity components over the last few decades has been of great concern. Environmental changes, over exploitation and habitat loss are among the major causes for species loss. The United Nations Environment Programme green economy preview report states that if the world remained on its path of over exploitation, by 2050 ocean fish stocks could become uneconomic to exploit or extinct. Our welfare is intimately connected with the welfare of wildlife. So by saving the lives of wild flora and fauna we may save our own life. The present book comprises the papers presented in the National Conference on Marine BiodiversityPresent Status and Prospects (MABPSAP2010) held at Bharathidasan University during September 1618, 2010. It is hoped that the book will be useful to the environmental researchers, coastal zone managers and PG students. We are deeply thankful to all authors who have contributed their articles for publication in this proceeding. We extend our sincere thanks to Messrs: J. Sivakumar, K. Jothiraj, B. Balaji Prasath, R. Nandakumar, S. Ananth, S. Dinesh Kumar and Ms. A. Shenbaga Devi, Research Scholars, Department of Marine Science, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli24, for their kind help in computational work.
P. Santhanam P. Perumal
List of Contributors A. Gokul Marine Biological Station, Zoological Survey of India, 130 Santhom High Road, CHENNAI600028 A. Gopalakrishnan Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, PARANGIPETTAI608502 A. Janakiraman Department of Zoology, The New College, CHENNAI600014 A. Shenbaga Devi Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI620 024 B. Balaji Prasath Department of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI620024 B. Belim Imtiyaz Department of Marine Science, Bhavnagar University, BHAVANAGAR364022 Bhavisha Parmar Department of Marine Sciences, Bhavnagar University, BHAVNAGAR364022 Brajeswari Singh Samant Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, BERHAMPUR760007
Digvijay Goswami Department of Marine Science, Bhavnagar University, BHAVNAGAR364022 G.A. Thivakaran Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology, BHUJ370001 (Gujarat) Grant Burgess Department of Marine Science and Technology, New Castel University, UNITED KINGDOM Hetal Parekh Department of Marine Science, Bhavnagar University, BHAVNAGAR364022 I.R. Gadhvi Department of Marine Sciences, Bhavnagar University, BHAVNAGAR364022 J. Kishore Ananth Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI620024 J. Manoharan Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, PARANGIPETTAI608502 J. Sesh Serebiah Departent of Marine Studies and Coastal Resources Management, Madras Christian College, Tambaram, CHENNAI600059
C. Santhosh Kumar Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, PARANGIPETTAI608502
J.P. Trilles Equipe Adaptation Ecophysiologique et Ontogenèse, UMR 5119 ECOLAG (CNRSUM2IFREMER), Université de Montpellier II, Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, FRANCE
D. Ruby Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI620024
K. Altaff Department of Zoology, The New College, CHENNAI600014
xii
K. Kaba Prakash Department of Marine Science, Bhavnagar University, BHAVNAGAR364022 K. Kathiresan C.A.S. in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, PARANGIPETTAI608502 K. Prabhu CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Annamalai University, PARANGIPETTAI608502 K. Sinduja Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, PARANGIPETTAI608502 K. Venkataraman Zoological Survey of India, KOLKATA700053 M. Rajkumar Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, PARANGIPETTAI608502 M.S. Naveed Department of Zoology, The New College, CHENNAI600014
P. Karthikeyan CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, PARANGIPETTAI608502 P. Kuyili Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI620 024 P. Murugesan CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, PARANGIPETTAI608502 P. Perumal Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, SALEM636011 P. Sampathkumar C.A.S. in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, PARANGIPETTAI608502 P. Santhanam Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI620024 Premalata Pati Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, BERHAMPUR760007
N. Rajendran Department of Zoology, Government Arts College, DHARMAPURI636705
R. Moses Inbaraj Department of Zoology, Madras Christian College, Tambaram, CHENNAI600059
P. Ananthi Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI620 024
R. Nandakumar Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI620024
P. Dhone Sweta Department of Marine Science, Bhavnagar University, BHAVNAGAR364022
R.C. Panigrahy Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, BERHAMPUR760007
xiii
S. Bragadeeswaran Faculty of Marine Science, Annamalai University, PARANGIPETTAI608502
Shyam Rajan Department of Marine Science and Technology, New Castel University, United Kingdom
S. Ananth Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI620 024
Sourav Kundu Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology, BHUJ370001 (Kachchh)
S. Dinesh Kumar Department of Marine Science, Bhavathidasan University, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI620 024 S. Purusothaman CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, PARANGIPETTAI608502 S. Ravichandran C.A.S. in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, PARANGIPETTAI608502 S. Sophia Rani Faculty of Marine Science, Annamalai University, PARANGIPETTAI608502 Sabita Paikaray Department of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University, BERHAMPUR760007 Shailesh Dhameliya Department of Marine Sciences, Bhavnagar University, BHAVNAGAR364022
T. Balasubramanian C.A.S. in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, PARANGIPETTAI608502 T. Lynda Keren Department of Zoology, Madras Christian College, Tambaram, CHENNAI600059 V. Anuradha Department of Bioinformatics, Guru Nanak College, CHENNAI600042 V. Ashok Prabu Faculty of Marine Sciences Annamalai University, PARANGIPETTAI608502 V. Chinnaraja Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI620 024 V. Radhakrishnan Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI620024 V. Ravi Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, PARANGIPETTAI608502