Part 44
Marine Fish Parasites Jorge Cortés
An unidentified species of Acanthocephalus obtained from a fish from Pacific Costa Rica. (Photo: Juan Alberto Morales)
Abstract Forty-seven species of parasites are listed, 46 from the Pacific coast, and 2 from the Caribbean of Costa Rica (one in common between both coasts but in different host fish). Sixteen (34%) were newly described species with specimens collected in Costa Rica. Forty species (85%) are worms (38 platyhelminths,
J. Cortés Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), and Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060, San José Costa Rica. e-mail:
[email protected]
I.S. Wehrtmann, J. Cortés (eds.) Marine Biodiversity of Costa Rica, Central America, © Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2009
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J. Cortés
1 acanthocephalan and 1 nematode), and the rest (15%) are parasitic copepods. Twenty papers dealing with this important group of the marine biodiversity of Costa Rica have been found. Only two species of parasites (copepods) have been reported from the Caribbean, and all reports are from fish, suggesting that there are probably many more species of marine parasites than the 47 species listed herein.
Introduction Parasites constitute an important group of the marine biodiversity, but relative to the proportion of animals in the world that are parasites, there are relatively few marine studies, and the knowledge of parasites in Costa Rica is no exception. Most phyla contain members that are parasites and some groups are exclusively parasites (Hoberg 1997, Brusca & Bursca 2003). Potentially there are at least about 28,000 species of helminth parasites of the 45,000 species of vertebrate hosts that are known (Hoberg 1997), although this number may be an underestimate (Price 1980). As a result of global climate changes, the impact of pathogenic agents and parasites may also change, as was recently demonstrated with a fungus that infects frogs in Monteverde, Costa Rica (Pound et al. 2006). Life cycles of parasites are also changing due to climatic alteration (Blaustein & Dobson 2006). To date, all known examples are from terrestrial environments, but as yet undiscovered changes in the marine realm must also be occurring. Twenty papers and one thesis on marine parasites collected in Costa Rican waters have been located. These publications include 47 species, belonging to the following groups: Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, and Copepoda; all parasites of fish. Only two species of parasitic copepods are reported from the Caribbean (Species List 44.1 is included on the CD-Rom), while the rest are mostly worms from the Pacific coast (Species List 44.2 is included on the CD-Rom), and most are from sharks or stingrays. Of these, 16 (34%) are species described from specimens collected in Costa Rica. The thesis by Contreras Angulo was finished in 2003, but has not been defended so the information therein is not considered in this part. Papers on parasitic isopods, Jiménez and Vargas (1990) for example, have been included in the Isopod part in this book. Undoubtedly there are many more species of parasites yet to be discovered than the 47 species listed here. Many of the commercially important species still have not been examined for parasites, with the exception of the undefended thesis by Contreras Angulo (2003). Only a few collections have been made at a few sites on the Pacific coast and at only one site on the Caribbean. (Pérez-Ponce de León et al. (1998) incorrectly indicated that Playa Nacascolo was near Limón, on the Caribbean coast, and the coordinates given are also incorrect; Playa Nacascolo (10°37′45′N 85°40′29′W) is located in Bahía Culebra, Guanacaste Province, on the Pacific coast.) All parasites reported are from fish. The large portion of the studies of Costa Rican parasites contain descriptions of new material, clearly indicating that more research is needed on parasites of marine organisms.
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Specialists The following is a list of specialists that have worked on samples from Costa Rica. At present none is actively working collections from Costa Rica. Dan R. Brooks: Dept. Zoology, Univ. Toronto, Canada – Tropical biodiversity, systematic biology.
[email protected] Luis García-Prieto: Laboratorio de Helmintología, Instituto de Biología, UNAM, México D.F., México – Helminths from Mexico.
[email protected] Eric P. Hoberg: US National Parasite Collection, US Dept. Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA – Trematoda, Cestoda, Acanthocephala. ehoberg@ anri.barc.usda.gov Rafael Lamothe-Argumedo, Lab. helmintos, Inst. Biología, UNAM, México D.F., México – Helminths of vertebrates from Mexico. lamothe@servidor. unam.mx Virginia León-Règagnon: Laboratorio de Helmintología, Instituto de Biología, UNAM, México D.F., México – Phylogenetic and molecular systematics; evolution of parasite–host systems.
[email protected] Scott Monks: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Hidalgo, México – Systematics and biogeography of helminth parasites, life cycles/ecology of Acanthocephala, Cestoda, Digenea.
[email protected] Juan Alberto Morales Acuña: Escuela de Ciencias Veterinarias Tropicales, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica – Systematics of freshwater, marine and wild animals’ parasites.
[email protected] Gerardo Pérez-Ponce de León: Laboratorio de Helmintología, Instituto de Biología, UNAM, México D.F., México – Systematics and biogeography of helminth parasites of wild vertebrates.
[email protected] Beatriz Rodríguez-Ortíz: Laboratorio de Helmintología, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica. Retired.
Collections Canadian Museum of Nature, Invertebrate Zoology Collection, Ottawa, Canada. www.nature.ca Colección de Helmintos de Costa Rica, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica. www.micro.ucr.ac.cr Colección de Parásitos, Escuela de Ciencias Veterinarias Tropicales, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.
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Colección Nacional de Helmintos, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México. www.ibiologia.unam.mx/cnhe/ Harold W. Manter Laboratory (HWML), Division of Parasitology, University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA. http://hwml.unl.edu/ US National Parasite Collection, Beltville, Maryland, USA. www.anri.barc. usda.gov/bnpcu/ Acknowledgments Most of the information in this part was compiled thanks to the help of Kay Hale, former Director of the RSMAS Library, University of Miami. Visits to the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, and two stays at the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Smithsonian Institution (the first funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the second by a Fulbright Scholar Fellowship), increased the database enormously. Scott Monks of the CIB, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, México and Dan Brooks of the Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Canada helped with corrections and information on Costa Rican marine parasites. Juan Alberto Morales of the Universidad Nacional helped with photographs, comments and access to a thesis on marine parasites. Richard Petersen corrected the English.
References 1. Berman R, Brooks DR (1994) Escherbothrium molinae n. gen. et n. sp. (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea: Triloculariidae) in Urotrygon chilensis (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Urolophidae) from the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. J Parasitol 80:775–780 Blaustein AR, Dobson A (2006) A message from the frogs. Nature 439:143–144 2. Bravo-Hollis M, Arroyo-Sánchez G (1962) Helmintos de peces costarricenses del Pacífico. An Inst Biol, UNAM Ser Zool 33:79–95 3. Brenes RR (1961) Catálogo de los helmintos parásitos de Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 9:67–95 4. Brooks DR, McCorquodale S (1995) Acanthobothrium nicoyaense n.sp. (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae) in Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen) (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Myliobatidae) from the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. J Parasitol 81:244–246 Brusca RC, Brusca GJ (2003) Invertebrates, 2nd ed. Sinauer Assoc, Sunderland MA, 936 p 5. Caballero CE, Brenes-Madrigal R (1957) Helmintos de la República de Costa Rica VI: Algunos tremátodos de peces, reptiles y mamíferos. An Inst Biol, UNAM 28:217–240 6. Campbell RA, Beveridge I (1997) Pterobothrioides, a new genus of tapeworm (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha: Pterobothriidae) from dasyatid stingrays in the eastern Atlantic and Pacific. Syst Parasitol 38:81–91 Contreras Angulo G (2003) Descripción, caracterización y cuantificación de la fauna simbionte de parásitos de cuatro familias de peces comerciales del Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica. Posgrado en Ciencias Veterinarias Tropicales, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica, 42 p 7. Cressey R, Cressey HL (1980) Parasitic copepods of mackerel- and tuna-like fishes (Scombridae) of the world. Smiths Contr Zool 311:1–186 Hoberg EP (1997) Phylogeny and historical reconstruction: host-parasite systems as keystones in biogeography and ecology. In: Reaka-Kudla ML, Wilson DE, Wilson EO (eds) Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, DC, pp 243–261 8. Hoberg EP, Brooks DR, Molina-Ureña H, Erbe E (1998) Echinocephalus janzeni n.sp. (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae) in Himantura pacifica (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and Mexico, with historial biogeographic analysis of the genus. J Parasitol 84:571–581 Jiménez MP, Vargas M, V (1990) Probopyrus pandalicola (Isopoda: Bopyridae) infesting Palaemonetes hiltonii (Crustacea: Caridae) along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 38:457–462
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9. Lamothe Argumedo R, Aranda C, Pérez-Ponce de León G (1997) Catálogo de la Colección Nacional de Helmintos. Publ Esp, Inst Biol UNAM-CONABIO, 271 p 10. Manter HW (1940) Digenetic trematodes of fishes from the Galapagos Islands and the neighboring Pacific. Allan Hancock Pac Exped 2(14):329–497 11. Marques F, Brooks DR, Monks S (1995) Five new species of Acanthobothrium van Beneden 1849 (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae) in stingrays from the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. J Parasitol 81:942–951 12. Marques F, Brooks DR, Molina-Ureña H (1996) Two new species of tetraphyllidean cestodes in Himantura pacifica (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Dasyatididae) from the northwest coast of Costa Rica. J Parasitol 82:302–306 13. Marques F, Centritto R, Stewart SA (1997) Two new species of Acanthobothrium in Narcine entemedor (Rajiformes: Narcinidae) from the northwest coast of Guanacaste Peninsula, Costa Rica. J Parasitol 83:927–931 14. Meserve FG (1938) Some monogenetic trematodes from the Galapagos Islands and the neighboring Pacific. Allan Hancock Pac Exped 2(5):31–89 15. Monks S, Marques F, León-Règagnon V, Pérez-Ponce de León G (1997) Koronacantha pectinaria n. comb. (Acanthocephala: Illiosentidae) from Microlepidotus brevipinnis (Haemulidae) and redescription of Tegorhynchus brevis. J Parasitol 83:485–494 16. Pérez-Ponce de León G, León-Règagnon V, Monks S (1998) Theletrum lamothei sp. nov. (Digenea), parasite of Echidna nocturna from Cuajiniquil. Guanacaste, and other digenes of marine fishes from Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 46:345–354 17. Ponciano-Rodríguez G (1986) Estudios taxonómicos de tremátodos de peces marinos y dulciacuícolas de México y América Central. Tesis Lic., UNAM, México, 128 p Pound JA, Bustamante MR, Coloma LA, Consuegra JA, Fogden MPL, Foster PN, La Marca E, Masters KL, Merino-Viteri A, Puschendorf R, Ron SR, Sánchez-Azofeifa GA, Still CJ, Young BE (2006) Widespread amphibian extinction from epidemic disease driven by global warming. Nature 439:161–167 Price PW (1980) Evolutionary Biology of Parasites. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 237 p 18. Rodríguez-Ortíz B, García-Prieto L, Pérez-Ponce de León G (2004) Checklist of the helminth parasites of vertebrates in Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 52:313–354 19. Rojas JR, Rodríguez-Solano O, Morales-Ramírez A (2001) Size and distribution of Pandarus satyrus (Copepoda: Pandaridae) on the blue shark Prionace glauca (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) in Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 49:199–201 20. Van Cleave HJ (1940) The Acanthocephala collected by the Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition, 1934. Allan Hancock Pac Exped 2(15):501–527 21. Wilson CB (1937) Parasitic copepods taken during the third Hancock expedition to the Galapagos Islands. Allan Hancock Pac Exped 2(4):23–31
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Species List 44.1 Marine parasites collected from fish from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. Taxonomy of higher taxa as in Brusca and Brusca (2003), and Rodíguez-Ortíz et al. (2004) Species Phylum ARTHROPODA Subphylum CRUSTACEA Class MAXILLOPODA Subclass COPEPODA Order SIPHONOSTOMATOIDA Family CALIGIDAE Caligus mutabilis Wilson, 1905 Family PSEUDOCYCNIDAE Pseudocycnoides buccata (Wilson, 1922) a
Host
Referencesa
Scomberomorus brasiliensis
[7]
Scomberomorus brasiliensis
[7]
References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list
494
Species List
Species List 44.2 Marine parasites collected from fish from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Taxonomy of higher taxa as in Brusca and Brusca (2003), and Rodíguez-Ortíz et al. (2004) Species Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES Class MONOGENOIDEA Subclass POLYONCHOINEA Family ALLODISCOCOTYLIDAE Hargicola oligoplites (Hargis, 1957) Lebedev, 1970 Family CEMOCOTYLIDAE Cemocotylella elongata (Meserve, 1938) Price, 1962 Family CHAUHANEIDAE Ahpua piscicola Caballero & Bravo-Hollis, 1973 Family DICLIDOPHORIDAE Hargicotyle louisianensis (Hargis, 1955) Mamaev, 1972 Originally described as Choricotyle louisiana Family DISCOCOTYLIDAE Heterobothrium ecuadori (Meserve, 1938) Originally described as Tagia ecuadori Pseudomazocraes monsivaisae Caballero & Bravo-Hollis, 1955 Family MICROCOTYLIDAE Jaliscia caballeroi (Bravo-Hollis, 1960) Mamaev & Egorova, 1977 Polymicrocotyle manteri LamotheArgumedo, 1967 Family PROTOMICROCOTYLIDAE * Neomicrocotyle pacifica (Meserve, 1938) Yamaguti, 1968 Originally described as Protomicrocotyle pacifica Class TREMATODA Subclass DIGENEA Family ACANTHOCOLPIDAE Helicometra sinuata (Rudolphi, 1819) Odhner, 1902 Manteria brachydera (Manter, 1940) Caballero, 1950 Stephanostomum casum (Linton, 1910) McFarlane, 1934 Family BUCEPHALIDAE Bucephalopsis sp. Bucephalus introversus Manter, 1940 Family DIDYMOZOIDAE Didymozoidae gen. sp. nov. (metacercariae)
Host
Sitesa
Referencesb
Oligoplites altus
GN
[18]
Caranx caballus
GN
[18]
Caranx caballus, Oligoplites altus
GN
[9,18]
Menticirrhus sp.
P
[2]
Sphoeroides sp.
ML
[3,5,14]
Vomer declivifrons
P
[9, 18]
Tuna
GN
[18]
Luytjanus colorado
GN
[9, 18]
Caranx marginatus
BC
[3, 14, 18]
Moray
BC
[10]
Caranx caballus, Oligoplites altus, Oligoplites refulgens Epinephelus itajara
GN
[17]
J
[16]
Caranx caballus Caranx hippos, Seriola sp.
PC BC
[18] [9, 10, 18]
Haemulon maculicauda
BC
[16] (continued)
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Species List 44.2 (continued) Species Family FELLODISTOMATIDAE Tergestia laticollis (Rudolphi 1819) Stossich, 1899 Family HEMIURIDAE Ectenurus virgulus Linton, 1910 Lecithochirium microstomum Chandelr, 1935 Lecithochirium monticelli (Linton, 1898) Crowcroft, 1946 Mecoderus oligoplites Manter, 1940
Pseudolecithaster sp. * Theletrum lamothei Pérez-Ponce de León, León-Règagnon & Monks 1998 Family LEPOCREADIIDAE Bianium plicitum (Linton, 1928) in Brenes (1961) as Diploproctodaeum plicitum (Linstow, 1928) Bianium simonei (Travarssos, Freitas & Buhrheim1965) Yamaguti, 1971 Hypocreadium myohelicatum Bravo-Hollis & Manter, 1957 Family MONORCHIIDAE * Lasiotocus costaricae (Manter, 1940) Yamaguti, 1954 Originally described as Proctptrema costaricae Family OPECOELIDAE Helicometra sinuata (Rudolphi, 1819) Odhner, 1902 Class CESTODA Subclass EUCESTODA Family ONCHOBOTHRIIDAE * Acanthobothrium campbelli Marques, Brooks & Monks, 1995 * Acanthobothrium cimari Marques, Brooks & Monks, 1995 * Acanthobothrium costarricense Marques, Brooks & Monks, 1995 * Acanthobothrium franus Marques, Centritto & Stewart, 1997 * Acanthobothrium inbiorium Marques, Centritto & Stewart, 1997 * Acanthobothrium puntarenasense Marques, Brooks & Monks, 1995 * Acanthobothrium nicoyaense Brooks & McCorquodale, 1995
Host
Sitesa
Referencesb
Caranx caballus
BC,O
[3, 10, 16]
Fistularia commersoni Fistularia commersoni
O O
[16] [16]
Synodus sp.
O
[2]
Oligoplites altus, Oligoplites refulgens, Oligoplites sp. Echidna nocturna Echidna nocturna
GN,P
[2, 17]
J J
[16] [16]
Sphoeroides sp.
ML
[3, 5]
Arothron hispidus
N
[15]
Epinephelus itajara
C
[16]
Yellow-striped grunt or porgy
BC
[3, 8, 10, 18]
Moray
BC
[3, 10]
Urotrygon chilensis
GN
[11]
Dasyatis longus
GN
[11]
Dasyatis longus
GN
[11]
Narcine entemedor
J
[13]
Narcine entemedor
J
[13]
Dasyatis longus
GN
[11]
Aetobatus narinari
GN
[4] (continued)
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Species List
Species List 44.2 (continued) Species
Host
Sitesa
Referencesb
* Acanthobothrium vargasi Marques, Brooks & Monks, 1995 * Acanthobothroides pacificus Marques, Brooks & Molina-Ureña, 1996 Family PHYLLOBOTHRIIDAE * Rhinebothrium geminum Marques, Brooks & Molina-Ureña, 1996 Family PTEROBOTHRIIDAE Pterobothrioides carvajali Campbell & Beveridge, 1997 Family TRILOCULARIIDAE * Escherbothrium molinae Berman & Brooks, 1994 Phylum ACANTHOCEPHALA Class PALAEACANTHOCEPHALA Order ECHINORHYNCHIDA Family ILLIOSENTIDAE * Koronacatha pectinarius (Van Cleave, 1940) Monks et al., 1997; originally described as Tegorhynchus pectinarius Phylum NEMATODA Class ADENOPHOREA Family GNATHOSTOMATIDAE * Echinocephalus janzeni Hoberg, Brooks, Molina-Ureña & Erbe, 1998 Phylum ARTHROPODA Subphylum CRUSTACEA Class MAXILLOPODA Subclass COPEPODA Order SIPHONOSTOMATOIDA Family BOMOLOCHIDAE Unicolax collateralis Cressey & Cressey 1980 Family CALIGIDAE Caligus omissus Cressey & Cressey, 1980 Caligus chorinemi Kroyer, 1863 Family LERNANTHROPIDAE Lernanthropus micropterygis Richiardi, 1885 Family PANDARIDAE Pandarus satyrus Dana, 1852 Family PSEUDOCYCNIDAE Peudocycnoides buccata (Wilson, 1922) Peudocycnus appendiculatus Heller, 1868
Dasyatis longus
GN
[11]
Himantura pacifica
BC
[12]
Himantura pacifica
BC
[12]
Dasytis longus
J
[6]
Urotrygon chilensis
GN
[1]
“Medialuna”, BC,J Microlepidotus brevipinnis
[15, 20]
Himantura pacifica
BC
[8]
Euthynnus lineatus
PC
[7]
Scomberomorus sierra Seriola dorsalis
PC BC
[7] [21]
Seriola sp.
BC
[21]
Prionace glauca
PC
[19]
Scomberomorus sierra Thunnus albacares
PC PC
[7] [7]
* = species described with material collected in Costa Rica a BC = Bahía Culebra; C = Playa Cuajiniquil; GN = Golfo de Nicoya; J = Playa Junquillal; ML = Mata de Limón; N = Playa Nacascolo; O = Playa Ocotal; P = Puntarenas; PC = Pacific coast of Costa Rica, no specific location given b References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list
