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NASA
Technical
Memorandum !
. ! /
Mars Global (Mars-GRAM C.G. Justus,
B.F. James,
Reference Atmospheric 3.34): Programmer's
108509
I
f i
/ J'f
Model Guide
and D.L. Johnson
May 1996
NASA
Technical
Mars __ )bal Reference Atmospheric (Mar_;-_3RAM 3.134): Programmer's C.G. Justus Computer Sciences
Corporation
,, Huntsville,
Memorandum
108509
Model Guide
Alabama
B.F. James and D.L. Johnson Marshall
Space Flight
Center
• MSFC,
Alabama
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Marshall Space Flight Center ° MSFC, Alabama 35812
May
1996
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to thank the need
for this activity Program, Center,
Pete Theisinger
for this Mars-GRAM project
from NASA 215-000-42.
Electromagnetics
and Pat Esposito,
programmer's Headquarters, Work
guide
NASA
Planetary
was performed
and Aerospace
Belinda Hardin for her expert assistance for her skillful editing of the draft.
Environments in preparing
iii
Jet Propulsion
Lab, who suggested
and were instrumental Exploration
Office,
by the NASA Branch, this report
in securing Mars
Marshall
EL23.
Orbiter
Space
Flight
We are grateful
and to Margaret
support
to
Alexander
PREFACE The effort required for the preparation of this report was sponsored by the Mars Global Surveyor Project, through NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Sam Dallas YPLMission Manager), under project 215-000-042. Technical questions on the Mars-GRAM may be addressed to Dr. C. G. Justus, EL23/CSC, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812 (205544-3260; e-mall
[email protected]).
iv
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Section
Page
I. INTRODUCTION i. 1 Background
2. OVERVIEW
................................................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................................................
OF THE MARS-GRAM
3. NEW MARS-GRAM
FEATURES
PROGRAM
.............................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
3.1 Stability-Limited Mountain Wave Perturbations .............................................................................................. 3.2 Comparison to COSPAR Reference Atmosphere ............................................................................................. 3.3 New Surface Temperature Parameterizations ...................................................................................................
4. HOW TO RUN MARS-GRAM
............................................................................................................................
4.1 Program Input ................................................................................................................................................... 4.2 Program Output ................................................................................................................................................ 4.3 How to Use Mars-GRAM Batch Form as Subroutines in Other Programs ....................................................
5. DIAGNOSTIC 5. I 5.2 5.3 5.4
Interactive Batch Form Subroutine Subroutines
6. FUTURE
AND PROGRESS
MESSAGES
1-1 1- !
2- I
3-1 3- l 3-2 3-3
4-1 4-1 4-7 4-17
..................................................................................................
5-1
Form Main Program Mars-GRAM ................................................................................................. Main Program MARSGRMB ....................................................................................................... SETUP ........................................................................................................................................... in the File MARSSUBS ..............................................................................................................
5-1 5-6 5-7 5-13
PLANS ..................................................................................................................................................
6-1
6. l Improved Mars Thermosphere Model .............................................................................................................. 6.2 Climatic Changes Since the Mariner-Viking (1970's) Time Period ................................................................. Mars-GRAM as an Operational Tool for Aerobraking ...........................................................................................
6- | 6-1 6-2
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Appendix
.................................................................................................................................................
A - Description
of the Mars-GRAM
Program
1. The Mars-GRAM
Main
Program
(Interactive
2. The Mars-GRAM
Main
Program
(Batch
3. Description 4. Description
of the SETUP Subroutine of the MARSSUBS.FOR
Form)
Form)
and Subroutines
.................................
.........................................................
.................................................................
(for the Batch Form) .............................................. Functions and Subroutines ...................................
7- l
A-1 A-2 A-5 A-8 A-11
Appendix
B - The Mars-GRAM
Release
# 1 Report
...................................................................
B- 1
Appendix
C - The Mars-GRAM
Release
#2 Report ....................................................................
C- 1
V
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Title Comparison of Old and New Parameterizations for Surface Temperature in Mars-GRAM ...................................................................................................................................
vt
3-6
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
TITLE
1-1
History
2-1
Map of Mars-GRAM
2-2
Common
Blocks
2-3
Variables
in the Common
4-1
Sample
Operation
4-2
Sample
NAMELIST
4-3
List of x-code
4-4
LIST file (VIKING1.LST)
4-5
OUTPUT
4-6
Sample
4-7
File Names
of Mars-GRAM
Program Programs
and Names of Subroutines
.........................................................................................
of the Interactive file INPUT
Output
...................................................
Blocks ................................................................................................. Form of Mars-GRAM
3.34 ..................................................
for Batch Form of Mars-GRAM
Values and Parameters Produced
file (VIKING1.OUT) Plotable
VersiGns..... ...................................................................................
and Subroutines
and y-code
PAGE
File (DENSAV)
Used in the Mars-GRAM
......................................................................
by Either Interactive
Produced
3.34 .............................................
or Batch Form ..................................
by Either Interactive
or Batch Form ..............................
....................................................................................
Programs
..........................................................................
vii
1-2 2-4 2-5 2-6 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-10 4-14 4-15 4-16
TECHNICAL
Mars
Global
Reference
Atmospheric
1.
1.1
The Mars
Global
Reference
et al., 1989; Justus
oriented,
empirical
atmospheric missions
model
Version
3.34):
Programmer's
INTRODUCTION
about
pressure
atmospheric
(seasonal,
diurnal).
version
official
3.1) added given Table
several
dust storms
The model
is based
and density
(1987)
both mean
(height,
controlled
longitude)
from
atmosphere surface Technical
model
and time
temperature,
by user-selected
options,
1993; Appendix
to simulate tidal waves
either
C,
local-scale
by the Zurek
wave
in Pitts et al. (1990?). 1-1 gives
a brief
history
of Mars-GRAM
program
current version -- 3.34. Newest features include (1) a limitation stability considerations for magnitude of mountain-wave density comparisons
thermospheric
and Justus,
e.g., the option
perturbations
and
and lander)
At higher, altitudes
atmospheric
(James
on surface (orbiter
and mountain-wave
latitude,
include
of Mars-GRAM
new capabilities,
landers.
on the Stewart
variables
as an engineering-
and Viking
by Viking
provides
was developed
2.21)
Dust storm effects, parameters.
release
(Mars-GRAM)
B, version
the Mariner
for any location
atmospheric
pressure, and wind components. are provided for the atmospheric A second
is based
The model
density Other
during
data observed
120 km), Mars-GRAM
perturbed
Model
1991; Appendix
data observed
in Pitts et al., (1990?).
or global-scale
Atmospheric
1990,
of the Mars atmosphere.
temperature and on surface
(above
model
Model (Mars-GRAM Guide
Background
(Johnson
given
MEMORANDUM
of density,
temperature,
(Pitts et al., 1990?),
temperature descriptions
based
and pressure
on diurnal
variability
for estimating
of surface-absorbed
are discussed
through
the
based on atmospheric perturbations, (2)
with the COSPAR
and (3) a new method
of these new features
development
in Section
reference the diurnal solar energy. 3.0.
range
of
Table Version
Date
1.00
5/20/88
1-1.
History
of Mars-GRAM
7/1/89
Preliminary model and
no
in
Version
ED44-5-20-88
documented
in
2.10
9/2/89
Adds version numbers Corrects formats 790
2.11
10/2/89
Corrects
"ATIO"
subroutine. PRESSURE,
10/8/89
Corrects factors
July,
1989
2.22
11/16/89
Adds
name
REAL
J2
to
Julian
option
"PFH"
STRATOS,
TEMPS, in
-0.5
DATA
for
REAL to
local-scale
not Batch
comments
perturbation
a
the surface versions
code
storm,
heights "realistic"
to
Ii/28194
Corrected parameter use
same
altitude. (normally suppresses
1-2
it
in
in
%;
and
add
values. available.
DENSRP
DENSWA
DENSLO
to
SETUP, ATMOS2, STRATOS.
and
version
DENSHI, value dust
the
MSFC
storm
start output and iup
and
other
time
wave
Both Batch
version
modular, so by any calling
main
program. to file to DENSRM, in %; change wave
OUTPUT the
file.
wave
several unused variables MAIN routine and
PSURFACE,
to
Zurek
Unix
STEWART2,
and
DZDUST,
environment
DENSLO initial value problem. output to DATASTEP. Modified
Changed screen) LIST
3.1
to
with
output
include
Delete in
PSURFACE.
go "below" local pressure, density
simulation
for
perturbation amplitude. from declaration statements
3.2
in to
at Greenwich for consistency
and
to
is completely be replaced
trajectory
and
DENSHI
Transferred tested.
ES
puts
consistent
perturbations in %; change DENSLO output containing random perturbation magnitude DENSHI output file to DENSWA, containing
3/14/94
and
file
nmals
be
dust
Allows return
as
such
3.1
THERMOS
length.
and
convention of day starting adds back 0.5 to Julian day of coefficients.
program,
subroutines THERMOS,
in
by adding subroutine height
COMMON
and
by
input, and can easily
Modify
Has
latitude-
DATASTEP,
characters
terrain
from
uses NAMELIST driver program
Change
to
in THERMOS Adds EScalc
RELLIPS,
date
and temperature, Interactive and
12/17/92
"FH" ATMOS2,
72
of
data
perturbation model. terrain height and
3.1
is the daily average
function),
is the daily average
transmittance
is computed
_ is the single-scatter
dust (taken
to be 0.3),
and
=
_/2
q_ is local latitude
temperatures.
angle,
of Justus
and Paris
+
_/2)exp(-cS/g0)
!Lt0is the cosine
and q)s is latitude
an improved
albedo
(1985),
latitude
and day),
via
,
(14)
_ is the optical
solar zenith
cos( q_ ) cos(
(from ALB
0. The average
to be 0.85),
of the noontime
+
First,
(IRTM)
(13)
solar flux (for given
of the dust (taken
Mapper
,
of solar zenith
(1-
Thermal
a is the surface
direct-normal of cosine
albedo
and InfraRed
- a)F0
l.to = sin( q_ ) sin( ¢p_) where
lander
solar transmittance,
by methods
where
(1
F0 is the top-of-atmosphere,
and
Viking
for estimating surface absorption, A, via
A =
where
(12)
,
tps )
angle,
,
depth
given
of the
by
(15)
of the Sun.
The simplified relation of equation (14) was compared with the results of a subroutine (FFACT) developed by Davies (1979) from accurate Monte Carlo radiative transfer
3-3
calculations.
Equation
mean-square
value
reproduce
original With
of about Monte
surface
were derived
(14) results 0.03, Carlo
is outside
is inside
the polar
cap boundary
seasonal
value
surface
(factor
Q, where
=
acap +
the symbolism
angle,
via
polar
at which
The
c A2
Tamp
=
(13), new regression
3-4
minimum
relations
,
(16)
CcapP
,
(17)
cap correction
that varies
when the cap boundary
line TSRF
35, Appendix
estimates
assumes
- Tmin ), is proportional
from 0 at
is at its largest
A). that the daily range
to the daily
(1
- a)F0
[
range
as for equation
= sin( _p ) sin( cps )
the Sun is above temperature
of
of surface
-
and maximum
surface
(18)
,
(13) and It. is the midnight
the horizon range
- It.]/2
solar
at midnight;
is determined
zenith
(19)
cos( cp ) cos( Cps)
otherwise,
Itn = 0.
from
(20)
Tamp = 0.16 Q
and daily
values
by
is the same
daily surface
-
temperature
( Tmax
Q is given
level as FFACT
a root-
and
P is a polar
in TSURFACE,
within
via
of 1 at the pole,
for surface
It.
for latitudes
+
bcapA
cap boundary.
Q =
where
b A
values
1979).
from equation
temperature
to a maximum
methodology
temperatures,
absorption,
+
with FFACT
the same accuracy (Davies,
the polar cap boundary,
Tavg
the polar
a
=
to agree
A, determined
for Tavg, the daily average
if the latitude
New
or roughly simulations
absorption,
Tavg
if latitude
were found
temperatures
are given
by
For additional technical subroutine TSURFACE
Tmi_ =
Tang
Tmax
Tavg
However,
(21)
Tamp
(22)
+
description of the new surface in Appendix A.
The new regressions temperature.
=
Tamp
make
for cases
relatively in which
little difference the daily
while the daily range in surface absorption, daily temperature range) from the previous Figure
1 is most significant
at high northern
(near L s = 90 °) and at high southern 270°). surface
temperature
latitudes
average
methodology,
in the average absorption,
surface
A, is relatively
large
Q, is small, a significant change (reduction in regressions can occur. This effect, illustrated in latitudes
during
during
southern
northern
hemisphere
hemisphere
summer
Changes in these seasons and latitude ranges would be apparent in revised temperature analogous to Figures 1, 2, and 3 of Appendix B. The reduced
range in temperatures that results more realistic in these cases.
see
from the new regressions
is considered
summer (near L s = plots of diurnal
to be significantly
3-5
320 3OO 28O 260 240 220 E 200 180 160 I I
140
! i
120 -100
Figure GRAM.
3-1.
3-6
Comparison
The season
for minimum,
-80
average
-60
-40
-20 0 20 40 Latitude, degrees
of Old and New Parameterizations
is southern
hemisphere
and maximum
daily
t •
summer
(Ls=270°).
surface temperature. results.
for Surface Lines
60
80
Temperature
100
in Mars-
are the new regression
Symbols
values
are for _he old regression
4. 4.1
Program
options
of Mars-GRAM
interactively
are provided
operation
are:
MARS-GRAM
interactive,
in which
by the user at run time, and batch,
by a NAMELIST
of the interactive
sample
TO RUN
Input
Two forms are provided
HOW
format
input file.
form of Mars-GRAM
of the NAMELIST
file INPUT
For both the interactive
or batch
forms,
for all input
in which
values
3.34 and Table
form of Mars-GRAM
values
of the following
options
for all input
Table 4-1 illustrates
version
for the batch
values
a sample
4-2 gives
a
3.34. input variables
must be supplied: LSTFL
Name of LIST file (see Table 4-4). For a listing interactive form enter filename CON.
OUTFL
Name
MONTH
Month
MDAY
Day of the month
MYEAR
Year
of OUTPUT (1-12)
for initial
for starting
1970-2069
file (see Table
to the console
in
4-5).
time
for initial time time is a 4-digit
as a 2-digit
number.
Alternative:
input
years
number
NPOS
Maximum number of positions to evaluate to automatically generate profile. Use 0 if trajectory positions are read in from a TRAJDATA
IHR
Initial
time, hour of the day GMT
IMIN
Initial
time, minute
of the hour
SEC
Initial
time, second
of the minute
ALSO
Value of the areocentric longitude of the Sun (Ls, in degrees) where a dust storm is to start. Use 0 if no dust storm is to be simulated. (Dust storm between
INTENS
can be simulated
only during
the season
of the Mars
a file.
year for Ls
180 and 320 degrees.)
Dust storm
intensity,
an arbitrary
from 0.0 (no dust storm) prompt occurs (ALSO=O).]
intensity
to 3.0 (maximum
in interactive
form,
scale,
with allowable
intensity
if no dust storm
dust storm).
values [No
is to be simulated
RADMAX
Maximum
radius
parameterized program.
(km) a dust storm
space
and time profile
If 0 or >100_
dimensions
attains,
covering
according
of build up and decay
km is used,
(uniformly
developing
the storm
the planet),
in the
is considered
but assumed
of global to build
decay in intensity according to the same temporal profile. occurs in interactive, if no dust storm is to be simulated.] DUSTLAT
DUSTLON
F107
STDL
MODPERT
Latitude
(degrees, in interactive,
global
dimensions.]
Longitude
in interactive,
global
dimensions.] solar flux (units
(1 AU).
Program
position
of Mars.
Model
number
means
Seed value Monte
number
2 is for Zurek
for random occurs
at orbit
is -3.0 to +3.0.
1 is for random wave
model,
and
3
Allowable
if MODPERT of perturbations,
To repeat random
a given
number
= 2. To do
perturbation
seed value. or x-y-z
4-3 for list of variables
= 1, output
is 1
use a different
(x-y pairs for 1-D line graphs
See Table
range
is for plotting
triplets
associated versus
height
ellipsoid).
for 2-D contour
line graph
orbit position
in the Stewart range
generator.
in interactive
(e.g., if NVARX
reference
(tidal)
number
with a variety
output
plots).
Earth
has
from both models.
seed on each run.
for plotable
or storm
variations
is 0; allowable
has
[No prompt
solar flux to its value
to be computed:
on a later run, use same
with x-code
y-code
value
perturbations
simulations
for 2-D contour
NVARY
model,
No prompt
sequence
above
Normal
(integer)
Carlo
random
x-code
for long-term
for perturbations
wave)
to 29999.
NVARX
parameter
use combined
of dust storm.
10 -22 W/cm 2) at the average converts
[No prompt
or storm
is to be simulated
automatically
deviation thermosphere.
for center
up and
[No prompt
of dust storm.
is to be simulated
if no dust storm
10.7-cm
model
for center
West positive)
occurs
Standard
positive)
if no dust storm
(degrees,
(mountain
NR1
North
occurs
to the
plot output
(x-y pair) plots.
(x-y-z
triplets).
Use y-code
See Table 4-3 for list of y-code
0 for I-D
values
and
parameters. LOGSCALE
- Parameter output
4-2
controls
plot files.
units of output Value
0 means
values
for density
use regular
density
and pressure
on
and pressure
units
(kg/m3 andN/m2); I meansoutputlogarithm(base10)in regularunits; and2 meansoutputpercentdeviationfrom COSPARvalues. FLAT
Latitudeof initial point to simulate(degrees,North positive)
FLON
Longitudeof initial point to simulate(degrees,Westpositive)
FHGT
Height(km) of initial pointto simulate,abovereferenceellipsoid
DELHGT
Height increment(km)betweensuccessivestepsin automatically generatedprofile (positiveupward)
DELLAT
Latitudeincrement(degrees,Northwardpositive)betweensuccessive stepsin automaticallygeneratedprofile
DELLON
Longitudeincrement(degrees,Westwardpositive)betweensuccessive stepsin automaticallygeneratedprofile
DELTIME
Time increment(seconds)betweenstepsin automaticallygenerated profile
Two auxiliary inputfiles arealsorequired. File HEIGHTS.DATcontainsterrain heightdataarray(terrainheight,km, abovethe referenceellipsoid- seeexplanationin descriptionof subroutineTERRAIN in AppendixA). File COSPAR.DATcontainsheight profile of COSPARtemperature,density,andpressurevalues(seeexplanationin descriptionof COSPARsubroutinein AppendixA). If the pre-computedtrajectorymodeis used(NPOS=0),readtrajectorydatafrom TRAJDATA file. Eachline of TRAJDATA file is a positionandtime to compute atmosphericparameters.Input linescontaintime (seconds,from initial time),height (km, relativeto referenceellipsoid),latitude(degrees,North positive),andlongitude(degrees, Westpositive). For automatically-generated profiles,outputcontinuesuntil themaximumnumber of positions(NPOS)is reached.Fortrajectorypositions,enterinputfrom TRAJDATA file, outputcontinuesuntil endof thefile is reached.Forinteractive,theprogramprompts for additionalinput valuesfor initial dateandnumberof positions. The programis terminatedby giving valuesof 0 for requestedinput. (Seeendof Table4-I).
4-3
Table 4-1. Sample Operation Mars-GRAM
Interactive
Enter name VIKINGI.LST Enter name
version
for
LIST
file
for
OUTPUT
of the Interactive
3.34
(CON
-
for
November
console
I,
Form of Mars-GRAM
1995
listing):
file:
VIKINGI.OUT Enter 7 20
Month, 76 21
Enter 12 30
initial 0
Ls = Dust
mean
Enter
Month,
Time
4-digit
(Hours,
degrees for this can occur between
starting
+/0
of
GMT
97.0 storms
Enter 0 Enter and 185
Day
Ls
value
F10.7 of
at
std.
perturbation
dust
IAU
180
(nominal
Max
and
Ls
(or
0
value
for
l=random_
Number
Positions
Seconds)
storm
deviations
model:
and
Minutes,
date. Ls =
for
flux
number
Year,
=
320.
for =
none).
150)
thermosphere 2=wave,
variation
3=both
3 Enter 1001
Starting
Select
Random
x-code
and
Number
y-code
Code
(any
for
positive
plotable
integer
output
