MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURAL

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING POLO REGIONALE DI LECCO

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING

Prof. Massimo Tadi Prof. Gabriele Masera / Prof. Danilo Palazzo Prof. Liberato Ferrara

Master Thesis by: ABDUXUKUR ZAYIT 751975 AHMAD RIAZ 751598

Academic year 2010/2011

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to mention all those who contributed their efforts to write this master’s thesis. We thank to PROF. MASSIMO TADI, PROF. DANILO PALAZZO, PROF. GABRIELE MASERA, and PROF. LIBERATO FERRARA for their willingness and valuable advice to face the difficulties during this thesis. We thank to our friends for helping us through each occasional hard time, before and during the development of this thesis. We thank to our beloved Parents and family who supported and encouraged us during this long period for everything.

Finally, we are thankful to Allah almighty who gave us strength to accomplish this master’s in Architectural Engineering

i

ABSTRACT

Piacenza is a city and comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Piacenza. Strategically the city is at a major crossroads at the intersection of Route E35/A1 between Bologna, gateway to eastern Italy, and Milan, gateway to the Alps, and Route E70/A21 between Brescia at the foot of the Alps and Tortona, where branches lead to Turin in the north, a major industrial city, and Genoa, a major coastal port. Piacenza is also at the confluence of the Trebbia, draining the northern Apennines, and the Po, the major waterway of northern Italy, draining to the east. Piacenza right from its foundation has been of vital interest to political powers that would control northern Italy, more than any other city there. Piacenza is, in fact the ideal venue for an initiative focused on architectural, urban and environmental problems, both for the size of its scenic, landscape, artistic and monumental wealth and for the wide range of case-studies available, as well as for its solid traditions in the building sector. Program was to interconnect the landscape, urban spaces and architectural design of library integration with towards positive energy. Urban planning was done by using the roman grid and tried to provide the facility spaces according to integrated, interactive and interscalar architectural –urban- environmental concept.

ii

INDEX Acknowledgement Abstract

1-Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 2- Urban Context ...................................................................................... 3 2.1-Italy ....................................................................................................................................... 3 2.2-Emilia–Romagna ................................................................................................................... 4 2.3- Brief History of Urban Development in Piacenza ............................................................... 5 2.3.1-The reconstruction of the city ....................................................................................... 10 2.3.2-The urban genetic code ................................................................................................. 11 2.4- Analysis about Current City of Piacenza ........................................................................... 12 2.4.1- The Geographic Context.............................................................................................. 12 2.4.2-Population ..................................................................................................................... 15 2.4.3 – The Socio- Economic System .................................................................................... 28 2.4.4- Strategic Plan ............................................................................................................... 29 2.5- Piacenza’s network ............................................................................................................ 34 2.6-Physical-morphological aspects .......................................................................................... 47 2.7-Local conditions, scope, borders, limits .............................................................................. 50 2.8-Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 55

3-Urban Design ...................................................................................... 57 3.1-Project Area......................................................................................................................... 57 3.2-Site Comparison .................................................................................................................. 63 iii

3.3-Site Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 64 3.4-SWOT Analysis .................................................................................................................. 67 3.5-Project Scope....................................................................................................................... 68 3.5.1- project Objective ......................................................................................................... 68 3.5.2- Master plan .................................................................................................................. 69 3.5.3- Master plan Analysis ................................................................................................... 79

4- Architectural Design .......................................................................... 94 4.1- Library ................................................................................................................................ 94 4.1.1-Library in History ......................................................................................................... 94 4.1.2- Classifications of Library ............................................................................................ 98 4.2- Project Objective ................................................................................................................ 99 4.3- Research Example for Reference ..................................................................................... 103 4.3.1-Piacenza Libraries ...................................................................................................... 103 4.3.2-Biblioteca Civica, Prato .............................................................................................. 105 4.3.3-New Public library in Pontivy, France ....................................................................... 107 4.3.4- Public Library Kelsterbach, Germany ....................................................................... 109 4.3.5- Jaume Fuster Library, Spain ...................................................................................... 110 4.3.6- Surry Hills Library, Australia .................................................................................... 111 4.4-Architectural Design ......................................................................................................... 113 4.5 Concept and Drawings ................................................................................................... 118

5-Structural Design .............................................................................. 132 5.1-Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 132 5.2-Load Calculations ............................................................................................................. 134 5.3-Slab.................................................................................................................................... 140 iv

5.4-Beams ................................................................................................................................ 145 5.5-Columns ............................................................................................................................ 151 5.6-Foundation ........................................................................................................................ 154

6- Building Physics ............................................................................... 158 6.1-Climate .............................................................................................................................. 158 6.2-Analysis for Climate ......................................................................................................... 164

7- Technological Design ....................................................................... 174 7.1- Towards Positive Energy ................................................................................................. 174 7.2- Energy Trends .................................................................................................................. 175 7.2.1- Examples of definitions for low energy building standards ...................................... 179 7.2.2- Passive house and equivalent concepts ..................................................................... 181 7.2.3- Zero energy houses/zero carbon houses .................................................................... 181 7.2.4- Energy positive Building ........................................................................................... 182 7.3-Design Pathways ............................................................................................................... 182 7.4-Thermal Comfort ............................................................................................................... 185 7.5-U-Values and Glazer Diagrams ........................................................................................ 189 7.6-Materials and Technology ................................................................................................. 198 7.7-Modeling of building ........................................................................................................ 203 7.8- Heat Energy and Cooling Demand .................................................................................. 211

References ............................................................................................. 220

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MSc In Architectural Engineering

1-Introduction Italy is located in Southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia. Its terrain is mostly rugged and mountainous; with some plains, coastal lowlands and a predominantly Mediterranean climate. The choice of Piacenza as seat of the International Summer School stems, among other things, from the analysis of its territory, an extraordinary case-study in terms of issues and topics related to architectural design and construction of public spaces in contemporary cities. The international Summer school competition was divided in three parts and we selected the first part of the competition. 1st part was to redevelop (treatment of this complex area through a sequence of buildings and open spaces and connection with the historical city of Piacenza Our goal was to start with the following points and to select one building which is library for architectural design. - The relationship between the river and the city; in particular, the areas on the Po river bank - The relationship of urban spaces with architectural design. - The relationship between the city centers The common denominator is the “architectural design of open spaces”, which can be seen today as a “multidisciplinary practice”, affecting several interconnected and closely related architectural scales: from landscape architecture to planning, from the architectural design of public spaces to connections architecture, from the design of architectural components to the study of contemporary aesthetic scenarios. The particular attention to environmental and open space issues is part of a theoretical-operational debate, focusing on the promotion of architectural urban and territorial contexts in terms of resources sustainability and environmental 1

MSc In Architectural Engineering impact in order to consonance complementarity and impact, reach high levels of consonance, integration among the architectural-urban requirements and the distinctive traits of the locations. For architectural design, the competition did not provide any brief for architectural building so for our urban part we selected architectural design of Public library and we developed a brief while studying various libraries located in Italy and abroad. After that we studied different energy aspects to develop the technological part of library and finally we developed the project according to approach towards positive energy and other possible aspects of the project.

2


2- Urban Context 2.1-Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a country located in south central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia, the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea and many other smaller islands.

Global, location of Piacenza, Italy

The country's total area is 301,230 km², of which 294,020 km²is land and 7,210 km²is water. Including the islands, Italy has a coastline and border of 7,600 km on the Adriatic, Ionian, 3

MSc In Architectural Engineering Tyrrhenian seas (740 km), and borders shared with France (488 km), Austria (430 km), Slovenia (232 km) and Switzerland; San Marino (39 km) and Vatican City (3.2 km).

2.2-Emilia–Romagna

Emilia–Romagna

 Repeated under the bearing location on the railway line Milan-Bologna and Turin on the cross-Brescia, a rail hub of national and International importance. Piacenza: Piacenza is a city and comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy withCoordinates45°2′52″N and 9°42′2″E. It is the capital of the province of Piacenza. 4

MSc In Architectural Engineering Emilia–Romagna is an administrative region of Northern Italy comprising the two historic regions of Emilia and Romagna and the city is situated on the right of the Po, near its junction with the Trebbia, in an important strategic position. Agriculture is the chief industry. The cathedral is of the ninth century; it was remodeled by Santa da Sambuceto and others (1122-1223) in beautiful Lombard style.

Map of Italy

2.3- Brief History of Urban Development in Piacenza Piacenza lies on the right bank of the river Po, at a crucial crossroads in the south-west area of the Po Valley. The first settlements date back to the stone and bronze ages. Gauls and Etruscans are likely to have settled in the area at a later stage, but there are no certain traces left. The earliest urban settlement may be traced back to the year 218 B.C. The Romans had planned to construct them after the successful conclusion of the latest war with the Gauls ending in 5

MSc In Architectural Engineering 219 BC. In the spring of 218 BC after declaring war on Carthage the Senate decided to accelerate the foundation and gave the colonists 30 days to appear on the sites to receive their lands. They were each to be settled by 6000 Roman citizens but the cities were to receive Latin Rights1.that is, they were to have the same legal status as the many colonies that had been co-founded by Rome and towns of Latium. The era of Late Antiquity in Piacenza (4th/9th centuries AD) was marked by the expansion of Christianity, with the presence of several martyrs. Before the year 286 AD Piacenza was not overtly Christian. In that year the co-emperors of the late Roman Empire resolved once again on an attempt to eradicate Christianity, the senior emperor, Diocletian, relying this time on the services of a subordinate emperor, Maximian. The latter intended to suppress the Christians of Gaul with fire and sword. He ordered the garrison of Thebes, Egypt, to join him in Gaul for that purpose. It is not clear whether he knew that the entire legion, having been recruited in a then intensely Christian region, was Christian.

Roman city

1

Medieval City

Polybius III.40, Livy XXI.25. 6


1435

1500 Historical maps

The first Bishop of Piacenza (322-357), San Vittorio, declared Antoninus the patron saint of Piacenza and had the first Basilica di S. Antonio constructed in his honor in 324 in downtown Piacenza. It was restored in 903, rebuilt in 1101, 2 again in 1562, and is still a church today. The remains of the bishop and the soldier are in urns under the altar. The theme of the soldier-saint, protector of Piacenza, is well-known in art.

2

Townsend, George Henry (1877). The manual of dates: a dictionary of reference to all the most important events in the history of mankind to be found in authentic records (5 ed.). London: Frederick Warne. p. 752

7

MSc In Architectural Engineering 1600

1821

1908

2010 Historical maps In the 13th century, despite unsuccessful wars against Emperor Frederick II, Piacenza managed to gain strongholds on the Lombardy shore of the Po River. The primilaries of the Peace of Constance were signed in 1183 in the Saint Antoninus church. Agriculture and trade flourished in these centuries, and Piacenza became one of the richest cities in Europe. This is reflected in the construction of many important buildings and in the general revision of the urban plan. Struggles for control were commonplace in the second half of the 13th century, not unlike the large majority of Medieval Italian communes. The Scotti family, Pallavicino family and Alberto Scoto (1290–1313) held power in that order during the period. Scoto's government ended when the Visconti of Milan captured Piacenza, which they would hold until 1447. Duke Gian Galeazzo rewrote Piacenza's statutes and relocated the University of Pavia to the city. Piacenza then became a Sforza possession until 1499. Piacenza was the capital city of the duchy until Ottavio Farnese (1547–1586) moved it to Parma. The city underwent some of its most difficult years during the rule of duke Odoardo (1622–1646), when between 6,000 and 13,000 Piacentini out of the population of 30,000 died from famine and plague, respectively. The city and its countryside were also ravaged by bandits and French soldiers. 8

MSc In Architectural Engineering Between 1732 and 1859, Parma and Piacenza were ruled by the House of Bourbon. In the 18th century, several edifices which belonged to noble families such as Scotti, Landi and Fogliani were built in Piacenza. In 1802, Napoleon's army annexed Piacenza to the French Empire. Young Piacentini recruits were sent to fight in Russia, Spain and Germany, while the city was plundered of a great number of artworks which are currently exhibited in many French museums. The Habsburg government of Maria Luisa 1816-1847 is remembered fondly as one of the best in the history of Piacenza; the duchess drained many lands, built several bridges across the Trebbia river and the Nure stream, and created educational and artistic activities. On June 1865 the first railway bridge over Po river in northern Italy was inaugurated (in southern Italy a railroad bridge had already been built in 1839). In 1891 the first Chamber of Workers was created in Piacenza. During World War II the city was heavily bombed by the Allies. The important railway and road bridges across the Trebbia and the Po Rivers and the railway yards were destroyed. The historic centre of city itself also suffered collateral damage. In 1944 the bridges over the Po became vital to the supply from Austria of Field Marshal Albert Kesselring's Gothic Line, which protected the withdrawal of Kesselring's troops from Italy. Foremost among them were the railway and road bridges at Piacenza, along with supply depots and railway yards. In Operation Mallory Major, July 12–15, allied medium bombers from Corsica flew 300 sorties a day, knocking out 21 bridges east of Piacenza, and then continued to the west for a total of 90 by July 20. Fighter-bombers prevented reconstruction and cut roads and rail lines. By August 4 all the cities of north Italy were isolated and had suffered heavy bombing, including especially Piacenza. Transport to Genoa on the east or through Turin to the north was impossible; nevertheless, Kesselring continued to supply his men.3

3

Craven, Wesley Frank; James Lea Cate, Editors (1983). The Army Air Forces in World War II. DIANE Publishing. pp. 404–407

9

MSc In Architectural Engineering On the hills and the Apennine mountains, partisan bands were active. On April 25, 1945, a General partisan insurrection by the Italian resistance movement occurred and on the 29th troops of Brazilian Expeditionary Force arrived at the city. In 1996 president Oscar Luigi Scalfaro honoured Piacenza with the Gold Medal for Valour in Battle.

2.3.1-The reconstruction of the city Towards the contemporary city, city infrastructure.

The two world wars affected the city and the province, considering also the significant involvement of Piacenza in the army. During the Second World War the city was heavily hit by air raids of the Allies that they collapse the important railway bridge over the Po, the railway station, hospital and arsenal as well as portions of the center. Outside the city, on the hills of Piacenza and over the Apennines, supporters of various groups who fought the Nazi army were active.

Superstructures and road system engineering In the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth century new ventures gave an important impetus to the economic and industrial development, but also the modernization of farms. For this agricultural vocation and also in the strong tradition Sacro Cuore Milan opened Christian tradition, the Catholic University of in in city the first faculty in the fifties, was the Agriculture one, Piacenza in the detachment of the university. The central location, the important railway junction and the passage of two major highways, continue to promote the economic 10

MSc In Architectural Engineering and industrial development of Piacenza and the surrounding area to this day which is developing and expanding a logistics hub in the suburbs. The main aspects of contemporary Piacenza to be sent to the entire chapter of "transformations" dedicated to these important issues.

Main connection of the city

2.3.2-The urban genetic code

The urban biography finds its application more complex and effective in drawing the biographical map. This itself is generative matrix of a projected vision into the future, in which we represent, 11

MSc In Architectural Engineering through a process of abstraction, the final synthesis, that of today, the life processes of the city, not only the processes are vital but are able at same time to generate life. From the point of view more interesting to us, and therefore to the architectural, biographical map is represented expression of the urban genetic code, the DNA of the city. With this definition we want to emphasize the profound need to understand what underlies the construction of the city and fundamentally permanent elements, those elements that have covered the story and are now able to turn into generators of paths, elements of future projection and therefore archaeological items in future.

Biographical map: Main Historical thresholds

2.4- Analysis about Current City of Piacenza 2.4.1- The Geographic Context 12

MSc In Architectural Engineering The today’s world is a residence subject to our whole design, and also the natural support is subject to human transformation. The words of Leonardo Benevolo and Benno Albrecht (2002), applied to the condition of Piacenza, drawing a possible overlap and hybridization between the concepts of geography and landscape from which the same architectural design should engage for thought and discussion. First on the issue of borders. Since the Piacenza is a city that its borders are lived, grown and built part of his fortune in various historical eras. Even today - Lombard city in the land of Emilia or, looking at the other side, in Lombardy, Emilia offshoot - lives in a strange and in the same time fascinating luminal condition. As is relevant in our contemporary thinking in terms of geographical boundaries but it’s an open question. Because, accomplices the transformation of infrastructure and the exponential increase of the flows of people and goods, Piacenza is interpretable not anymore as urban reality unto itself but rather as a system or a network node.

The city, in fact, is the integrant part of the so-called "megacities Po", theorized in 2000 by Eugenio Turri, one of the leading Italian geographers, agglomeration that characterizes the northern Italy by tying and built areas and non, with different characters of settlements and materials, in a system without any solution of continuity. With a Continental look, the megalopolis of Po valley extends from the foothills at the foot of the Alps (condensed around the city of Varese, Como, Lecco, Bergamo and Brescia and then towards east to Venice), finds its strategic point in Milan and then extends towards west (Turin) and south, with a density that decreases as the increase of agricultural land south of Lombardy Just in Piacenza the shape of the conurbation bends connecting with the urban linear formed around the Via Emilia, with greater concentration around urban centers (Parma, Reggio, Modena) to Bologna. Beyond the strictly geographical aspects, the conurbation has effects on the political, economic and social systems. First, since the size of Po megacities place it in confrontation and comparison with other similar European cities such as London of Great Britain or the Dutch urban strip that links Leiden, Den Haag and Rotterdam with Amsterdam, together with the German region of 13

MSc In Architectural Engineering the Ruhr. There are the flows of people and goods, and thus the efficiency of infrastructure, to give strength and substance to these conurbations. Even today - despite a phase of strong transformations and with a strong planning related to the development of road and rail networks should materialize in the coming years - about 10% of Piacenza is commuting, working every day in Milan. In this framework, the boundaries tend to blur, or perhaps tends to change in an irreversibly manner the same concept of geography, no longer a mere description of the area changing, but urban science able to envisage transformative scenarios. "The geography would thus be to assume an operational role - writes Luigi Coccia - pre-figuration of a change based on a large project of ground capable of reorganizing the territory of the dispersion is not through the imposition of a new abstract order, of a predefined drawing dropped casually in a specific spatial context, but rather through the unveiling of an existing order, an order constructive detectable in the form of a specific geographical territorial area." In the contemporary widespread urbanization, privileged design themes are gaps between settlements and infrastructure. Places where you can experiment and propose not so much abstract and global settlement patterns rather than new, and local, urban geographies and territorial. In the culture of the urban and architectural design could cite two significant moments in this sense: the 1973 with the project of Vittorio Gregotti for the University of the Calabria and the 1993 with the realizing of the museum square of Amsterdam from the Sven-Ingvar Anderrson. They both – by ways and new forms – un built areas, although very different among them and in a different scale (Territorial in the first, the urban in second). It constructs, in extreme synthesis, innovative landscapes. The theme of construction of landscape - or landscape is set to geography more than requested by the contemporary design. “(1) The size of an urban place is an important factor that can contribute to and detract from quality of life conditions; it therefore deserves a primary place in the formulation of national growth policy. (2) In general, the quality of urban life, as measured across non-economic dimensions, seems to decline as urban scales increase. (3) The extent to which this quality of life difference is acceptable seems to depend largely upon economic trade-offs; the 14

MSc In Architectural Engineering economic rewards must compensate sufficiently for apparent net social, environmental, political preferential and systematic disamenities which accrue as urban scale increases; otherwise, one could expect a spontaneous reversal in migration patterns away from larger cities to occur” Elgin et al. (1974, p. 16).

2.4.2-Population4 Foreigners enrolled in the registers of Piacenza province municipalities on 31st December 2009 were 36.153, which is the 12,6% of total residents (which are 288.011). The growth of the foreign population resident in the territory continues apace: since 2002 the average yearly increase has been 18%, the equivalent of more than 3.600 foreign residents per year. Anyway, in 2009 this growth marked a slight decrease +3.019 residents, which equals +9,6% compared to the number registered at the end of the previous year.

ABSOLUTE VALUES OF FOREIGNERS % BY GENDER

% ON TOTAL RESIDENTS

YEAR

FEMAL MALES ES TOTAL

MALES FEMALES MALES

FEMALE S TOTAL

2002

6.330

5.022

11.352

55,8

44,2

4,9

3,6

4,2

2003

8.320

7.131

15.451

53,8

46,2

6,3

5,1

5,7

2004

9.969

8.767

18.736

53,2

46,8

7,5

6,2

6,8

2005

11.320

10.268

21.588

52,4

47,6

8,4

7,2

7,8

2006

12.614

11.794

24.408

51,7

48,3

9,3

8,3

8,8

2007

14.614

13.805

28.419

51,4

48,6

10,7

9,6

10,1

2008

16.953

16.181

33.134

51,2

48,8

12,2

11,0

11,6

4

Provincial Statistics Office on Municipal Population Data

15

MSc In Architectural Engineering 2009

18.372

17.781

36.153

50,8

49,2

13,1

12,1

12,6

Province of Piacenza. Foreign population. Time series 2002 - 2009. Absolute values, % by gender, impact on territory

Declining data on foreigners residing in Piacenza territory, the distribution at the end of 2009 was the following: 50.8% men and 49.3% women. Also in 2009 the upward trend in the incidence of women among foreign residents is confirmed: foreign female citizens enrolled in the municipal registry offices of the province since 2002, compared to foreign male citizens data, have recorded exceeding growth rates (+20% annually compared to +16%) and they have been converging to equity; meanwhile the distance in terms of impact on the total population has gradually reduced to 1% (13.1% men and 12.1% women). In particular, in 2009 foreign female population increased annually of 9.9% and foreign male population increased of 8.4%, so 1.419 more men and 1.600 more women.5

m 0-17

5

f

total

4.620 4.249 8.869

Implication s on correspond ent Implications provincial on total foreign population population 20,50%

24,50%

18-40 9.021 8.588 17.609

22,20%

48,70%

41-64 4.370 4.435 8.805

9,10%

24,40%

>64

1,30%

2,40%

361

509

870

Provincial Statistics Office on Municipal Population Data

16

MSc In Architectural Engineering total

18.372 17.781 36.153

12,60%

100,00%

Piacenza Province. Foreign Population on 31.12.2009 for age and gender. Absolute values, implications on correspondent provincial population, implications on total foreign population.

Foreign population age class distribution confirms the relevance of the youth classes implications on the total resident youth populations. In fact, “0-40” aged people in the province represent the 73.2% of the total foreign population and the 21.6% of Piacenza population under 41 years old is composed of foreign citizens. 100 - 104 95 - 99 90 - 94 85 - 89 80 - 84 75 - 79 70 - 74 65 - 69 60 - 64 55 - 59 50 - 54 45 - 49 40 - 44 35 - 39 30 - 34 25 - 29 20 - 24 15 - 19 10 - 14 5-9 0-4 -7.00

-6.00

-5.00

-4.00

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

FEMALES

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

MALES

Age pyramid for the foreign resident population on 31.12.2009.

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MSc In Architectural Engineering 100 - 104 95 - 99 90 - 94 85 - 89 80 - 84 75 - 79 70 - 74 65 - 69 60 - 64 55 - 59 50 - 54 45 - 49 40 - 44 35 - 39 30 - 34 25 - 29 20 - 24 15 - 19 10 - 14 5-9 0-4 -5.00

-4.00

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

Italian MALES

Italian FEMALES

Foreigner MALES

Foreigner FEMALES

4.00

5.00

Age pyramid for the foreign resident population on 31.12.2009: Italians and Foreigners TOTAL PROVINCE 2009 COUNTRY/ AREAS

MALE FEMA S LES TOTAL

Albania

3.535 2.907 6.442

Romania

2.208 2.368 4.576

Morocco

2.482 2.077 4.559

The Five early countries represent 57.5% of immigration.

Macedonia (ex Rep. Jugos.)

1.527 1.337 2.864

Ecuador

917

Indy

1.058 747

1.416 2.333 1.805

Communities from Macedonia, Ecuador and Bosnia-Herzegovina placed in Piacenza area are ranked as the most important in Italy.

18

MSc In Architectural Engineering Ukraine

269

1.164 1.433

BosniaHerzegovina

749

485

1.234

Tunisia

667

388

1.055

Egypt

465

236

701

Moldova

234

462

696

Serbia, Republic of 321

265

586

Burkina Faso (Alto Volta) 342

209

551

Chinese Rep.

55%

of

the

immigrants

come

from

European area, 26% from Africa, 10% from

Popular 262

280

542

Senegal

390

145

535

Nigeria

216

314

530

Bulgaria

295

132

427

Americas and 9% from Asia. Concerning female population for each Country of origin it’s relevant to detect a significantly

above

average

implication

concerning America (62%) and some Countries

of Eastern Europe: Ukraine

(81%), Poland (71%), Moldova (66%).

Poland

107

267

374

Cote d'Avoire

189

161

350

Brazil

111

208

319

Croatia

154

144

298

Algeria

245

53

298

Peru

96

161

257

142

95

237

Philippines

110

121

231

Mauritius

86

107

193

Sri (Ceylon)

Instead, decisively

concerning to

male

overcome

population,

the

average

incidence rate (50.8%) are Algeria (82,2%), Senegal (72,9%) and Bulgaria (69,1%).

Lanka

19

MSc In Architectural Engineering France

72

103

175

Ghana

79

89

168

Dominican, Rep. 56

94

150

Korea, Rep. (Southern Korea) 64

69

133

United Kingdom 68

65

133

OTHER COUNTRIES

852

1.108 1.960

EUROPEAN UNION

2.921 3.233 6.154

OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

6.922 6.957 13.879

AFRICA

5.385 3.957 9.342

AMERICA

1.355 2.202 3.557

ASIA

1.778 1.426 3.204

OCEANIA

6

1

7

STATELESS

1

1

2

TOTAL*

18.368 17.777 36.145

•

Slight difference with “Foreign Population Time Series” and “for age class” owing to different Population Sources.

. Altitude Area

Foreig n

Total Resident

Imp. % foreigner 20

MSc In Architectural Engineering citizens

s

s

Plane

25.667

189.473

13,5%

Hill

9.583

84.055

11,4%

Mountain

903

14.483

6,2%

Total

36.153

288.011

12,6%

Province of Piacenza. Foreign population and Total on 31.12.2009 for altitude area

Pianura: 25.667

Collina: 9.583

Montagna: 903

Province of Piacenza. Foreign Population on 31.12.2009 for altitude

a.v.

minors

Foreigner s implicatio Minor’s n on total implication on % G2 on Resident total tot. Populatio foreigners G2 a.v. Foreigners n

Province of Piacenza

33.141

8.123

24,5%

4.509

Region Romagna

421.482

97.344

23,5%

59.938 14,2%

foreigners

13,6%

11,6%

Emilia9,7%

21

MSc In Architectural Engineering Italy

3.891.293

862.453

22,2%

518.700 13,3%

6,5%

Resident foreign citizen on 31/12/2008 with implication minors and G2 (born in Italy) on total foreigners. Comparison Province of Piacenza, Region Emilia-Romagna, Italy6

Population Trend Description Land area (sq. km) population Population density (inhabitants / sq km) Foreign resident population 100 foreign residents For older children 5 Percentage of population living on less than 5 years Percentage of population aged 85 and over 3:45 Percentage of population aged 75 and over Ageing index7 Dependency ratio8 Sex ratio Resident population that moves each day occupied Unemployment rate ISTAT - Census 2001

Comune 118.46 96806 807 3416 3.57 5.3 3.65 2.99 11.05 211.3 52.19 88.28 47322 39873 4.72

Province 2589.47 264641 102 8828 3.35 5.4 3.78 3.45 11.81 217.91 55.39 93.34 125442 109938 4.22

6

Caritas/Migrants, Immigration, Statistic Dossier 2009 Ageing index Ratio of population aged 65 and over and the population aged 0-14 years. The result is, in General, multiplied by 100 or 1,000. 8 Index of total dependency ratio between young and elderly people on the one hand, andpopulation other hand, for every 100 people. Corresponds to the total dependency ratios of young and elderly. Index Total dependency = (Dependency Index Index Dependence Young + old) / Populationaged 15-64) * 100 7

22


ISTAT data on family size (Census 2001) and the trend of the population As seen in Figure above, the City of Piacenza has recorded a considerable decrease in the population as a trend in recent years settling mainly due to the immigration phenomenon. In connection to this phenomenon has had a significant aging of the population, whose average age has risen from 40 to 45 years between the 1981 and 2004.

Population densities of Province Emilia Romagna Region 23


Average age of the population of the City of Piacenza

Age structure: division of the population of the City of Piacenza by age (Harp - Chamber of Piacenza)

24


ISTAT data on the nationality of the foreign population residing in the town of Piacenza (Census 2001)

Population trend

25


men

49,217

born

870

females

53,989

dead

1,247

total

103,206

weddings 219

(From January 1 to December 31, 2010) (From January 1 to December 31, 2010) (From January 1 to December 31, 2010)

residents in the historic center 17,165 of which 3,825 children

foreign

Access to education and social services Together with the growth of foreign residents, also the access to Social Services increased steadily in the last years. In particular foreign students inserted into the provincial school system reached the number of 5887, with prevalence in primary schools, and a relative impact on total students of 16% and so higher than the total implication of foreigners on the provincial population. Piacenza

Emilia-Romagna

Italy

Foreign students

Implication Foreign per 100 students enrolled

Implication Foreign per 100 students enrolled

Implicati on per 100 enrolled

Childhood

1.143

16,9

13.471

12,2

125.092

7,6

Primary

2.133

18,4

26.879

14,5

234.206

8,3

Second. I grade

1.264

17,7

15.410

14,3

140.050

8,0

Second. II grade

1.347

12,3

16.839

10,2

130.012

4,8

26

MSc In Architectural Engineering Total

5.887

16,2

72.599

12,7

629.360

7,0

Students not having Italian citizenship for school type – S.Y. 2008/20099 The access to social services is even more marked. The foreign children into care to territorial social services represent 44% of total minor users, with a weight well above the regional average. It should be emphasized that 77% of operations covers family support, economic or educational, relational, so assistance to foreign minors actually often means a social intervention for foreign families in difficulty. Depending Minors

Piacenza Province

Including foreigners

a.v.

a.v.

% on depending Including minors unaccompanied

3.957

1.728

43,7%

107

13.885

34,4%

763

Region Emilia-Romagna 40.386

Depending to territorial social services foreign minors10 Among other measures of protection must be reported foster families (on a total of 146 cases, 37 are foreigners, so the 25.3%), insertions in community care (on a total of 111 cases, 62 are related to foreigners of 55.9%); activities for victims of violence (on a total of 66, 26 refer to foreigners so the 55.9%); activities for victims of violence (on a total of 66, 26 refer to foreigners, so the 39.4%). Even for the access for foreign citizens to the services for adults in difficulty there are significant data: foreigners depending on professional social services are 1.037 (4.25% on total foreigners); foreigners accommodated in dedicated residential care facilities 9

Ministry of Education, University and Research, Statistical Service. RER–SISAM- Detected minors depending on territorial services on 31/12/2006

10

27

MSc In Architectural Engineering have been 59 into low threshold structures, while the first and second for adults in difficulty, were 116 out of 381 people /30.4%), social housing at 39 out of 61 users (63,9%). Even the access to housing of Public Housing (ERP) indicate the increasing use of public services by foreign residents. On 1924 ERP housing in Piacenza town inhabited by families in 2009, 314 are of foreigners families.

2.4.3 – The Socio- Economic System Piacenza lies on the right bank of the Po River and is one of the richest provinces in the Emilia Romagna Region of Northern Italy. It exists at a natural crossroads between communication routes and is within proximity of other bigger cities, such as Milan, Bologna, and Genoa, allowing for rapid movement and a high standard of living. There are 100,000 inhabitants in the city and 280,000 in the province, with a steady increase in the last several years due to a rise in immigration from new and non-EU countries. The city and the immediate surrounding municipalities are home to a majority of the 32,000 mostly small- and medium-size companies in the region. Quality agribusiness, advanced mechanics (machine tools, robotics), and the building materials industry are the primary developed sectors of production in the province. Agriculture is first-rate, making use of state-of the- art technologies and a highlyqualified knowledge network. This sector takes advantage of the scientific contribution of the Faculty of Agriculture (since 1951); other faculties that contribute to development are Mechanical Engineering, Economics, Law, and Education. Piacenza has a multimodal, inter connected road and railway supply center that is integrated with the new logistic areas through the west-east axis. The agribusiness industry in Piacenza is top-notch. There are several regional products, most of them with certified controlled origin branding (DOC): three for salami, two for cheese (i.e., Grana Padano), and twenty for wine. Although tourism is scarcely developed in absolute terms, it is growing at a steady rate thanks to the natural resources (the Po River and Apennine mountains and 28

MSc In Architectural Engineering valleys), and cultural attractions (medieval castles, churches, and Roman heritage). In general terms, the labor market is well balanced, with an employment rate of 64 percent and a very low unemployment rate (almost three percent before the international crisis). In 2008, the GNP per capita was EUR 30,050, higher than the averages in Italy (EUR 26,300), and in other European Union countries (EUR 25,100). In social terms, the area presents a rich social service endowment, with excellent services for infants and the elderly, an efficient school system, and well-organized cultural entertainment. Lastly, there is Piacenza’s environmental assessment, which scores lower than its economic and social sectors. Air pollution and emissions of NOx and CO2 (respectively, 66 and 24 tons per year per capita) are higher than the Italian averages (24 and 8 tons per year per capita, respectively). Additionally, high domestic water and energy consumption make for weak environmental sustainability in the area (similar to other areas in northern Italy).

2.4.4- Strategic Plan Piacenza’s First Strategic Plan The Piacenza Strategic Plan began with a meeting of key stakeholders in October 2000 who met (and followed a bottom-up approach) to deliberate, listen, and analyze. During this general stakeholders meeting (Stati Generali), draft program declarations and projects were presented. In order to execute the declaration, the city, province and the chamber of commerce began negotiating an implementation action plan through a process called Pact for Piacenza. A strategic committee was established, which consisted of 32 members representing the municipality of Piacenza, the province, the Emilia- Romagna region, the chamber of commerce, two mountain communities, other towns in the province, key economic sectors, trade unions, civil society organizations (social cooperation and voluntary associations), and the Church. The strategic committee gathered information from stakeholders’ meeting reports and organized a list of projects clustered around four strategic areas (human resources and culture, infrastructures 29

MSc In Architectural Engineering and networks, integrated development resources, collective and social services), together with their respective strategic goals. Ensuring the internal coherence of the strategic areas and the strategic goals was a key consideration, as well as the relative strengths and weaknesses of the territories and the local system. The four strategic areas were subdivided into ten action lines, for which working teams were established and tasked with the development of the programs/ projects and an assessment of their feasibility. The working teams consisted of representatives from local institutions and economic and social sectors. Coordination of the process was in the hands of competent officials from the municipality and the province. Strategy papers and projects were compiled into a “strategic document,” which was signed by the parties on January 12, 2002. The final document, The Pact for Piacenza, outlined actions and projects and grouped them into ten thematic areas: human resources and culture; infrastructure and material resources; networks and services; entrepreneurial development; logistics and added value; highest quality food system; integrated tourism; collective and social services; mountain project; and local agenda 21. There were 30 priority projects contained in these thematic areas – some of them were implemented, some are still in progress and others were integrated into the second edition of the plan. After an intense and enthusiastic year following the preparation of the strategic document, the first difficulties occurred during the implementation phase, when the focus shifted to the preparation of the feasibility studies. Local elections took place in June 2002 and changed the political color of the city government. The process encountered further setbacks due to a similar change in the provincial administration (June 2004), and the resignation of the plan coordinator, an important local entrepreneur who was elected in 2003. The first outcomes from the Piacenza experience demonstrate that the Strategic Plan enhanced Piacenza’s visibility both at the regional and national levels. Key to this success was the active role of the city, the province, and the chamber of commerce. In 2003, the Forum for the Public Administration awarded the provincial plan, Pact for Piacenza, with an official best practice acknowledgment. In 2004, a similar prize was granted to the 30

MSc In Architectural Engineering province for its territorial marketing plan, which was prepared by one of the working teams. The discovery of areas available for production development and the new logistics zones in Piacenza lured external and foreign investors. Another notable outcome were the new research centers (2004– 2005), which offer great opportunities to strengthen the innovative capability of the local system, and a potential to stall and reverse the migration of talented residents to Milan and other economic development centers.

Piacenza’s Second Strategic Plan In May 2005, a new phase, which led to the second edition of the strategic plan (Piacenza 2020), was initiated. From the outset, the limitations of the first strategic planning experience were carefully considered. The first plan was conceived as a collection of projects that were sometimes too general. There was also a lack of participation from local politicians, councilors, and parliamentarians, partly due to a lack of knowledge and understanding. In fact, although key local officials and representatives coordinated the plan since the beginning, they did not fully engage their councils until the signing of the first Pact for Piacenza.

Some local politicians felt the first plan overlapped with or even surpassed the institutional mandate, as noted by experts (Bobbio 2000). Paradoxically, political support for the plan seemed to decrease when both local administrations (the municipality and province) belonged to the same party. Moreover, there were no links to higher levels of government that could guarantee the flow of resources necessary to implement the ambitious projects prepared by the working teams. Therefore, the following projects were dropped: “Piacenza Holding” (a venture capital fund project for local initiatives), “Piacenza Portal” (a promotion of the local web site), social housing projects for vulnerable groups, and the consideration for some special sectors such as planning and education. Another weak element was surely the decline in the initial willingness to get the projects started, and the decrease in enthusiasm for sharing the Piacenza Strategic Plan objectives. 31

MSc In Architectural Engineering Since participation was the crucial element for the formation of the agreement, a wider range of stakeholders from the economic, social, environmental, and cultural sectors were invited to participate in the strategic committee for preparing the second edition of the plan, Piacenza 2020, including some from new social areas. The promoters (province, municipality and chamber of commerce) convened a public meeting with the cultural, environmental and voluntary associations in order to nominate their own representatives for the strategic committee. Real participation in such meetings, however, turned out to be always poor. Rather, the direct participation of the population at large could have been implemented through the representing associations that would have been able to organize open meetings to discuss guidelines, strategic areas, and priority actions. However, this did not happen perhaps because the associations were not facilitated and supported. Finally, a further weakness of the process was the absence of a structure devoted to the plan, which affected support for the working group sessions and, moreover, diminished the capacity to evaluate and monitor the expected interventions. Since May 2005, the promoters expressed their intent to re-launch the strategic plan by revising the first plan. The new challenge was to project a mid- to long-term timeline for the whole provincial territory, and build a baseline framework that set out the priorities for the next 20 years. This, it was believed, would enhance coherence for policy and strategic decisionmaking. To that end a new phase was entered, and community consultations were organized. In soliciting inputs and ideas for the future of the city, focus groups were organized with a range of stakeholders and citizens, including with students and teachers. The promoters provided special staff for the organization and support to the committee. Another key innovation was the selection of the strategic plan’s flagship projects. These were characterized by the following features: medium to long term; large subjects’ involvement (likely public-private integration); inter-sectoriality/multidisciplinary; strategic impacts on the competitiveness/ sustainability of the territorial system; measurable through indicators; demonstration effect/exemplariness. Other “ordinary” projects that do not fall within the flagship category, such as administrative projects or 32

MSc In Architectural Engineering initiatives from single stakeholders, are however assessed for their compatibility or fit with the strategic plan framework, and for their ability to be integrated with the plan’s flagship projects. The new Piacenza 2020 strategic axes and the selected relevant flagship projects are highlighted in Table 1. The innovations of the second edition of the Piacenza strategic plan lie both in content and method; the following paragraphs illustrate these innovations.

Piacenza’s future strategic and integrated planning The new vision of Piacenza is related to an idea of a sustainable city, an open society based on knowledge and a competitive productive system.

The Piacenza 2020 Strategic Plan for Economy11

11

Comune di Piacenza

33


The Piacenza 2020 Strategic Plan for Environment12

The Piacenza 2020 Strategic Plan for Society13

2.5- Piacenza’s network This system, as it would be read today, exhibits the way this conformation of the infrastructural system can more recently has traced somehow a preexisting limit, a limit that it was already determined previously from the collocation of the historical city on the border of the river. This process, in any measure, of superimposition, of overwriting has effectively the expansion of the city, limiting, on the northern side, the right bank of the Po River. Another system that immediately is intelligible within the 12 13

Commune di Piacenza, Strategic plan environmental 2020 Commune di Piacenza, Strategic plan for society 2020

34

MSc In Architectural Engineering city, is the system of the great dispositive figures of the military establishments: the city over decades, has seen its place in all around, especially behind the sixteenth century walls, a series of large craft systems to military functions, both of hospital type and kind of tied to military forces even with large systems of buildings used for military arsenal. These areas, though of no great architectural merit, held today, since almost totally abandoned, and a significant role to balance the city, especially in the years to come. And it is precisely these areas that the city is identifying new possible development strategies, especially for a large recovery area to convert to new features useful to the city and, above all, without taking up new land outside the city itself. The following figure explains the network of the city in terms of built up spaces.

Built -up space: density and rarefaction of building.

35


Built -up space: Urban textures, settlements and heavy compounds

Land path rules: Suburbs vs inner-city. 36


Back-ground for urban design: Piacenza’s north east side, the built-up system.

37

MSc In Architectural Engineering \

Typological plan: city axes, typologies, and strong-points

38


High ways

On a street view Piacenza is the intersection of the A1 (Milan-Naples) and A21 (Turin-Brescia).

39


40


41


Measures, matrix ,module: the relation-ship among three project sites and urban settlement rules. 42


Pan-European Corridors Middle Padania Plain node

43


Master plan14 14

Piacenza City Council – Planning Office. Zoning, General-Plan, 2001.

44


Master plan15

15

Piacenza City Council – Planning Office. Enviromental System (proposal), 2001.

45


Master plan16

16

Piacenza City Council – Planning Office. Urban Facilities (proposal), 2001.

46


Traffic general plan17

2.6-Physical-morphological aspects Textures The city as we cans see it today and moreover the way we perceive it, is the result of synthesis of a deep process of stratification began with the founding act of the city itself, by the Romans work, on a previous settlement. This act of foundation, still recognizable in the contemporary city, is not the only physical trace that has remained for us; the whole fabric of the Roman for "insulae" has remained largely intact within the city confined by the system of medieval walls,built in the mid sixteenth century. The defensive walls, now partly converted into a national park, have revealed over time, an effective containment of the development of the city. Not only these boundaries, especially on the right margin of the river Po, in recent decades have also determined the location of infrastructure with high flow, such as highway and rail.

17

Piacenza City Council – Planning Office. Car-Traffic General-Plan, 2004.

47

MSc In Architectural Engineering Overcoming the sixteenth century walls occurs only after the Second World War, through the support of the economic boom of the Italy. Thus it can be said that the natural geographical limits of the river and the limits of artificial walls, appear to be, still today the matrix that characterizes the city of Piacenza, the one that can be found only along the Via Emilia and from the offshoots of the Apennines, the lines Development of settlements' last half century. Madrid - reading of the And it is towards this geographic range, between the Via Emilia and Trebbia river, facing south, the city has found new areas of construction: It is obvious even today that the wedge of farmland on the left bank of the river Po has not been reached by the expansion of the city (architecture of urban spaces Piacenza summer school competition).

Relationship between orography and infrastructural development Elements

In the internal of this reading we could identify the elements that characterize the whole urban implant: especially, the Geography of 48

MSc In Architectural Engineering the place, in which the conformation of the ground and the exceptionality of the course of the river, generate the primitive figure of the urban settlement either if its placed behind of the course of the river, in the immediate closeness of the two islands, the which allowed since then and obviously still allow an easier and immediate ford the river itself, now transformed into bridges for dedicated crossing either to the vehicles and for trains. Secondly, the sign of the foundation of the Cardo and the Decumano, the one that refers immediately the idea of the passage, the performed measure of the urban isolated (insulae) is as well significance and immediately detectable at first glance map showing the city of Piacenza. And finally to the interior of this compact and laminated system, its recognizable the location of landmarks, including the cathedral, the Palazzo Farnese and the great figures dispositive of military installations, that arm the urban structure, stressing at the same time confirming the geography of the place and its old foundation act. Systems We can overall define that the reading that today we execute for the urban facts, interprets in a duplicate specific condition: from one side, the historical component of the elements that are followed and overlapped almost in the flow of the time, intending these elements belonging to the permanence and/or to the variability, just taking advantage of historical information, through plans and documents; on the other hand, there is a specific that resets the condition that component of the time variable temporal, such as while using only the contemporary world, somehow the last plan, the one that for definition is what that today the city exists, which has precisely the merit of representing, physically the city, but at the same time allows to envisage that there was something in a past time. Use of this latest plan is very necessary because some systems can identify important city in the balance in this specific time. And it’s interesting to notice how the within our field of investigation, the city of Piacenza presents some significance systems that make their specificity: first of all, the system of the historical infrastructure, primarily the Via Emilia, extension of the Roman Decumano, that were connecting and also today links, the 49

MSc In Architectural Engineering city of Piacenza, principally with Rimini and substantially with the sea Adriatic. It’s interesting to note here that Piacenza is also the crossroads of passage of the Via Francigena, along which it moved over the centuries multitudes of pilgrims and travelers. The armature then historical infrastructure, besides having an important historical fact and material culture is very significant because still exists and is still on this armor that the contemporary city is founded and grows. To this system of the historical infrastructure, puts aside another system of infrastructure, obviously of modern era, the which identifies the development of city’s more recent infrastructure. It’s noted that the railway and motorway systems configure this ulterior system of the city; The one, as it indicated previously, has found collocation between historical city and the contemporary city, has found space to the within of the interval, of a threshold inside of the city and the river.

2.7-Local conditions, scope, borders, limits Open, closed and relational spaces A great river represents a natural event that could transcend every human gesture, even in the most unfortunate and inappropriate. For centuries the man have had a relation of the great respect and fear toward this organism that like all of the great natural occurrence brought and still brings wealth, fertility, movement, but also misfortune, disaster and death. The modern and contemporary often forgotten these founding principles, but also have misunderstood the clearances for a proper relationship between nature and artifice. For centuries, the limit of the walled city of Piacenza with the "Arc" characteristic form stretching to the river and the surrounding plain was composed of large naturalized barriers: moats, dikes detected and characterized a section of the very complex and articulate city / river. The relationship with the river was respectful and cautious. 50

MSc In Architectural Engineering The progressive industrialization of the postwar and the construction of the infrastructural axes have opened the way to the massive occupation of the areas of respect between the city and river. Heavy industry, military areas, bridges, rail and road, rail pass and have occupied almost the entire space up to touch the riverbed itself. Compared to these assumptions, the topic, which is based on the rod principal (the thistle) takes the form of Roman centuriation due exception. From Piazzale Milano hour vehicular traffic circle, but the original major gate access to the old town, covering an area of about 600 meters, the open space is not occupied by heavy and permanent. The presence of the bridges crossing into the lands of Lodi, ensures an area to compliance with its critics that is free and open to the outside. Taking the riverbed as point of reference, on the north east lies a large floodplain that immediately after the railway bridge

Confined spaces/open natural fences /artificial, borders, limits In the linear reading, strips, according to the ideal cross section that from downtown to the river and from there to outdoor areas, you can associate a reading for significant or points to the presence of special situations. In this area, and for the particular topic under analysis, some 'fence' or limit spaces are highlighted by location or area of influence. 51

MSc In Architectural Engineering Scope of bridges Between the road bridge recently collapsed and now under reconstruction, and rail is possible to isolate a 'fence' with a potential of the position and relations with its surroundings. Its boundaries are defined by the river to the north-east from the railway to the south east by the old town to the southwest and the viaduct connecting Milan square and the road bridge which passes through the SS No 9 (Via Emilia) Milan. Inside, the highway passes entirely elevated and defines the pylons, space and visual detail. In addition, the Tower Fodesta, with the characteristic semicircular shape, works as a link with the function bar of the nearby railway station. From Palazzo Farnese to the Po This macro-area is identifiable as the moment of transition between the heart of the historical city and the river. Its borders are the same of the river to the northeast, the axis of the Risorgimento street (the cardo romano) with the street bridge to south-east, the monumental complex of Palazzo Farnese with the square currently used as a bus station south west axis passing through the border with Nicolai barracks in the northwest. Within this macro area, relate to various sub-systems that are actually worthy of interest. Among these we highlight the park, a former sports field, presenting the Farnese palace, the citadel craft under the viaduct connecting the road bridge, the sports areas next to the river banks. Particular attention should be paid in this case the differences between individual sub-systems height, since the gradients can reach over 6 meters height. Ring road on viaduct, railway line and satin ring town are so many lines on which it is possible to envisage interventions on the urban scale and detail.

52


Map of city xvii century

The bow and arrow The limited field north of the railway line and south walls of the ring is a particular situation 'lens' that while the general design of the band walled city, is structured as a place / gateway to the historic core. The axis (arrow) that holds and allows relations of the around given by the viaduct connecting the bridge road, continuation of the Roman Cardo. 53

MSc In Architectural Engineering In addition to the characteristic given by the position in this area you can work on the cross-section as it is located below the level of cities and therefore relates directly with the amount of more near the river banks. Spaces and the relational elements As it has been noted in the previous the road and infrastructural system of the theatrical area is rather complicated and characterizing. The predominant axial element is with no doubt the axis of the bridge street (SS. No. 9, via Emilia) collapsed during a recent alert level of the river and in the process of reconstruction. The bridge, with the structure of the 8th century, is set to city level of Viale Risorgimento with which it connects via a viaduct over piles of masonry placed at the lowest level of the bank. The bridge and viaduct structures are now captured the collective imagination and craftsmanship placed outside the citadel walls and uses its residual spaces saturating the interstices. At the river cells detach from the mainland, generate currents and eddies of natural water and disappear from view in poplar seats on the northeastern shore of the river itself. In that position has always been a bridge, the possibility of pedestrian and cycle paths as proposed in the reconstruction project in progress, make it an interesting structure and by 'domestic' character. The situation related to the highway A21 Piacenza-Brescia and railway line is so different.

54

MSc In Architectural Engineering 2.8-Conclusion Emilia-Romagna borders Veneto and Lombardy to the northeast, Piedmont to the west, Liguria and Tuscany to the southwest, Marche to the southeast, and the Adriatic Sea to the east. It comprises the two historic regions of Emilia and Romagna. About a half of the region is constituted by Padan Plain, the largest plain of the country, crossed by the longest stream of water of Italian Pensinsula, the river Po that is 652 km long. This region is drained by many Po tributaries. The rest of Emilia-Romagna territory is split by the hill lands and part of the Tuscan Apennine. EmiliaRomagna is the second richest region of Italy. And in the picture below we should relationship of city with main relations and monuments. In Piacenza strategic plans community and military they want to redevelop the area at different locations within the city like to some extent enlargement of residential areas and our area is one where they want to provide some open and public spaces to connect that part with the rest of the city Piacenza city layout based on roman grid very strongly and roman grid pattern also we followed to develop the urban part in next chapter.

55


Between the ‘historical city’ and the river: Map of the main relations and the monuments

56


3-Urban Design

3.1-Project Area The area for our study case is located on the northern edge of the Roman cast rum, area 1 and shown in the following figure, while reading of the existing conditions and the confronting with the municipality’s administration on plans and programs for the future development.

57


Area 1 for Piacenza

58


Po river and connection

59

MSc In Architectural Engineering Interaction area

Area1 selected for urban Design

Infrastructural system

60


Infrastructural system

Model view of Current City

61


Model view of Current City

Area1 selected for urban Design-model

62

MSc In Architectural Engineering 3.2-Site Comparison Site Comparison analysis has been conducted in order to be able to develop a sense of the dimensions of the project area as we have 45,000 sq m. The area is compared with Wenceslas Square, Prague, Czech Republic.

Wenceslas Square, Prague, Czech Republic

Total area 45,000 m² 63

MSc In Architectural Engineering 3.3-Site Analysis Positive Aspects of Site • Ability of attraction with 181 thousands of arrivals in a year with 494 overnight stays. •

Tourism promotion policies.

• Strategic position of the city, that is at the crossroads of the most important Northern Italian highways (and also well linked to ports and airports). • The presence of a well preserved natural heritage (rivers, hills, mountains, etc.) is an asset to attract of tourism. • The territorial marketing Plan focused on the priority to start up an Agency for Territorial Marketing. • Presence of historical area (medieval castles, churches, and Roman heritage). • For landscape architecture due to presence of green spaces and level of land.

Negative Aspects of Site •

The density of the infrastructure (constraint).

•

Presence of different level of land.

•

The risk of flood.

• Further development of the methodology is needed in order to address correctly the External costs of visual impact, but that impact cannot be neglected especially when considering local effects.

64


Open space system

65


Mobility System

Site visit 1 66


Site visit 2

3.4-SWOT Analysis Strengths • Presence of unlimited green area • Good views • Different level of land • Presence of historical city area Weaknesses: • Between the banks of the Po river and road without adequate urban quality. • Connection of river with city • Lacking of pedestrians • Difficulties for people to walk along the Po- river • High density of infrastructure • Function of the area itself Opportunities: • Develop Po river bank; 67

MSc In Architectural Engineering • •

Po-river can create transformation Huge potential for the city, exploitable in many ways (spaces and public places but also new residential areas).

• • • •

Relationship between city and the river Development for the public local events Development of Public Spaces Changing in government policies

Threats: • In between(Po river and city) Development • Transportation connections with the other part of the city • Flood risks • Political risks • investment

3.5-Project Scope 3.5.1- project Objective Project have different objective the first aspect concerns crossings and connections and follow the main grid. Second aspect concerns the quality of the grid itself. Today the infrastructures and the main grid should follow the culture of the city itself and developing integrity. The percolation of the green and the nature within the urban texture exploits the redesign of the military areas and the requalification of the sports field and follow the roman grid to restructure of the above said infrastructure. Secondly, enhance connection between different public or private spaces. Create a “a part “of the city. Planning concept • Designed area created more public activity point in Piacenza, which is designed Library, Cultural center, Commercial and social housing integrated “points”. In long term will boost Piacenza’s social and economic integration with other parts of the city. Most import point is that it will give great opportunity to the Piacenza’s people to enjoy landscape integrated environment; 68

MSc In Architectural Engineering • Rich and systematic open spaces provide concept of “environment first” advanced theory; • Appropriate scale pedestrian, business integrated walking environment not only added more interesting point in the city but also emphasized continuity of the city; • Large scale open park provides a unique leisure place for the city and it will be a important meeting point in the city;

3.5.2- Master plan

Piacenza city pattern and description of area

69


Concept of Master Plan

70


Sketches

Roman GRID 71


Concept of Master Plan For the urban design part our idea was to follow the roman grid which is very strong point from the history point of view and also it was the pivot point to connect the redevelopment area with the city center

72


Development of River Bank

The River Po’ along its banks: on the top the high-road. The River Po’ on the main width Before its settlement by the Romans, the area was populated by other peoples; specifically, most recently to the Roman settlement, the region on the right bank of the Po River

75

MSc In Architectural Engineering Po River The Po is a river that flows either or – considering the length of the Maira, a right bank tributary – eastward across northern Italy, from a spring seeping from a stony hillside at Pian del Re, a flat place at the head of the Val Po

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Between the ‘historical city’ and the river: Map of the main relations and the monuments  The first area of intervention chosen is the city border between the bundle of the railway tracks and the Po River on the northern side of Piacenza municipal territory, along the border between Emilia and Lombardy.

The decision to deal with the morphological complex of the city of Piacenza stems from a broader reflection on the possibility to prequalify and rethink the complex relationship between city centers, infrastructural systems and landscapes Dynamic of the urban development landscapes, based on a rejoining of structural elements that shape urban systems. The designing occasion concerns at the opportunity to relate the irreversible transformation of the systems in relation, the city's contemporary new scale, with the enhancement of historical textiles, infrastructure systems and natural or urban landscapes. The central location, the important railway junction and the passage of two major highways, continue to promote the economic and industrial development of Piacenza and the surrounding area to this day which is developing and expanding a logistics hub in the suburbs. The main aspects of contemporary Piacenza to be sent to 77

MSc In Architectural Engineering the entire chapter of "transformations" dedicated to these important issues. Spaces for use by sports clubs, parking lots, paths A landscape and here lays the paradox of the urban condition of Piacenza – a city on the river with no river - almost detached from the city, without connections and even with less chance of enjoyment and use. The future changes aim precisely on the usability of the river related recreational and areas of relevance of Po as part of the ecological network of supra-regional status and that area to compensate for environmental impacts and the strong human presence. The ability to regenerate the city and prequalifying will be evaluated in the next few years based on activation and development of a real and exact river park because of connections with the urban green space, pedestrian and cycle routes but also innovative features related to tourism. In this context of great changes - put more new features, such as containers and spaces for youth and leisure facilities as well as cultural exhibitions, executive, hotel, residential and special types of service. Today Piacenza has a unique opportunity for a sort of urban addition, the recapture of large areas for years excluded from the dynamics of development, linked by some to its other long-river to the historic city, where work by integrating different scales of project architectural details within the landscape of public spaces.

These make perceptible through a sort of greenway a sequence of "places" that Recount the economic and cultural history of Piacenza and the "great river".

Several projects can help to structure the proposed park: the redevelopment of the marina and the promotion of lpleasure boating navigation, the project of bicycle track, but also the 78

MSc In Architectural Engineering possibility of Reuse of old Enel as the Modern Art Museum of Polo and Dynamic of the urban development

Connection of River Selected area

3.5.3- Master plan Analysis

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Distribution of Private and Public Spaces

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Main Axis for the proposed design urban Area

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Main Axis for the proposed design urban Area

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Distribution of the provided facilities

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Distribution of the provided facilities

Sketches of street views 84


Connection between urban Corridors

Open park The environment of an urban open space significantly influences how that space is perceived and used. Some green spaces maintain a natural environment with a native and self-sustaining ecosystem. Depending on factors such as the location of the city and the location of the space within the city as in Piacenza site area we have a grassy field as natural open space to maintain the natural environment and also provide the connection of the building with nature. 85


In land use planning, urban open space is open space areas for “parks”, “green spaces”, and other open areas. The landscape of urban open spaces can range from playing fields to highly maintained environments to relatively natural landscapes. They are open to public access and defined as urban open space in land use planning. Open green spaces have the following impacts improving on site and adjoining land values; creating a use out of otherwise low value land; chance to generate income; enhancing maintenance and security solutions for problem sites; providing temporary uses for land until alternative investment solutions become viable; attracting alternative funding options; promoting economic regeneration;

promoting health and well-being; providing space for exercise and play, education, art and cultural activities as well as food growing; and promoting community cohesion and pride in the place making value of spaces;

landscape creation; habitat creation; enhancing wildlife corridors; and helping to manage carbon emissions and to manage the effects of climate change, including providing space for surface water management; micro-climate management (for example providing cool spaces in built up urban areas); and carbon sequestration.

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Climate change mitigation and adaptation; resilience; carbon sequestration; bio fuels; reduction of urban temperature. Recovery from stress; reduction of obesity; improved recovery times; physical benefits; reduced pressure on health services.

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Images shown above describes the ideas to use for open green space for the public to provide possible way for relaxation and some activities that help the community of Piacenza in long run.

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MSc In Architectural Engineering Main idea was to provide all sort of function in this open green space and also the connection with the building of library while studying providing a green corridor.

Detailed Area allocation for Urban

A B C D E F

Usage/Character Library Cultural Center Commercial Residential Public space Mixed use Total

Area (Sq m) 4490 2438 16147 4825 14282 7972 50154

T. Ground Floor Architecture area Area 3319 19914 1951 7804 12468 49872 3522 21132 5709 26969

22836 121558

F. Area Ratio 4.4 3.2 3.1 4.4

Underground yes yes no no

Architectural Height 22.50m 18.00m varies 15.00m

yes

Varies

2.9 3.6

Functional Character of the spaces in Urban

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MSc In Architectural Engineering In this we presented the detailed area allocation for different functions like open soaces residential, public spaces in the urban design for selected area.

Model view of the city

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Model view of the city

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Physical Model of Urban Design

Physical Model of Urban Design 92


Physical Model of Urban Design

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4- Architectural Design 4.1- Library Library is a collection of information, resources, sources and services, organized for people use, and maintained by a public body, an institution, or a private individual. In the more traditional sense, it means a collection of books. In means collection of books which helps for people for all ages.

4.1.1-Library in History The first libraries were only partly libraries, being composed for the most part of unpublished records, which are usually viewed as archives, not libraries. Archaeological findings from the ancient city-states of Sumer have revealed temple rooms full of clay tablets in cuneiform script. These archives were made up almost completely of the records of commercial transactions or inventories, with only a few documents touching theological matters, historical records or legends. Things were much the same in the government and temple records on papyrus of Ancient Egypt. The first ones appeared some time near the 5th century BC. The celebrated book collectors of Hellenistic Antiquity were listed in the late second century in Deipnosophistae. Libraries were filled with parchment scrolls as at Pergamum and on papyrus scrolls as at Alexandria: export of prepared writing materials was a staple of commerce. There were a few institutional or royal libraries like the Library of Alexandria which were open to an educated public, but on the whole collections were private.

In the West, the first public libraries were established under the Roman Empire as each succeeding emperor strove to open one or many which outshone that of his predecessor. Unlike the Greek libraries, readers had direct access to the scrolls, which were kept on shelves built into the walls of a large room. Reading or copying was normally done in the room itself. The surviving records give only a few instances of lending features. As a rule Roman public 94

MSc In Architectural Engineering libraries were bilingual: they had a Latin room and a Greek room. Most of the large Roman baths were also cultural centers, built from the start with a library, with the usual two room arrangement for Greek and Latin texts.

In the Early Middle Ages, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire and before the rise of the large Western Christian monastery libraries beginning at Montecassino, libraries were found in scattered places in the Christian Middle East. Upon the rise of Islam, libraries in newly Islamic lands knew a brief period of expansion in the Middle East, North Africa, Sicily and Spain. Like the Christian libraries, they mostly contained books which were made of paper, and took a codex or modern form instead of scrolls; they could be found in mosques, private homes, and universities. In Aleppo, for example the largest and probably the oldest mosque library, the Sufiya, located at the city's Grand Umayyad Mosque, contained a large book collection of which 10 000 volumes were reportedly bequeathed by the city's most famous ruler, Prince Sayf al-Dawla. [6] Some mosques sponsored public libraries. Ibn al-Nadim's bibliography Fihrist demonstrates the devotion of medieval Muslim scholars to books and reliable sources; it contains a description of thousands of books circulating in the Islamic world circa 1000, including an entire section for books about the doctrines of other religions. Unfortunately, modern Islamic libraries for the most part do not hold these antique books; many were lost, destroyed by Mongols, or removed to European libraries and museums during the colonial period.

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By the 8th century first Iranians and then Arabs had imported the craft of paper making from China, with a mill already at work in Baghdad in 794. By the 9th century completely public libraries started to appear in many Islamic cities. They were called "halls of Science" or dar al-'ilm. Medieval library design reflected the fact that these manuscripts--created via the labor-intensive process of hand copying--were valuable possessions. Library architecture developed in response to the need for security. Librarians often chained books to lecterns, armaria (wooden chests), or shelves, in well-lit rooms. Despite this protectiveness, many libraries were willing to lend their books if provided with security deposits (usually money or a book of equal value). The early libraries located in monastic cloisters and associated with scriptoria were collections of lecterns with books chained to them. Book presses came to be arranged in carrels (perpendicular to the walls and therefore to the windows) in order to maximize lighting, with low bookcases in front of the windows. This stall system (fixed bookcases perpendicular to exterior walls pierced by closely spaced windows) was characteristic of English institutional libraries. In Continental libraries, bookcases were arranged parallel to and against the walls. This wall system was first introduced on a large scale in Spain's El Escorial.

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During the Renaissance, its people began to look to the Greek and Roman artistic and literary classics for Inspiration. Many aristocrats of the period were dedicated to developing their private libraries. Cosimo de Medici of the famous Florentine family established his own collection, which formed the basis of the Laurentian Library. Also in Italy, the Vatican Library opened in the 1400s. Accompanying the growth of universities was the development of university libraries, which, in some cases, were founded on the basis of a personal donation. For example, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, donated his large collection to Oxford University in the early 1400s. Gutenberg's movable type innovation in the 1400s revolutionized bookmaking. Printed books replaced handwritten manuscripts and were placed on open shelves.

Throughout the 1600s and 1700s, libraries surged in popularity. They grew as universities developed and as national, state97

MSc In Architectural Engineering supported collections began to appear. Many of these became national libraries. In Britain, Sir Thomas Bodley rebuilt Humphrey's library at Oxford in the late 1500s. It was renamed the Bodlean Library and today ranks as the second largest in the country. The largest, of course, is the British Library, founded in 1759 as part of the British Museum. The earliest public library in the UK was associated with London's Guild Hall in 1425. Once Parliament passed the Public Library Act in 1850, libraries began to spread throughout the nation. In France, the national library in Paris known as Bibliotheque Nationale de France began in 1367 as the Royal Library of Charles V. Building on its Roman heritage, Italy boasted several renowned libraries, including Laurentian Library in Florence, Vatican Library in Vatican City, Ambrosian Library in Milan and National Central Library in Florence, based on the collection of Antonio Magliabechi, a scholar of the 1600s and 1700s. Three libraries form the national repository for Germany. The first, the German State Library in Berlin, was founded in 1661 by Friedrich Wilhelm. The second and third followed much later: the German Library in Leipzig, founded in 1912 and the German Library in Frankfurt, founded in 1946.

4.1.2- Classifications of Library

Type of library is following

General Libraries Academic Libraries Technical Libraries Legal Libraries Medical Libraries

Academic, technical, legal, and medical libraries feature specialized content regarding a unique program. Requirements and 98

MSc In Architectural Engineering design criterion for academic, technical, legal, and medical libraries are different from each other. General libraries are centralized facilities for people that serve the whole community and its population. General libraries are the most common type of library facilities and cultural programs. These facilities and types offer information, materials, collections, and services similar to general public libraries found in most public communities.

4.2- Project Objective Circulation Overall The main public service point is the circulation desk or loans desk, usually found near the main entrance of a library. It provides lending services and facilities for return of loaned items. Renewal of materials and payment of fines are also handled at the circulation desk and also to manage the overall circulation of people in the proposed building.

Meeting place for citizen Library will be a meeting place for peoples and integrated design of library with urban context and nature will bring peoples close to books.

Resource center for all ages Library will be positively welcoming through good design, and through the support, guidance and training, which might be required to assist the entire community for all ages in making the most of the opportunities and information available. “‘Even the most misfitting child Who’s chanced upon the library’s worth, Sits with the genius of the Earth

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MSc In Architectural Engineering And turns the key to the whole world”18

Climate adaptive building and energy adaptive building Library will be designed to be energy efficient by means of proper use of skin and sky.

Public transportation net system Library will be designed in such a way to provide a proper connection among facilities, nature, people and urban context.

Opportunity for a better evaluation growth Library development will be innovative provision for all members of the community, including children and young people. Visitors will be inspired by worlds of imagination and information opened up by a range of resources and events and activities across the year for better growth.

Lighting Natural light envelops buildings, so architecture of building selects a part of it and brings it in the interior, through windows; skylight, Lighting and openness should be used as concept for architectural and technological simultaneously

Urban Context Architectural library should be in integrity with urban context of city Piacenza as different objective the first aspect concerns 18

Ted Hughes, 1997 “Frameworks for the Future”)

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MSc In Architectural Engineering crossings and connections and follow the main grid. Second aspect concerns the quality of the grid itself. Today the infrastructures and the main grid should follow the culture of the city itself and developing integrity

Skin Selecting the walls, structure, and enclosure in such a way so it is compatible with architectural, energy sources available and urban context of city.

Connections Objective should follow the following connection with respect to urban context Surrounding area, connection of Cultural centre with Open Park and spaces Person connection to the book Light and visual connections throughout the building Connection of nature, sun, sky, light, people, nature, Space Libaray should provide also connection of people with proposed facilities and architectural context Meeting place for citizens Learning resource centre for all ages

Climate adaptive building Fully integrated public library Research centre for students and researchers Public transportation net system connection

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Different Connection for library

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Library Connection for People and Nature

4.3- Research Example for Reference The following Examples are studied to understand the requirement for dimension and Proper knowledge of relationship inside library.

4.3.1-Piacenza Libraries From Piacenza city we studied four Libraries, First one is Biblioteca Passerini Landi an old library in 1985 it contains 100,000 books after 1998 they added modern section with 250,000 books. This main Library consists of Reference section, Newspaper and Magazines, hall of Science and arts, conference hall and computer hall which is added in 1998. Second Library is 103

MSc In Architectural Engineering Dante with volume 11,000, two reading room with 34 seats and contains General Knowledge, Fiction and Biography section. Third one is Farnese with volume 5000, 35 seats and contains General knowledge, local section and kids section. Fourth one is Childern giana Anguissola, 1997 contains two reading room with 50 seats and separate room for parents.

Biblioteca Passerini Landi,Piacenza.

Dante,Piacenza

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Farnese, Piacenza

Childern giana Anguissola,Piacenza

4.3.2-Biblioteca Civica, Prato19 5,300 square meters of total area

3,200 sqm of public services

4,250 square meters of outdoor space: Square of Culture, Central Court and Court of Sculptures

19

Comune di Prato

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MSc In Architectural Engineering 250,000 total volumes

Free access to 120,000 documents

17,000 books for children and young

46,000 books in foreign languages (including the Historical Library of the French Institute of Florence)

3500 DVD and VHS

2,500 music CDs and DVDs

600 newspapers and magazines by subscription

560 between chairs, places to read and study, even for children and young

100 PC stations

3-point self check

CLASSROOM COURSES

MEETING ROOM: 100 people

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MSc In Architectural Engineering 4.3.3-New Public library in Pontivy, France20 The Library has two open ends, pointing in two opposite directions: West towards the city and East towards the canal. The facade is facing the street and the pedestrians. The Library has two open ends, pointing in two opposite directions: West towards the city and East towards the canal. The facade is facing the street and the pedestrians.The platform view is the key point of the project: a calm and unchanging landscape, encouraging rest and concentration.

The reading rooms are two light open spaces, offering a view on the canal. The daylight goes intensely through the building but is filtrated and controlled. It animates the space with light and shadow effects. The closed rooms ‘exposition et conte’, are unusual volumes made of white concrete, round and smooth, like pebbles: they are the icon of the new library. They are refuges where the visitor's will forget the noise and will be able to enter an imaginary world.

The structure is made of multiple metal porticos with pressure points on the outside of the building: this layout enables the inside spaces to be free of any heavy or bulky construction. At the same time, the porticos give rhythm to the space with a series of full and empty volumes. They wrap the building to offer the readers a unique space protected from disturbance while bringing the library a harmonious and calm atmosphere. The façade, entirely made of glass, is not a limit anymore, it is a filter. Natural ventilation renews the air and helps the building remain cool in the summertime.

20

http://www.architizer.com

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New Public library in Pontivy, France

New Public library in Pontivy, France 108


4.3.4- Public Library Kelsterbach, Germany21 The new building for the town and school library is both an extension of the school built in 1970 as well as a public library for the citizens of Kelsterbach. While solid parts of the building take over characteristics of the existing school in terms of material and proportion, a roof in form of a butterfly represents the new public library. The solid structure incorporates facilities such as emergency stairs, toilets, storage, administration, and the reception. The open, light flooded spaces comprise book shelves and reading areas. Ground floor and first floor are visually connected by open spaces and open up to the outer space between school and library designed by Bernd Mueller completed in 2003.

Public Library Kelsterbach, Germany 21

http://www.architizer.com

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Natural Lighting In Public Library Kelsterbach, Germany

4.3.5- Jaume Fuster Library, Spain22 It is situated in the Plaza Lesseps, in the north end of Barcelona's Gracia district, in the places of the city whose landscape has suffered more attacks and more serious offenses over their recent history, Spain. The volumetric overall library from their upper decks and that highlights one of the important purposes of the project, as is to highlight the boundary between mountain and city that takes the place Lesseps, generates an element that is repeated throughout the inside the building. In the library resulted in staggering the cross section is accompanied by a tilt of the decks in the longitudinal direction. The covers of the successive strips are bonded in a seesaw motion, which turns on itself and attaches to the new building unique status. The windows of the Biblioteca Jaume Fuster largely complies with the essential requirements for a stay that is comfortable to users once they are part of the design of the building, without neglecting the required compliance. They overlook meaning both to the 22

http://en.wikiarquitectura.com

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MSc In Architectural Engineering outside and inside, shelter with his noisy environment protection from the Plaza Lesseps while providing natural light to the reader, design, forming a prominent part of the design of the facade and reasonable durability due to material chosen for them.

Jaume Fuster Library, Spain

4.3.6- Surry Hills Library, Australia23

The project has been characterized from the very preliminary studies by four formal features. On the southern edge, the Collins Street road closure was converted to a modest public park with a raised grass platform. This new space extended the function of the building and reasserted itself as a public place. The tapered glass atrium evolved in response to the ambitious sustainability objectives of the project, and equally to the sense of layered transparency and the project’s inspirational quality. The 23

24 Ore Arketipo (Energy) April 2011

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MSc In Architectural Engineering series of glass prisms creates an open, transparent façade, akin to an open dolls house, and addresses the new open space so that all the different activities of the centre are visible and displayed, encouraging participation. The timber ‘U’ form embraces the prismatic environmental atrium and orient both towards the south and the new little park. The ‘solid’ sections of this timber form are made of automated louvre systems that filter and control sunlight and view. This warm timber form is lifted above the ground to create transparency and accessibility. The foyer space is a lower transitional form that mediates the scale of the building against the adjacent shops while creating a welcoming, transparent entry. Suspended cloud-like roof profiles bring daylight into this space and extend out above the street to mark the entrance.

Surry Hills Library, Australia 112


Façade of Surry Hills Library, Australia

4.4-Architectural Design The library criteria/Brief we defined is based on the study of various Libraries located in local and abroad as we explained our case studies above. Piacenza Public Library is designed for 350,000 numbers of books and case studies are also based on same number of books and energy perspective of this project. And brief we selected from one Chinese library which is also proposed to design for the same area and number of books . Reception

156 m2

Lockers 70 Reception 36 Consulting 50 Quick Access

350

Adult and Young Peoples’ Reading

3300

Open reading area 880 m2 (180 shelves); half open reading area 520(70 shelves); audio & video 113

MSc In Architectural Engineering collection 520 m2 (personal reading 200 m2, archives, group reading 100 (including 15 controlling, 10 devices); rest area 60) microfilm reading room 300 m2 (100 archives) should have lending area; New books exhibition 130 m2; news paper and magazine 520 m2 (70 shelves); Business Intelligence Library Included in Adult Lending 430 m2; Children’s Library

450

(Need separate entrance, also close to The outside Children’s activity area) Non-public Space

620

(Offices staff, IT- services area, Rest room, storage) IT – services 150 m2; reference section 50 m2; Storage 40 m2; Fire controlling room 50; Mechanical room: 50 m2; Internal services area: meeting room 70 m2; Office 25x4= 100 m2; Storage 40 m2; mechanical room 30 m2; Administration 40; Circulation, Services and ancillaries

1140

(Including stairs and elevator) Public IT services: Public Service:

1000 460

Café 280; Bookshop 180 m2; Internal services area:

521

Meeting room 70 m2; photograph 50 m2, copy 50 m2, scan 50 m2; Office 25x4= 100 m2; Storage 40 m2; mechanical room 60 m2; Administration 76 m2; WC 25 m2 Conference hall and Exhibition Spaces

756

Conference hall 360 m2; foyer 80 m2; rest room; administration 50 m2; Guest room 36 m2; (should have WC and should have independent entrance) Exhibition 200 m2; 114

MSc In Architectural Engineering WC Gross Floor Area

120 8,873 The principle operational spaces of the library are likely to be arranged on 5 floors above ground level.

The floor-to-floor height of the library floors should be approximately 4.5 M and the height of the conference hall 6.600 M， underground parking 5.0M. This is to facilitate provision of passive environmental measures. A large volume per m2 will significantly reduce the need for energy intensive mechanical ventilation and cooling. In addition, it is anticipated that undercroft space would be used for service deliveries, operational car parking, parking for disabled users, heating plant, equipment, refuse storage and collection. The project is intended to provide services for the whole Piacenza community and as such will become a destination both for students and resident settled in Piacenza’s people as a whole. One of the most important objectives is to promote a Library which is designed to the highest standard and which is a catalyst for further city renaissance. The proposed Library directly addresses a wide range of regional and urban development plan policies. Given its scale and character, it will in particular provide a major impetus for urban development in area as well as underpinning the needs of military area for the development of urban planning. Project Objectives The objectives identified for this project vary in focus from the impact on individuals and communities. What they all share is an understanding that this development has the capacity to be transformational.

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MSc In Architectural Engineering The project proposed is a ground-breaking partnership development to create a fully integrated public library, including specialist provision for children and young people and business users, which would be completely new and highly innovative. • Raise aspirations and reach new people At the heart of this development will be innovative provision for all members of the community, including children and young people. Visitors will be inspired by worlds of imagination and information opened up by a range of resources and events and activities across the year. The distinctive identity and needs of young people will be recognized and the new Library will provide relevant and attractive materials for them. • Offer easy and supported access to learning opportunities and resources for all ages. • Ensure The best design creates buildings that are loved and a source of pride for the community. Landmark buildings can contribute to regeneration by creating a destination for visitors and a natural meeting place for citizens. The project seeks to achieve both of these objectives, within a building that is able to respond to changes in service need and technological development. Any building should be of contemporary design and provide a landmark presence in order to give the project a strong visual identity, high quality architectural design and responsiveness to environmental issues. • Create a facility and services that are positively welcoming for everyone We know that public buildings can sometimes be daunting. The Piacenza’s Library will be positively welcoming through good physical design, and through the support, guidance and training, which might be required to assist the entire community in making the most of the opportunities and information available. • To improve the quality of life for individuals and communities

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MSc In Architectural Engineering By bringing the University and public library together, along with the history centre and customer service centre, we will be creating a completely new way of providing these services: they will be redefined. This will contribute to the well-being of the whole community through open access to integrated information and cultural resources, with exhibitions, meeting rooms, social space, quiet reflective areas, all within a building alive with innovative technology for creation, motivation and learning. • Innovation in service delivery and development in environmental sustainability The New Library and History Centre will develop new models of complementary and innovative service while fully meeting regulatory Standards and frameworks.

The flagship nature of the development in environmental sustainability and the innovative approach towards high energy efficient buildings will encourage others to equal, and perhaps exceed, our performance. • To enhance regional identity by developing pride in local history and current achievements This has two aspects: to connect with shared past, and celebrate contemporary achievements. The centre will therefore enrich the community experience of history and heritage, while at the same time, finding ways of showcasing contemporary regional skills and produce. • Site Capacity and Usage The space requirement of the direct service facilities to be delivered by the Piacenza’s Library is 10,480 M2. However, to create a facility which offers higher levels of service to the public and meets public expectations of a modern library as a “destination” building, it is proposed to include additional elements.

These include: 117

MSc In Architectural Engineering • Operational and disabled car parking provision • Cafés facilities • Complementary retail provision (this might include uses such as bookshops, or a toyshop related to the Children’s Library) • A commercial element which must be complementary to the library’s services. The site is unique for the opportunities it offers to establish a high degree of connectivity to existing and proposed city infrastructure. The starting point in assessing site capacity is the need to arrange public spaces in a way which is both easily understood by users and efficient to manage. To satisfy these needs, the number of floors in public use should be supposed to a maximum of three. This requirement translates into a ground floor (footprint) of between 3,000 and 4,000 M2. Providing that the operational requirement for 10,480 M2 of usable floor space is met, the overall volume and height developed from that footprint can vary.

4.5 Concept and Drawings The concept for Piacenza library is to create a learning and information centre of excellence to promote long life learning, engendering social inclusion and raising inspiration for the whole community. The connections of the building with two green spaces, one is on east connected to the building through façade and the other one is strongly connected with the building itself.

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Location of Library on master plan

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5-Structural Design 5.1-Introduction Structure is a system formed from the interconnection structural members or the shape or form that prevents buildings from being collapsed. A structure supports the building by using a framed arrangement known as Structure. There are two important steps for the construction of a building, (I) Structural Analysis and (II) Structural Design. Structural analysis is the force acting on different parts of the structure that can be determined through structural analysis. Movements and shear forces are considered as the most common forces which are calculated.

The requirement to move towards Positive Energy development was the most important challenge of this project. The selection of proper construction material and techniques are always playing the major role in achieving such a goal in a construction projects. Reinforced Concrete is a strong durable building material that can be formed into many varied shapes and sizes ranging from a simple rectangular column, to a slender curved dome or shell. Its utility and versatility are achieved by combing the best features of steel and concrete.

Differing Properties of Concrete and steel It can be seen from the list that the materials are more or less complementary. Thus, when they are combined, the steel is able to provide the tensile strength and probably some of the shear

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MSc In Architectural Engineering strength while the concrete, strong in compression, protects the steel to give durability and fire resistance. The behavior of a simply supported beam subjected to bending and shows the position of steel reinforcement to resist the tensile force, while the compression forces in the top of the beam are carried by the concrete.

Composite action Limit state design of a Building Structure must ensure that under the worst loadings the structure is safe, and during normal working conditions the deformation of the members does not detract from the appearance, durability or performance of the structure. The limit state method which multiplies the working loads by partial factors of safety and also divides the material’s ultimate strengths by further partial factor of safety. Limit state method is now widely adopted across the Europe and many other parts of the world. It does so by applying partial factor of safety, both to the loads and to the material strengths, and the magnitude of the factors may be varied so that they may be used either with the plastic conditions in the ultimate state or with the more elastic stress range at working loads. The flexibility is particularly important if full benefits are to be obtained from development of improved concrete and steel properties. a- Ultimate Limit State, the structure must be able to withstand an adequate factor of safety against collapse, the loads for which it is designed to ensure the safety of the building occupants and/or the safety of the structure itself. The possibility of buckling or overturning must also be taken into account, as must the possibility of accidental damage as caused.

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MSc In Architectural Engineering b- Serviceability limit states, the efficiency of any part of the structure must not be adversely affected by deflection, local damage due to cracking and spalling must not affect appearance and efficiency of the structure, durability is considered in terms of proposed life of the structure and its condition of building exposure.

5.2-Load Calculations Dead Load The following tables describes the weight calculation for different sections Description Plaster board Mineral Wool Insulation Air gap Concrete Insulation, expanded polysterene DAKU FSD 30 mm80 soil

Thickness 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.04 0.08 0.09

Specific Weight 4.42 0.09 0 23.5 0.13

Thickness 0.025 0.075 0.3 0.06

Specific Weight 1.6 1.4 8.68 3.4

Weight 0.04 0.105 2.604 0.204 2.953

Thickness

Specific Weight

Weight

0.04 0.06

24 24

0.96 1.44 2.4

9.8

Weight 0.05 0.00 0.00 2.35 0.01 0.43 0.83 3.68

Green Roof

Description Plaster board knauf earthwool Reinforced slab Supporting steel suspended ceiling Floor details

Description laminated glass sheet and structural silicone stainless steel clamps to connect façade glass sheet stainless steel pole Wall Transparent

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MSc In Architectural Engineering Description 12.5mm plasterboard 12.5mm plasterboard with vapour barrier 12.5mm plasterboard INSULATION, GLASS MINERAL WOOL WOOD FIBER INSULATION INSULATION, GLASS MINERAL WOOL DU'PONT TYVEK CONCRETE PANEL (12.5mm) Rigid insulation, polystyrene Render finish with steel mesh

Thickness 0.013 0.014 0.013 0.080 0.100 0.080 0.013 0.050 0.005

Specific Weight 6.3 13.33 6.3 0.3 1.6 0.3 23 0.3 9.8

Weight 0.08 0.18 0.08 0.02 0.16 0.02 0.30 0.02 0.05 0.91

Vertical wall Enclosure Live Load Live loads are a result of the occupancy of a structure. In other words, it varies with how the building is to be used. Live loads include any type of occupancy related loading and EN1991-1-4: section 6 specifies the magnitude of the loads to be considered for a wide variety of cases.

Wind Load Calculation The wind load calculations have been conducted according to EN-1991-1-4, which deals with the determination of natural wind actions for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works. The code is applicable to buildings and civil engineering works with heights up to 200 m, thus for the buildings under the scope of this study, wind actions can be determined according to this part of the Eurocode. vb = cdir ⋅ cseason ⋅ vb,0 where; vb is the basic wind velocity, defined as a function of wind direction and time of year at 10 m above ground of terrain category II vb,0 is the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity which is 25 m /s 135


cdir is the directional factor cseason is the season factor

The value for cdir and cseason recommended by EN 1991-1-4 is 1.

Calculation of the Mean Wind Velocity, vm (z) vm (z) = cr (z) ⋅co (z) ⋅vb Where; cr (z) is the roughness factor, co (z) is the orography factor, taken as 1,0 unless otherwise specified. cr (z) = kr⋅ ln (z / z0) for zmin< z < zmax cr (z) = cr (zmin) for z < zmin where; z0 is the roughness length kr is the terrain factor depending on the roughness length z0 kr = 0,19 ⋅ (z0 / z0,II)

0,07

where; z0,II= 0,05 m (the value for terrain category II given in Table 4.1 of EN 1991-1-4) zmin is the minimum height defined in the same Table 4.1 zmax is to be taken as 200 m, unless otherwise specified in the National Annex z0, zmin depend on the terrain category. Table 4.1 of EN 1991-1-4 also provides the recommended values for z0, zmin depending on five representative terrain categories.

136


Description of Terrain Categories and Terrain parameters, Source: EN 1991-1-4

z0 = 0,05 m zmin = 2 m kr = 0,19 ⋅ (0,05 / 0,05)

0,07

= 0,19

Since the minimum level of the building is 2,74 m high, it can be concluded that zmin< zi < zmax , for all i Where; i stand for the number of the levels.

Calculation of Wind Turbulence, Iv (z) Iv (z) = v / vm (z) for zmin< z < zmax Iv (z) = Iv (zmin) for z < zmin v = kr⋅ vb⋅ kl Where; kr is the terrain factor calculated above, vb is the basic wind velocity calculated above, kl is the turbulence factor, which is recommended to be taken as 1,0 by EN 1991-1-4.

Calculation of Peak Velocity Pressure, qp (z) 137

MSc In Architectural Engineering qp (z) = [1 + 7 ⋅ Iv (z)] ⋅ ½ ⋅⋅ v2 m (z) Where; is the air density which depends on the altitude, temperature and barometric pressure to be expected in the region during wind storms. The recommended value is 1.25 kg/m3 in EN 1991-1-4.

Determination of Pressure Coefficient, cpe The peak velocity pressure is calculated for some reference heights and these reference heights, ze, for windward walls of rectangular plan buildings depend on the aspect ratio h/b and are always the upper heights of the different parts of the walls. A building, whose height h is less than b should be considered to be one part. In the project column parts at each floor assumed as a single column and the peak velocity pressure at the upper point of the column part is assigned to the rest of this column part. In this case the reference height for each column part is equal to height of that column part because h is always smaller than the b dimension. For instance, the wind load applied to the column part along the fourth floor is the equally distributed peak velocity pressure calculated for 22.5 m. The pressure coefficients for vertical walls and flat roof vary through the wall and roof surface. This variation depends on the geometry of the structure. The zones for different coefficients are defined in EN 1991-1-4 as follows;

External pressure coefficient for walls. Source: EN 1991-1-4— Recommended values of external pressure coefficients for vertical walls of rectangular plan buildings

Ground Floor ist floor 2nd floor

Height m

Iv(z)

Vm (Z) m/s

q p (Z) N/m2

q p (Z) Kn/m2

4.5 9 13.5

0.24 0.207 0.192

19.814 22.934 24.802

657.6 805.06 901.2

0.6576 0.80506 0.9012 138

MSc In Architectural Engineering 3rd floor 4th floor

18 0.182 26.139 971.1 22.5 0.175 27.181 1027.4 Peak Velocity Pressure, qp(z), for each floor

0.9711 1.0274

Snow Load Snow load calculation was conducted according to Eurocode; in addition Italian code Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni was also used for establishing values in regard to local conditions. The figure below illustrates the heaviest snow load case by darker color which corresponds to Zone I. Milan is included in this Zone and it is also classified in the code under the Zone – I which is defined as Mediterranean. The code lists the cities classified as included in Zone - I as follows; in addition the characteristic value of snow load on the ground is provided according to altitude;

qsk = 1,50 kN/m2 as ≤ 200 m qsk = 1,35 [1 + (as/602)2] kN/m2 as > 200 m The altitude of the site is 138 m. accordingly the characteristic value of snow load on the ground at the relevant site is taken as;

sk = 1,50 kN/m2 s =i ⋅ Ce⋅ Ct⋅ sk

i is the snow load shape coefficient,

sk is the characteristic value of snow load on the ground, Ce is the exposure coefficient, Ct is the thermal coefficient. Ce should be taken as 1,0 unless otherwise specified for different topographies. In regard to the thermal coefficient Ct, EN 1991-1-3 states that the thermal coefficient Ct should be used to account for the reduction of snow loads on roofs with high thermal transmittance (> 1 W/m2K). For all other cases: Ct= 1,0. The U value of the roof is 0.08 W/m2K in the project. Accordingly the thermal coefficient is taken as 1.0. Snow load on the ground 139


sk = 1,50 kN/m2 (according to Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni) The snow load shape coefficient

i = 0,8 Exposure coefficient: Ce = 1 Thermal coefficient Ct = 1 s =i ⋅ Ce⋅ Ct⋅ sk s = 0,8 x 1 x 1x 1,50 = 1,2 kN/m2

5.3-Slab Ribbed slab is considered to design. Ribbed slabs are made up of wide band beams running between columns with equal depth narrow ribs spanning the orthogonal direction and the slab is formed by two identical spans, each 8.4 m long Benefits •

Flexible

•

Relatively light, therefore less foundation costs and longer spans are economic

•

Speed of construction

•

Fairly slim floor depths

•

Robustness

•

Excellent vibration control

•

Thermal mass

•

Good for services integration

•

Durable finishes

•

Fire resistance

140


Load combination 1

Load combination 2 In order to determine the cover the prescriptions in EN 1992-1-1 §4.4.1 apply. The nominal cover is defined as a minimum cover, cmin, plus an allowance in design for deviation, cdev [Expression 4.1-EC2] cnom = cmin + cdev where [Expression 4.2-EC2] cmin = max (cmin,b; cmin,dur +c - cdur,st - cdur,add; 10 mm) where cmin,b =  = 14 mm cmin,dur = 10 mm [§4.4.1.2(5)-EC2 and Table 4.4 N-EC2 for exposure class X0 (no risk of corrosion) and structural class S4, being used concrete of strength class C25/30] c, = 0 (recommended value) [§4.4.1.2(6)-EC2] cdur,st = cdur,add = 0, since no stainless steel bar or other special measures will be taken [§4.4.1.2(7-8)-EC2]. In the end the minimum concrete cover is: 141

MSc In Architectural Engineering cmin = max (14mm, 10mm, 10mm) = 14 mm Assuming cdev = 10 mm, as recommended by EC2 [§4.4.1.3], the nominal concrete cover is: cnom = 14+10 = 24 mm and the effective depth of the slab is: d = h – c - /2 = 240-24-14/2 = 209 mm. REINFORCEMENT The longitudinal reinforcing bars will be pre-dimensioned using the same formulas that will be used for further verifications. The following assumptions are then made: -

-

only tension reinforcement is considered plane sections remain plane the strain in bonded reinforcement is the same as the surrounding concrete the tensile strength of the concrete is ignored a rectangular stress distribution is assumed for the concrete in compression [EC2 – 3.1.7(3)] where the factor  is equal to 0,8 [EC2 – Expression 3.19] and the factor is equal to 1,0 [EC2 – Expression 3.21] for a concrete strength class C25/30. An elastic-perfectly plastic stress/strain relationship is assumed for reinforcing bars without the need to check the strain limit [EC2 – 3.2.7(2)b]

The rotational equilibrium about the barycentre of the tension reinforcement is 0,8 b x f cd  d  0, 4 x   M Ed

The geometry of the section is known, as well as the materials and the design moment. The only unknown of the previous equation then is the position of the neutral axis, x. The translational equilibrium, under the hypothesis of yielded tension reinforcement, is 0,8 b x f cd  As f yd  0

and the required reinforcement area is As 

0,8 b x f cd f yd

142

MSc In Architectural Engineering The hypothesis of yielded steel is verified if 

cu x 3,5    0, 641 d cu   yd 3,5  1,96

The so determined reinforcement needs to be not less than the minimum recommended [EC2 – 9.2.1.1, Expression 9.1N] As ,min  0, 26

f ctm bt d f yk

As,req

b

[kNm]

[mm]

Positive

102.6

200

0,078

840

800

314

1080

negative

25,6

1000

.488

355

1000

251

452

negative

82.35

1000

.11

780

1000

341

616

Section

bt

As,min

As [mm2]

MEd

x/d [mm2]

[mm] [mm2]

n°

Area Reinforcement

Bending Ultimate Limit State verification The section is rectangular with width b = 1000 mm and effective depth d = 209 mm The working hypothesis is that the concrete in compression reaches its maximum strain, cu, and the steel is yielded. 

cu 2 x 0, 0035    0, 641 d cu 2   syd 0, 0035  0, 00196

Translational equilibrium b x f cd  As f yd  0,8 b x f cd  As f yd  0

143

MSc In Architectural Engineering = .567 = OK Rotational equilibrium (about the barycentre of the compressions)

= 82.85 KN m

OK

Shear Ultimate Limit State verification For cross-sections in the zones of negative moment near the end supports, the shear resistance is assumed to be Asl  2  2 12  452 mm2  l 

VRd,c =

0.18 1.5

Asl 452   0, 0108 b d 200  209

  200   1.08  251/3   200  209  29.8 kN 1  209   

The shear resistance needs to be calculated with appropriate formulas for members requiring shear reinforcement [EC2 – 6.2.3 and EC2 – Expression 6.13] where the entire applied shear is supported by a truss system only. Near the end supports, for x = 0,35+0,56/2 = 0,63 m from the support the applied shear is VEd = 31 kN Assuming 1+112 as inclined reinforcement the shear resistance is VRd , s 

Asw 226 2 z f ywd  cot   cot   sin   0,9  209  391 1  2   57, 4 kN  VEd x 560 2

Near the continuity support, for x = 0,88 m from the continuity support the applied shear is VEd =38,3 kN Assuming 1+114 as bent-up bars the shear resistance is

VRd , s 

Asw 308 2 z f ywd  cot   cot   sin   0,9  209  391 1  2   85,8 kN  VEd x 560 2

144


The resistance of the compression struts needs also to be verified [EC2 – Expression 6.14].

VRd ,max   cw bw z 1 f cd

cot   cot  1  cot 2 

where 1    0, 7 1  f ck 250   0, 63 is a strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear [EC2 – Expression 6.6N and National Annex]. In the end the resistance of the compression chord is

VRd ,max  200  0,9  209  0,63 14, 2

2 1  201,9 kN  VEd 1 4

5.4-Beams

Load combination 1 Section

position (m)

MEd (kNm) 145

MSc In Architectural Engineering A

x=0

-287

B

x = 1.65

17.38

C

x = 4.12

-142.4

D

x = 6.59

3.31

E

x = 8.4

-286

Sections and corresponding bending moment The pre-dimensioning of longitudinal reinforcement is carried out through the same expressions used for verifications as well as was previously done for slabs and the same assumptions on the behavior of the materials are made.

The rotational equilibrium gives the position of the neutral axis, x. 0,8 b x f cd  d  0, 4 x   M Ed

Whereas through the translational equilibrium the required reinforcement area can be evaluated. As 

0,8 b x f cd f yd

The following limit for the depth of the neutral axis applies. 

cu x 3,5    0, 641 d cu   yd 3,5  1,96

The so determined reinforcement needs to be not less than the minimum recommended [EC2 – 9.2.1.1, Expression 9.1N] As ,min  0, 26

f ctm bt d f yk

The effective depth of the section, d, to be used in the previous formulas can be calculated after the evaluation of the concrete cover, similarly to what previously done for slabs. According to EC2 – 4.4.1 the nominal concrete cover follows from [EC2 – Expression 4.1 and 4.2] 146


cnom = cmin + cdev

cmin = max (cmin,b; cmin,dur +c - cdur,st - cdur,add; 10 mm) Transversal shear reinforcement (stirrups): cmin,b =  = 8 mm cmin,dur = 10 mm [EC2 – 4.4.1.2(5) EC2 – Table 4.4N for exposure class X0 (no risk of corrosion) and structural class S4, being used concrete of strength class C25/30] c, = 0 (recommended value) [EC2 – 4.4.1.2(6)] cdur,st = cdur,add = 0 [EC2 – 4.4.1.2(7) and (8)] cmin = max (8mm, 10mm, 10mm) = 10 mm

Assuming cdev = 10 mm, as recommend [EC2 – 4.4.1.3] cnom transv = 10+10 = 20 mm Longitudinal reinforcement cmin,b =  = 16 mm cmin,dur = 10 mm [EC2 – 4.4.1.2(5) EC2 – Table 4.4N for exposure class X0 (no risk of corrosion) and structural class S4, being used concrete of strength class C25/30] c, = 0 (recommended value) [EC2 – 4.4.1.2(6)] cdur,st = cdur,add = 0 [EC2 – 4.4.1.2(7) and (8)] cmin = max (16mm, 10mm, 10mm) = 16 mm Assuming cdev = 10 mm, as recommend [EC2 – 4.4.1.3] cnom long = 16+10 = 26 mm From the previous calculations, it appears that the concrete cover for stirrups is dominant. As a matter of fact, assuming cnom transv = 20 mm, the longitudinal reinforcement cover is clong = 28 mm > cnom long). The effective depth of the section in the end is 147


d = h – cnom trasv - strasv - slong /2 = 540-20-8-16/2 = 504 mm MEd

b

x

As,req

Section

bt Asmin (mm2) As (mm2)

x/d (mm2) (mm)

(kNm) (mm) (mm) A

-287

400

133

0,264 1546

1200

909

1633

B

17.38

1200

36

0,071 1255

400

303

314

C

-142.4

400

133

0,264 1546

1200

909

1080

D

3.31

1200

9

0,018

314

400

303

314

E

-286

400

30

0,060

349

1200

909

1633

Pre-dimensioning of longitudinal reinforcement Bending Ultimate Limit State verification The same assumptions on the behavior of the structural member as the previous chapther apply. Assuming yielded steel and a rectangular stress block for concrete the translational equilibrium is 0.8 b x fcd = As fyd The neutral axis then is

x

As f yd 0,8 b f cd

Through the rotational equilibrium about the bar centre either of the compressions or tensions, the resisting moment can be easily determined. MRd = As fyd (d-0.4x) = 0.8 bxfcd (d-0.4x)  MEd Sez.

As (mm2)

b (mm)

x (mm)



MRd (kNm) MEd (kNm)

A

1633

400

141

0.28

318

287

1.11

S

314

1200

41

0.08

31

17.38

1.78

B

1080

400

141

0.28

189

142.4

1.33

D

314

1200

12

0.02

11

3.31

3.32

MRd/MEd

148

MSc In Architectural Engineering C

1633

400

89

0.18

318

286

1.11

Ultimate Limit State verification Bending Shear Ultimate Limit State verification The transversal reinforcement ratio needs to comply with the following limit [EC2 – 9.2.2(5) and Expression 9.5N] sw =

f ck A sw  0.08 = 0,0009 bw s f yk

Where appropriate numeric value for concrete and steel strengths have been adopted (C25/30, B450C). The maximum longitudinal spacing between stirrups is [EC2 – 9.2.2(6) and Expression 9.6N]

sl ,max  0, 75 d 1  cot    0, 75  504  378 mm

Whereas the transverse spacing of the legs of stirrups needs not to exceed the value [EC2 – 9.2.2(8) and Expression 9.8N] st ,max  0, 75 d   0, 75  504  378 mm   600 mm

Assuming stirrups 8/250 mm with two legs it is sw =

100 = 0,001 > swmin 400  250

The corresponding value of the shear resistance then is [EC2 – Expression 6.8] VRd,s = 0.9 d

A sw 100 fywd ctg  = 0.9·500· 391·2= 140.8 kN 250 s

Where ctg = 2 has been assumed. According to EC2 – Expression 6.9

VRd ,max   cw bw z 1 f cd

cot   cot  2  400  0,9  500  0,63 14, 2   644,1 kN  VEd OK 2 1  cot  1 4 149


Where 1    0, 7 1  f ck 250   0, 63 [EC2 – Expression 6.6N – National Annex]. Serviceability Limit States The translational equilibrium equation is

1 c b x + ’s A’s – As s = 0 2 Assuming an elastic behavior for both concrete and steel ( = E ) and plane diagram of strains

σs   e c

d-x x

σ's   e  c

x - d' x

where the coefficient e = Es/Ec is assumed equal to 15. b

x2   e (A s  A's ) x -  e (A s d  A's d' )  0 2

The position of the neutral axis, x, can be obtained from the previous equation (null static moment of the homogenized cross-section). Through the rotational equilibrium about the bar yc entre of the tensions, the maximum compression in concrete can be calculated and compared to the allowable value c,adm = 0.6 fck = 15 MPa [EC2 – 7.2(3)]

1 x c b x  d -  = M 2 3  c =

2M < c,adm  x bx  d -   3

The stress in the reinforcement can be easily obtained from the previous formula

σs   e c

d-x < s,adm x 150

MSc In Architectural Engineering MEd

As

b

(kNm)

(mm2)

A

194

S

< 0,6 fck

(mm)

c (N/mm2)

1633

400

11,3

OK

23.5

314

1200

1.87

OK

B

176

1080

400

7.8

OK

D

14.5

314

1200

2

OK

C

194

1633

400

11.3

OK

Section

Serviceability Limit States check

5.5-Columns

Loads on the columns from combination 2 For the calculation of columns only, a reduction factor can be applied to variable loads [EC1-1 – 6.3.1.2(10) – National Annex] 151

MSc In Architectural Engineering A 5  A   0  0  1, 0 7 A Where:

0 = 0.7 A0 = 12 m2 A is the influence area of the column considered

For column: A  0.95. For the ULS combination of actions, a single multiplicative factor will be referred to, as a simplification: F* is obtained as weighted mean of the coefficients G = 1.35 and Q = 1.5, respectively concerning permanent actions and variable actions.

4th floor

N (kN) N =  Fkj 498.26

NEd = F* N (kN) 697.5

3rd floor

512.85

716.8

2nd floor

998.44

N Ed (mm2) f cd 30688

bxh (mm)

Ac (mm2)

400 x 400

160000

64563

400 x 400

160000

1398

98438

400 x 400

160000

1994.03

2792

132313

400 x 400

160000

Ground

2487.62

3482

166188

500 x 500

250000

Bassement

2980.21

4172

200063

600 x 600

360000

Column

1st floor

Ac0 =

Concrete Area columns The design axial load is modified in order to take into account the self-weight of the column at each floor. N Ed (mm2) f cd 31593

4th floor

N (kN) N =  Fkj 498.26

NEd = F* N (kN) 765

3rd floor

512.85

834

66373

998.44

1400

101153

Column

2nd floor

Ac0 =

bxh (mm)

Ac (mm2)

400 x 400

160000

400 x 400

160000

400 x 400

160000 152

MSc In Architectural Engineering 1st floor

1994.03

3840

136235

400 x 400

160000

Ground

2487.62

3582

171317

500 x 500

250000

2980.21

4860

206700

600 x 600

360000

Basement

Modified design axial load It is then necessary to dimension the longitudinal reinforcement. According to EC2 the following limits apply: - technological limit: at least one bar needs to be placed at each corner of a polygonal column, whose diameter needs to be not less than 12 mm [EC2 – 9.5.2(4) and 9.5.2(1) – National Annex] - geometrical limit: As  0.003 Ac [EC2 – 9.5.2(2) – National Annex] static limit: As  0.10 NEd/fyd [EC2 – 9.5.2(2)] As min (mm2) As Column Ac s = 0.3% (mm2) 4th floor 160000 480 480 3rd floor 160000 480 480 2nd floor 160000 480 480 1stfloor 160000 480 480 Ground 250000 750 750 Basement 360000 1080 1080 Dimension of longitudinal reinforcement (mm2)

Both Ultimate Limit States and Serviceability Limit States verifications can then be performed. The translational equilibrium of the cross-section for SLS is N = c Ac + s As Under the hypothesis of plane sections (Eulero-Bernoulli), same strain in steel and surrounding concrete (c = s) and elastic materials, it is s = e c, where the ratio between the modulus of elasticity e is assumed equal to 15 in order to take into account the time-dependent behaviour of concrete. N = c (Ac + e As) = c Aie Obviously it needs to be

153

MSc In Architectural Engineering c =

N  c adm = 0.6 fck = 15 N/mm2 A ie

Aie (mm2) 166780

N (kN) 498.26

c (N/mm2) 2.99

check

480

166780

512.85

3.08

Ok

160000

480

166780

998.44

5.99

Ok

1st floor

160000

480

169240

1994.03

11.78

Ground

250000

750

263860

2487.62

9.43

Basement

360000

1080

378480

2980.21

7.87

Column

Ac (mm2)

As (mm2)

4th floor

160000

480

3rd floor

160000

2nd floor

Ok

Ok Ok Ok

Limit States verifications In Euro code 2 some prescriptions on transversal reinforcement are outlined. The minimum diameter of transversal bars needs to be not less than ¼ of the longitudinal diameter and however not less than 6 mm. The spacing of the transverse reinforcement along the column needs not to exceed the following limits: 20 times the longitudinal bar size (20 ∙ 12 = 240 mm; 20 ∙ 14 = 280 mm) The smaller dimension of the column (at most, 300 mm) 400 mm In those sections within a distance equal to the larger dimension of the column cross-section above and below beams and slabs the previous limits are reduced by a factor 0,6 (0,6 ∙ 240 = 144 mm). Stirrups 8/200 will be provided along all the columns, whereas at the bottom and the top of the columns for a distance equal to 500 mm stirrups 8/125 will be provided.

5.6-Foundation The maximum axial load at the bottom of the column considered is 1800 KN. Assuming a rectangular plinth, whose dimensions are (a x b x h) = 3.4x3.2x0.8 m the self-weight due to the foundation is Gplinth = (3.4·3.2·0.8) m3·25 kN/m3 = 217.6 kN

154


Assuming a gravel soil with internal friction angle equal to  = 35°and density  = 18 kN/m3, the bearing capacity of the soil is given by the Terzaghi formula, where the pressure due to the lateral soil is not considered. Rd,terreno = (s N  b/2)/ R where s = 1-0.4 b/a   N = 2 [etg tg2    +1] tg 4 2

The verification implies that Rd,terreno,d> Ed, where Ed is the design pressure on the soil due to loads and foundation self-weight. According to Euro code 7 and Euro code 0 the following values for combination coefficients apply, where F refers to actions, M refers to geotechnical parameters and R refers to the soil resistance after the previous calculations F = G = 1.0 for permanent loads F = G = 1.3 for variable loads

A single value can be used averaging the previous coefficients: F = 1.13 M =  = 1.25 for the internal friction angle and to be applied to the tangent of the angle  M =  = 1.0 for the soil density R = 1.4 NEd = 1.13 N + 1.0 Gplinto = (1.13·1800 + 1.0·217.6) kN = 2252 kN Ed,terreno = NEd/ab = 2252/(3400·3200) = 0.21 N/mm2 sg = 0.624 tg = tg 35°/1.25 = 0.56 Ng = 20.06 Rd,terreno = [0.624·20.06·18kN/m3·3200mm/2]/1.4 = 0.257 N/mm2 > Ed,terreno Plinth Verification 155

MSc In Architectural Engineering The reinforcement of the plinth is dimensioned in accordance with the schemes Coefficient to be applied to the combination of actions are taken in accordance with EC7 and EC0 a direction da = 750 mm ca = a’/4 = 100 mm la = (a-a’)/4 + ca = (3400-400)/4 + 100 = 850 mm a = la/da = 850/750 = 1.13 PEd,sa = (a-a’)/a NEd = (3400-400)/3400·1.4·1800.19 kN = 2253 kN Asa,min = PEd,a a/2fyd = 2253·1.13/(2·391) = 3255 mm2 Assuming 1320 (20/250) the reinforcement area is Asa = 4082 mm2 and the resistance is PRd,s = 2Asa fyd a = 2·4082·391·1.13 = 3511.3 kN > PEd,sa

OK

b direction db = 730 mm cb = b’/4 = 125 mm lb = (b-b’)/4 + cb = (3200-500)/4 + 125 = 800 mm b = lb/db = 800/730 = 1.10 PEd,sb = (b-b’)/b NEd = (3200-500)/3200·1.4·1800.19 kN = 2447kN Asb,min = PEd,b b/2fyd = 2447·1.10/(2·391) = 3442 mm2 Assuming 1420 (14/250) the reinforcement area is Asb = 4396 mm2 and the resistance is PRd,s = 2Asb fyd a = 2·4396·391·1.10 = 3884.6 kN > PEd,sb

OK

The compression struts verification can be performed as follows. PEd,c = NEd(1-

a ' b' 400  500 ) = 1.4·2088.19·[1] = 1.4·1800·0.982 = 2475 kN ab 3400  3200

156


a = 3400

OK

NEd (b-b') 2b (b-b')/4

Sc,b db= 730 mm As,b Sc,b Ss,b Ss,b

a' = 400

NEd

b' = 500

b = 3200

cb= b'/4

750  500 730  400 d a b ' db a ' + ] fcd = 2·0.4·[ + ] ·14.2 = 3371.9 kN > PEd,c 2 2 1  a 1  b 1  1.132 1  1.10 2

NEd b' b

NEd

(b-b') 2b

NEd ca= a'/4

S Asa c,a Ss,a

da= 750 mm

Sc,a

Ss,a

(a-a')/4

NEd (a-a') 2a

NEd a' a

NEd (a-a') 2a

3000

14 20 L = 3700

500 350 3000 350

500

a' = 400

6 16 L = 4000

b = 3200

3 staffe 8

Calculation for Plinth

b' = 500

a = 3400

3 staffe 8

1250

PRd,c = 2·0.4 [

8 14 L = 1500

250 3300 350

6 16 L = 4300

500 350 3300

500

13 20 L = 4000

Reinforcement Arrangement 157


6- Building Physics Library design should provide a system that strives to balance between environmental responsibility, resource efficiency, occupant comfort with nature and with books and community integrity with the library. Concept for development of Library project is to make a climate responsive, user friendly and energy efficient building in such a way to achieve our goal towards positive energy. To make our project more sustainable and energy efficient we choose some latest technology and material which can give more strength and meaning to project. The goal of project can be achieve by choosing an urban integrity, glazed system, technology to maintain comfort lighting with latest Photovoltaic panel, solar panel for providing energy for the Library.

6.1-Climate The following parameters related to the climate were studied: Average temperatureAverage maximum temperatureMinimum temperatures average- Relative humidityAtmospheric pressurePrevailing windsAverage speedDays with fogDays of rainPrecipitationGlobal radiation-

24.7C 31.2 1.8 55% to 82% 1006 to 1013 (Hpa) East 4.3 to 8.5% Average 32 days per year Spring and Autumn 6.4 to 167.4 mm 165 (W/mq)

The Municipality of Piacenza is located in the floodplain emerged from the sea following the Regression of water toward the Adriatic coast. The land is to be ascribed to the Holocene (from 15 000 to 4 thousand years ago), that the post-glacial alluvial formations. Piacenza is situated in the western part of the Emilia Romagna region and is bordered to the north the Po River which divides the town of St. Rocco al Porto (Milan), to the south with the municipalities of Podenzano Gossolengo and, on the west by the river that separates Trebbia Rottofreno and the municipalities of Caledon, 158

MSc In Architectural Engineering to the east with the towns of Pontefract and S. George. The geographic coordinates ofPiacenza city are: latitude North 45 °4 '51'' longitude East 9 °41' 1''. The total area is 118.46 km2, the height above sea level in the Town Hall is 61 meters. The climate of Piacenza is padanocontinentale, with rainfall in spring and autumn, sometime in the summer, with a fog average of 32 days a year. The following are the main climatic data of Piacenza.24

Temperature To understand the climatic context of a specific area, temperature is one of the most important and the most easily recorded one. The encyclopedic definition for temperature is as follows: “Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance, which is related to how hot or cold that substance is.” (Wikipedia) The unit for measurement of temperature in our study will be Celsius.

Temperature 24

Alberoni Observatory, Air Force and APAT

159


Minimum and maximum temperatures in the town of Piacenza

160


Anomaly in the average temperature - comparison with 2003 year period 1961-1990

Average temperature in the town of Piacenza - Period 1961-2004 161

MSc In Architectural Engineering Wind In general, “wind is the flow of gases on a large scale” and it is caused by difference in pressure between two locations. If a difference in pressure exists, the air tends to move from higher to lower pressure. Besides, the rotation of the Earth also causes a deflection in the movement of air. In meteorology winds are referred to according to their strength, and the direction the wind is blowing from (Wikipedia).

Average wind speed

Rain Water Rain is liquid precipitation, as opposed to non-liquid kinds of precipitation such as snow, hail and sleet. Rain requires the presence of a thick layer of the atmosphere to have temperatures above the melting point of water near and above the Earth's surface. On Earth, it is the condensation of atmospheric water vapor into drops of water heavy enough to fall, often making it to the surface. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated leading to rainfall: cooling the air or adding 162

MSc In Architectural Engineering water vapor to the air. Virga is precipitation that begins falling to the earth but evaporates before reaching the surface; it is one of the ways air can become saturated. Precipitation forms via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Rain drops range in size from oblate, pancake-like shapes for larger drops, to small spheres for smaller drops (Wikipedia).

Days of rain

Precipitation Precipitation is defined as “any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor” that falls down on Earth. Moisture form the Earth‟s surface evaporates and forms the clouds. Then, it condenses and returns to the Earth‟s surface in the form of droplets. This cycle is repeated continuously.

163


Average temperature and precipitation

6.2-Analysis for Climate Weather Data The weather data file used for climate analysis of Piacenza city is “ITA-Piacenza 160840-IGDG epw” and software we used is climate consultant.

164

MSc In Architectural Engineering Comfort Model The comfort model used for analysis is “Ashrae handbook Fundamental comfort model,2005” states For people dressed in normal winter clothes, Effective Temperatures of 68°F (20°C) to 74°F (23.3°C) (measured at 50% relative humidity), which means the temperatures decrease slightly as humidity rises. The upper humidity limit is 64°F (17.8°C) Wet Bulb and a lower Dew Point of 36F (2.2°C). If people are dressed in light weight summer clothes then this comfort zone shifts 5°F (2.8°C) warmer.

Analysis

Criteria for analysis (empirical units)

165


Temperature Range

166


Monthly Diurnal Analysis

167


Radiation Range

168

MSc In Architectural Engineering Wind Velocity Range

Ground Temperature Range

169

MSc In Architectural Engineering Sun Shading Chart

Sun Chart

170


Relative Humidity 3D

171


Psychrometric chart

172

MSc In Architectural Engineering This chart shows the average wind speeds for Piacenza. Prevailing winds in Piacenza come from the east.

Wind Wheel

173


7- Technological Design 7.1- Towards Positive Energy A Towards Positive Energy (TPE) is a building with greatly reduced energy needs through efficiency gains such that the balance of energy needs can be supplied with renewable technologies. We use current generation low-energy buildings to explore the concept of Positive energy: what it means, why a clear and measurable definition is needed, and how we had progressed toward the TPE goal. Concept is the idea that buildings can meet all their energy requirements from low-cost, locally available, nonpolluting, renewable sources. At the strictest level, a ZEB generates enough renewable energy on site to equal or exceed its annual energy use. Generally Insulation and glazing are two key areas where heat loss is greatest: •

Nearly 50% of all heat lost in the average home is through the loft space and walls. • More heat is lost through walls than any other route - approximately 33 per cent in an uninsulated building. • Around 20% of the heat in the average building is lost through ventilation and draughts, • Around 20% of heat lost from a building is through poorly insulated window frames and single glazing. Thinking towards Positive Energy and technology are Why do we need to redefine the common concept of construction industry? Why do we need to rethink of green Construction? What are people expectations in the future? Is there a symbiotic relationship between material, function and aesthetic? Which technologies will move into future?

174

MSc In Architectural Engineering 7.2- Energy Trends Building has no global definition for low-energy buildings, but it generally indicates a building that has a better energy performance than the standard alternative/energy efficiency requirements in building codes. Low-energy buildings typically use high levels of insulation, energy efficient windows, low levels of air infiltration and heat recovery ventilation to lower heating and cooling energy. They may also use passive solar building design techniques or active solar technologies. In fact, low energy buildings are known under different names across Europe. A survey carried out in 2008 by the Concerted Action supporting EPBD identified 17 different terms in use to describe such buildings used across Europe, among which the terms low energy house, high-performance house, passive house/Passivhaus, zero carbon house, zero energy house, energy savings house, energy positive house, 3-litre house etc. In the relevant literature additional terms such as ultra-low energy house can be found. Finally, concepts that take into account more parameters than energy demand again use special terms such as eco-building or green building. Variations exist not only as regards the terms chosen, but also what energy use is included in the definition. Ideally, the minimum performance requirements should take into account all types of energy use that is demand for space heating (cooling), water heating, air conditioning as well as consumption of electricity. This is often not the case. On the contrary, the definition may cover only space heating ignoring all electricity demand that may cover most heating needs for instance in office buildings.

The following illustration on selected low energy performance standards shows the different scopes and calculation methods:

175


Different scopes, calculation methods and norms for low energy and passive houses in selected countries (Source: Thomsen/Wittchen, European national strategies to move towards very low energy buildings, SBI (DanishBuilding Research Institute) 2008. At present, seven EU MS have defined for themselves when a building is a low energy building (AT, CZ, DK, UK, FI, FR and DE, BE (Flanders), a few more (LUX, RO, SK, SE) plan to do so. Definitions typically target new buildings, but in some cases (AT, CZ, DK, DE, LUX) also cover existing buildings and apply in almost all cases to both residential and nonresidential buildings. Typically the required decrease in energy consumption will range from 30 to 50 % of what is defined for standard technology for new buildings. That would generally correspond to an annual energy demand of 40- 60 kWh/m²in Central European countries. In some countries such as France or Switzerland, labels have been introduced (MINERGIE in Switzerland, Effinergie in France) that help consumers identifying nationally standardised low energy buildings.

176

MSc In Architectural Engineering In Italy, The 2005 renewable energy electricity gross production represented 16,4 % of the tota gross production, 15,1 % of the total electricity demand (net consumption + network losses = 330,4 TWh), and 14,1% of the gross inland consumption (352,8 TWh). This last percentage rises to 17,3% if we consider the importation of electricity from renewable energy sources certified through the Guarantee of Origin.

Renewable Energy gross production trend (1994-2005) – source and elaboration: GSE

177


Comparison between total and renewable energy electricity gross productions (1994-2005) – source and elaboration: GSE

178


7.2.1- Examples of definitions for low energy building standards Austria ·Low energy building = annual heating energy consumption below 60-40 KWh/m² gross area 30 % above standard performance) ·Passive building = Feist passive house standard (15 kWh/m²per useful area (Styria) and per heated area (Tyrol) Belgium (Flanders) ·Low Energy Class 1 for houses: 40 % lower than standard levels, 30 % lower for office and school buildings ·Very low Energy class: 60 % reduction for houses, 45 % for schools and office Buildings Czech Republic ·Low energy class: 51 – 97 kWh/m2 p.a. ·Very low energy class: below 51 kWh/m²p.a., also passive house standard of 15 kWh/m2 is used Denmark ·Low Energy Class 1 = calculated energy performance is 50% lower than the minimum requirement for new buildings ·Low Energy Class 2 = calculated energy performance is 25% lower than the minimum requirement for new buildings (i.e. for residential buildings = 70 + 2200/A kWh/m²per year where A is the heated gross floor area, and for other buildings = 95+2200/A kWh/m²per year (includes electricity for buildingintegrated lighting) Finland ·Low energy standard: 40 % better than standard buildings France ·New dwellings: the average annual requirement for heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water and lighting must be lower than 50 kWh/m²(in primary energy). This ranges from 40 kWh/m²to 65 kWh/m²depending on the climatic area and altitude. 179

MSc In Architectural Engineering ·Other buildings: the average annual requirement for heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water and lighting must be 50% lower than current Building Regulation requirements for new buildings ·For renovation: 80 kWh/m²as of 2009 Germany · Residential Low Energy Building requirements = kfW60 (60kWh/(m²•a) or KfW40 (40 kWh/(m²•a)) maximum energy consumption ·Passive House = KfW-40 buildings with an annual heat demand lower than 15 kWh/m²and total consumption lower than 120 kWh/m² England & Wales Graduated minimum requirements over time: ·2010 level 3 (25% better than current regulations), ·2013 level 4 (44% better than current regulations and almost similar to PassivHaus) ·2016 level 5 (zero carbon for heating and lighting), ·2016 level 6 (zero carbon for all uses and appliances Source: SBI (Danish Building Institute), European Strategies to move towards very low energy buildings, 2008. Given the varying climatic and regulatory conditions across Europe, it is difficult to define exactly the concept of low energy building for the entire EU. National standards and methodologies vary so that 'low energy' developments in one country may not meet 'normal practice' in another. For example in the US, the Energy Star label indicates buildings that use only 15% less energy than what regulations define.

180

MSc In Architectural Engineering 7.2.2- Passive house and equivalent concepts The definitions for passive houses are even more heterogeneous, as in this case what is understood by the term differs from Central/ Northern Europe (Germany, Austria, Sweden etc.) to southern Europe (e.g. Spain, Italy, Portugal, Greece). In southern Europe it means that a house has been constructed in line with generic Passive Design, i.e. using passive technologies. In central Europe, the term Passive House refers to a certain standardized type of low energy buildings as developed in Germany. It is a special type of a low energy building for which thermal comfort can be achieved solely by post-heating or postcooling of the fresh air mass without a need for a conventional heating system. Passive house technologies typically include passive solar gain (also through south orientation), super glazing (U-value 0.75 W/(m²K), airtight building envelope, thermal bridge free construction.25 This reduces annual demand for space heating to 15 kWh/(m²a) which means that they roughly use 85% less overall energy with the limit for total primary energy use being 120kWh/m²p.a.. In Switzerland a similar standard as the one in Germany, MINERGIE®-P is used. In the United States, a house built to the Passive House standard uses between 75 and 95% less energy for space heating and cooling than current new buildings that meet today's US energy efficiency codes. 26 The Passive-on project has based a more general definition on the above mentioned standards and indicates that a passive house or equivalent requires combined heating and cooling demand between 15 – 20 kWh/ (m²,a).

7.2.3- Zero energy houses/zero carbon houses The specificity of a zero energy house/zero carbon house is that the remaining energy needs are entirely covered with renewable 25

26

http://www.cepheus.de

The application of the standard Passive House concept has some limitations for Southern climates where the problem of household energy use is one not only of providing warm houses in winter, but also, and in some cases more importantly, of providing cool houses in summer. In these regions, the definition of the Passivhaus Standard as applied in Central Europe needs to be modified as to take into account cooling loads and other end uses within the home. Passive-on, a Project funded by Intelligent Energy for Europe SAVE programme applied passive house standards in southern countries, for more information: http://www.passive-on.org 181

MSc In Architectural Engineering sources/carbon free energy sources. A house with zero net energy consumption annually can be autonomous from the energy grid supply, but in practice that means that in some period’s power is gained from the grid and in other periods power is returned to grid (renewable energy sources are often seasonal). In the US, various definitions of zero energy buildings are used.27Japan is in the process of fixing the definition and preparing their zero energy policies in the coming months.

7.2.4- Energy positive Building An energy positive building (also: plus energy) is one that on average over the year produces more energy from renewable energy sources than it imports from external sources. This is achieved using combination of small power generators and lowenergy building techniques such as passive solar building design, insulation and careful site selection and placement.

7.3-Design Pathways

Thermal envelope Thermal envelope is exceptionally energy efficient, including the insulation system, window and door selections, and extensive measures to control air leakage. Selection of appropriate foundation thermal protection is also vital which leads to minimizing energy waste. Sustainable site (Facilitate access to renewable energy) Sustainable site considerations taken into account including orientation, local vegetation, proximity to adjacent structures, distances to water bodies and roadways.

27

For more info: Zero energy buildings: A critical look at the definition. To be found on: www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/39833.pdf 182

MSc In Architectural Engineering Architectural design Architectural design must be responsive to the local climate to maximize the benefits of passive solar heating, natural gainsavoidance, cooling strategies. Exterior Exterior means colors of building surfaces need to be “tuned” to the climate, reducing solar driven loads. Electric demand Electric demand reduced to micro-load levels by incorporating super-efficient and right sized appliances, mechanical systems, plug-loads. Water consumption Water consumption reduced to the absolute minimum while maintaining high levels of consumer satisfaction; particularly the hot water service system.

183


Basic flow chart of towards positive energy

184

MSc In Architectural Engineering 7.4-Thermal Comfort “Good temperature is the one you don’t notice at all”

Our thermal comfort defines not only our well-being but our physical and intellectual performance

185


Environmentally compatible use of resources

Thermal insulation The quantity of heat flowing through a wall by conduction (from higher to lower T’s) is proportional to the thermal conductivity U of the component

With U depending on the physical characteristics of the layers making up the wall. The heat flow through solid materials can be written as follows – including both conduction and convection (heat lost to air):

186


For a homogeneous wall, one gets then:

If the wall is multi-layer:

where the sum regards all of the layers.

Temperature profile in a multi-layer wall (steady state).

187


188

MSc In Architectural Engineering Natural ventilation Natural ventilation satisfies a primary objective when it comes to bioclimatic designs: reducing demand in air conditioning thus limiting energy consumption required to power installations, particularly in warm weather. In fact, natural ventilation enables a building's overnight cooling. Once the sources of pollution have been reduced and the hot and fouled air evacuated from the building, overnight cooling enhances the occupants’ respiratory, olfactory and thermal comfort.

7.5-U-Values and Glazer Diagrams U-Values

No

Material

1 Plaster board 2 Mineral Wool

λ s/λ k=λ/s [W/m [W/m² [m] K] [m²K/W] K] 0.01 0.16 0.08 13.33 0.05 0.04 1.43 0.70 s

189

MSc In Architectural Engineering 3 4 5 6 7

Insulation Air gap Concrete Insulation, expanded polysterene DAKU FSD 30 mm80 soil

He [W/m²K] Hi [W/m²K] Outside temperature°C Inside temperature °C Temperature difference Outside relative humidity (%) Inside relative humidity (%)

0.10 0.10

0.22 0.42

0.45 0.24

2.22 4.20

0.04

0.03

1.33

0.75

0.08 0.09

0.55 0.15 sum

0.15 0.57 4.238

6.88 1.76

25 8 -5

S= Σs=

20

R= /λ=

4.24

1/He+1/Hi+Σs 4.403

25

U=1/R=

80

[W/m² 0.227 K]

50

U value Calculation of roof

No

Material

s [m]

1

λ [W/mK ]

s/λ [m²K/W]

k=λ/s [W/m²K ]

0.013

0.16

0.078

12.800

2

12.5mm plasterboard 12.5mm plasterboard with vapour barrier

0.014

0.16

0.084

11.852

3

12.5mm plasterboard

0.013

0.16

0.078

12.800

190

MSc In Architectural Engineering INSULATION, GLASS MINERAL WOOL

4

0.080

0.032

2.500

0.400

0.100

0.035

2.857

0.350

0.080

0.032

2.500

0.400

7

WOOD FIBER INSULATION INSULATION, GLASS MINERAL WOOL DU'PONT TYVEK CONCRETE PANEL (12.5mm)

0.013

0.16

0.081

12.308

8

Rigid insulation, polystyrene

0.050

0.03

1.667

0.600

9

Render finish with steel mesh

0.005

0.47

0.011

94.000

5 6

sum

9.856

He [W/m²K]

25

S=

Hi [W/m²K] Outside temperature°C Inside temperature °C Temperature difference

8

R=

Σs= 1/He+1/Hi+Σs/ λ=

9.856 10.021

-5 20

U=1/R=

0.0998

[W/m²K ]

25

U value Calculation of Wall vertical Enclosure λ (w/m.k)

Sr.

S (m)

R (m2.k/W)

1

laminated glass sheet and structural silicone

2

stainless steel clamps to connect façade glass sheet

12

0.04

0.003333333

3

stainless steel pole

12

0.06

0.005

0.10

3.038

3.030

U=1/( 1/he+∑ S/λ+1/hi+1/C)

U=

∑S/λ

For Vertical member 0.31

1/hi

0.13

1/he

0.04

U value Calculation of Wall Transparent

191

MSc In Architectural Engineering Condensation Risk A Section separates two environments with different concentrations of water vapour, a vapour flow will start between the two (higher to lower concentration). The highest partial vapour pressure Pv is generally to be found where temperature is higher. If at some point of the wall, Pv reaches the saturation value Ps, condensation occurs. As a rule, condensation does not occur in single-layer, homogeneous walls, while it is very likely if the inner layers are insulating and with small resistance to the passage of vapour. Condensation should be avoided because: • It decreases the durability of materials; • If it happens in insulating materials, it makes them ineffective (condensed water fills the air gaps). Two ways to avoid condensation:

• Raising the saturation value Ps: this happens if the inner surface temperature is higher, that is, working on the insulation level; • Lowering the partial pressure Pv: this can be obtained inserting in the wall -towards the warm environment - a layer with high resistance to vapor flow (vapor barrier polyethylene or aluminum sheet). Glazer diagram Glaser diagram representing Pv and Ps can be traced to assess the risk of condensation. Condensation is tolerated if materials are not deteriorated by condensed water, and if this can evaporate completely during the warm season. For Temperature Distribution Ti= Ti-1– (ΔT/Ki) U where: ΔT = Difference in Temperature between the two sides of the Section (T int - T ext); 192

MSc In Architectural Engineering Tint = Internal temperature, 20 C Text = external Temperature -5 C Ki = λ/s is the thermal Conductivity of the i-th layer; U= Thermal conductivity of whole section(W/m2 K) To calculate the internal Surface temperature Φ=US∆T Φ= Heat Flux(W) U= Thermal conductivity of whole section(W/m2 K) S= Total thickness of Section(m) Tpi= Ti – (Φ/S)(1/hi) Tpi = Internal Surface Temperature© Ti= Internal ambient temperature© S= Total thickness of Section(m) hi= Internal Convective co-efficient For Pressure Distribution The risk of condensation can be assessed by tracing the Glaser diagram: in every point, Pv curve should remain below Ps curve. If the distribution of temperatures through the wall is known, saturation pressure can be determined by specific charts, while partial vapor pressure can be calculated from: Pi= Pi-1– (ΔP/ρtot) ρi where: ΔP = Difference in vapor pressure between the two sides of the section (P int - P ext); Pint = Internal Pressure at 20 C Temp & 50% Rh(Calculated through Psychometric chart) Pext = external Pressure at -5 C Temp & 80% Rh(Calculated through Psychometric chart) ρi = sj/δj is the resistance to vapor diffusion of the i-th layer; δj is vapour permeability of the i-th layer (from code UNI 10351 or DIN 4108); ρtot is the resistance (diffusivity) to vapour diffusion of the whole wall and is calculated as: ρtot = Σρj

193


In multi-layer walls, the inner the insulation, the higher the risk of condensation. Example A –A vapour barrier is always recommended. Example B –Quantity of condensed water should be assessed, as a vapour barrier might not be necessary. Example C –External wall insulation: the external finish should be permeable to vapour. Condensation is very unlikely.

No

Material

T

δ*10-12 [Kg/mspa ]

1 Ti 2 Plaster board Mineral Wool 3 Insulation

20.0 0 19.5 7 11.4 6

ρ=s/δ [*10m2spa/k g]

12

20.00

0.00

150.00

0.00

Ps

Pv

cum. s

cum. s

[Pa]

[Pa]

[m]

[cm]

2339.0 0 2339.0 0 1966.2 8

1168.6 0 1168.6 0 1005.6 2

0.00

0.00

0.01

1.20

0.06

6.20 194

MSc In Architectural Engineering 4 Air gap

8.90

193.00

0.00

5 Concrete Insulation, expanded 6 polysterene DAKU FSD 30 7 mm80

7.55 0.02 0.85 4.06 5.00

200.00

0.00

200.00

0.00

200.00

0.00

1759.2 1 1437.3 4 1126.7 4 1002.5 0

150.00

0.00

8 soil 9 Te

ρtot=

915.07

0.16 16.20

774.33

0.26 26.20

638.51

0.30 30.20

584.18

0.38 38.20

754.02

475.53

0.47 46.70

402.00

321.60

0.47 46.70

Ps

Pv

cum. cum. s s

[Pa]

[Pa]

2339. 0 2339. 0 2299. 7 2129. 9 2090. 6 2057. 1 2015. 2

1168. 6 1168. 6 1151. 4 1077. 2 1060. 0 1045. 3 1027. 0

1981. 6 1976. 2 404.1

1012. 3 1009. 9 322.5

0.003

Glasier Diagram Calculation of Green roof

No

Material

T

δ*10-12

ρ=s/δ

[Kg/msp a] 1 Ti 2 12.5mm plasterboard 12.5mm plasterboard with 3 vapour barrier 4 12.5mm plasterboard INSULATION, GLASS 5 MINERAL WOOL WOOD FIBER 6 INSULATION INSULATION, GLASS 7 MINERAL WOOL DU'PONT TYVEK CONCRETE PANEL 8 (12.5mm) Rigid insulation, 9 polystyrene 10 Render finish with steel

20 19.8 1 19.5 9 19.4 0 13.1 6 6.04 0.20 0.40 4.56 -

[*10m2spa/k g]

12

20

0.001

5

0.003

20

0.001

150

0.001

150

0.001

150

0.001

150

0.000

2 150

0.025 0.000

[m]

[cm]

0.00

0

0.01

1.25

0.03

2.6

0.04

3.85 11.8 5 21.8 5 29.8 5

0.12 0.22 0.30

0.31 0.36 0.37

31.1 5 36.1 5 36.6 195

MSc In Architectural Engineering mesh

4.59

11 Te

-5

402.0 ρtot=

321.6

0.37

5 36.6 5

0.031

Glasier Diagram Calculation of wall vertical Enclosure

2500.00

2000.00

1500.00 Ps Pv

1000.00

500.00

0.00 0.00

1.20

6.20

16.20

26.20

30.20

38.20

46.70

46.70

Glasier Diagram of Green roof

196

MSc In Architectural Engineering 2500.0

2000.0

1500.0 Ps Pv

1000.0

500.0

0.0 0

1.25

2.6

3.85 11.85 21.85 29.85 31.15 36.15 36.65 36.65

Glasier Diagram of wall vertical Enclosure

197

MSc In Architectural Engineering 7.6-Materials and Technology Green Roof and building The use of the roofs of buildings as green roofs is one of the main strategies used in bio-architecture to limit the environmental impact of the construction. Green roof gardens have very ancient origins, the hanging gardens of Babylonia built by King Nabucodonosor being one of the best known examples. In fact, they are recommended by all the associations who promote sustainable building, both because they contribute to the reduction of the building’s energy requirements and therefore the reduction of CO2 emissions, and because they lead to many other economic and ecological advantages: • they temporarily absorb stormwater and release it again slowly hence preventing floods due to the sewer network overflowing and slow down overloading of the network when new urban settlements are built. • they filter urban pollution and reduce carbon dioxide • they filter polluted stormwater • they cool the air by evapotranspiration of water vapour • they reduce wind speed • they promote the settlement of animal ecosystems • they reduce the transmission of noise inside the building • they reduce the effects of “urban heat islands” • they increase the heat inertia of the roof • they increase the heat resistance of the roof • they protect the waterproof covering and increase its lifetime 198

MSc In Architectural Engineering • they are a tool of new architectural expression

Roof can collect rain water and later using for the purpose of toilets and green area.

Rain Water collection

Façade Transparency became an architectural theme at many levels, allowing an inviting and welcoming building that is accessible and open to public view. At the same time it was important that the building was not merely ‘transparent’, or only expose what is accommodated within, but that it represented and embodied the values of the community. Accessibility, openness, transparency and sustainability were key values as was a general sense of aspiration.

Energy Nowadays, buildings have to meet a number of requirements before being constructed. The requirements that significantly can influence the design and thus the ‘quality’ of ZEBs are (1) energy 199

MSc In Architectural Engineering efficiency requirements and (2) indoor climate requirements and in the case of grid connected ZEBs (3) building–grid interaction requirements.

Overview of possible renewable supply options

200

MSc In Architectural Engineering Photovoltaic Panels

PV Panels Photovoltaic is commonly known as pv solar panels which produce electricity from daylight through a process called photovoltaic streaming. "Photo" refers to light and "voltaic" to electricity. Photons are converted to electrons and streamed into your power supply and any surplus energy produced can be sold. Photons can penetrate clouds allowing the system to generate even on overcast days.

PV Panels Circuit Review

201

MSc In Architectural Engineering Heat Exchanger A ground loop is a heat exchanger that either extracts or adds heat to the ground. The ground itself is not a perfect heat sink/source because the energy added to the ground by the loop can change its temperature over time. The principles of this interaction are common in all loop types and will be discussed here. Geothermal systems come in several different configurations, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. These are discussed below

Horizontal Loop A horizontal loop runs piping parallel and close to the surface. The undisturbed ground temperature often changes seasonally depending upon where the loops are installed. Horizontal loops are easier to install but require significantly more area (approximately 2500 ft²/ton) than other loop types.

Horizontal loop

202

MSc In Architectural Engineering Vertical Loop Vertical loops run perpendicular to the surface and the holes can be several hundred feet deep. At these depths, the undisturbed ground temperature does not change throughout the year. Vertical loops only require approximately 250 to 300 ft²/ton

Vertical Loop

7.7-Modeling of building Energy consumed in-buildings accounts for 40% of the energy used worldwide, and it has become a widely accepted fact that measures and changes in the building modus operandi can yield substantial savings in energy. Moreover buildings nowadays are increasingly expected to meet higher and potentially more complex levels of performance. They should be sustainable, use zero-net energy, be healthy and comfortable, grid-friendly, yet economical to build and maintain. Zero-energy or even positive-energy buildings are becoming a high priority for multi-disciplinary researchers related to building engineering and physics and have been recently discussed by energy policy experts: as on April 23, 2009 the EU Parliament has requested that by 2019 all new buildings to conform to zero-energy and emission standards (European Parliament, 2009). 203


Buildings are complex systems and detailed simulation is needed to take into account the actual climate data, geometries, building physics, HVAC-systems, energy-generation systems, natural ventilation, user behavior (occupancy, internal gains, manual shading), etc. towards a zero or positive energy approach. Moving from regular to high-performance buildings requires a departure from perceived notions on building design and operation and necessitates the inclusion of more sophisticated methods and tools in the design and implementation phases. In current practice, buildings and their energy performance are estimated based on calculations using simplified physical models and taking a largely static view of the building and its operation. This oftentimes leads to significant deviations regarding performance between the design calculations and the actual building operations (Degelman, 1999; Crawley, 2003). Energy efficiency measures (e.g. insulation, low-emissivity windows, active and passive cooling systems, thermal mass, etc.) are extensively studied in the literature and the effects of their usage are relatively well understood. Their use is encouraged by codes, certification and best-practice recommendations and the application of such measures yield tangible benefits in improving energy requirements while maintaining end-user comfort at acceptable levels. Still the complex interplay between the various design parameters precludes empiricism or simplistic models as the parameters neglected in such approaches are important with respect to the application of the efficiency measures. For example, the inclusion of a thermal mass combined with a natural ventilation strategy can yield significant and undisputable energy savings. A misuse though of such a practice, e.g. neglecting to open windows at night during hot summer days can have catastrophic results both with respect to thermal comfort and energy efficiency yielding exactly the opposite compared to the intended results, i.e. increased discomfort and cooling load. It is therefore necessary to be able to a priori ascertain performance characteristics and achieving this requires detailed modeling and simulation tools that yield meaningful representations of the building and all its subsystems, and are capable of predicting with sufficient accuracy energy requirements and system response. 204

MSc In Architectural Engineering A basic modeling assumption used by most building-simulation software is the multi-zonal paradigm: dividing the building into regions (zones), each with a temperature and humidity variable, assumed to be spatially constant. The evolution in time of the zonal parameters is evaluated from the solution of a system of algebraic and ordinary differential equations (essentially the energy conservation equation on each zone is used to compute the temperature variation, and mass conservation is used to determine the humidity variables).

Open and noncommercial modeling languages for the description of physical systems, like Modelica, can also be used for building simulation (Fritzson, 2004; Tiller, 2001; Haase et al., 2006). The open and noncommercial character of the language with capabilities of equationbased, acausal modeling, object-orientation, multiple inheritances and multi-physics modeling, guarantee a transparent simulation standard for the development of such models. A component library for building-simulation purposes containing models for thermal room performance, occupants’ behavior, and weather model has been developed and used for building-simulation purposes (Matthes, 2006; Haase, 2007).

205


The components of Zero Energy or Positive Energy architecture during real-time operation.

Future Infrastructure and networking Sensors, actuators and interfaces are essential components for the successful implementation and real-time operation of NZEBs or PEBs. The evolution of the specific components was quite rapid the last decades leading to the intelligent buildings’ concept derived from artificial intelligence and information technology. So far the intelligent building systems are supported by either building automation technologies such as Profibus (www.Profibus. org) (Yao et al., 1999), BACNETe www.bacnet.org 206

MSc In Architectural Engineering (Rodenhiser, 2008; Bushby, 1997) or home automation protocols like X10e, EIBe, and LonWorks or wireless networks such as ZigBee. The main features of the above protocols are tabulated in Figure.

Protocols used in-building automation.

Wireless media in the building sector have the following benefits compared to previous wiring communication techniques:

_ Ease of installation.

_ Reduction of labor costs.

_ Mobility and portability.

_ Minimum interference with occupants.

207


The monitoring and infrastructure of a Zero Energy or Positive Energy system. To meet future requirements for PEB/NZEB sector, interoperable and low-cost wireless communication systems that will be able to operate to generic PEBs should be developed and deployed. Such systems may be based on a low power solution to wireless robust real-time connection for reaching long distances in a building by using mesh networking. Moreover possible combination of wireless devices (forsensing and actuation through dedicated interfaces), of synchronized (or non-synchronized) coordination of these devices and cabled ones may improve the usability, comfort and eventually effectiveness either in the process monitoring and control procedure or in the user interaction procedure. The other benefit of possible combinations is the flexibility, durability and ease of deployment of wireless sensing and actuation networks allowing for fast installation and transparent operation at lower cost, even for long time if the devices have a very low-power consumption.

208

MSc In Architectural Engineering Cost efficiency Regarding cost efficiency a series of performance indicators are included in the literature for both low energy as well as zeroenergy dwellings (Parker, 2009; Kolokotsa et al., 2009b) including direct costs and initial investment costs, annual ongoing charges, Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Life Cycle Cost, etc. The role of Payback Period (PP) in the cost efficiency. Performance indicator

Description

GCEI

The Generation–Consumption Effectiveness Index (GCEI) is an objective and quantitative indicator to compare the effect different decision strategies have on system performance. To measure system performance a relevant metric is selected like, for example, the Net Expected Benefit, which is a monetary equivalent on the effects of a particular decision strategy. The BO&C system takes decisions with the goal of maximizing the selected metric and, as would be expected, different metrics can yield different decisions. For the computation of the GCEI index the “no-control” case can used as the base, and is effectively the decision-strategies used before the implementation of a decision-system like BO&C. Since the renewable-energy generation pattern is not a priori known, it is hard for a system to take optimal decisions. The optimal 209

MSc In Architectural Engineering decision strategy can be computed a posteriori for the calculation of the GCEI. The GCEI takes values less than one, and for a particular decision strategy a value of 0.8 (80%) indicates that we are getting a performance improvement (as measured in the selected metric) that is 80% of the performance that would be obtained had we taken all the correct decisions

CI1

Thermal comfort objectives that are related to quantities measured directly from the installed sensors. These quantities include temperature, humidity, illuminance and CO2 levels. For all of these quantities, minimum and maximum allowable values should be defined in cooperation with the buildings’ operators and end-users following, e.g. CEN’s standard EN 15251 (CEN, 2006a). This standard specifies how design criteria can be established and used for dimensioning of systems and how to establish and define the main parameters to be used as input for building energy calculation and long term evaluation of the indoor environment. The index CI1 takes the value “Pass” when the respective sensor measurements do not violate any of these minimum and maximum values throughout the overall demonstration period (except for the timeintervals where buildings are notoccupied)

210

MSc In Architectural Engineering CI2

Using user interfaces the end-users can communicate their thermal comfort preferences to the system. The answers should be recorded on a daily basis via electronic questionnaires available on the building’s intranet. The end-users will be asked to rate their subjective feeling of e.g. thermal comfort on a 7-point scale (_3: too cold . . . 0: satisfactory . . . 3: too warm) and if the average value of responses is between _1 and 1, then the index CI2, takes the value “Pass”

PP

BO&C Payback Period: The period required to amortize BO&C implementation and operational costs (for all energy-generation elements, sensors, control devices) from costsavings due to reduced energy consumption Performance indicators NZEB/PEB

7.8- Heat Energy and Cooling Demand Heat Energy and Cooling demand are calculated by using Software Casanova. Casanova calculation is made separately for two different models, Summer & Winter model.

For winter, ventilation system is designed as 0.5 1/h Mechanical and 0.10 1/h as Natural ventilation. Shading is considered as 50% in winter.

211

MSc In Architectural Engineering For summer, ventilation system is designed as 0.5 1/h as Natural ventilation. Shading is considered as 50% in summer. Building data for Winter

Mean U value: Specific transmission losses: Specific ventilation losses: Sum specific losses: Thermal inertia: Maximum heating load: Maximum specific heating load: Maximum cooling load: Maximum specific cooling load: Limit temperature for heating:

0.32 W/(m²K) 3532.8 W/K 7705.6 W/K 11238.4 W/K 84.0 hours 346.0 kW 36.0 W/m² 469.4 kW 48.9 W/m² 17.5°C

Heat energy demand in kWh/m² __________________________________ January 9.3 February 6.4 March 2.6 April 0.5 October 0.4 November 5.7 December 9.4 __________________________________ Yearly sum

34.3

212


Energy Flow Diagram for heating Building data for Summer Mean U value: Specific transmission losses: Specific ventilation losses: Sum specific losses: Thermal inertia: Maximum heating load: Maximum specific heating load: Maximum cooling load:

0.32 W/(m²K) 3532.8 W/K 11008.0 W/K 14540.8 W/K 64.9 hours 456.8 kW 47.6 W/m² 458.8 kW

213

MSc In Architectural Engineering Maximum specific cooling load: Limit temperature for heating:

47.8 W/m² 18.1°C

Cooling demand in kWh/m² _____________________________ April 0.1 May 1.1 June 2.2 July 4.9 August 4.2 September 1.8 October 0.3 _____________________________ Yearly sum

14.6

Cooling balance

Cooling demand and overheating Cooling demand Cooling demand Mean Cooling degree specific absolute overheating hours in kWh/m² in kWh in hours/day in Kh ______________________________________________________________________________ April 0.1 693 0.0 0.0 May 1.1 10674 8.2 452.1 June 2.2 21179 11.4 1010.6 July 4.9 47344 20.1 2949.2 August 4.2 40422 19.6 2687.1 September 1.8 16929 11.8 885.9 October 0.3 3109 1.8 41.5 ______________________________________________________________________________ Yearly sum

14.6

140349

8026.5

214


Energy Flow Diagram for cooling 215

MSc In Architectural Engineering Lighting

Children Area: Avg. DF value: 16.21%

216


New Book Exhibition & news paper: Avg.DF Value. 13.28%

Audio & Video Collection: Avg.DF Value. 10.46%

217


Open Reading Area: Avg.DF Value. 18.70%

Shading Analysis

218


219


References A roadmap towards intelligent net zero- and positive-energy buildings by D. Kolokotsa, D. Rovas ,E. Kosmatopoulos and K. Kalaitzakis Zero Energy Building – A review of definitions and calculation methodologies A.J. Marszala, P. Heiselberg, J.S. Bourrelle , E. Musallc, K. Voss, I. Sartori and A. Napolitano.

Mediterranean and National Strategies for Sustainable Development Priority Field of Action 2: Energy and Climate Change Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Italy - National study. Architettura della biblioteca. Linee guida di programmazione e progettazione by Muscogiuri Marco 2004, 477 p., ill., brossura, 2 ed.

Masera, Gabriele. Lecture series – Thermal comfort. Politecnico di Milano, 2010. Masera, Gabriele. Lecture series – Visual comfort. Politecnico di Milano, 2010. Mazzarella, Livio. Lecture series – Psychrometrics. Politecnico di Milano, 2010. Palazzo, Danilo. Urban Design, un processo per la progettazione urbana. 2008. Rapisarda, Giuseppe. Building Services System Design Lecture series. Politecnico di Milano, 2011.

220

MSc In Architectural Engineering Web Search:

http://www.imaa.cnr.it/ http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/sig/eufores/sig.asp http://dgerm.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/dgerm/ben/ben_2007.pdf http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm http://haitipassivecooling.tumblr.com/

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MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURAL

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURAL

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