Maternal and Child health - Semantic Scholar

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION



© Jones & Bartlett Learning NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB


Maternal and Child Health








Edited by & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones Jonathan B.FOR Kotch NOT SALE OR DISTRIBUTION







© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

11590_CH00_FM_i_xx.indd 1

4/5/12 6:17 PM



World Headquarters Jones & Bartlett Learning 5 Wall Street © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Burlington, MA 01803 978-443-5000NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION [email protected] www.jblearning.com


Jones & Bartlett Learning books and products are available through most bookstores and online booksellers. To contact Jones & Bartlett Learning directly, call 800-832-0034, fax 978-443-8000, or visit our website, www. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, jblearning.com.

© LLC NOT Substantial FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION discounts on bulk quantities of Jones & Bartlett Learning publications are available to corporations, professional associations, and other qualified organizations. For details and specific discount information, contact the special sales department at Jones & Bartlett Learning via the above contact information or send an email to [email protected]. Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company

Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC All rights reserved. No part of the material protected byNOT this copyright be reproduced or utilized in any form, OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION FOR may SALE OR DISTRIBUTION electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Maternal and Child Health is an independent publication and has not been authorized, sponsored, or otherwise approved by the owners of the trademarks or service marks referenced in this product.

Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ©participate Jones in&theBartlett Learning Some images© in this book feature models. These models do not necessarily endorse, represent, or activities represented in the images. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the Subject Matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional service. If legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the service of a competent professional person should be sought.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Production Credits Michael OR BrownDISTRIBUTION NOT Publisher: FOR SALE


Editorial Assistant: Teresa Reilly Editorial Assistant: Chloe Falivene Production Manager: Tracey McCrea Senior Marketing Manager: Sophie Fleck Teague Manufacturing and Inventory Control Supervisor: Amy Bacus Composition: Cenveo Publisher Services Jones & BartlettCover Learning, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Design: ScottLLC Moden Cover Image: © OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Printing and Binding: Edwards Brothers Malloy

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Maternal and child health / [edited by] Jonathan B. Kotch.—3rd ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning ISBN 978-1-4496-1159-0 (pbk.) I. Kotch, Jonathan. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION [DNLM: 1. Child Health Services—United States. 2. Maternal Health Services—United States. 3. Child Welfare— United States. 4. Maternal Welfare—United States. WA 310 AA1] 362.198’92000973—dc23 6048

2011039513

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC the United States of America NOT Printed FOR inSALE OR DISTRIBUTION 16 15 14 13 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1






4/5/12 6:17 PM







Dedicated in honor of Dr. C. Arden Miller, Chair, Dean, Vice Chancellor, whose exemplary vision, enduring leadership and unwavering advocacy has© improved the health and welfare Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC of generations of families,NOT parents, women, and OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION FOR SALE OR children DISTRIBUTION communities in the United States through sound policies and programs. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION














4/5/12 6:17 PM























4/5/12 6:17 PM






Contents


Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Foreword.................................................................................................................................vii OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ix Introduction............................................................................................................................ Contributors...........................................................................................................................xiii Author Bio..............................................................................................................................xix

Section I Foundations of Maternal and Child Health.................................................... 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning Chapter 1 Children’s Rights and Distributive Justice in Maternal and Child Health............... 3 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Lewis Margolis and Jonathan Kotch Chapter 2 Tracing the Historical Foundations of Maternal and Child Health to Contemporary Times................................................................................................................. 11 Lewis Margolis and Jonathan Kotch Chapter 3 Families and Health........................................................................................... 35 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Joseph Telfair and Sheryl L. Coley NOT Chapter FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4 A Life Course Perspective on Maternal and Child Health. ................................... 65 Liana J. Richardson, Jon M. Hussey, and Kelly L. Strutz

Section II Determinants of Health and Health Services: The Developmental Cycle.......87 Chapter 5 Family Planning................................................................................................. 89 Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Amy Tsui, Linda Piccinino, and © C. Arden Miller OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 105 Chapter 6 Mothers and Infants......................................................................................... Anjel Vahratian, Margaret Hicken, Renee Schwalberg, and Milton Kotelchuck Chapter 7 The Child from One to Four: The Toddler and Preschool Years........................ 137 J. Kerr, D. Steffen, J.B. Kotch Chapter 8 The School-Age Child....................................................................................... 169 © Jonathan Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning B. Kotch and Paula Hudson Collins NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE ORHealth DISTRIBUTION Chapter 9 Improving Adolescent in the 21st Century............................................ 193 Sara Buckelew and David Knopf Section III Cross-Cutting Issues................................................................................... 231 Chapter 10 Disparities in Maternal and Child Health in the United States.......................... 233 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Diane L. Rowley, Theresa Chapple-McGruder, Dara D. Mendez, NOT FOR SALEand OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Dorothy Browne


v © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION



4/5/12 6:17 PM

Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION vi contents


Chapter 11 Women’s Health: A Life Cycle.......................................................................... 255 Anjel Vahratian, B. Cecilia Zapata, and Siobán D. Harlow © Children Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones &285 Bartlett Learning Chapter 12 with Special Health Care Needs......................................................... NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Anita M. Farel Chapter 13 Women, Children, and Environmental Health................................................. 301 Jack K. Leiss Chapter 14 Issues in Maternal and Child Nutrition............................................................. 325 Barbara Laraia, Bethany Hendrickson, and Sara Benjamin Neelon © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Chapter 15 Children’s Oral Health..................................................................................... 357 NOT FOR SALE OR Y. DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Jessica Lee and William F. Vann, Jr. Chapter 16 Global Maternal and Child Health..................................................................... 371 Kavita Singh, Sian Curtis, and Shelah Bloom Section IV Maternal and Child Health Skills................................................................393

Jones & BartlettChapter Learning, LLC Issues in Maternal and © Child Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 395 17 Research Health. ................................................. OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Martha S. Wingate, Karen Williams, Joseph Telfair, and Russell S. Kirby

Chapter 18 Assessment and Program Planning in Maternal and Child Health.................... 429 Mary D. Peoples-Sheps, Pam Dickens, Diane M Calleson, and David Janicke Chapter 19 Monitoring and Evaluation for Global Maternal and Child Health Programs..... 455 Ilene S. Speizer, Laili Irani, Joseph Telfair, and Ghazaleh Samandari © Advocacy Jones &and Bartlett Learning, in LLC © Jones &477 Bartlett Learning Chapter 20 Policy Development Maternal and Child Health.................... NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Donna J. Petersen, Catherine A. Hess, and Lewis Margolis Index.................................................................................................................................... 493













4/5/12 6:17 PM





Foreword

© Jones & Bartlett Learning NOTMD, FOR SALE OR DISTRIB Herbert Peterson, FACOG


With the 100th anniversary of the Children’s Bureau in 2012 and the approaching target date of

Jones & Bartlett2015 Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCin global for achieving the Millennium Development Goals, we celebrate the achievements OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION FOR SALE MCH to date and renew our commitments to NOT the challenges ahead. OR WhileDISTRIBUTION the approximately 30%

decrease in maternal mortality since 1990 is greatly encouraging, the associated annual rate of decline of 2.3% is less than half of that needed to achieve MDG 5, and approximately 1000 women still die each day from complications of pregnancy and childbirth—with 99% of these deaths in developing countries (WHO, 2010). Likewise, we’ve seen a one-third decrease in under-5 child morJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC in only five countries©(You Jones & Bartlett Learning tality since © 1990 with about half of deaths in 2009 occurring et al., 2010), NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB SALEareOR DISTRIBUTION yet 63% ofNOT these FOR child deaths preventable (Jones et al., 2003). The proportion of child deaths that are in the neonatal period has increased to 41%, and a 2011 report on trends in neonatal mortality highlights the challenges remaining in the United States, which now ranks behind 40 countries including Cuba, Malaysia and Poland (Oestergaard et al., 2011). Since the second edition of this book was published, we’ve seen remarkable and encouraging © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC & Bartlett LLC new forces and dynamics around family planning. Globally,© theJones Reproductive HealthLearning, Supplies NOT Coalition FOR SALE OR aDISTRIBUTION NOT OR launched campaign in 2010 to reduce unmet need for FOR familySALE planning in DISTRIBUTION support of the United Nations Secretary-General’s Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health. The Campaign’s goal is to have 100 million new users of modern contraception by 2015 and, thereby, meet the needs of 80% of women in low-middle income countries. Domestically, we have reason to hope for greater availability and access to contraceptives as well through the Jones & BartlettDepartment Learning, LLC and Human Services’©decision Jonesin & Bartlett Learning, LLC of Health 2011 to make contraceptives available as a preventive health service at no additional cost through the Affordable Care Act. OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION This third edition of our book thus comes at an important time for both global and domestic MCH as we strive to train the MCH leaders of tomorrow. We have appreciated the success of the first two editions of this text in contributing to this effort and are pleased to present the third. It reflects the way we teach MCH at UNC-Chapel Hill and brings together the stages of © MCH, Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones Bartlett Learning the cycle of including reproductive health, maternal and infant health, and child&and adolescentNOT health,FOR through a state, national, and global lens. In this edition we have provided NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB SALE OR DISTRIBUTION updates and enhancements to chapters from the second edition and have highlighted the life course perspective on MCH. We hope the new edition will be helpful as we move forward together in preparing to seize the opportunities and address the challenges ahead.




© vii Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION



4/5/12 6:17 PM

Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION viii Foreword


References

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

© Jones & Bartlett Learning

Jones, G., Steketee, S. W., Black, R. E., Zulfiqar, Z. A., Morris, S. S., et al. (2003). How many child deaths can NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FORLancet, SALE DISTRIBUTION we prevent this year? 362, OR 65–71. Oestergaard, M. Z., Inoue, M., Yoshida, S., Mahanani, W. R., Gore, F. M., Cousens, S., et al. (2011). Neonatal mortality levels for 193 countries in 2009 with trends since 1990: A systematic analysis of progress, projections, and priorities. PLOS Medicine, 8(8), e1001080. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001080. World Health Organization. Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2008. Estimates developed by WHO, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC UNICEF, UNFPA and the WorldLLC Bank. 2010. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/ 2010/9789241500265_eng.pdf. Retrieved September 1, 2011. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION You, D., Jones, G., Hill, K., Wardlaw, T., Chopra, M. (2010). Levels and trends in child mortality, 1990-2009. Lancet, 376, 931–933.

















4/5/12 6:17 PM





© Jones & Bartlett Learning NOT FOR SALE i OR DISTRIB

Introduction


Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Women, children and families have had their ups and downs in the six years since the 2nd OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE DISTRIBUTION edition of this textbook was published. Infant mortality and lowOR birthweight have improved

slightly, whereas racial and ethnic disparities have not.1 Teen pregnancy went down, but so did children’s participation in physical education classes.2 Although children in poverty has increased, health insurance coverage among children has not decreased, thanks to public health insurance programs such as Medicaid and the Child Health Insurance Program.3 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning Internationally, although under-five deaths continue to decline, that decline is slowest in the FORchild SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION countries with the highest child mortality rates.4 In the developed world, NOT the biggest health problem is obesity. During the course of writing and editing the second edition, I had the pleasure of discussing and corresponding with the late Dr. Greg Alexander, Chair of the Department of Maternal and Child Health of the School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham at the time. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC We had each discovered on our own that there was no definition of MCH in the first edition of NOT Maternal FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION SALE OR gracious DISTRIBUTION and Child Health: Programs, Problems and Policies inNOT PublicFOR Health. Greg was enough to share his definition:

MCH is the professional and academic field that focuses on the determinants, mechanisms and systems that promote and maintain the health, safety, well-being and appropriate develJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC and their families in communities © Jones and & Bartlett LLC the opment of children societies, Learning, in order to enhance OT FOR SALE ORfuture DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION health and welfare of society and subsequent generations.5

The above definition I would characterize as linear, that is, it starts with “determinants, mechanisms and systems”, and ends with the “future health and welfare of society”, a goal no one can argue with. I prefer a more circular approach, captured in Figure 1, a contribution © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning of the late Earl Siegel and affectionately known to his students as “Siegel’s Circles.” One can SALE OR DISTRIB NOT SALE OR DISTRIBUTION hop on board thisFOR life cycle-go-round at any point, and find common groundNOT with FOR colleagues in women’s health, perinatal health, reproductive health, and children’s health. The means to achieving optimal health and well-being for all children and women of reproductive age are just as important as the ends.



i

The author would like to thank Dr. Helen M. Wallace for her review of this Introduction.


© ix Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION



4/5/12 6:17 PM


Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Introduction x


FP

O



Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Figure I.1 OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION



Maternal and Child Health (MCH) is a profession rather than a discipline. It is a big tent, characterized by a multidisciplinary cast of characters who share a commitment to a vulnerable population. While a source of strength, the focus on a specific population rather than © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning a theory or methodology can be a weakness in an academic setting, placing MCH training NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION programs on the defensive. Are MCH programs training public health practitioners or future faculty and MCH researchers? The answer, of course, is that we need to train all of the above, academics, researchers, and MCH practitioners, in order to improve the health status of women, children, and families. In doing so MCH borrows from many health and social science disciplines, but increasingly MCH © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC is developing a set of knowledge and skills of its own, including life course theory as a unifyNOT ing FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION FOR SALE DISTRIBUTION paradigm. (See Chapter 4.) It was as recently as 1993, NOT for example, that theOR Association of Schools of Public Health (ASPH) and the Association of Teachers of Maternal and Child Health (ATMCH) (1993) first developed the competencies that MCH training programs across the country are striving to implement.6 These have been revised in February, 2001.7 This book is an attempt to present, in a consolidated form, the way one such MCH training Jones & Bartlettprogram, Learning, LLC Jones & of Bartlett LLC the Department of Maternal and © Child Health the UNCLearning, Gillings School of Global OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTMaster’s FOR SALE OR Public Health, approaches the task of educating students in DISTRIBUTION the core material necessary for entering the field of MCH. With a few important exceptions, all of the contributors to this edited volume are faculty (current or former), students, or alumni of The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH). The chapters by and large correspond with courses that students at UNC-CH must take to satisfy the requirements of the Master of Public Health © Jones Bartlett Learning, LLC in MCH. As such, the scope © Jones Bartlett Learning degree or the Master of&Science in Public Health degree of this&book NOTRather, FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOTtoFOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION is not intended be comprehensive, nor is any individual topic pursued in depth. this book is an introduction to MCH for students, hopefully with some prior health training or experience, approaching formal training in MCH for the first time. The structure of the book is straightforward. The first two chapters, which cover children’s rights and MCH history, provide the ethical and philosophical underpinnings without which © Jones Bartlett Learning,exercise LLC at best. The chapter©onJones Bartlett Learning, LLC MCH& would be a mechanical families&provides background NOT to FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR OR DISTRIBUTION the changing social context affecting the health and development of allSALE children. The fourth chapter on the life course perspective is a new look at how life course theory informs the study and the practice of MCH. The next five chapters follow the developmental cycle, beginning





4/5/12 6:17 PM


© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Introduction xi

with family planning and proceeding through maternal and infant health, preschool, schoolage and adolescent health. In these chapters, to the extent possible, the authors have followed © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning a similar, but not identical, outline, from demography to history to epidemiology, to programs, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION policy, andNOT current or future issues. The next seven chapters deal with issues which cross-cut the developmental stages of the previous five chapters and are more idiosyncratic in structure as befits the various topics – health disparities, women’s health, children with special needs, children’s environmental health (new), nutrition, oral health (new), and global MCH. Finally, the last four chapters pres© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ent public health skills no MCH professional should leave home without, namely, MCH reNOT search, FOR SALE ORmonitoring DISTRIBUTION NOT focus), FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION planning, and evaluation (new, with a global and MCH advocacy. While necessarily succinct, these chapters should inspire readers to seek hands-on experience to complement the didactic presentations herein. As with any edited text, there are bound to be a variety of styles, but the faculty of the UNC-CH Department of MCH and the other contributors have provided material of uniformly Jones & Bartletthigh Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC quality, making my job as editor that much easier. It is a credit to the Department, both OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOThave FOR SALE OR to those currently in residence and to those who since moved on,DISTRIBUTION that such a book can be produced almost entirely from within. Because the focus of the book is on how MCH is taught at UNC-CH (with additional contributions from colleagues at other institutions), there are many important areas which, in another format, would deserve chapters, indeed whole books, of their own. Injuries, HIV/AIDS, immu© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning nizations, mental health, and other key public health issues overlap with core MCH areas and NOTofFOR OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION are discussed, to a greater or lesser extent, within one or more chapters. Yet none these SALE topics is unique to MCH. To do them justice, one would have to call upon the skills of disciplines such as health behavior, epidemiology, health policy and management, etc. In fact, this is exactly how courses in these areas are offered at UNC, sometimes with, and sometimes without, MCH faculty participation. There are only so many of us to go around. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC At the end of the day, we hope we have produced a readable introduction to MCH problems, NOT programs FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION and policies for the beginning graduate student. IfNOT someFOR of ourSALE readersOR go on to careers which promote and protect the health of women and children, then this effort will have been a success. Jonathan B. Kotch

Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC References OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION


1. Forum on Child and Family Statistics. (2011). America’s Children. Key National Indicators of Well-being, 2011. Accessed Oct. 18, 2011, from http://www.childstats.gov/index.asp. 2. US Department of Health and Human Services/Health Resources and Services Administration/Maternal and Child© Health Bureau. (2010). ChildLearning, Health USA 2010. Jones & Bartlett LLCRockville, MD:Author © Jones & Bartlett Learning 3. Forum, op. cit. NOT SALE OR DISTRIB FOR SALE ORChildren, DISTRIBUTION 4. UNICEF. NOT The State of the World’s 2008. Executive Summary. Accessed Oct.FOR 18, 2011, from http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/SOWC_2008_Exec_Summary_EN_042908.pdf. 5. Alexander GR. (2002). Maternal and Child Health (MCH). In, Encyclopedia of Health Care Management. M.J. Stahl (Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. 6. Association of Teachers of Maternal and Child Health/Association of Schools of Public Health-MCH © Jones & Bartlett Learning, Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Council (1993). Competencies for LLC Education in Maternal and Child © Health. Arlington, VA: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, November. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 7. Association of Teachers of Maternal and Child Health. February, 2001. Maternal and Child Health Competencies. [available] http://www.atmch.org/mchcomps.PDF [cited] October 18, 2011.





4/5/12 6:17 PM























4/5/12 6:17 PM






Contributors


Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Diane Calleson, PhD Sara E. Benjamin Neelon, PhD, MPH, RD OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Clinical Associate Professor Assistant Professor

Public Health Leadership Program Department of Community and Gillings School of Global Public Health Family Medicine The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Duke University Medical Center and Chapel Hill, North Carolina Duke Global Health Institute © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning Duke University NOTMPH, FORPhD SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Theresa D. Chapple-McGruder, Durham, North Carolina Director Office of Maternal and Child Health Shelah S. Bloom, MA, SM, ScD Epidemiology Research Assistant Professor Georgia Department of Public Health Department of Maternal and Child Health © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Atlanta, Georgia Gillings School of Global Public Health NOT The FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Sheryl L. Coley, MPH Chapel Hill, North Carolina Doctoral Candidate Department of Public Health Education Dorothy C. Browne, DrPH, MSW, MPH Center for Social, Community and Health Dean and Professor Jones & BartlettThe Learning, LLC School of Social Work© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Research and Evaluation Ethelyn R. Strong OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTThe FOR SALEofOR DISTRIBUTION University North Carolina at Greensboro Norfolk State University Greensboro, North Carolina Norfolk, Virginia

Paula Hudson Collins, MHDL, RHEd Sara Buckelew, MD, MPH Chief Health and Community Relations Officer Assistant Clinical Professor of Pediatrics © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning North Carolina Department of Public Instruction Department of Pediatrics NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Raleigh, North Carolina University NOT of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California Sian Curtis, MSc, PhD Research Associate Professor Department of Maternal and Child Health © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Gillings School of Global Public Health NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORCarolina SALE at OR DISTRIBUTION The University of North Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina


©xiii Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION



4/5/12 6:17 PM

Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION contributors xiv


Pamela A. Dickens, MPH Laili Irani, MD, MPH Women’s Health Coordinator Doctoral Candidate Jones & Institute Bartlett Learning, LLC Jones & Bartlett Learning FPG Child © Development Department of Maternal and©Child Health NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT SALE at OR DISTRIBUTION The University of FOR North Carolina Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health Chapel Hill, North Carolina The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina Anita M. Farel, MSW, DrPH Clinical Professor David Janicke, PhD © Jones & Bartlett LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Associate Chair forLearning, Graduate Studies Associate Professor NOT Department FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION FORand SALE DISTRIBUTION of Maternal and Child Health DepartmentNOT of Clinical HealthOR Psychology Gillings School of Global Public Health College of Public Health and Health Professions The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University of Florida Chapel Hill, North Carolina Gainesville, Florida

Jones & BartlettSiobán Learning, LLCPhD D. Harlow, OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Professor Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Jill Kerr, DNP, MPH, NCSN NOTFamily FOR Nurse SALEPractitioner OR DISTRIBUTION Pre-K/Head Start Program Chapel Hill Carrboro City Schools Chapel Hill, North Carolina

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Jones & Bartlett Learning Russell S. Kirby, PhD, MS, © FACE NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Bethany Hendrickson, MPH Professor and Marrell Endowed Chair Study Coordinator The Center for Health and Community The Center for Obesity Assessment, Study and Treatment (COAST) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC University of California, San Francisco NOT San FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Francisco, California Catherine A. Hess, MSW Managing Director National Academy for State Health Policy BartlettWashington, Learning,DCLLC

Jones & OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Department of Community and Family Health College of Public Health University of South Florida Tampa, Florida

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION David Knopf, LCSW, MPH Assistant Clinical Professor of Pediatrics Research and Policy Center on Middle Childhood and Adolescence Department of Pediatrics © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC University of California, San Francisco NOTSan FOR SALE California OR DISTRIBUTION Francisco,

Margaret Hicken, PhD, MPH Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health & Jonathan B. Kotch, MD, MPH, FAAP Society Scholar Carol Remmer Angle Distinguished Professor Department of Epidemiology of Children’s Environmental Health © Jones Jones & Bartlett Learning School of Public Health& Bartlett Learning, LLC Department of Maternal and©Child Health NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION University NOT of Michigan Gillings School of Global Public Health Ann Arbor, Michigan The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina Jon M. Hussey, PhD, MPH Research Assistant Professor © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Department of Maternal and Child Health NOT Gillings FOR SALE DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION School OR of Global Public Health The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina





4/5/12 6:17 PM


© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Contributors xv

Milton Kotelchuck, PhD, MPH Dara D. Mendez, PhD, MPH Senior Scientist in Maternal and Child Health Postdoctoral Scholar © for Jones Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning MGH Center Child & andBartlett Adolescent Departments of Psychiatry and Epidemiology NOT School FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Health Policy School of Medicine and Graduate of MassGeneral Hospital for Children, and Public Health Visiting Professor of Pediatrics University of Pittsburgh Harvard Medical School Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Boston, Massachusetts © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones C. Arden Miller, MD & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT Barbara FOR SALE ORPhD, DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION A. Laraia, MPH, RD Professor Emeritus Associate Professor Department of Maternal and Child Health Department of Medicine, and Co-Director, Gillings School of Global Public Health The Center for Obesity Assessment, Study The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Treatment (COAST) Chapel Hill, North Carolina Jones & BartlettUniversity Learning, LLC San Francisco © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC of California, OT FOR SALE OR NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION SanDISTRIBUTION Francisco, California Mary D. Peoples-Sheps, MS, DrPH Jessica Y. Lee, DDS, MPH, PhD Associate Professor Associate Professor Senior Associate Dean for Public Health Department of Pediatric Dentistry College of Public Health and Health © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning School of Dentistry Professions NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University of Florida Chapel Hill, North Carolina Gainesville, Florida

Jack K. Leiss, PhD Donna J. Petersen, MHS, ScD Adjunct Associate Professor Professor and Dean © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Department of Maternal and Child Health College of Public Health NOT Gillings FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION School of Global Public Health University of South Florida The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Tampa, Florida Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and Director, Epidemiology Research Program Herbert B Peterson, MD, FACOG Cedar Grove Institute for Sustainable Kenan Distinguished Professor and Chair, Jones & Bartlett Learning, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC CommunitiesLLC Department of Maternal and Child Health, OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTGillings FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Mebane, North Carolina School of Global Public Health, and Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Lewis Margolis, MD, MPH Gynecology, Associate Professor School of Medicine Department of Maternal and Child Health The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill © Jones & Public Bartlett Learning, LLC Gillings School of Global Health Chapel Hill, North Carolina © Jones & Bartlett Learning NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FORCarolina SALE at OR DISTRIBUTION The University of North Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina Linda Piccinino, MPS (ID) Senior Researcher Public Health Research © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Social & Scientific Systems, Inc. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Silver Spring, Maryland





4/5/12 6:17 PM

Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION xvi contributors


Liana Janine Richardson, PhD, MPH Kelly L. Strutz, MPH Postdoctoral Scholar Doctoral Candidate © of Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Jones & Bartlett Learning Department Sociology and Carolina Department of Maternal and©Child Health NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Population Center Gillings School of Global Public Health The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina Diane L. Rowley, MD, MPH

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Professor of the Practice NOT Department FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of Maternal and Child Health Gillings School of Global Public Health The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Jones & BartlettGhazaleh Learning, LLC PhD Samandari, OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Adjunct Assistant Professor

Joseph Telfair, DrPH, MSW, MPH Professor © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORand SALE OR and DISTRIBUTION Public Health Research Practice, Director, Center for Social, Community and Health Research and Evaluation The University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro, North Carolina

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTAmy FORO.SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Tsui, PhD

Public Health Leadership Program Gillings School of Global Public Health The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Professor Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, and Director, Bill and Melinda Gates Institute for © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones Population and Reproductive Health & Bartlett Learning NOT NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Renee Schwalberg, MPH Bloomberg School of Public HealthFOR SALE OR DISTRIB Co-Director, Center for Women, Children, The Johns Hopkins University and Adolescents Baltimore, Maryland Altarum Institute Portland, ME Anjel Vahratian, PhD, MPH © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Assistant Professor NOT Kavita FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Singh, PhD, MPH Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research Assistant Professor University of Michigan Medical School, and Department of Maternal and Child Health Department of Women’s Studies Gillings School of Global Public Health College of Literature, Science and the Arts The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University of Michigan BartlettChapel Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Hill, North Carolina Ann Arbor, Michigan

Jones & OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Ilene S. Speizer, PhD William F. Vann, Jr., DMD, PhD Research Associate Professor Research Professor Department of Maternal and Child Health Department of Pediatric Dentistry Gillings School of Global Public Health School of Dentistry © Jones Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones &Hill Bartlett Learning The University of North&Carolina at Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina at Chapel SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapel Hill,NOT NorthFOR Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB David Steffen, DrPH, MSN Clinical Assistant Professor, and Director, Leadership Concentration © Jones Bartlett Learning, LLC Public&Health Leadership Program NOT Gillings FOR SALE DISTRIBUTION School OR of Global Public Health The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina






4/5/12 6:17 PM


© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Contributors xvii

B. Cecilia Zapata, MPH, DrPH Karen Williams, BA Professor and Director MPH Candidate © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning Office of Equity and Inclusion Department of Health Care Organization NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION State University of New York and Policy Maternal and Child Health Concentration SUNY Oneonta Oneonta, New York School of Public Health The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT Martha FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION S. Wingate, MPH, DrPH


Associate Professor Maternal and Child Health Program Director Department of Health Care Organization and Policy Jones & BartlettThe Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC University of Alabama at Birmingham OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Birmingham, Alabama















4/5/12 6:17 PM























4/5/12 6:17 PM






Author Bio


Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Jonathan B. Kotch, Carol Remmer Angle Distinguished Professor of Children’s Environmental OT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION FOR SALE OR Gillings DISTRIBUTION Health in the Department of Maternal and NOT Child Health of the UNC School of Global

Public Health, is a public health pediatrician who is Board Certified in both Pediatrics and Preventive Medicine. He attended Columbia University, Stanford University, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and King’s College. Cambridge. He has been recognized as a national leader in Maternal and Child Health by the American Public Health Association, which © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning awarded him the Martha May Eliot Award in 2008, and by the Association of Maternal and NOTHis FOR SALE OR DISTRIB NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Child Health Programs, which named him its John MacQueen lecturer in 2007. campuswide affiliations include the Injury Prevention Research Center and the FPG Child Development Institute. Through these affiliations Dr. Kotch has pursued innovative research projects including a longitudinal study, now in its 21th year, of children at risk of child maltreatment, and studies of health, safety, nutrition, and social and emotional health among children in out of © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC home child care. He has published over 80 scientific articles and edited the first two editions NOT of FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION this textbook.








©xix Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION



4/5/12 6:17 PM























4/5/12 6:17 PM