have been addressed, despite calls to do so over the last 20 years. In this article, we examined the importance of self-determination for all people and reported ...
evidence regarding the self-determination of Americans with mental retardation. There is a ... one's life and to make choices regarding one's quality of life free ...
Mental Illness in Persons with Mental Retardation. By Steven Reiss, Ph.D.,
Director, Nisonger Center UAP, Ohio State University; with comments from
Benjamin.
malformation: confirmationof a syndrome .... bowed on the left side (serpentine fibula) (fig 3). This child .... polycystic kidney syndrome and Melnick-Needles syn-.
X-linked gene defects have long been considered to be important ..... Transcription factor with possible role in the maintenance of specific neuronal. 16,92,127.
Department of Mental Retardation. Annual Plan for Family Support. State Fiscal
Year 2009 (July 2008-June 2009). A. Background. The Department of Mental ...
MENTAL RETARDATION. I. DEFINITION. "Mental retardation" means significantly
subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits ...
disease accumulate heparan sulfate (HS) due to specific enzy- matic defects, we ... MPS IV (Morquio disease) and VI (Maroteaux-Lamy disease) and absent or ...
innate potential for growth, development, or accomplishmentâ (American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 2000). For a more empirically derived ...
Who are the nation's mentally retarded citizens? Where do they live and what do
they do? How many American families are affected by mental retardation?
slice. Increased spine density in culture. Khelfaoui et al. 2007. NLGN3. Xq13 ... Reduced. PSD length. (CA1). Unchanged dendritic arborization. (Cx). Moretti et.
From the UCLA Graduate School of Education and. Information ... for the child's cause of mental retardation is ..... syndromes, early childhood interventionists.
be wary of strangers. Each recommendation arises directly from etiology-related .... Just as train- ing in sign and in reading capitalize on vi- sual strengths, both ...
hypogonadism, and -genitalism, microcephaly and obesity. Life expectancy of patients is less than two years. Based on the major clinical symptoms this.
In the field of special education, the first training centre was started in 1953 at.
Bombay by ... programmes in special education in the year 1971. By the ... The
diploma course consists of 4 core papers and additional papers pertaining to
specif
These regulations shall be called Regulations for B.Ed. Special Education (
Mental ... Programme conducted by the University with effect from 2012
admission. 2. ...... 3.1 Formal and informal education: different forms, role of family
, peer group,.
Mental retardation, or intellectual disability, refers to persistently poor memory,
weak cognitive, comprehension and problem-solving skills during childhood; and
.
Jun 9, 2015 - the presence of a recessive genocopy [8]. 2. Case report. We report a 4-year-old girl with the main manifestations of. Opitz C syndrome: mild ...
May 15, 2009 - retardation are very considerable for this life-long condition ... disability pension for life. .... many beggars in the streets, a large rural population.
In 1994 and 1995, the National Health Interview Survey included a Disability ... of the United States to be 7.8 people per thousand (.78%); of developmental.
Findings from a physical examination including tes- ticular measurement (comparative palpation) using testicular models of known volume (orchidometer ) e.
mental retardation is still primarily based on intelligence tests. There is a need to ... â¢Paper presented at the 17th Annual Conference of the Indian Association of Clinical Psychologist, 1988, held at ... questions and answer relevantly. She was
Jan 22, 2013 - Medical Director, Mental Retardation Services ...... Intangible assets - software in development ...... C
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Mental retardation (MR) is a developmental problem manifested during a child's
years of development (i.e. 0-18 years old). It is a condition whereby a child's ...
Developmental Disorders Series
Mental Retardation I.
What is Mental Retardation? Mental retardation (MR) is a developmental problem manifested during a child’s years of development (i.e. 0-18 years old). It is a condition whereby a child’s intelligence and adaptability are significantly below the average level of his peers.
II.
What causes Mental Retardation? Genetic factors ● Hereditary factors or chromosomal abnormalities Pregnancy and birth factors ● e.g. misuse of drugs or excessive alcohol intake during pregnancy, complication of birth, prematurity Infancy and childhood ● Infections and brain injuries, e.g. meningitis, brain trauma, etc. Unknown factors ● The cause in most cases is unknown
III.
How does Mental Retardation affect the child? Developmental aspects affected by MR: ● Attention ● Memory ● Language ability ● Gross and fine motor coordination ● Learning and problem-solving abilities ● Social and self-care skills ● Ability to control emotion and behaviour As the child’s abilities in the above aspects are significantly lower than children of comparable age, his/her adaptability in daily life would be affected. ● ● ● ● ● ●
IV.
Ability to communicate Self-care Housework Social skills Working and learning Community life
How is Mental Retardation diagnosed? The diagnosis of MR should be made through professional assessment by psychologists or paediatricians.
Mental Retardation
1
V.
What are the different grades of Mental Retardation? According to the prevailing international classification system, MR can be classified into the following grades according to its severity: Mild
● Persons with “mild” to “moderate” MR face relatively fewer obstacles during
their development. They can acquire general daily living and self-care skills with proper training and assistance.
Moderate ● Persons with “severe” to “profound” MR require intensive training and
Severe Profound VI.
support in various aspects to cope with basic needs in daily life A “three-tier system” is normally used in Hong Kong for operational classification, i.e. MR is classified into “mild”, “moderate” and “severe” (including severe and profound) grades for the provision of special educational and training services.
What are the general achievements of persons with Mental Retardation? Pre-school phase (0-5 years old)
Mild MR
● Overall development is
slower than peers. Developmental problems may not be easily identified until the child starts primary school.
Moderate MR
● Overall development is
obviously slower than peers ● Can acquire basic
communication skills and simple self-care abilities Severe / Profound MR
● Significant discrepancy
in overall development when compared with peers ● Some children may also
have physical disabilities
School age phase (6-15 years old) ● Can master basic
learning skills (e.g. writing, reading and numeracy skills)
Adolescence and adulthood (16 years old or above) ● Can integrate into community with assistance ● With assistance, can
● Can acquire proper
pre-vocational skills
● Can learn some
practical skills for daily living
be employed in simple work, and lead a social life in community ● Can learn to perform
simple tasks in specially designed working environment
● Can live independently
to a certain extent in familiar environment and with proper support ● Delayed development
in motor abilities ● Can learn limited
communication skills and simple self-care tasks
● Possess simple
communication skills ● Can master limited
basic self-care skills with special support
● Limited communication
abilities and response to the environment Mental Retardation
2
VII. How can parents help their child with Mental Retardation? ● ●
Arrange early assessment for the child so as to understand and accept his/her developmental problems Involve in the child’s training so as to master the training methods and communicate with the instructors
●
Join parent self-help groups and make good use of community resources
●
Share feelings with others to relieve negative emotion and stress
VIII. Where can parents seek help if their child is suspected to have Mental Retardation? During school age: Preliminary Screening Maternal and Child Health Centres / Paediatric departments of hospitals / Private practitioners Further Assessment Child Assessment Centres
Education Bureau
Education, Treatment, Training and Follow-up Medical service ● Occupational therapy ● Physiotherapy ● Speech therapy
Education Bureau ● Special schools ● Services for children in mainstream schools: Ë Support services in schools Ë Outreach support of Special Education Services
During adolescence and adulthood: Employment services for persons with relatively mild retardation ● Occupational performance assessment and training of the Vocational Training Council ● Selective Placement Division of the Labour Department ● Employment service of the Hong Kong Council of Social Service ● Sheltered workshops of the Social Welfare Department or voluntary organisations Training services for persons with relatively severe retardation: ● Day activity centres of the Social Welfare Department or voluntary organisations
Mental Retardation
3
Enquiry Numbers and Related Websites Government Bureau / Departments ● Department of Health Child Assessment Service Family Health Service (Maternal and Child Health Centres) Student Health Service ● Social Welfare Department
2745 0424 www.fuhong.org ● Hong Kong Education City www.hkedcity.net ● Parents’ Association for Persons with Intellectual www.papmh.org.tw Disability Copyright @ 2008 Child Assessment service, Department of Health, HKSAR
