mermex 2015 workshop 7-10 apr 2015 marseille

MERMEX 2015 WORKSHOP

7-10 APR 2015

MARSEILLE (FRANCE)

Book of abstracts

MERMEX WORKSHOP APRIL 777-10, 10, 2015

Participants CEFREM (Perpignan) CEREGE (Aix-en-Provence) EMMAH (Avignon) EPOC (Bordeaux) GM (Montpellier) GREQAM (Marseille) IRSN (La Seyne/mer) LA (Toulouse) LAMETA (Montpellier) LBCM (Nantes, Toulon) LBCO (Nantes) LDCM (Brest) LER-PAC (La Seyne/mer) LISA (Créteil) LOCEAN (Paris) LOG (Lille) LOMIC (Banyuls/mer) LOV (Villefranche/mer) LPHS (Brest) LHM (Sète) LSCE (Gif/Yvette) MARBEC (Montpellier, Sète) MIO (Marseille) PROTEE (Toulon) SBR (Roscoff) SPE (Corte) Algeria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Lebanon, Morocco, Spain, Tunisia,

Major associated projects MISTRALS: Hymex & Charmex FP7: Perseus, Medsea, Groom, Jerico, Hermione, Schema, Nexos ANR: Amped, Amorad, Costas, Ecogely, Focea, Matugli, Melodie, Ibiscus, Sam MERCATOR-CORIOLIS : Simed-2 EC2CO : Massilia, Tucpa SOERE: Moose REGION: Commet, Prevent, RecifPrado EQUIPEX : Naos LABEX: OT-Med FRB: Emibios

Workshop objectives MERMEX aims at studying the response of Mediterranean ecosystems to climate change and anthropogenic pressures, and combines integrated observation / experimental / modeling approaches. The two main objectives of this workshop is to present a report on the state of play of the implementation of the first phase of the project, which took place between 2010 and 2014, and to prepare the second phase of the project to meet its initial goals (cf white book published in Progress in Oceanography in 2011). The second phase will build on the outcomes of the Mistrals symposium, to be held in the fourth quarter of 2015. For more infos : http://mermex.pytheas.univ-amu.fr/?p=1446

International endorsement International endorsement

MERMEX WORKSHOP - APRIL 7-10, 2015

WORKPACKAGE OBJECTIVES

Workpackage 1 P. Conan (LOMIC), P. Testor (LOCEAN), F. d’Ortenzio (LOV), C. Estournel (LA) Aims at characterizing the effect of deep water formation on the spatial and temporal evolution of the biogenic elements and the functioning of the pelagic ecosystems.

Workpackage 2 F. Carlotti (MIO), F. Van Wambeke (MIO), S. Bonhommeau (LHM) Aims at assessing the sensitivity and the response of pelagic and benthic species to changing environmental factors, and at gaining more insight into the response of the food chain in terms of community. structure and functioning adaptation.

Workpackage 3 C. Rabouille (LSCE), O. Radakovitch (CEREGE) Aims at evaluating the inputs of nutrients, organic matter , and contaminants from the continent to the ocean by rivers, groundwaters, and cities or port, as well as their export to the open-sea, and their impacts on coastal ecosystems.

Workpackage 4 K. Desboeufs (LISA), M. Mallet (LA), E. Pulido-Villena (MIO) Aims at assessing the interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean in terms of gas, particles and nutrients, and radiative exchanges, and at evaluating their impacts on the ecosystem functioning.

Workpackage 5 J.O. Irisson (LOV), C. Figuières (LAMETA) Aims at synthesizing available biogeochemical and biological data to achieve a fine regionalization of the Mediterranean , and at assessing the link between ecosystem functioning in these ecoregions and human pressures 2

Table of Contents LMI COSYS-Med : Contaminants et Ecosystèmes Marins Sud Méditerranéens, O. Pringault [et al.] .. 1 Combining Bio-Argo floats with other observing platforms to evaluate the physical-biogeochemical interactions in the North Western Mediterranean Sea., N. Mayot [et al.] ................................................ 2 Assessment of primary production in the NW Med Sea during the DEep Water formation EXperiment (DEWEX) cruises by automated flow cytometry, M. Dugenne [et al.] ................................................... 3 WP1-Action1 Biogeochemistry of Dewex Cruises, P. Conan [et al.] ..................................................... 4 The Northwestern Mediterranean Deep Convection And Phytoplankton Spring Bloom Using 3D Hydrodynamic Biogeochemical Model During The DeWEX Experiments, F. Kessouri [et al.] ............ 5 WP1 MERMEX: strategy, synthesis and future, F. D'ortenzio [et al.] .................................................... 6 Impact of deep water formation on particles distribution, S. Ramondenc............................................... 7 Analysis of a population of magnetotactic bacteria of the Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia, J. Cayol [et al.] ...... 8 ISOLATION ET CARACTERISATION DES SOUCHES ANAEROBIES RESISTANTES AUX METAUX LOURDS ISSUES DU LAC DE TUNIS, J. Cayol [et al.] .................................................... 9 OSCAHR - Observing Submesoscale Coupling At High Resolution, A. Doglioli [et al.] .................... 10 Effet des forçages physiques sur la structure des communautés zooplanctoniques côtières: étude du cas atypique d'un écosystème méditerranéen fortement tidal (Projet COZOMED-MERMEX), M. Pagano [et al.] ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 Impacts of extreme weather events on highly eutrophic marine ecosystem (Rogoznica Lake, Adriatic coast), I. Ciglene?ki [et al.] .................................................................................................................... 12 SPEciMed Project: Relationships between the Structures of Planktonic Ecosystems in the North-western Mediterranean, the physical settings and the biogeochemical cycles. Feedback on the long-term observation of the pelagic environment., B. Quéguiner [et al.] ............................................................. 13 Seasonal and interannual variability of diatoms community structure related to particulate organic matter in the Northwestern Mediterranean sea (MISTRALS/ MerMex-SPECiMed project)., S. Boussabat [et al.] ...........................................................................................................................................................14 Multidisciplinary approach to assess potential risk of mortality of benthic ecosystems facing climate change in the NW Mediterranean Sea, I. Pairaud [et al.] .......................................................................15 Defining zooplankton habitats in the Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean Sea) from size structures and environmental conditions., F. Carlotti [et al.] ........................................................................................ 16 IPP (Interactions plankton planktivors), F. Carlotti [et al.] .................................................................... 17 Interaction of dense shelf water cascading and open-sea convection in the northwestern Mediterranean during winter 2012, X. Durrieu de madron [et al.] ................................................................................ 18 Evaluation of trace elements remobilisation during polluted sediments resuspension: insight from batch experiments and kinetic modelling, D. Dang [et al.] ............................................................................. 19 Impact of anthropogenic inputs from Marseille agglomeration on the vulnerability of the Mediterranean Sea, B. Oursel [et al.] ............................................................................................................................. 20 Le projet AMORAD-Axe Marin : Un projet en lien étroit avec MerMex, S. Charmasson.................... 21 The MesuRho multi-parameter moored observatory at the Rhone River mouth : monitoring of river inputs I

and extreme events, I. Pairaud [et al.] ....................................................................................................22 LINKS BETWEEN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PROKARYOTIC DIVERSITY IN THE SEDIMENT OF AN ANTHROPIZED MARINE COASTAL ENVIRONMENT, B. Misson [et al.] ...23 In situ fluorescence measurements of tryptophan- and hydrocarbon-like materials in the coastal Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, M. Tedetti [et al.] .............................................................................24 ORGANOCHLORINATED (PCBs) and ORGANOBROMINATED (PBDEs) CONTAMINANTS IN EUROPEAN ANCHOVY (Engraulis encrasicolus) FROM THE NORTH-WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA, C. Munschy [et al.] ....................................................................................................................... 25 MODELLING OF PCB TROPHIC TRANSFER IN THE GULF OF LIONS; MARS3D/ECO3M COUPLED MODEL APPLICATION, E. Alekseenko [et al.] ............................................................... 26 COntaminants dans le Système Trophique phytoplancton, zooplancton, Anchois Sardine - COSTAS, J. Tronczynski [et al.] .................................................................................................................................27 INFLUENCE

OF

CHEMICAL

MULTICONTAMINATION

ON

THE

STRUCTURE

OF

ULTRAPHYTOPLANKTONIC COMMUNITY IN TOULON BAY (NW MEDITERRANEAN SEA, FRANCE), F. Delpy [et al.] ....................................................................................................................28 MASSILIA PROJECT Modelling of the Bay of Marseille: Impact of the Anthropogenic Supply on the marine coastal ecosystem, C. Pinazo [et al.] ..........................................................................................29 Effect of sediment remobilisation on dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations of seawater: an experimental approach, C. Tedetti-guigue [et al.] .........................................................31 MODELLING THE EXPORT OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS FROM A BIG MEDITERRANEAN CITY : THE CASE OF MARSEILLE, I. Pairaud [et al.] ...................................................................... 32 WP3 - Shelf-slope exchanges, X. Durrieu de madron............................................................................ 33 WP3 synthesis : Land-ocean interactions including extreme events, O. Radakovitch [et al.] ...............34 Estimation des apports souterrains sur les côtes méditerranéennes par les radioéléments 223Ra, 224Ra et 222Rn, C. Claude [et al.] ....................................................................................................................36 Variability of Solar Radiation and CDOM in Surface Coastal Waters of the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, R. Sempéré [et al.] ..........................................................................................................................37 Role of atmospheric input on the stoichiometry and degradability of dissolved organic matter in the Mediterranean Sea., K. Djaoudi ..............................................................................................................38 projet PEACETIME, K. Desboeufs [et al.] ............................................................................................39 Spatio-temporal dynamics of air-sea CO2 fluxes in Gulf of Lion (Western Mediterranean Sea), Y. Bozec [et al.] ..................................................................................................................................................... 40 Primary and secondary particles chemical composition of marine emissions from Mediterranean seawaters, B. D'anna [et al.] ................................................................................................................... 41 Uncertainties in ensemble forecasting of copepod species richness through niche modelling, under multiple climate change scenarios., F. Benedetti [et al.] ........................................................................42 Mediterranean Sea response to climate change in an ensemble of 21st century scenarios, F. Adloff.... 43 PlankMed: Impact du changement climatique sur les écorégions planctoniques en Méditerranée : couplage II

de modèles statistiques et dynamiques, S. Ayata [et al.] ........................................................................ 44 Combining Lagrangian approaches with species distribution models: new approaches to assess climatedriven shifts of distribution range in the pelagic realm, S. Ayata [et al.] ...............................................45 T-MEDNet : a collaborative network for high resolution and long term monitoring of Mediterranean coastal waters stratification, N. Bensoussan [et al.] ...............................................................................46 PlankMed action of WP5, S. Ayata [et al.] .............................................................................................47 MERMEX facts and numbers, R. Sempéré [et al.] ................................................................................ 48 An integrated network for a long-term mediterranean observation, P. Raimbault [et al.] ..................... 49

III

- chapter 1 -

WP 1 - BIOGEOCHEMICAL BUDGETS

LMI COSYS-Med : Contaminants et Ecosystèmes Marins Sud Méditerranéens Pringault Olivier 1*, Sayadi Sami ,2 1 : UMR MARine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC) Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR9190

www.umr-marbec.fr/fr/

2 : Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax (CBS) www.cbs.rnrt.tn/fra/home

* : Corresponding author

La problématique générale du Laboratoire Mixte International COSYS-Med est d'analyser et comprendre les liens entre pression de contamination et réponse des organismes vivants, ce qui représente à la fois un challenge scientifique majeur mais également un enjeu essentiel pour la santé humaine et la gestion environnementale des écosystèmes marins anthropisés. Le projet est porté par deux unités françaises, l'UMR 9190 MARBEC (MARine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation) et l'UM 110 MIO (Institut Méditerranéen d'Océanologie) et deux instituts partenaires tunisiens, la Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte (FSB) et le Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax (CBS). A ces quatre unités de recherche sont associés, l'Institut National d'Agronomie de Tunisie (INAT) et l'Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologies (INSAT). Les objectifs scientifiques du LMI COSYS-Med sont : Etudier l'impact des contaminants sur le fonctionnement et la diversité du réseau trophique côtier. Décrire la dynamique et les différents processus de transformation des contaminants par des voies biotiques et abiotiques Quantifier les apports sahéliens et y identifier les types des molécules susceptibles de modifier les équilibres au sein du réseau microbien pélagique Définir les modes d'interactions entre contaminants et organismes, allant du monde microbien jusqu'aux ressources halieutiques Développer l'expertise scientifique Le projet de Recherche s'appuie sur 4 Work-Packages sous la responsabilité conjointe d'un scientifique tunisien et d'un scientifique français: WP1 : Mesurer WP2 : Evaluer WP3 : Expliquer et Prévoir WP4 : Remédier Les différents WPs s'appuieront sur quatre plateformes (échantillonnage, analytique, expérimentale et modélisation) qui sont à disposition pour les chercheurs du LMI. En plus de l'axe de recherche, le LMI COSYS-Med s'appuie sur un axe gestion et transfert ainsi qu'un axe de formation et enseignement. Trois sites d'études complémentaires ont été sélectionnés en fonction de leurs caractéristiques hydro-biologiques, leur services écosystémiques et les pressions qu'ils subissent : la Lagune de Bizerte, le Golfe de Tunis et le Golfe de Gabès. Le LMI bénéficie de soutiens financiers institutionnels de la part de l'IRD et du MESR Tunisien ainsi que d'appuis par des programmes de recherche nationaux et internationaux.

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Combining Bio-Argo floats with other observing platforms to evaluate the physical-biogeochemical interactions in the North Western Mediterranean Sea. Mayot Nicolas 1, D'ortenzio Fabrizio 1 , Taillandier Vincent 1, Prieur Louis 1, Pasqueron De Fommervault Orens 1, Obolensky Grigor 1, Poteau Antoine 1, Bosse Anthony ,3, Testor Pierre ,3, Conan Pascal ,4 ,2

1 : Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV) INSUCNRS : UMR7093Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI

Observatoire Océanologique Station zoologique 181, chemin du lazaret BP 28 06230 VILLEFRANCHE SUR MER Cedex http://www.obs-vlfr.fr

2 : Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV) CNRS : UMR7093INSUUniversité Paris VI - Pierre et Marie Curie

BP 28 06234 VILLEFRANCHE SUR MER CEDEX http://www.obs-vlfr.fr

3 : Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN) Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VICNRS : UMR7159INSUInstitut de recherche pour le développement [IRD]Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN)

case 100 4 place jussieu 75252 PARIS CEDEX 05

4 : Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne (LOMIC) CNRS : UMR7621Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI

Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/mer

During the winter-to-spring transition of 2012-2013, a large observation activity has been carried out in the North Western Mediterranean Sea (NWM) (Bio-Argo Floats of the NAOS [Novel Argo Ocean observing System] project, Gliders of the MOOSE [Mediterranean Ocean Observing System for the Environment] project and research cruises of the DEWEX [DEep Water formation Experiment] project). A preliminary analysis of the obtained data set is then presented, focusing on the phytoplankton seasonality. In order to identify the main forcing factors controlling this seasonality, and the interactions between a deep convection event and the phytoplankton bloom characteristics.

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Assessment of primary production in the NW Med Sea during the DEep Water formation EXperiment (DEWEX) cruises by automated flow cytometry Dugenne Mathilde 1, Saces Up Group . 1

,2

1 : Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO) CNRS : UMR7294Université du Sud Toulon - VarInstitut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR235Aix Marseille Université

M.I.O. Institut Méditerranéen d'Océanologie Campus de Luminy Case 901 13288 MARSEILLE cedex 09 http://mio.pytheas.univ-amu.fr

2 : Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne (LOMIC) CNRS : UMR7621Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI


Recent estimations of photosynthetic flux based on remote sensing state that phytoplankton sustains about half of the global primary production on Earth. However, bulk models relying on remote sensing need to be calibrated byin situdataset collected in various locations and during different environmental conditions. This requires extensive analysis by conventional methods based on manual sampling or automated devices. New generation of flow cytometers, operating in the field at high frequency (up to several times per hour), are developed for this purpose, to measure phytoplankton inherent reactivity to its environment by collecting optical variables (light scatter and fluorescence intensities) related to the physiological state of phytoplankton populations. Single-cell analyses are highly reliant as physiological-based dynamics is independent of external factors influencing a population net density (trophic interactions, physical transport, and sedimentation) over short time scales. Flow cytometry is consequently used to express population growth rates as proportion of dividing cells, predicted through the diel variation of cell size distribution (size-structured model), in order to investigate the variability of primary production specially in bloom-forming areas. The ability to address phytoplankton spatio-temporal production is illustrated by data collected at high frequency using automated flow cytometry around the deep water convection area of NW Med Sea during the DEWEX cruises (winter and spring 2013).

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WP1-Action1 Biogeochemistry of Dewex Cruises Conan Pascal 1, Biogeochemical Team Dewex 1 : Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne (LOMIC) CNRS : UMR7621Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI


The deep water formation and impact on phytoplankton spring bloom was studied during the two legs of the Dewex oceanographic cruises. The first leg in February was focus on convection, whereas the second leg in April sampled the spring bloom and the extension of the new formed dense waters. In this talk, I will present the main biogeochemical results of these 2 surveys

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The Northwestern Mediterranean Deep Convection And Phytoplankton Spring Bloom Using 3D Hydrodynamic Biogeochemical Model During The DeWEX Experiments Kessouri Fayçal 1*, Ulses Caroline 1, Estournel Claude 1, Marsaleix Patrick 1 1 : Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA) CNRS : UMR5560Observatoire Midi-PyrénéesINSUUniversité Paul Sabatier (UPS) - Toulouse III

14 avenue Edouard Belin 31400 Toulouse http://www.aero.obs-mip.fr/


In the northwestern Mediterranean basin, winter atmospheric forcing causes every year a strong vertical mixing, which certainly varies annually, but leads when conditions are favorable to a deep ocean convection. This mixing has an impact on the nutrients enrichment in the surface area and hence the establishment of a large spring phytoplankton bloom. In this context, it is crucial to develop tools allowing to understand the evolution of the hydrology and the marine ecosystem in response to external forcing in this part of the Mediterranean Sea. Numerical coupled hydrodynamic and biogeochemical modelling carefully calibrated is the only tool that can answer this question. Here, we used the hydrodynamical 3D SYMPHONIE model, with an irregular sigma grid at about 1km spatial resolution, throughout the western Mediterranean basin to force the biogeochemical ECO 3MS model. We will present a short set of validations series of multidisciplinary physics and biogeochemistry variables in the framework of the MerMEX DeWEX project, in February 2013 to study deep convection and in April 2013 to study the phytoplankton bloom and a large part of the biogeochemical interactions.We will present profiles comparisons of the HPLC measurements for phytoplanktons groups, the nutrients (nitrate, phosphate and silicate) and the oxygen. Other validations were also carried out using Modis satellite 4km resolution products. The model will give us a very detailed overview of the transition from the mixing conditions phase to the restratification phase and the impact on the distribution of nutrients, their consumption and subsequently on the planktonic development in the photic zone. Finally we highlight some local enrichments and their impact during the oligotrophic and stratified conditions following a strong and short wind forcing.

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WP1 MERMEX: strategy, synthesis and future D'ortenzio Fabrizio 1, Testor Pierre ,2, Conan Pascal ,3, Estournel Claude ,4 1 : LOV Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche

2 : LOCEAN LOCEAN

3 : LOMIC LOMIC

4 : LA LA

From Cadarache symposium to the DEWEX experiment: birth, growth and evolution of the Mermex WP1.

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Impact of deep water formation on particles distribution Ramondenc Simon 1 1 : Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire océanographique, F-06230, Villefranche/mer, France Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6

The ocean-atmosphere coupling is responsible for deep water formation in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea through two physical processes : open sea convection and dense shelf water cascading. This study shows the influence of these physical processes on particles distribution thanks to long-term intensive monitoring (MOOSE) and winter cruise (DEWEX-leg1).

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- chapter 2 -

WP 2 - ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES: BIOGEOCHEMISTRY AND FOOD WEB INTERACTIONS

Analysis of a population of magnetotactic bacteria of the Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia Cayol Jean-Luc 1, Pradel Nathalie 1, Fardeau Marie-Laure 1, Ollivier Bernard 1, Karay Fatma ,2, Sayadi Sami ,3 1 : Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO) CNRS : UMR7294Université du Sud Toulon - VarInstitut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR235Aix Marseille Université


2 : Centre de Biotchnologie de Sfax 3 : Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax (CBS) www.cbs.rnrt.tn/fra/home

The occurrence of magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) on a Tunisian marine coast exposed to heavy metals pollution (Sfax, Gulf of Gabès, Mediterranean Sea) was investigated. The MTB population of this Southern Mediterranean coast was compared to the MTB populations previously investigated on the French Northern Mediterranean coast. A dominant MTB coccus morphotype was observed by microscopy analysis. By pyrosequencing technology, the analysis of the 16S rDNA revealed as much as 33 operational taxonomic sequence units (OTUs) close to sequences of MTB accessible in the databases. The majority were close to MTB sequences of the "Med group" of a-Proteobacteria.Among them, a dominant OTU_001 (99 % of the MTB sequences) affiliated within the Magnetococcales order was highlighted. Investigating the capacities of this novel bacterium to be used in bioremediation and/or depollution processes could be envisaged.

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ISOLATION ET CARACTERISATION DES SOUCHES ANAEROBIES RESISTANTES AUX METAUX LOURDS ISSUES DU LAC DE TUNIS Cayol Jean-Luc 1, Okba Aicha ,2, Hamdi Moktar ,2, Joseph Manon 1, Tholozan Jean-Luc 1 1 : Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO) CNRS : UMR7294Université du Sud Toulon - VarInstitut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR235Aix Marseille Université


2 : Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (INSAT) Centre Urbain Nord BP 676 - 1080 Tunis Cedex

La pollution, due aux activités humaines et industrielles, est l'une des problématiques de protection de l'environnement les plus importantes rencontrées en zones côtières des pays riverains de la Méditerranée. La région de Tunis, en particulier le lac de Tunis, présente à la fois une forte activité industrielle et une zone très résidentielle. Le lac de Tunis est un lagon naturel divisé en deux zones par une digue qui n'interdit pas les mouvements et échanges d'eau entre la partie nord du lac, peu polluée et résidentielle et la partie Sud du lac soumise à d'intenses activités industrielles. Cette activité représente une source de pollution notamment par des métaux lourds qui s'accumulent en grande quantité en profondeur dans le sédiment. Dans cette étude, nous avons étudié deux sites de la partie sud : une zone d'intenses activités industrielles et zone correspondant au port maritime. Des enrichissements anaérobies effectués dans les sédiments des deux sites ont été effectuées en l'absence et en présence de différentes concentrations en métaux lourds (cadmium, mercure et nickel) pour déterminer la toxicité limite et isoler les souches les plus résistantes aux métaux lourds. La concentration inhibitrice de mercure, cadmium et nickel dans les sédiments a été déterminée et plusieurs souches bactériennes du phylum desFirmicutesont été isolées Une étude de toxicité des métaux lourds a aussi été réalisée. Les analyses phénotypiques et phylogénétique montrent que parmi les souches isolées, deux souches peuvent être classés comme nouvelles espèces du genreClostridium, elles sont strictement anaérobies, halophiles, et sporulantes Le sulfate, thiosulfate et nitrate ne sont pas réduits. Les différentes formes d'accumulation des métaux lourds dans les cellules ont aussi été étudiées.

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OSCAHR - Observing Submesoscale Coupling At High Resolution Doglioli Andrea 1, Grégori Gérald 1, Group At_couplage 1 1 : Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO) CNRS : UMR7294Université du Sud Toulon - VarInstitut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR235Aix Marseille Université


Le projet OSCAHR (Observing Submesoscale Coupling At High Resolution) a pour objectif l'étude des interactions physique-biogéochimie à sub-mésoéchelle, avec une campagne océanographique pilote au large de Toulon destinée à mesurer simultanément et à haute résolution les variables physiques, chimiques, biologiques et biogéochimiques dans la couche de surface (0-30m). Compte tenu des caractères éphémère et local typiques des structures sub-mésoéchelle, la campagne reposera sur une stratégie adaptative issue de l'expérience et des outils informatiques développés lors de campagnes précédentes (e.g. LATEX, KEOPS2, SPURS/STRASSE, OUTPACE). Les données mesurées in situ seront analysées à l'aide de données issues de la télédétection (radar côtiers HF et satellite) afin de reconstruire de façon très fine (sub-mesoéchelle horizontale et microéchelle verticale) la dynamique couplée physique-biogéochimie à petites échelles. Cette campagne permettra également la mise au point d'un système de prélèvement et d'analyse à haute fréquence d'échantillons dans la colonne d'eau pendant la route du navire. La combinaison des méthodes utilisées pour collecter les données physiques, chimiques et biologiques (turbulence par microstructure, profils Moving Vessel Profiler équipé de compteur de particules, cytometrie en flux automatisée, analyse haute fréquence des sels nutritifs) apportera des informations importantes pour mieux comprendre le rôle des structures sub-mésoéchelle sur les cycles biogéochimiques associés.

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Effet des forçages physiques sur la structure des communautés zooplanctoniques côtières: étude du cas atypique d'un écosystème méditerranéen fortement tidal (Projet COZOMED-MERMEX) Pagano Marc 1, Sammari Cherif ,2, Moncef Mohammed ,3, Ciglene?ki Ju?i? Irena ,4, Daly Yahia Néjib, Smati Hossem 1, Devenon Jean-Luc 1, Blanchot Jean 1, Chevallier Cristèle 1, Carlotti François 1 1 : Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR110

2 : Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer (INSTM) 3 : Faculté des Sciences, El Jadida 4 : Laboratory for physical chemistry of aquatic systems

Nous proposons de mieux comprendre comment les forçages hydrodynamiques (courants, marée, vents) se combinent aux forçages anthropiques (rejets d'éléments nutritifs, etc.) et climatiques (évènements extrêmes: apports sahéliens, épisodes caniculaires, tempêtes et crues) pour impacter la variabilité des communautés zooplanctoniques côtières et lagunaires méditerranéens sous influence tidale contrastée. Cette étude comprendra (i) un état zéro des connaissances via une étude bibliographique et une méta-analyse des données existantes à l'échelle des zones côtières et lagunaires de méditerranée et (ii) une étude de cas sur le complexe lagune Boughrara - Golfe de Gabès. Ce complexe rend des services majeurs pour la Tunisie (environ 65% de la production halieutique nationale) mais est fragilisé par sa situation en zone fortement anthropisée et sous influence d'intrants urbains, industriels et agricoles. Ces importantes charges nutritives et / ou polluantes impactent le plancton et se combinent aux forçages hydrodynamiques qui les transportent et les dispersent. D'autre part cette région est soumise à des forçages climatiques spécifiques (vents sahéliens, canicule, évaporation intense, crues) dont les modifications éventuelles (fréquence d'occurrence, intensité) seront envisagées. Les résultats doivent permettre (i) d'améliorer la connaissance duforçage hydrodynamiquesur la distribution spatiale et temporelle duzooplanctonet in fine sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes côtiers et lagunaires méditerranéens soumis aux effets anthropiques et climatiques et (ii) de mettre à la disposition de gestionnaires des outils permettant d'aider à préserver le bon état écologique de ces écosystèmes :modèle de circulation hydrodynamique, cartographie d'isochrones des temps de résidence, cartographie des zones de plus fortes abondances zooplanctoniques (essaims), et des zones sensibles, etc.. L'étude in situ s'appuiera (i) sur une campagne initiale d'un mois sur un réseau de stations couvrant l'ensemble de la lagune et la zone côtière adjacente en période de forts coefficients de marée (équinoxe d'automne), et (ii) sur des campagnes mensuelles de moindre envergure sur quelques stations représentatives. La campagne initiale permettra d'apprécier la variabilité des paramètres physiques (direction et intensité des courants, température, salinité) chimiques (nutriments) et biologiques (structure et abondance du plancton) pendant un cycle de mortes-eaux vives eaux. Les vitesses et directions de courants seront enregistrées en certains points stratégiques (mouillages de capteurs type ADCP, CTD, pression). Des mesures à haute fréquences des paramètres de base (salinité température, fluorescence) et du zooplancton seront réalisées à l'aide d'un poisson tracté (minibat) et d'un échantillonneur à plancton (continuous plankton recorder). Les campagnes mensuelles pendant un cycle annuel permettront d'apprécier la variabilité saisonnière d'un nombre plus réduit de stations. Ce projet doit permettre de renforcer les collaborations scientifiques existantes entre nos institutions notamment dans le cadre du programme MERMEX (The MerMex Group, 2011) et du laboratoire mixte international (LMI - COSYS-Med) créé en 2014. Il doit également fournir des bases pour la poursuite de travaux de doctorants tunisiens ou marocains déjà encadrés ou co-encadrés par nos équipes

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Impacts of extreme weather events on highly eutrophic marine ecosystem (Rogoznica Lake, Adriatic coast) Ciglene?ki Irena 1*, Janekovic Ivica, Margu? Marija, Bura-Naki? Elvira, Cari? Marina, Ljube? i? Zrinka, Batisti? Mirna, Hrusti? Enis 1 : Rudjer Boskovic Institute (IRB) Bijenicka 54 www.irb.hr


Rogoznica Lake is highly eutrophic marine system located on the Eastern Adriatic coast (43o32'N, 15o58'E). Because of the relatively small size (10276 m2)and depth (15m) it experiences strong natural and indirect anthropogenic influences. Dynamics within the lake is characterized by the extreme and highly variable environmental conditions (seasonal variations in salinity and temperature, water stratification and mixing, redox and euxinic conditions, concentrations of nutrients) which significantly influence the biology inside the lake. Due to the high phytoplankton activity, the upper part of the water column is well oxygenated, while hypoxia/anoxia usually occurs in the bottom layers. Anoxic part of the water column is characterized with high concentrations of sulfide (up to 5mM) and nutrients (NH4+, up to 315 mM; PO43-, up to 53 mM; SiO44-, up to 680 mM) indicating the pronounced demineralization of the allochthonous organic matter, produced in the surface waters. The mixolimnion varies significantly within a season feeling effects of the Adriatic atmospheric and ocean dynamics (temperature, wind, heat fluxes, rainfall) which all affect the vertical stability and possibly induce vertical mixing and/or turnover. Seasonal vertical mixing usually occurs during the autumn/ winter upon the breakdown of the stratification, injecting oxygen-rich water from the surface into the deeper layers. Depending on the intensity and duration of the vertical dynamics (slower diffusion and/or faster turnover of the water layers) anoxic conditions could developed within the whole water column. Extreme weather events such as abrupt change in the air temperature and consequently heat flux are found to be a key triggering mechanism for the fast turnover, introducing a large amount of nutrients and sulfur species from deeper parts to the surface. Increased concentration of nutrients, especially ammonium, phosphate, and silicates persisting for several months after the mixing event, together with anoxic stress conditions, additionally influence already stressed ecosystem, hence shifting the community structure and food/web interactions in this marine system. Rogoznica Lake may potentially serve as a sentinel of the extreme weather events as a direct consequence of climate change.

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SPEciMed Project: Relationships between the Structures of Planktonic Ecosystems in the North-western Mediterranean, the physical settings and the biogeochemical cycles. Feedback on the long-term observation of the pelagic environment. Quéguiner Bernard 1, Group Specimed 1 : Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO) CNRS : UMR7294Université du Sud Toulon - VarInstitut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR235Aix Marseille Université


The structure of plankton communities (from bacteria to mesozooplankton, including carbon biomass partition at the group and/or species levels) and the basic biogeochemical parameters (nutrients, particulate organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen, biogenic and lithogenic silica) have been sampled on a monthly basis from May 2010 to June 2014 at four stations, two stations (SOLEMIO and JULIO) at the entrance (off Marseille) and two stations (SOLA and MOLA) at the exit (off Banyuls/mer) of the Gulf of Lion, as part of the medium-term strategy of Enhanced Observing Periods (EOPs) developed by MERMEX. At the Marseille site, biological and biogeochemical observations were associated with continuous monitoring of currents at the offshore station to detect Northern Current intrusions and the program was supplemented by the acquisition of turbulence vertical profiles (SCAMP, Self Contained Autonomous MicroProfiler). Detailed vertical profiles of size spectra were also obtained on the Marseille site by deployments of LOPCs (Laser Optical Plankton Counters) and LISSTs (Laser In Situ Scatterometer Transmissometers). The analysis of biogeochemical parameters was completed by early 2015. The analyses of the structure of pelagic communities are underway and should be completed by the end of this year, including pyrosequencing results of procaryotic and eucaryotic microbial communities. Early results show strong contrasts between the four studied stations, which will be subjected to a more detailed analysis. One of the main goals of SPECiMed was to assess the feasibility of establishing a multi-annual observation platform of plankton communities from bacteria to phytoplankton to mesozooplankton and of the coupled biogeochemical cycles of major elements (C, N, P, Si); indeeed, the program has provided information of particular interest on our capabilities to handle this kind of observations as long?lasting time?series.

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Seasonal and interannual variability of diatoms community structure related to particulate organic matter in the Northwestern Mediterranean sea (MISTRALS/ MerMex-SPECiMed project). Boussabat Soumaya 1 , Daly Yahia Néjib ,2, Leblanc Karine 1, Salter Yan ,3, Cornet Véronique 1, Hélias Sandra 1, Golbol Melek 1, Malengros Deny 1, Bhairy Nagib 1, Grosso Olivier ,4, Quéguiner Bernard 1* ,2

1 : Mediterranean institut of oceanography (MIO) Aix-Marseille Université - AMU

Marseille, Campus de Luminy www.mio.osupytheas.fr

2 : Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Fonctionnement des Systèmes Aquatiques (BFSA) Faculté des sciences de Bizerte

3 : Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-mer (OBS) Université Pierre et Marie Curie

Banyuls-sur-mer

4 : Mediterranean institut of oceanography (MIO) Aix-Marseille Université - AMU

Marseille, Campus de Luminy www.osupytheas.fr


Abstract In the framework of the MISTRALS program, MerMex-SPECiMed project aims to document plankton community structures incl. bacteria, phyto-, microzoo-, and mesozooplankton, and associated biogeochemical cycles of major elements (C, N, P, and Si) in relation to the physical environment. Data for particulate organic matter composition and microphytoplankton were acquired from May 2010 to June 2014 at four contrasted stations (coastal and offshore): SOLEMIO and SOLA at the eastern entrance, and JULIO and MOLA at the western exit of the Golfe du Lion (GoL). Hydrological sampling for biogeochemistry and phytoplankton realized using a 12-bottle rosette fitted with a SeaBird CTD (SBE19 plus), transmissiometer, fluorometer, LISST and LOPC. Particulate matter composition was analyzed on a CHN analyzer for N and C and by wet oxidation followed by chemical analyses of nitrate and phosphate for N and P (coherence of the two data sets was controlled via organic nitrogen measurements by both methods). Biogenic and Lithogenic silicon concentrations were assayed after a triple alkaline/acidic digestion. Chlorophyll was measured by a fluorometric method. Microphytoplankton species identification, numeration and specific carbon biomass estimation were assessed from microscopical examinations.During the four year study, depletion of phosphate was observed at the coastal station in front of Marseille, indicative of P limitation for most of the seasonal cycle. Potential limitation by N or Si (for diatoms) also occurs near shore as previously shown in this area by Leblanc et al. (2003). Microscopical examinations for microphytoplankton assemblages indicate that diatoms dominate the phytoplankton communities while dinoflagellates are mainly represented by unidentified small organisms (usually -Detritus and nutrient supplies in coastal zone of the GoL. -Seasonal and interannual variability in microphytoplankton with domination of weakly silicified diatoms. -Combination of data from biogeochemistry and biological compartments (diatoms) gives insights about the species-specific contribution on total biomass and the typology of different microphytoplankton communities.

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Multidisciplinary approach to assess potential risk of mortality of benthic ecosystems facing climate change in the NW Mediterranean Sea Pairaud Ivane 1, Bensoussan Nathaniel, Garreau Pierre ,2, Somot Samuel ,3, Garrabou Joachim 1 : Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Provence-Azur-Corse Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)

Centre Méditerranée - Zone Portuaire de Brégaillon - CS20 330 - 83507 La Seyne-sur-Mer Cedex

2 : Ifremer Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)

3 : CNRM-GAME/Météo-France Météo FranceCNRS : UMR3589

Climate change is expected to induce great changes of coastal benthic ecosystems by the end of the 21st century at sub-regional scale in the North Western Mediterranean Sea. In order to assess the impact of the expected warming on key benthic ecosystems, we developed a strategy for the definition of warming scenarios in coastal habitats and their potential sub-lethal to lethal impacts. This was achieved by combining numerical simulations under IPCC-A2 scenario with field observations and thermo-tolerance experiments. Following the methodology developped in the framework of the Climacres project, under MERMEX-WP2 ICOCE action the scenarios forecast run temperature outputs were analyzed in order to explore the expected changes in the stratification by the end of the 21st century. These simulations were used together with species spatial distribution and thermo-tolerance functions to explore the potential risk of temperature induced mortality for the red gorgonianParamuricea clavata, considered a key-species in coastal Mediterranean ecosystems, by the end of the century.

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Defining zooplankton habitats in the Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean Sea) from size structures and environmental conditions. Carlotti François 1, Espinasse Boris ,2, Devenon Jean-Luc ,3, Zhou Meng 1 : Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO) CNRS : UMR7294Université du Sud Toulon - VarInstitut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR235Aix Marseille Université


2 : University of Nordland, Bodø, Norway 3 : Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR110

Espinasse B.1,2*, Carlotti F.1,2, Zhou M.3, Devenon JL.1,2 The size structures of zooplankton communities in the Gulf of Lion, NW Mediterranean Sea, were studied in May 2010 and January 2011. The integrated physical and biological measurements provided 3D view with high spatial resolutions of the physical and biological variables and their correlations over the entire Gulf of Lion. The effects of physical processes such as freshwater input, coastal upwelling and water column mixing by winds, on phytoplankton and zooplankton distributions were analyzed using these data. During the winter season, strong northerly winds mixed the water column and the vertical distributions of biological variables were uniform over most of the gulf while there were local hot spots with high chlorophylla(Chl-a) concentrations in front of the Rhône mouths and in coastal areas. During the spring season, light winds and water column stratification suppressed vertical mixing and the Rhône River freshwater plume spread over a large part of the gulf. The nutrients delivered by the freshwater input promoted the high primary production in the surface layer. Associated to these high phytoplankton biomasses, a thin layer of high particle concentrations was found in the pycnocline. Three habitats were distinguished based on statistical analysis performed on biological and physical variables. The first is the coastal area characterized by shallow waters, high chl-a concentrations and steep normalized biomass size spectrum (NBSS), the second is the area affected by the Rhône with a high stratification and high NBSS slope, and the third is the continental shelf with a deep mixed layer, relatively low particle concentrations and medium NBSS slope. Defining habitats to include the zooplankton compartment in trophodynamic studies and to design new sampling strategies is discussed.

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IPP (Interactions plankton planktivors) Carlotti François 1, Banaru Daniela,* 1 : Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO) CNRS : UMR7294Université du Sud Toulon - VarInstitut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR235Aix Marseille Université



IPP (Interactions plankton planktivors) D. Banaru, F. Carlotti, C Saraux, S Bonhommeau, L. Berline, D. Botha, A.Aubert, M. Pagano, J. Blanchot, K. Donoso, B. Lebourg, M. Harmelin, L Barth, G. Marchesssaux, M. Baklouti, E. Aleksenkoo, F. Diaz, J. Navarro, JC Poggiale, F. Lombard, J.N. Irisson, S. D. Ayata, ... The interaction between plankton and their predators is recognized to be a key issue in the trophic link between the planktonic ecosystems and the fish trophic levels. IPP is therefore a logical continuation of SPECIMED and POISSONS, integrated in observation programmes (ROMARIN, MOOSE, MEDITS, PELMED), but focusing on a better understanding about food web interactions between the planktonic levels and their predators is required. Therefore, this action is dedicated to develop an integrated approach to better assess and quantify the interactions between plankton and their main predators. Planktivores (small pelagic fish, jellyfishes, crustaceans) are traditionally observed separately. Among the different objectives, highlights focus on: the implementation of simultaneous measurements of plankton stocks and small pelagic fish stocks on the Gulf of Lion to assess time and scale variability the obtaining of reliable information on prey resources, growth constant, larvae recruitment of small pelagic fishes the improvement of the representation of the planktivorous functional groups in planktonic trophic models (jellyfish and small pelagic fish) To reach these objectives, the project is built on existing projects, however disconnected. The added value of IPP will be to reinforce field strategy, better combine observation and experiments with modelling needs. IPP reinforce collaboration between institutes by stimulating synergy between historically separated activities. Observations are realised using already existing structures of observation but trying to get new data types. The planktonic environment during fish stocks field surveys (IFREMER cruises) is realised during the recurrent June MEDITS, July PELMED. Inversely, the temporal observation in Marseille Bay (ROMARIN) include sampling of fish larvae in the planktonic observation protocols, with in addition fish samples from of fishermen catches. Modelling of coupled biogeochemical and trophic models become way to bring fishery scientists and plankton scientists to discuss on various scales of the different processes and better understand the consequence of model conceptualisation in term of simulated dynamics.

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- chapter 3 -

WP 3 - LAND-OCEAN INTERACTIONS INCLUDING EXTREME EVENTS

Interaction of dense shelf water cascading and open-sea convection in the northwestern Mediterranean during winter 2012 Durrieu De Madron Xavier 1, Houpert Loïc, Puig Pere, Sanchez-Vidal Anna, Testor Pierre, Bosse Anthony, Estournel Claude, Somot Samuel, Bourrin François, Bouin Marie Noëlle, Beauverger Mickael, Beguery Laurent, Calafat Antoni, Canals Miquel, Coppola Laurent, Dausse Denis, D'ortenzio Fabrizio, Font Jordi, Heussner Serge, Kunesch Stéphane, Le Goff Hervé, Martin Jacobo, Mortier Laurent, Palanques Alberto, Raimbault Patrick 1 : Centre de formation et de recherche sur l'environnement marin (CEFREM) INSUCNRS : UMR5110Université de Perpignan

Bâtiment U 52 Av Paul Alduy 66860 PERPIGNAN CEDEX http://www.univ-perp.fr/CEFREM/

The winter of 2012 experienced peculiar atmospheric conditions that triggered a massive formation of dense water on the continental shelf and in the deep basin of the Gulf of Lions. Multi-platforms observations enabled a synoptic view of dense water formation and spreading at basin scale. Five months after its formation, the dense water of coastal origin created a distinct bottom layer up to few hundreds of meters thick over the central part of the NW Mediterranean basin, which was overlaid by a layer of newly formed deep water produced by open-sea convection. These new observations highlight the role of intense episodes of both dense shelf water cascading and open-sea convection to the progressive modification of the NW Mediterranean deep waters.

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Evaluation of trace elements remobilisation during polluted sediments resuspension: insight from batch experiments and kinetic modelling Dang Duc Huy 1, Durrieu Gaël 1, Lenoble Véronique 1, Omanovic Dario ,2, Schäfer Jörg ,3, Patel Nathalie 1, Mullot Jean-Ulrich ,4, Mounier Stéphane 1, Garnier Cédric 1* 1 : Laboratoire PROTEE (PROTEE) Université du Sud - Toulon - Var : EA3819

BP20132 83957 La Garde protee.univ-tln.fr

2 : Ru?er Bo?kovi? Institute - Center for Marine and Environmental Research (IRB) PO Box 180, 10002 Zagreb http://www.irb.hr/eng/Research/Divisions-and-Centers/Division-for-Marine-and-Environmental-Research/Laboratory-forphysical-chemistry-of-traces

3 : Transferts Géochimiques des Métaux à l'interface continent océan UMR EPOC 5805 (TGM) Université de Bordeaux (Bordeaux, France)

Allée Geoffroy St Hilaire CS50023 33615 Pessac Cedex http://www.epoc.u-bordeaux.fr/index.php?lang=fr&page=eq_tgm1

4 : LASEM-Toulon, Base Navale de Toulon LASEM-Toulon

BP 61, 83800 Toulon


Toulon bay (NW Mediterranean Sea), a semi-closed area with a low sedimentation rate (0.2 cm yr-1), is presenting a high sedimentary multi-contamination (metals/metalloids/organometallics/ organics). This study aims at apprehending the risk of dredging operation upon seawater quality through batch simulations on surface/suboxic and deep/anoxic polluted sediment. Core sediments, sampled in various sites were sliced every 2 cm under inert atmosphere. Porewaters and solid fractions were recovered and characterized for their physical-chemical parameters, total concentration of major, minor, trace elements, as well as dissolved/particulate organic matter content. Surface (0-2 cm) and deep (20-22 or 30-32 cm) sediments were stored under inert atmosphere until their mixing with seawater (sampled at the same site) at different solid/liquid ratios (0.1, 1 and 10 g L-1) in Teflon bottles. The mixture was shaken head-over-head at 15 rpm, and exposed at least daily to ambient air to maintain the oxic conditions. Aliquots were collected at 10 contact times, ranging from 5 min to 2 weeks. Physical-chemical parameters (pH, Eh, O2 ...) were recorded, major/minor/trace elements and dissolved organic/inorganic carbon concentrations were analyzed. The batch simulation results showed a continuous acidification of seawater (up to 1 unity of pH over 2 weeks of contact time) whose amplitude was mainly dependent on the solid/liquid ratio but less on the initial redox status of the sediment. Concerning trace elements, As was characterized by a rapid mobilization, right away followed by a readsorption. A similar, but even more pronounced, behaviour was demonstrated for Pb and Cd whereas Cu showed an inverse trend. Many processes controlled these alternative adsorption/ desorption steps, as porewater Fe/Mn precipitation or sulfide oxidation, ... . For all cases, the trace element concentrations reached at the maximum of remobilization exceeded the toxicity levels for microorganisms. Kinetic modelling efficiently reproduced the observed trace metals behavior indicating a possible predictive use.

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Impact of anthropogenic inputs from Marseille agglomeration on the vulnerability of the Mediterranean Sea Oursel Benjamin 1 , Lucas Yves 1, Durrieu Gaël 1, Mounier Stéphane 1, Omanovic Dario ,3, Garnier Cédric 1* ,2

1 : Laboratoire PROTEE (PROTEE) Université du Sud - Toulon - Var : EA3819


2 : Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE) INEEUniversité d'Avignon et des Pays de VaucluseInstitut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237Aix Marseille UniversitéCNRS : UMR7263INSBINSU

Aix Marseille Université, Campus Etoile, Faculté St-Jérôme case 421 Av. . escadrille Normandie-Niemen 13397 MARSEILLE CEDEX 20

3 : Ru?er Bo?kovi? Institute - Center for Marine and Environmental Research (IRB) PO Box 180, 10002 Zagreb http://www.irb.hr/eng/Research/Divisions-and-Centers/Division-for-Marine-and-Environmental-Research/Laboratory-forphysical-chemistry-of-traces


Progressive anthropization of coastal areas over the world results in changes in the biology and chemistry of the coastal seawaters. Sources of marine pollutions are various but large coastal cities are one of the most worrying, especially in the Mediterranean Sea: e.g. Marseille (~1.7 million inhabitants). The originality of the Marseille system is that the river waters are mixed with the city WWTPs effluents then rapidly discharged into the open sea, without passing through an estuary. Objectives were (1) to quantify the contaminants brought to the sea under different weather conditions and (2) to study their dynamics in the plume. Various sampling campaigns were carried out during dry and wet periods in the main Marseille tributaries (rivers, WWTP, outlet and mixing zone). A monitoring of outlet waters was also conducted during 24h in dry conditions (150mL/10min/1h). Remobilization batch experiments of outlet particles in different salinity ratios were also managed in lab to better apprehend the metal partitioning kinetics between dissolved and particulate fractions in the plume. Two techniques of sample filtrations were also conducted. Dissolved trace metals were quantified by voltammetry and particulate metals were measured by HR-ICP-MS. Organic carbon was determined in both dissolved and particulate fraction. Results of the monitoring showed that in dry conditions, dynamic of elements at the outlet was controlled by WWTPs effluents. After laboratory filtration (~3-4h after sampling) results showed a quasi-conservative behavior of the studied elements along the salinity gradient. Contrarily, results obtained after immediate on-field filtration showed that dissolved/particulate metal distributions were not at equilibrium when discharged at sea, resulting in an important and rapid metal desorption in the salinity gradient. Such a phenomenon, confirmed by lab remobilization experiments, was undetectable using the classical sample treatment protocol. It indicates that contamination of organisms along the coast can be higher than expected.

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Le projet AMORAD-Axe Marin : Un projet en lien étroit avec MerMex Charmasson Sabine 1 1 : Laboratoire d'Etudes Radioécologiques en milieux Continental et Marin (IRSN/LERCM) Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)

IRSN/LERCM, Centre IFREMER de Méditerranée, CS 20330 83507 La Seyne sur mer www.irsn.org

Une brève présentation du projet AMORAD (investissement d'avenir 2013-2019, ANR-11RSNR-0002) est donnée. Ce projet a pour objectif l'Amélioration des Modèles de prévision de la dispersion et d'évaluation de l'impact des RADionucléides au sein de l'environnement. Il comprend deux grans axes: un axe qui traite du milieu continental et un axe qui traite du milieu marin. Ce dernier est organisé autour de 3 programmes: l'un qui concerne l'étude du compartiment sédimentaire, l'autre qui se focalise sur le transfert aux organismes et sur la vulnérabilité des zones considérées à un accident nucléaire et un programme transverse de développement de méthodes d'aide à la décision. L'une des zones ateliers de ce projet est le Golfe du Lion. Les liens avec les WP 3 et WP5 de MerMex sont soulignés.

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The MesuRho multi-parameter moored observatory at the Rhone River mouth : monitoring of river inputs and extreme events Pairaud Ivane 1, Répécaud Michel, Ravel Christophe, Fuchs Rosalie, Arnaud Mireille, Verney Romaric, Bonnat Armel, Rabouille Christophe, Garcia Fabrice, Raimbault Patrick, Radakovitch Olivier, Meulé Samuel, Gaufrès Pierre, Roblin Claude, Cadiou Jean-François 1 : Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Provence-Azur-Corse Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)


The Rhone River is the largest source of fresh water discharge to the Mediterranean Sea. As it is also an important source of particles, it constitutes a key forcing for the ecosystems of the Gulf of Lions in the northern part of the western basin. In order to assess the input and fate of suspended material at the Rhone River mouth and the influence of extreme events, a multidisciplinary oceanographic moored observatory has been installed in 2009 for high frequency measurements. Data are collected and sent in near real time to an onshore data centre. Data are available for the scientific community in the framework of the MERMEX, MOOSE, AMORAD, PERSEUS, OSR and MATUGLI programs. In the framework of MERMEX WP3, the data are used in particular to study the influence of extreme events.

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LINKS BETWEEN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PROKARYOTIC DIVERSITY IN THE SEDIMENT OF AN ANTHROPIZED MARINE COASTAL ENVIRONMENT Misson Benjamin 1*, Garnier Cédric ,2, Lauga Béatrice ,3, Ghiglione Jean-François, Duran Robert ,4, Pringault Olivier ,5 1 : PROcessus de Transfert et d'Echanges dans l'Environnement (PROTEE) Université de Toulon

Université de Toulon - BP 20132 83957 La Garde cedex http://protee.univ-tln.fr/



3 : IPREM Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour

Pau

4 : Equipe Environnement et Microbiologie - IPREM UMR CNRS 5254 (EEM) CNRS : UMR5254Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour [UPPA]

IBEAS - UFR Sciences BP 1155 64013 PAU CEDEX http://iprem-eem.univ-pau.fr/live/

5 : Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Marins Côtiers (ECOSYM) Université Montpellier 2 (FRANCE)

UMR 5119 CNRS-UM2-IFREMER- IRD-ECOSYM


Ecotone between a very urbanized continental area and the Mediterranean Sea, Toulon bay is a marine coastal ecosystem facing an important anthropogenic pressure resulting in multiple inputs of organic and inorganic pollutants. As an example, a geochemical mapping of the sediment of the bay had previously demonstrated several order of magnitude gradients of trace metals contamination [1]. Because of their toxicity, these multiple pollutants can affect the diversity of benthic microorganisms [2,3]. However, investigating the synergic influence of multiple contaminations on microbial communities requires a precise physico-chemical characterization of the environment in order to decipher de respective influences of resources, geochemical background and anthropogenic inputs. By using the data of a detailed physico-chemical mapping of surface sediments (0-5cm) of Toulon bay, the synergistic influence of metals/metalloids (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn), organometals (MMHg, SBT) and organic contaminants (PCB, PAH) on the genetic structure and richness of bacterial and archaeal benthic communities was evaluated. The genetic structure of both microbial communities appeared to be strongly linked to the chemical signature of the sediments, contaminants explaining up to 54% of the spatial biological variability measured whereas sediment type contributed only up to 29%. Moreover, local bacterial diversity was positively correlated to the chemical contamination of the sediment. Since the most enriched pollutant in the sediment of Toulon bay are historical contaminants that are present in excess for several decades[1], and since microbial communities are well known for their huge adaptability to such stresses through horizontal gene transfer, the strong multicontamination in sediment of the North-Ouest part of Toulon bay could represent an intermediate disturbance level promoting higher diversity for adapted bacterial and bacterial communities. References: 1. Tessier E., Garnier C., Mullot J.-U., Lenoble V., Arnaud M., Raynaud M. and Mounier S. (2011). Study of the spatial and historical distribution of sediment inorganic contamination in the Toulon bay (France). Marine Pollution Bulletin 62:2075-2086 2. Joynt J., Bischoff M., Turco R., Konopka A. and Nakatsu C.H. (2006). Microbial community analysis of soils contaminaed with lead, chromium and petroleum hydrocarbons. Microbial Ecology 51:209-219. 3. Besaury L., Ghiglione J.-F. and Quillet L. (2014). Abundance, activity and diversity of archaeal and bacterial communities in both uncontaminated and highly copper-contaminated marine sediments. Marine Biotechnology 16: 230-242.

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In situ fluorescence measurements of tryptophan- and hydrocarbon-like materials in the coastal Northwestern Mediterranean Sea Tedetti Marc 1, Bachet Caroline, Germain Chloé, Bhairy Nagib, Guigue Catherine, Besson Florent, Beguery Laurent, Goutx Madeleine 1 : Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO) CNRS : UMR7294Université du Sud Toulon - VarInstitut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR235Aix Marseille Université


Understanding the biogeochemical functioning of the ocean requires high frequency measurements of dissolved organic matter (DOM) descriptors. For 10 years, the technological developments of fluorescence sensors try to cover this need. In this context, our laboratory developed the MiniFluo sensor, a prototype of miniaturized submersible fluorometer for the detection of DOM fluorophores that fluoresce in the UV spectral domain: tryptophan (TRY), an aromatic amino-acid issued from autochthonous microbial activities, and phenanthrene (PHE), an aromatic hydrocarbon index of petroleum inputs. The objective of this study was to use the MiniFluo along with other sensors (GPCTD + O2 and ECO puck WETLabs) onto the SeaExplorer glider to asses the spatial variabilities of TRY- and PHE-like materials in the coastal Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. The SeaExplorer glider was deployed from 25 september to 7 october 2014. Its mission consisted of performing a triangle path between three stations of interest (Julio, Solemio, Mesurho) sampled monthly by the MIO as part of the ROMARIN project. The transect from Solemio to Mesurho crosses the bay of Marseille from East to West, and links two zones subjected to anthropogenic activities: the city of Marseille and the oil port and petrochemical activities of Fos-sur-mer. The sensor performed well during the mission, showing important variations in both PHE- and TRY-like concentrations. Around the Rhône-Fos area, we observed lower salinities and higher concentrations in Chla, TRY- and PHE-like compounds.During the last transect, after rainy weather, waters of low salinity and of higher Chla, TRY- and PHE-like concentrations extended further southwards.TRY-like fluorophores was well correlated to salinity and Chla. PHE-like material presented a quite different pattern with patches of higher concentrations throughout the transects and inputs from the sediment. Overall, this first SeaExplorer cruise using the MiniFluo sensor provides promising results concerning the spatiotemporal variability of tryptophan- and hydrocarbon-like materials in coastal marine waters submitted to terrestrial and anthropogenic inputs.

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ORGANOCHLORINATED (PCBs) and ORGANOBROMINATED (PBDEs) CONTAMINANTS IN EUROPEAN ANCHOVY (Engraulis encrasicolus) FROM THE NORTH-WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA Munschy Catherine 1*, Tronczynski Jacek,*, Al. Et 1 : IFREMER (IFREMER) Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)

Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu 44311 Nantes http://wwz.ifremer.fr/


Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) collected in the Gulf of Lions. The contaminants, as well as biological parameters, were determined in different organs and tissues of male and female adult fish sampled during the reproduction (July 2010) and resting (March 2011) seasons. The influence of sex, age and reproduction status on contaminant concentrations was evaluated.

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MODELLING OF PCB TROPHIC TRANSFER IN THE GULF OF LIONS; MARS3D/ECO3M COUPLED MODEL APPLICATION Alekseenko Elena 1, Thouvenin Bénédicte ,2, Celine Tixier ,2, Jacek Tronczy?ski ,2, Baklouti Melika 1, Loizeau Veronique ,2, Garreau Pierre ,2, Verney Romaric ,2, Carlotti François 1, Espinasse Boris ,3, Queguiner Bernard 1 1 : AMU Aix-Marseille Université - AMU

2 : Ifremer Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)

3 : University of Nordland, Bodø, Norway

This work aims at assessing the role of plankton in the transfer of PCBs to higher trophic levels in the Gulf of Lions by coupling biogeochemical and hydrodynamical processes and taking into account the physico-chemical properties of PCBs (PCB153 and PCB28). Specifically, the MARS3D hydrodynamical model taking into account the PCB transport was coupled with a biogeochemical model Eco3M-MED. Transport of various PCB species were simulated during one year: total dissolved, freely dissolved, particulate, biosorbed on plankton, assimilated by zooplankton. PCB budgets and fluxes into the Gulf of Lions between various species were governed by different processes, such as: adsorption/desorption, bacteria and plankton mortality, zooplankton excretion, grazing, mineralization, volatilization and biodegradation. This study is part of COSTAS project (Contaminants dans le système trophique: phytoplancton, zooplancton, anchois, sardine) supported by ANR-CES-007.

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COntaminants dans le Système Trophique phytoplancton, zooplancton, Anchois Sardine - COSTAS Tronczynski Jacek 1, Carlotti François, Radakovitch Olivier, Bodin Nathalie, Al. Et 1 : Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la MER - IFREMER (IFREMER) Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la MER - IFREMER

Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu 44311 Nantes http://wwz.ifremer.fr/

The COSTAS project is aimed at understanding and modeling the entry and the fate of chemical contaminants, from the first links in the trophic chain (plankton), into the small pelagic fish (anchovies and sardines) in The Gulf of Lion. This study deals with persistent organic contaminants (polychlorobiphenyls -PCBs and polybromodiphenylethers -PBDEs), mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (CH3Hg), other metals (Pb, Cd, Co, Cu, Ag, Zn...), naturally occurring radioelements (210Pb, 210Po) and some stable isotopes of lead (204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb). COSTAS is based on multidisciplinary skills and on elaborating coordinated actions: from the acquisition of field data (oceanographic campaigns), to laboratory analyses and the use of models. This approach integrates the ecological aspect of the trophic network, as well as that of the biogeochemistry of the contaminants.

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INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL MULTICONTAMINATION ON THE STRUCTURE OF ULTRAPHYTOPLANKTONIC COMMUNITY IN TOULON BAY (NW MEDITERRANEAN SEA, FRANCE) Delpy Floriane 1, Jamet Dominique 1, Garnier Cédric 1, Le Poupon Christophe 1, Yang Jingwei 1, Durrieu Gaël 1, Dang Duc-Huy 1, Misson Benjamin ,2* 1 : PROcessus de Transfert et d'Echanges dans l'Environnement (PROTEE) Université de Toulon : EA3819


2 : PROcessus de Transfert et d'Echanges dans l'Environnement (PROTEE) Université de Toulon



Toulon Bay is an ecotone between a very urbanized terrestrial environment and the Mediterranean Sea. This coastal marine ecosystem is submitted to an important anthropogenic pressure, leading to multiple inputs of inorganic and organic pollutants. A surface water biological and physicochemical mapping, realized by sampling 42 sites of the bay, highlighted important spatial gradients of ultraphytoplanktonic community structure, as well as of inorganic contamination by NO3-, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. Analysis by flow cytometry showed that photosynthetic picoeukaryotes may be particularly resistant to the multicontamination of the bay. Indeed, their abundance and relative proportion (up to 80 %) were maximal in the most contaminated areas. Even though they represented a low proportion (In keeping with this field study, experiments on controlled conditions will precise the differences of sensitivity and the resilience capacity of the different ultraphytoplanktonic groups in Toulon Bay. Physiological and genetic markers will be used to that purpose. Experimental setups are currently developed to compare the respective influence of nutrients and trace metals enrichment and bioavailability.

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MASSILIA PROJECT Modelling of the Bay of Marseille: Impact of the Anthropogenic Supply on the marine coastal ecosystem Pinazo Christel 1*, Doglioli Andrea 1, Faure Vincent ,2, Fraysse Marion 1, Pairaud Ivane ,3, Petrenko Anne 1, Thouvenin Bénédicte ,4, Tronczynski Jacek ,5, Ross Oliver 1, Verney Romaric ,4, Yohia Christophe ,6 1 : Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO) CNRS : UMR7294Université du Sud Toulon - VarInstitut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR235Aix Marseille Université


2 : ACTIMAR ACTIMAR

Aix en Provence

3 : IFREMER (LER PAC) Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)

Zone Industrielle de Bregaillon BP 330 83507 La Seyne sur Mer

4 : Dynamiques de l'Environnement Côtier (DYNECO) Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)

Technopole Brest-Iroise, BP 70, 29280, Plouzané

5 : Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la MER - IFREMER Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la MER - IFREMER

6 : OSU Institut Pytheas OSU Institut Pytheas

Marseille


In the framework of sustainable development, the anthropogenic impact of large coastal cities on the marine ecosystem is a key issue. This project aimed to improve our knowledge in marine ecosystem response to the anthropogenic supplies (from rivers, sewage outflows and atmosphere) from large cities. In particular, the goal is to underline how physical forcings decrease or increase the anthropogenic impacts on the coastal ecosystem and the assessment of the chemical contaminant (PCB) inputs (from city to sea) and exports (from mid-sea to open sea). This study was supported by GIRAC, METROC, PNEC-EC2CO MASSILIA, MERMEX WP3-c3A, international «IMBER» projects and sustained by the water agency AERMC, ACRI-ST and the PACA region. The density of contaminant-generating industries of the city of Marseille is highly representative of large modern Mediterranean cities. Marseille was thus chosen for the development of numerical tools, based on the coupling of a hydrodynamic model [1], a sedimentary model, a biogeochemical model [2,3] and a model of chemical contamination (PCB). The coastal area off Marseille is characterized by numerous physical and biogeochemical forcing. The physical forcings are: wind induced upwelling and downwelling, eddies, intrusion of the Northern Current [4], wind vertical mixing or stratification by heat fluxes. The biogeochemical inputs come from the Rhone River [3], the urban rivers in case of rainfall, the Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) inputs, the sediment and atmospheric inputs and the biogeochemical characteristics of large-scale waters surrounding the Marseille area. In this study, the numerical tools and the in-situ observations were used in the area off Marseille to answer the following questions: i) What are the respective contributions of the physical forcing in the modulation of the oligotrophic level of this coastal ecosystem submitted to strong anthropogenic supplies? ii) What is the influence of extreme events, which frequency increases with global warming (floods, storms, heat events), on the changes in the first trophic level (phytoplankton) in the Bay of Marseille? iii) Are the chemical contaminant (PCB) inputs from the city to the sea off Marseille, stocked inside the coastal marine area or exported to the open sea? The approach was to study realistic typical and extreme events observed during the years 2007 and 2008. The status (typical or extreme) of each event was determined in comparing it with statistics on the 2001-2008 period. Mistral wind events induced two spots of upwelling with a strong upwards vertical velocity (maximum of 5 cm.s-1 during an upwelling event in 2008's November) [1]. The area impacted by the ascent of deep water was characterized by low temperature and high nutrient

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concentrations. These nutrient concentrations induced an increase in chlorophyll-a concentrations in the upwelling spot and at the front between the upwelled water and the Rhone River plume water. This phytoplankton production could be potentially associated with chemical contaminant (PCB). In addition, sediment erosion occurred in the South part of the Bay of Marseille, where the fetch of the Mistral wind was the largest. The suspended particulate matter and the adsorbed chemical contaminant (PCB) were exported offshore by currents. South-Easterly wind events induced strong intrusion of off-shore (large-scale) waters inside the domain and a downwelling at the coast, inducing the vertical mixing of the whole water column. This wind was associated with waves, which induced sediment erosion near the WWTP inputs. The suspended particulate matter and the adsorbed chemical contaminant (PCB) were transported nearshore by currents, in the South part of the Bay of Marseille. The end of summer rainfall had a weak impact on hydrodynamics, but induced significant nutrients, suspended matter and PCB inputs in the Bay of Marseille by urban rivers and in the South area by the WWTP. The nutrients did not promote a significant phytoplankton production, which was limited by light and temperature in fall. The intrusion event of Rhone River water, diluted in the Bay of Marseille, induced a decrease in salinity and an increase in nutrients, suspended matter and PCB. This nutrient enrichment induced a phytoplankton production and an increase in chlorophyll-a concentrations, potentially associated with PCB adsorption. These events could be associated with an anticyclonic eddy located off the Rhone River mouth [4,5]. All the results of Massilia project were reported in [6]. References [1] Pairaud, I.L., J. Gatti, N. Bensoussan, R. Verney and P. Garreau, 2011. Hydrology and circulation in a coastal area off Marseille: Validation of a nested 3D model with observations, Journal of Marine Systems, 88, 20-33. [2] Fraysse M., C. Pinazo, V. Faure, R. Fuchs, P. Lazzari, P. Raimbault, I.L. Pairaud. 3D coupled physical-biogeochemical model development around Marseille's coastal area (NW Mediterranean Sea) : What complexity is required in coastal zone?Plos One, 8(12): e80012. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080012. [3] Fraysse M., I.L. Pairaud, O.N. Ross, V. Faure, C. Pinazo, 2014. Intrusion of Rhone River diluted water into the Bay of Marseille: generation processes and impacts on ecosystem functioning.J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, doi:10.1002/2014JC010022 [4] Ross O.N., M. Fraysse, C. Pinazo, I. Pairaud. How intrusions of the Northern Current affect the biogeochemistry in the eastern Gulf of Lion, NW Mediterranean.In prep. [5] Schaeffer A., Molcard A., Forget P., Fraunie P. and P. Garreau, 2011. Generation mechanisms of mesoscale eddy in the Gulf of Lions: radar observations and modelling.Ocean Dynamics, 61 (10) 1587-1609. [6] Pinazo C., M. Fraysse, A. Doglioli, V. Faure, I. Pairaud, A. Petrenko, B. Thouvenin, R. Verney, C. Yohia, 2013. MASSILIA: Modélisation de la baie de Marseille: Influence des apports anthropiques de la métropole sur l'écosystème marin: 1-136.Rapport-MASSILIA RST.ODE/ LER/PAC/13-14,http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00145/25592/

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Effect of sediment remobilisation on dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations of seawater: an experimental approach Tedetti-Guigue Catherine 1, Dang Duc Huy ,2, Tedetti Marc, Mullot Jean-Ulrich ,3, Garnier Cédric ,2, Goutx Madeleine 1 : Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/INSU, Université de Toulon, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France CNRS : UMR7294Aix-Marseille Université - AMUInstitut de Recherche pour le Développement - IRD

2 : Université de Toulon, PROTEE, EA 3819, 83957 La Garde, France Université de Toulon

3 : LASEM-TOULON LASEM

In this study, we investigated the effect of sediment remobilisation on dissolved PAHs in shallow seawater. We collected seawater and sediment core at Missiessy (MIS) station in May 2014. MIS station is located in Toulon harbour (Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, France) and is highly contaminated in term of organic pollutants and metals. To characterise MIS station, seawater samples were collected and immediately filtered on glass fiber filters, then PAHs from the dissolved phase were extracted using liquid-liquid method. In addition, a 40 cm sediment core was taken and divided, under nitrogen, into 2 cm thick slices. After lyophilisation, the slices were extracted using accelerated solvent extraction method (ASE). The purified extracts (water and sediment) were analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for 18 PAHs + alkylated homologues. PAH concentrations in dissolved phase of seawater and sediment core slices were 7.8 ± 2.8 ng l-1 and 63 050 ± 45 460 ng g-1, respectively. Two experiments were performed to assess the sediment remobilisation effects: one experiment with oxic sediment from the top of the core (0-2 cm, 38 500 ng g-1 of PAHs) and one experiment with anoxic sediment from the bottom of the core (38-40 cm, 65 000 ng g-1 of PAHs). Sedimentseawater mixtures, 1 g l-1 (dry weight), were continuously mixed during 14 days. Time series samples were analysed for 18 PAHs + alkylated homologues. Both experiments showed increases in dissolved PAH concentrations. Enrichment factors (EFs) were of the same order of magnitude for oxic and anoxic sediments (2.6 ± 1.3 and 3.8 ± 2.0, respectively). The higher EFs recorded for anoxic sediment may be related to the higher initial PAH concentrations in this sediment. These results show the importance of the sediment remobilisation processes in the dynamics of dissolved PAHs in coastal environments.

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MODELLING THE EXPORT OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS FROM A BIG MEDITERRANEAN CITY : THE CASE OF MARSEILLE Pairaud Ivane 1, Thouvenin Bénédicte ,2, Jany Cassandre, Zebracki Mathilde, Verney Romaric ,2, Chiffoleau Jean-François ,3, Garnier Cédric ,4, Tronczynski Jacek, Sauzade Didier, Cossa Daniel ,5, Pinazo Christel ,6, Ardhuin Fabrice, Fraysse Marion ,6, Andral Bruno 1 : Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Provence-Azur-Corse Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)


2 : Dynamiques de l'Environnement Côtier (DYNECO) Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)

Technopole Brest-Iroise, BP 70, 29280, Plouzané

3 : Laboratoire Biogéochimie des Contaminants Métalliques (LBCM) Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)Centre atlantique, Nantes

Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes



5 : Laboratoire Biogéochimie des contaminants métallique (LBCM) IFREMER

IFREMER - Centre de Méditerranée LBCM Zone Portuaire de Brégaillon CS 20330 83507 La Seyne sur Mer cedex http://wwz.ifremer.fr/institut



Large coastal cities are a significant source of marine pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. Metals and organics are brought to the marine environment through the sewage system and the surrounding catchments. Based on measurements of contaminants concentration in urban rivers and city outflows, a hydrosedimentary model of the bay of Marseilles was applied to study the transport of dissolved and particulate contaminants, their dilution and potential accumulation area for several circulation pattern and weather conditions. Examples are shown for Lead and CB153. The approach was developped in the framewok of the METROC, MASSILIA, MERMEX and PERSEUS projects. An application of the model to explain de the particulate Lead behaviour after its release from Cortiou outflow will be shown as a work from MERMEX-WP3 C3A action on coastal cities.

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WP3 - Shelf-slope exchanges Durrieu De Madron Xavier 1 1 : Centre de formation et de recherche sur l'environnement marin (CEFREM) INSUCNRS : UMR5110Université de Perpignan


Major results from the CASCADE action dealing with the assessment of the effect of major shelf-slope exchange processes (storm and dense shelf water cascading) on the export of trace metals.

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WP3 synthesis : Land-ocean interactions including extreme events Radakovitch Olivier 1, Rabouille Christophe ,2*, Claude Christelle,*, Durrieu De Madron Xavier ,3*, Garnier Cédric ,4*, Pairaud Ivane ,5*, Pringault Olivier ,6*, Tronczynski Jacek,* 1 : Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement de géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE) Aix Marseille UniversitéINSUInstitut de recherche pour le développement [IRD]CNRS : UMR7330

Europôle Méditerranéen de l'Arbois - Avenue Louis Philibert - BP 80 - 13545 Aix-en-Provence cedex 4 http://www.cerege.fr

2 : Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE - UMR 8212) Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)CEACNRS : UMR8212

LSCE-CEA-Orme des Merisiers (point courrier 129) F-91191 GIF-SUR-YVETTE CEDEX LSCE-Vallée Bât. 12, avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198 GIF-SUR-YVETTE CEDEX http://www.lsce.ipsl.fr/

3 : Centre de formation et de recherche sur l'environnement marin (CEFREM) INSUCNRS : UMR5110Université de Perpignan




5 : IFREMER - Laboratoire Provence Azur Corse Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)

6 : UMR MARine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC) Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR9190

www.umr-marbec.fr/fr/


The main objective of the WP3 is to characterize and model transfers and transformations of carbon, nutrients and contaminants through the coastal zone (from the continent to the open sea) and their impacts on the pelagic and benthic ecosystems. The main continental inputs considered are rivers, cities and submarine groundwater discharges. The activity has been segmented since the beginning of Mermex between operations which targeted different segments of this large objective: «Rivers» for the immediate fate of the river inputs to the sea, «C3A» for the contamination by megacities, «SGD» for Submarine Groundwater Discharge, «CASCADE» for the export through the canyons to the open sea, «COBEC» and «COPEL» for the processing of contaminants in pelagic and benthic food webs. Some of these actions were mainly developed through fundings from ANR or European projects. Although most projects are still ongoing due to the diversity of processes and their interactions with human activity and climatic parameters, major project outputs have shown the prominent role of extreme events in discharging, transfering and exporting particulate matter including carbon, nutrients and contaminants from the river floods to the transfer on the shelf during storms and the export by dense-water cascading. It was shown for example that this type of export is crucial in the composition of deep-mediterranean waters, because the dense water transferred to the deep-mediterannean sea through canyons cover the Northwestern basin a few years after the export event. The delivery of particulate organic carbon from the Rhône River was shown to be largely trapped by sedimentation and mineralized near the river mouth with a limited export of terrigeneous organic matter out of the nearshore area. This input is linked to large discharge events during floods which rapidly disrupts sediment characteristics and diagenesis. Resuspension is an other kind of event process of anthropic or natural origin which has an influence on both water and sediment column. Some examples of this influence will be presented here based on in-situ observations or laboratory experiments. The Rhone river has a well known influence on primary production, but for the first time this influence has been also demonstrated on the bioaccumulation of metal and some natural radionuclides on phytoplankton and zooplankton. Due to a process associated to habitats and hydrodynamics, metal and some organic contaminant contents of plankton from the eastern part of the Gulf of Lion present higher values than those of the western part. Such spatial difference was not observed in the pelagic species of Anchovy and Sardina. Contaminants are bioamplificated through the trophic chain of these two species, but the major step is generally associated to the transfer from dissolved to phytoplankton, i.e. the first trophic level. Extreme rain events have also a role in the inputs of contaminants from large cities and their

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industrial activities. In this case however, the inputs important in term of flux as to be differentiated from those occuring during low flow because of the different characteristics of contaminants and bearing particles associated to waste water treatment plants (which are generally by-passed during high flow). Like rivers, inputs from these cities have a direct influence in their vicinity where high concentrations of pollutants could be reached in the sediment. The coastal morphology is thus important. Whereas the contaminants from Marseille are partly «diluted» on the adjacent shelf with the water circulation, those from the Toulon area are concentrated in its large bay, inducing an exceptional contamination. Finally, we looked for submarine groundwater discharges over the entire length of the French mediterranean coast. This study based on radionuclides data evidenced classical and ponctual inputs mainly in karstic areas, even at local scale.

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Estimation des apports souterrains sur les côtes méditerranéennes par les radioéléments 223Ra, 224Ra et 222Rn Claude Christelle 1, Cockenpot Sabine,*, Baudron Paul ,2, Radakovitch Olivier,*, Arfib Bruno ,3, Mayer Adriano ,4, Gilabert Javier, Garcia-Arostegui José-Luis, Leduc Christian 1 : Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement de géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE) Aix Marseille UniversitéINSUInstitut de recherche pour le développement [IRD]CNRS : UMR7330


2 : Polytechnique Montréal 3 : Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement de géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE) Aix Marseille Université


4 : Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH) Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) : UMR1114Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse

Université d'Avignon, 33 rue Louis Pasteur, F-84000 Avignon, France.


Comme tout interface, le domaine côtier, est particulièrement complexe car son fonctionnement est affecté par les processus hydrologiques de surface et souterrains continentaux ainsi que les processus biogéochimiques marins (Fig. 1). Ce territoire est également fragile car il subit des pressions anthropiques liées au développement économique du littoral ainsi que naturelles telles que l'augmentation du niveau marin. Les radio-éléments radon et radium sont utilisés depuis maintenant une 20aine d'années pour quantifier les échanges souterrains aux interfaces océan-continent. D'un point de vue hydrologique ces flux sont généralement faibles et par conséquent difficiles à quantifier par les méthodes classiques. Les études portent aussi bien sur le littoral côtier que sur les systèmes lagunaires. Ces travaux sont importants pour l'avancée des connaissances en hydrologie et hydrogéologie car ils apportent une méthode indépendante de caractérisation et de quantification des flux des aquifères côtiers. Ces travaux sont également importants du point de vue des écosystèmes marins car les flux souterrains d'eau et de matière peuvent contribuer au développement de la chaine trophique mais aussi l'impacter négativement. La quantification des flux d'eau souterraine par la méthode des radio-éléments à courte période est basée sur un bilan de masse de ces éléments. A l'état stationnaire, le bilan des entrées et des sorties de la boite est supposé nul. Tous les flux sont supposés connus à l'exception des flux souterrains qui sont alors déduits par différence. On convertit le flux en radio-éléments en excès en un flux d'eau échangé en le divisant par l'activité radioactive de l'eau souterraine. La sensibilité de la méthode va alors dépendre du degré de confiance dans chacun des termes du bilan. Les travaux menés au CEREGE dans le cadre de l'action SGD du WP3 du programme MERMEX visent à améliorer nos connaissances des différents termes du bilan. Les principaux résultats obtenus sont présentés (étang de Berre (France), lagune de Mar Menor (Espagne), golfe du lion (France). Sur le site de l'étang de Berre, le couplage des mesures de l'intensité du vent et un bilan de masse du radon a permis de définir une relation empirique permettant de quantifier le dégazage du 222Rn pouvant s'appliquer au pourtours méditerranéen (Cockenpot et al ., 2015). Sur le site espagnol, le couplage des radio-éléments 223Ra, 224Ra et 222Rn à la modélisation hydrodynamique a permis de localiser les zones d'apports souterrains dans la lagune et de recirculation dans les sédiments (Baudron et al., 2015). A plus grande échelle, une étude est en cours sur les côtes du golfe du Lion. P. Baudron, S. Cockenpot, F. Lopez castejon, O. Radakovitch, J. Gilabert, A. Mayer, J.-L. Garcia Arostegui, D. Martinez-Vivente, C. Leduc and C. Claude, Combining radon, short-lived radium isotopes and hydrodynamic modeling to assess submarine groundwater discharge from an anthropized semiarid watershed to a Mediterranean lagoon (Mar Menor, SE Spain), Journal of Hydrology, in press March 2015. S. Cockenpot, C. Claude and O. Radakovitch, Estimation of air-water gas exchange coefficient in a shallow lagoon based on 222Rn mass balance, J. of Environmental Radioactivity, (2015), 143, 58-69.

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- chapter 4 -

WP 4 - NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC AIR-SEA INTERACTIONS

Variability of Solar Radiation and CDOM in Surface Coastal Waters of the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea Sempéré Richard 1, Tedetti Marc ,2*, Para Julien ,2*, Charriere Bruno ,3, Mallet Marc ,4* 1 : Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) Aix Marseille Université

Batiment Méditerranée, Campus de Luminy-Oceanomed, Aix Marseille Université, 13 288 Marseille Cedex 9 http://mio.pytheas.univ-amu.fr





4 : Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA) CNRS : UMR5560Observatoire Midi-PyrénéesINSUUniversité Paul Sabatier (UPS) - Toulouse III

14 avenue Edouard Belin 31400 Toulouse http://www.aero.obs-mip.fr/


Atmospheric and in-water solar radiation, including UVR-B, UVR-A and PAR, as well as chromophoric dissolved organic matter absorption [aCDOM(k)] in surface waters were monthly measured from November 2007 to December 2008 at a coastal station in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea (Bay of Marseilles, France). Our results showed that the UVR-B/ UVR?A ratio followed the same trend in the atmosphere and at 2 m depth in the water (P

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Role of atmospheric input on the stoichiometry and degradability of dissolved organic matter in the Mediterranean Sea. Djaoudi Kahina 1 1 : Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO) Aix Marseille Université


Role of atmospheric input on the stoichiometry and degradability of dissolved organic matter in the Mediterranean Sea. K.DJAOUDI1 , E.PULIDO-VILLENA1, F.Van WAMBEKE1. 1- Mediterranean Institute of oceanography, Oceanomed building, Luminy campus, Marseille,13288. [email protected] Recently, it has become increasingly apparent that atmospheric transport plays an important role in the supply of mineral and organic material to the surface ocean. This atmospheric input is especially important in Low Nutrient Low Chlorophyll (LNLC) regions where the vertical supply from the subsurface is low particularly during the stratification period. In the ocean, carbon export to depth (and therefore, its long term storage with presumed consequences on climate) occurs both through particle sedimentation and through the transfer of dissolved organic matter (DOM) via diffusion or convection. In LNLC oceanic regions, C export through DOM has been estimated to be equal to or greater than particulate organic carbon flux. The fate of surface DOM, mineralized or exported, depends to a high extent on its biodegradability, particularly its C:N:P stoichiometry. However, Factors controlling the stoichiometry and degradability of the organic matter remain largely unknown. The aim of this PhD thesis is to assess the contribution of atmospheric input to the C:N:P stoichiometry of surface DOM in a LNLC oceanic region, the Mediterranean Sea. Two main mechanisms are addressed: a ?direct' effect, through the input of new OM to the existing DOM pool, and an ?indirect' effect, that is, through the stimulation of bacterial activity. To address these issues we will combine an observation approach (atmospheric and marine monitoring) and an experimental approach consisting on laboratory experiments under controlled conditions aiming to determine the biogeochemical transformations of the DOM marine pool under the effect of an atmospheric input. The data obtained from both approaches will be used to force a biogeochemical modelling tool (ECO3M).

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projet PEACETIME Desboeufs Karine 1, Guieu Cecile ,2 1 : LISA Université Paris VII - Paris Diderot

2 : LOV CNRS : UMR6526

Les échanges à l'interface Océan-Atmosphère sont cruciaux pour le climat, le changement climatique, et pour les services fournis par chaque écosystème de la Terre. Dans un effort commun entre expérimentateurs et modélisateurs, PEACETIME propose de caractériser les processus fondamentaux et leurs interactions à cette interface clé en Mer Méditerranée (MM), en étudiant l'impact de ces processus sur le fonctionnement de l'écosystème pélagique et le rétrocontrôle vers l'atmosphère, aujourd'hui et dans le futur. Ce projet pluridisciplinaire propose de caractériser du point de vue de la chimie, de la physique (avec un fort accent sur l'optique) et de la biologie l'interface OA. Il est basé à la fois sur une campagne en MM et sur d'importants développements en modélisation (de 0 à 3-D). Ce projet sera présenté lors du workshop dans le cadre du WP4 de MERMEx.

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Spatio-temporal dynamics of air-sea CO2 fluxes in Gulf of Lion (Western Mediterranean Sea) Bozec Yann 1, Cariou Thierry, Colin Edouard, Durand Axel, Macé Eric, Marrec Pierre, Thuillier Doris, Vernet Marc 1 : Marine Chemistry Unit, UMR 7144 CNRS-UPMC, Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR) CNRS : UMR7144

Place Geoerges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff

Over the past decade, the coastal oceans have been the focus of several studies highlighting the key role of these ecosystems in the global budget of air-sea CO2 fluxes. The spatial variability in air-sea CO2 fluxes is large from one coastal ecosystem to the other and it was recently proposed to classify continental shelves as sinks and near-shore ecosystems as sources of atmospheric CO2. However, the latest estimates of air-sea CO2 fluxes in coastal ecosystems are subject to large uncertainty. At present, the lack of sufficient data is the major limitation in the quantification of the spatial and temporal variability of these CO2 fluxes in coastal environments. This lack of data is even more relevant in coastal ecosystems impacted by estuarine plumes. While there is an emerging agreement on the role of inner estuaries as source of CO2 to the atmosphere, estuarine plumes (e.g. outer estuaries) can either act as sources or as sinks for atmospheric CO2. To accurately constrain the present impact of estuarine plumes in global air-sea CO2 fluxes, additional investigations must be carried out in a greater diversity of ecosystems. The air-sea CO2 fluxes in Mediterranean coastal ecosystems impacted by estuarine inputs have been particularly poorly investigated. The Gulf of Lions is a coastal ecosystem considerably impacted by freshwaters inputs from the largest estuary surrounding the Mediterranean Sea namely the Rhône. In the framework of the MERMEX-CARBORHONE project, we investigated the processes controlling the air-sea CO2 fluxes from the inner estuary to the estuarine plume located within the 1500 m isobath of the Gulf of Lions. Our approach relied on 4 seasonal cruises carried out in 2011 and 2012. In the present paper, we provide a first assessment of the processes controlling the carbon dioxide system in the very heterogeneous coastal ecosystem «Rhône estuary/Inner Gulf of Lions». This first assessment will constitute a basis for a future understanding of the carbon dioxide system alteration under global change.

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Primary and secondary particles chemical composition of marine emissions from Mediterranean seawaters D'anna Barbara 1, Marchand Nicolas ,2, Pey Jorge ,2, Sellegri Karine ,3, Schwier Allison ,3, Charriere Bruno ,4, Sempere Richard ,4, Mas Sebastien ,5, Parin David ,5, Rmili Badr ,6, Meme Aurelie ,6 1 : Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON) CNRS : UMR5256

2 av. A. Einstein 69626 Villeurbanne cedex http://www.ircelyon.univ-lyon1.fr/

2 : Laboratoire de Chimie et Environnement (LCE-IRA) CNRS : FRE2704Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I

3, place Victor HUGO 13331 MARSEILLE CEDEX 03

3 : Laboratoire de météorologie physique (LaMP) INSUCNRS : UMR6016Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II

bat. Physique 5 - 3ème étg 24 Av des landais 63177 AUBIERE CEDEX http://wwwobs.univ-bpclermont.fr/



5 : Ecologie des systèmes marins côtiers (Ecosym) Université Montpellier IInstitut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR238CNRS : UMR5119Université Montpellier II - Sciences et techniques

UNITE de RECHERCHE UMR 5119 CC093 Bâtiment 24 UNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER 2 Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5 http://www.ecosym.univ-montp2.fr/

6 : Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON) CNRS : UMR5256Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I (UCBL)

2 avenue Albert Einstein 69226 Villeurbanne cedex

Marine emissions are among the largest source of both primary particles and do highly contribute secondary organic aerosols (SOA) at a global scale. Whereas physical processes control the primary production of marine aerosols, biological activity is responsible for most of the organic fraction released from marine sources, potentially transformed into SOA when exposed to atmospheric oxidants. The Mediterranean atmosphere displays important concentrations of SOA, especially in summer, when atmospheric oxidants and photochemical activity are at their maximum. The origin of these elevated concentrations of SOA remain unclear. Here we present the results from a mesocosms study in a remote location in Corsica and a chamber study (using fresh sea water from Western Mediterranean) as part of the Source of marine Aerosol particles in the Mediterranean atmosphere (SAM) project. The mesocosm study was conducted at the Oceanographic and Marine Station STARESO (Corsica) in May 2013. One mesocosm was used as a control (with no enrichment) and the other two were enriched with nitrate and phosphate respecting Redfield ratio (N:P = 16) in order to produce a bloom of biological activity. Physical and chemical properties of the enclosed water samples together with their surrounding atmosphere were monitored during 20 days by a multi-instrumental high-time resolution set-up. In parallel, numerous additional measurements were conducted including water temperature, incident light, pH, conductivity, chemical and biological analyses, fluorescence of chlorophyll, dissolved oxygen concentration. The chamber studies were performed in a Teflon chamber of 1. 5m3 that accommodates a pyrex-container for the fresh sea-water samples. After injection of sea-water in the pyrex-container, the system is allowed to stabilize to 20-30 minutes, then it was exposed to 60-100ppbv of ozone and/or UV-A irradiation. Aerosol concentrations and their physical characteristics were followed by means of Scanning Mobility Particle Sizers; clusters concentration was monitored using a Particle Size Magnifyer (PSM); the gas-phase composition of volatile organic compounds was determined by using Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer and cartridges. Aerosol chemical composition was investigated using High Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, filters analysis and TEN-EDX microscopy. Results evidence a complex nature of the primary emitted aerosol which is not clearly associated to the biological bloom (ex. cholrophyll), VOCs emission was observed during high biological activity periods. Formation of new particles was observed in the chamber and seems to be related to iodine species (in the absence of any macroalgea population).

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- chapter 5 -

WP 5 - MARINE REGIONALISATION PLANNING

Uncertainties in ensemble forecasting of copepod species richness through niche modelling, under multiple climate change scenarios. Benedetti Fabio ,2 , Guilhaumon François ,3, Adloff Fanny ,4, Somot Samuel ,4, Irisson JeanOlivier ,5 , Ayata Sakina-Dorothée ,5 1*

,2

,6

1 : Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV) INSUCNRS : UMR7093Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VIClimate-KIC, EIT, UE


2 : Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC) Université Paris VI - Pierre et Marie CurieKIC-Climat

4 place Jussieu - 75005 Paris http://www.upmc.fr/

3 : Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

Adresse du siège - Le Sextant 44, bd de Dunkerque, CS 90009 13572 Marseille cedex 02 http://www.ird.fr/




6 : Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC) Université Paris VI - Pierre et Marie Curie



Anthropogenic climate change is expected to deeply modify current marine ecosystems by inducing shifts in species' spatial distributions and phenology, which may, in turn, disrupt established trophic relationships. One of MerMex's WP5 aims is to evaluate how climate change may affect the functioning of the Mediterranean Sea's ecosystems. Within the PlankMed project, shifts in zooplankton community assemblages are predicted by coupling the latest available climate change scenarios with environmental niche models. Environmental niche models, also called species distribution models or habitat suitability models, are commonly used to forcast shifts in species geographic distributions under climate change scenarios. However, such forecasts are embedded with uncertainties related to : niche model choice and calibration, coupled atmosphere-ocean circulation model choice, carbon emission scenario etc. Therefore, uncertainties in forecasting must be thoroughly studied, and the importance of each source must be quantified, before providing any predictions. First results of habitat suitability shifts are shown for some copepod species, and the major sources of uncertainties in species richness projections are presented.

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Mediterranean Sea response to climate change in an ensemble of 21st century scenarios Adloff Fanny 1 1 : CNRM-GAME/Météo-France Météo FranceCNRS : UMR3589

The Mediterranean climate is expected to become warmer and drier during the 21st century. Mediterranean Sea response to climate change could be modulated by the choice of the socioeconomic scenario as well as the choice of the boundary conditions mainly the Atlantic hydrography, the river runoff and the atmospheric fluxes. To assess and quantify the sensitivity of the Mediterranean Sea to the 21st century climate change, a set of numerical experiments was carried out with the regional ocean model NEMOMED8 set up for the Mediterranean Sea. The model is forced by air-sea fluxes derived from the regional climate model ARPEGE-Climate at a 50-km horizontal resolution. Historical simulations representing the climate of the period 1961-2000 were run to obtain a reference state. From this baseline, various sensitivity experiments were performed for the period 2001-2099, following different socio-economic scenarios based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. For the A2 scenario, the main three boundary forcings (river runoff, nearAtlantic water hydrography and air-sea fluxes) were changed one by one to better identify the role of each forcing in the way the ocean responds to climate change. In two additional simulations (A1B, B1), the scenario is changed, allowing to quantify the socio-economic uncertainty. Our 6-member scenario simulations display a warming and saltening of the Mediterranean. For the 2070-2099 period compared to 1961-1990, the sea surface temperature anomalies range from +1.73°C to +2.97°C and the SSS anomalies spread from +0.48 to +0.89. In most of the cases, we found that the future Mediterranean thermohaline circulation (MTHC) tends to reach a situation similar to the Eastern Mediterranean Transient. However, this response is varying depending on the chosen boundary conditions and socio-economic scenarios. Our numerical experiments suggest that the choice of the near-Atlantic surface water evolution, which is very uncertain in General Circulation Models, has the largest impact on the evolution of the Mediterranean water masses, followed by the choice of the socio-economic scenario. The choice of river runoff and atmospheric forcing both have a smaller impact. The state of the MTHC during the historical period is found to have a large influence on the transfer of surface anomalies toward depth. Besides, sub-surface currents are substantially modified in the Ionian Sea and the Balearic region. Finally, the response of thermosteric sea level ranges from +34cm to +49cm (2070-2099 vs. 1961-1990), mainly depending on the Atlantic forcing.

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PlankMed: Impact du changement climatique sur les écorégions planctoniques en Méditerranée : couplage de modèles statistiques et dynamiques Ayata Sakina-Dorothée 1 , Benedetti Fabio 1, Adloff Fanny ,3, Somot Samuel ,3, Guilhaumon François ,4 ,2*









L'action PlankMed du WP5 de Mermex vise à estimer l'impact du changement climatique sur les écosystèmes planctoniques en Méditerranée. L'originalité de ce projet est d'associer modèle de niche, modèle océanique, et modèle biogéochimique. Il rassemble donc des chercheurs issus de différentes communautés et bénéficie ainsi de compétences de pointe dans chacun de ces domaines. Sept laboratoires français sont impliqués (LOV-UPMC/CNRS, CNRM-GAMEMétéo France, LSCE-IPSL, ENSTA-ParisTech, ECOSYM-UM2, EME-IFREMER, Mercator Océan).

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Combining Lagrangian approaches with species distribution models: new approaches to assess climatedriven shifts of distribution range in the pelagic realm Ayata Sakina-Dorothée 1 , Benedetti Fabio 1, Berline Léo ,3, Fontana Clément 1, D'ortenzio Fabrizio 1 ,2*








Projecting potential habitat for marine species under end-of-century climate is a growing field of research that has largely been inspired by terrestrial ecology. The most common approach is to use species distribution models (SDM) forced by projected climatic conditions. Such models estimate projections of future species distributions based on ecological niche theory. However, when applying methods that have been developed for terrestrial species, a unique characteristic of the marine landscapes is always ignored: its fluid component that is responsible for dispersal of marine species. Taking into account dispersal by oceanic currents would then allow distinguishing the potentially colonisable habitat from the potentially suitable habitat. Here we propose a way forward by combining Lagrangian tracking methods to species distribution models. The Lagrangian approach allows tracking the movements of water parcels and hence to estimate connectivity matrices based on hydrodynamical conditions. A possible application of these Lagrangian trajectories and connectivity matrices would be to weight the projected potential habitats of planktonic species by the hydrodynamical connectivity of these habitats with present habitats. This new approach is applied to planktonic species in the Mediterranean Sea and future developments and applications are discussed.

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T-MEDNet : a collaborative network for high resolution and long term monitoring of Mediterranean coastal waters stratification Bensoussan Nathaniel 1, Garrabou Joaquim ,2 , Group T-Mednet ,3

1 : Ipso Facto scop Ipso Facto

10 rue Guy Fabre, F-13001 ips-o.fr

2 : Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (ICM) CMIMA - Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49. E-08003 Barcelona http://www.icm.csic.es/



T-MEDNet initiative (www.t-mednet.org) is devoted to spread the acquisition of high resolution temperature series in Mediterranean coastal waters, as well as to facilitate data sharing and analysis. In the Mediterranean, shifts in species' distribution and mass mortality events (MME) reported during the last decades have been related to significant warming and positive temperature anomalies (eg. 1999, 2003 and 2006). Given actual warming projections for the Mediterranean, the effects of climate change in coastal waters such as the repetition of new MMEs are extremely likely. In this context, gaining robust data sets on coastal waters thermal regimes at the appropriate (high resolution & long-term) temporal and spatial scales is critical to assess conditions to which benthic species have adapted, detect extreme events and critically evaluate biological impacts. Besides these temperature datasets are precious for current hydrological modeling efforts in coastal areas, since they help to reduce the uncertainties of model outputs through statistical downscaling or improving modeling parameters. These modeling tools coupled with climatic scenarios offer sound basis on the assessment of potential risk in the face of climate change. In T-MEDNet, temperature is being recordedin situby autonomous sensors fixed to the rocky substrate or mooring lines, every 5 m from 5 to 40 m depth and set to collect hourly records. To date, high resolution temperature records are being collected in more than 40 sites across the Mediterranean, mainly in the NW Mediterranean but also in the Adriatic Sea, Agean Sea and south coast. The portal http://www.t-mednet.org provides information on high resolution temperature records currently available and methodological support on «how to» implement new high resolution temperature series. The portal also facilitates data management and analysis through dedicated user interface and semi-automated routines. The development of T-MEDNet is a concerted initiative between scientists and their research programs and managers of MPAs and their associations (MedPAN and IUCN) for the acquisition and analysis of high resolution T series. Maintaining and enlarging this initiative will be crucial for increasing our detection, understanding and forecasting abilities of climate change impacts on Mediterranean coastal ecosystems.

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PlankMed action of WP5 Ayata Sakina-Dorothée 1 , Benedetti Fabio ,2, Guilhaumon François ,3, Adloff Fanny ,4, Irisson Jean-Olivier ,5 ,2








5 : Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV) CNRS : UMR7093Université Paris VI - Pierre et Marie Curie

BP 28 06234 VILLEFRANCHE SUR MER CEDEX http://www.obs-vlfr.fr/LOV/

This presentation will introduce the PlankMed action of WP5, which aims to assess the impact of climate change on Mediterranean planktonic ecosystems by combining species distribution statistical models with ocean and biogeochemical dynamic models.

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- chapter 6 -

Others

MERMEX facts and numbers Sempéré Richard 1, Durrieu De Madron Xavier ,2, Guieu Cecile ,3, Pairaud Ivane ,4 1 : Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) Aix Marseille Université

Batiment Méditerranée, Campus de Luminy-Oceanomed, Aix Marseille Université, 13 288 Marseille Cedex 9 http://mio.pytheas.univ-amu.fr



3 : Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV) INSUCNRS : UMR7093Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) - Paris VI


4 : IFREMER - Laboratoire Provence Azur Corse Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)

The semi-enclosed nature of the Mediterranean Sea, together with its smaller inertia due to the relative short residence time of its water masses, make it highly reactive to external forcing, in particular variations of water, energy and matter fluxes at the interfaces. This region, which has been identified as a ??hotspot'' for climate change, is therefore expected to experience environmental impacts that are considerably greater than those in many other places around the world. These natural pressures interact with the increasing demographic and economic developments occurring heterogeneously in the coastal zone, making the Mediterranean even more sensitive. The current knowledge on and expected changes due to single forcing (hydrodynamics, solar radiation, temperature and acidification, chemical contaminants) and combined forcing (nutrient sources and stoichiometry, extreme events) affecting the biogeochemical fluxes and ecosystem functioning are explored within the project MERMEX in the framework of MISTRALS program. MERMEX project based on MERMEX group white book (*) is dedicated to the response of Mediterranean ecosystems and biodiversity to climate changes and anthropogenic pressure. MERMEX aims to deepen the current understanding of the Mediterranean marine ecosystems to better anticipate their upcoming evolution. It is focusing on the response of ecosystems to modifications of physico-chemical forcing at various scales, both in time and space, linked to changing environmental conditions and increasing human pressure. Four years MERMEX results clearly showed that several processes including winter dense surface water convection, surface water stratification, river water discharge and episodic desert dust inputs play a major role on marine productivity as well as on organism community structure. Slight modifications of such processes that will be very likely affected by global change in 21th century can induce significant changes in Mediterranean Sea ecosystems.

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An integrated network for a long-term mediterranean observation Raimbault Patrick 1, Team Moose 1 : MIO (MIO) MIO

Campus de Luminy, Bâtiment Méditerranée, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France.

Despite intensive research efforts undertaken in the Mediterranean Sea over more than a century, an integrated view of its evolution, viewed in the climate change and anthropogenic pressure, still lacks. In this context, a Mediterranean Ocean Observing System for the Environment (MOOSE) has been set up as an interactive, distributed and integrated observatory system of the NW Mediterranean Sea to detect and identify long-term environmental anomalies. It is based on a multisite system of continental-shelf and deep-sea fixed stations as well as Lagrangian platform network to observe the spatio-temporal variability of processes interacting between the coastalopen ocean and the ocean-atmosphere components. Another target is to build efficient indicators of the health of the NW Mediterranean basin. This network is focused on long observation period ( LOP) to respond to the scientific and operational issues in the Mediterranean Sea. In this context, MOOSE aims to build an integrate and multi-disciplinary observing system in the NW Mediterranean Sea in collaboration to the components of the INSU programm MISTRALS (HYMEX, MERMEX and CHARMEX).

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Authors Index Adloff, Fanny..........................................................................................................................42, 43, 44, 47 Al., Et.................................................................................................................................................25, 27 Alekseenko, Elena...................................................................................................................................26 Andral, Bruno..........................................................................................................................................32 Ardhuin, Fabrice......................................................................................................................................32 Arfib, Bruno............................................................................................................................................ 36 Arnaud, Mireille ......................................................................................................................................22 Ayata, Sakina-Dorothée.......................................................................................................... 42, 44, 45, 47 Bachet, Caroline ......................................................................................................................................24 Baklouti, Melika......................................................................................................................................26 Banaru, Daniela.......................................................................................................................................17 Batisti?, Mirna.........................................................................................................................................12 Baudron, Paul ..........................................................................................................................................36 Beauverger, Mickael................................................................................................................................18 Beguery, Laurent................................................................................................................................18, 24 Benedetti, Fabio......................................................................................................................42, 44, 45, 47 Bensoussan, Nathaniel.......................................................................................................................15, 46 Berline, Léo.............................................................................................................................................45 Besson, Florent........................................................................................................................................24 Bhairy, Nagib .....................................................................................................................................14, 24 Biogeochemical Team, Dewex................................................................................................................. 4 Blanchot, Jean......................................................................................................................................... 11 Bodin, Nathalie........................................................................................................................................27 Bonnat, Armel......................................................................................................................................... 22 Bosse, Anthony ................................................................................................................................... 2, 18 Bouin, Marie Noëlle................................................................................................................................18 Bourrin, François.....................................................................................................................................18 Boussabat, Soumaya................................................................................................................................14 Bozec, Yann.............................................................................................................................................40 Bura-Naki?, Elvira.................................................................................................................................. 12 Cadiou, Jean-François............................................................................................................................. 22 Calafat, Antoni........................................................................................................................................ 18 Canals, Miquel........................................................................................................................................ 18 Cariou, Thierry........................................................................................................................................ 40 Cari?, Marina...........................................................................................................................................12 Carlotti, François............................................................................................................... 11, 16, 17, 26, 27 Cayol, Jean-Luc..................................................................................................................................... 8, 9 Celine, Tixier...........................................................................................................................................26 I

Charmasson, Sabine................................................................................................................................ 21 Charriere, Bruno................................................................................................................................ 37, 41 Chevallier, Cristèle.................................................................................................................................. 11 Chiffoleau, Jean-François........................................................................................................................32 Ciglene?ki Ju?i?, Irena............................................................................................................................ 11 Ciglene?ki, Irena..................................................................................................................................... 12 Claude, Christelle .............................................................................................................................. 34, 36 Cockenpot, Sabine...................................................................................................................................36 Colin, Edouard........................................................................................................................................ 40 Conan, Pascal.....................................................................................................................................2, 4, 6 Coppola, Laurent.....................................................................................................................................18 Cornet, Véronique................................................................................................................................... 14 Cossa, Daniel...........................................................................................................................................32 D'anna, Barbara....................................................................................................................................... 41 D'ortenzio, Fabrizio.................................................................................................................... 2, 6, 18, 45 Daly Yahia, Néjib............................................................................................................................... 11, 14 Dang, Duc Huy.................................................................................................................................. 19, 31 Dang, Duc-Huy....................................................................................................................................... 28 Dausse, Denis ..........................................................................................................................................18 Delpy, Floriane ........................................................................................................................................28 Desboeufs, Karine................................................................................................................................... 39 Devenon, Jean-Luc............................................................................................................................ 11, 16 Djaoudi, Kahina...................................................................................................................................... 38 Doglioli, Andrea ................................................................................................................................ 10, 29 Dugenne, Mathilde ................................................................................................................................... 3 Duran, Robert ..........................................................................................................................................23 Durand, Axel........................................................................................................................................... 40 Durrieu De Madron, Xavier....................................................................................................18, 33, 34, 48 Durrieu, Gaël................................................................................................................................19, 20, 28 Espinasse, Boris.................................................................................................................................16, 26 Estournel, Claude............................................................................................................................. 5, 6, 18 Fardeau, Marie-Laure............................................................................................................................... 8 Faure, Vincent......................................................................................................................................... 29 Font, Jordi ............................................................................................................................................... 18 Fontana, Clément.................................................................................................................................... 45 Fraysse, Marion................................................................................................................................. 29, 32 Fuchs, Rosalie......................................................................................................................................... 22 Garcia, Fabrice........................................................................................................................................ 22 II

Garcia-Arostegui, José-Luis....................................................................................................................36 Garnier, Cédric....................................................................................................... 19, 20, 23, 28, 31, 32, 34 Garrabou, Joachim.................................................................................................................................. 15 Garrabou, Joaquim.................................................................................................................................. 46 Garreau, Pierre ...................................................................................................................................15, 26 Gaufrès, Pierre.........................................................................................................................................22 Germain, Chloé....................................................................................................................................... 24 Ghiglione, Jean-François.........................................................................................................................23 Gilabert, Javier........................................................................................................................................ 36 Golbol, Melek..........................................................................................................................................14 Goutx, Madeleine .............................................................................................................................. 24, 31 Grosso, Olivier........................................................................................................................................ 14 Group, At_couplage................................................................................................................................ 10 Group, Specimed.....................................................................................................................................13 Group, T-Mednet..................................................................................................................................... 46 Grégori, Gérald........................................................................................................................................10 Guieu, Cecile..................................................................................................................................... 39, 48 Guigue, Catherine....................................................................................................................................24 Guilhaumon, François.................................................................................................................. 42, 44, 47 Hamdi, Moktar.......................................................................................................................................... 9 Heussner, Serge....................................................................................................................................... 18 Houpert, Loïc.......................................................................................................................................... 18 Hrusti?, Enis ............................................................................................................................................12 Hélias, Sandra..........................................................................................................................................14 Irisson, Jean-Olivier...........................................................................................................................42, 47 Jacek, Tronczy?ski.................................................................................................................................. 26 Jamet, Dominique....................................................................................................................................28 Janekovic, Ivica.......................................................................................................................................12 Jany, Cassandre....................................................................................................................................... 32 Joseph, Manon.......................................................................................................................................... 9 Karay, Fatma............................................................................................................................................. 8 Kessouri, Fayçal ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Kunesch, Stéphane.................................................................................................................................. 18 Lauga, Béatrice........................................................................................................................................23 Le Goff, Hervé........................................................................................................................................ 18 Le Poupon, Christophe............................................................................................................................28 Leblanc, Karine....................................................................................................................................... 14 Leduc, Christian...................................................................................................................................... 36 III

Lenoble, Véronique .................................................................................................................................19 Ljube?i?, Zrinka...................................................................................................................................... 12 Loizeau, Veronique..................................................................................................................................26 Lucas, Yves..............................................................................................................................................20 Macé, Eric............................................................................................................................................... 40 Malengros, Deny..................................................................................................................................... 14 Mallet, Marc ............................................................................................................................................37 Marchand, Nicolas.................................................................................................................................. 41 Margu?, Marija........................................................................................................................................12 Marrec, Pierre..........................................................................................................................................40 Marsaleix, Patrick..................................................................................................................................... 5 Martin, Jacobo.........................................................................................................................................18 Mas, Sebastien.........................................................................................................................................41 Mayer, Adriano........................................................................................................................................36 Mayot, Nicolas.......................................................................................................................................... 2 Meme, Aurelie.........................................................................................................................................41 Meulé, Samuel.........................................................................................................................................22 Misson, Benjamin ..............................................................................................................................23, 28 Moncef, Mohammed............................................................................................................................... 11 Mortier, Laurent...................................................................................................................................... 18 Mounier, Stéphane............................................................................................................................. 19, 20 Mullot, Jean-Ulrich............................................................................................................................19, 31 Munschy, Catherine.................................................................................................................................25 Obolensky, Grigor..................................................................................................................................... 2 Okba, Aicha.............................................................................................................................................. 9 Ollivier, Bernard....................................................................................................................................... 8 Omanovic, Dario................................................................................................................................19, 20 Oursel, Benjamin.....................................................................................................................................20 Pagano, Marc........................................................................................................................................... 11 Pairaud, Ivane.............................................................................................................. 15, 22, 29, 32, 34, 48 Palanques, Alberto...................................................................................................................................18 Para, Julien.............................................................................................................................................. 37 Parin, David.............................................................................................................................................41 Pasqueron De Fommervault, Orens.......................................................................................................... 2 Patel, Nathalie......................................................................................................................................... 19 Petrenko, Anne........................................................................................................................................ 29 Pey, Jorge.................................................................................................................................................41 Pinazo, Christel..................................................................................................................................29, 32 IV

Poteau, Antoine......................................................................................................................................... 2 Pradel, Nathalie......................................................................................................................................... 8 Prieur, Louis.............................................................................................................................................. 2 Pringault, Olivier........................................................................................................................... 1, 23, 34 Puig, Pere................................................................................................................................................ 18 Queguiner, Bernard................................................................................................................................. 26 Quéguiner, Bernard............................................................................................................................13, 14 Rabouille, Christophe........................................................................................................................ 22, 34 Radakovitch, Olivier...............................................................................................................22, 27, 34, 36 Raimbault, Patrick........................................................................................................................18, 22, 49 Ramondenc, Simon................................................................................................................................... 7 Ravel, Christophe ....................................................................................................................................22 Rmili, Badr ..............................................................................................................................................41 Roblin, Claude.........................................................................................................................................22 Ross, Oliver.............................................................................................................................................29 Répécaud, Michel....................................................................................................................................22 Saces Up Group, ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Salter, Yan................................................................................................................................................14 Sammari, Cherif...................................................................................................................................... 11 Sanchez-Vidal, Anna............................................................................................................................... 18 Sauzade, Didier....................................................................................................................................... 32 Sayadi, Sami.......................................................................................................................................... 1, 8 Schwier, Allison...................................................................................................................................... 41 Schäfer, Jörg ............................................................................................................................................19 Sellegri, Karine........................................................................................................................................41 Sempere, Richard.................................................................................................................................... 41 Sempéré, Richard...............................................................................................................................37, 48 Smati, Hossem......................................................................................................................................... 11 Somot, Samuel........................................................................................................................15, 18, 42, 44 Taillandier, Vincent................................................................................................................................... 2 Team, Moose........................................................................................................................................... 49 Tedetti, Marc................................................................................................................................ 24, 31, 37 Tedetti-Guigue, Catherine....................................................................................................................... 31 Testor, Pierre.................................................................................................................................... 2, 6, 18 Tholozan, Jean-Luc................................................................................................................................... 9 Thouvenin, Bénédicte...................................................................................................................26, 29, 32 Thuillier, Doris........................................................................................................................................ 40 Tronczynski, Jacek............................................................................................................ 25, 27, 29, 32, 34 V

Ulses, Caroline.......................................................................................................................................... 5 Vernet, Marc ............................................................................................................................................40 Verney, Romaric ..................................................................................................................... 22, 26, 29, 32 Yang, Jingwei.......................................................................................................................................... 28 Yohia, Christophe ....................................................................................................................................29 Zebracki, Mathilde.................................................................................................................................. 32 Zhou, Meng............................................................................................................................................. 16

VI

Institut Méditerranéen d'Océanologie M.I.O ‐ UMR 7294 CNRS IRD AMU UTLN Campus de Luminy 163 avenue de Luminy Bâtiment Méditerranée 13288 MARSEILLE cedex 09 Web: www.mio.osupytheas.fr

Edited by CCSd (Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) on Fri, 03 Apr 2015