Methods 6. conserVation status, haBitat selection, and indicator

Jahn, bird communities of the ecuadorian choco

6. Conservation status, habitat selection, and indicator species Introduction In the previous two chapters I have demonstrated how species-rich tropical bird communities can be assessed and monitored effectively. However, the resulting wealth of data is very complex, and it is obviously not a simple task to apply this information in practical conservation. Here I will discuss some options on how the avifaunistic data gathered at Playa de Oro can be analyzed in order to obtain prac tical information permitting conservation-oriented interpretations. To facilitate the maintenance of biodiversity in human-influenced landscapes through the establishment of nature reserves, adaptive management of natural resources, and mitigating measures for environmentally adverse operations, basic information on the status and distribution of biological taxa and their habitats is required. However, especially in tropical countries, comprehensive inventories of various plant and animal groups are usually not feasible due to lack of funds and time (Pearson 1994, Kerr et al. 2000). It has been estimated that an all-taxa inventory of just one hectare of tropical humid forest might take 50-500 researcher years to accomplish (Lawton et al. 1998). Not surprisingly, contemporary conservation biologists and managers have therefore increasingly used indicator species (or species groups) as a shortcut to monitoring and solving conservation problems (Raven & Wilson 1992, Flather et al. 1997, Caro & O’Doherty 1999). Surrogate species are principally employed in two conservation contexts: first, to pinpoint areas of high conservation value (biodiversity indicators), and second, to identify environmental change (Pearson 1994). In the former case, the indicator concept is based on the assumption that the presence of certain proxy taxa also captures a broad range of other organisms or conservation targets (Pearson & Cassola 1992, Carroll & Pearson 1998, Crisp et al. 1998, Duelli & Obrist 1998, Rodrigues et al. 1998, Tardif & DesGranges 1998, Lawler et al. 2003); thus, they can help in siting and designing reserves (Terborgh & Winter 1983). The second group can be subdivided further into indicators of environmental contaminants, habitat quality, and population trends (Landres et al. 1988, Landres 1992). Obviously, effective indicators of environ-

mental change need to be sufficiently sensitive to human-caused disturbance in order to provide an early warning of decaying environmental conditions (Cairns 1986, Munn 1988, Frost et al. 1992), and their population trends should mirror those of other species sensitive to the same anthropogenic impacts (Caro & O’Doherty 1999). A growing body of literature has questioned the effectiveness of indicator groups for conservation purposes, especially those of vertebrates (e.g., Landres et al. 1988, Prendergast et al. 1993, Dobson et al. 1997, Andelman & Fagan 2000). Thus, it seems worthwhile to analyze the performance of tropical birds as indicators in different conservation contexts and on different geographical scales, which here include the global level, the regional context of the Ecuadorian Chocó, and the local perspective of Playa de Oro. Hence, I will focus on birds as indicators of habitat quality as well as of biodiversity patterns.

Methods Collection of habitat and bird data The methods used for the mapping of habitats, vege tation structure, and human impacts are described on p. 35, Methods. The bird survey methods included mist netting, transect mapping, and non-stan dardized observation hours (p. 65-71, Methods). Endemic and threatened species For the determination of endemic species I used Stattersfield et al. (1998: 199-203, 210-215) and, in addition, Ridgely & Greenfield (2001b: 63-68). Differences in the assignment of endemic species between the two publications are due to the following factors: (1) divergent treatment of taxonomy at the species/subspecies level; (2) deviation in the criteria defining an endemic taxon: ‘50 000 km2 historic breeding range’ criterion (Stattersfield et al. 1998: 1926) versus ‘mostly restricted to only one biogeo graphic area’ (Ridgely & Greenfield 2001b: 62-63); and (3) differences in the definitions of the ‘centers of endemism’. For the threat status, I exclusively employed lists based on the official IUCN threat categories sensu 179

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IUCN (2001) and Gärdenfors et al. (2001), in particular BirdLife International (2000, 2004b) for the global level and Granizo et al. (2002) for the national level. Flagship and umbrella species Flagship species are charismatic animals that attract public attention and support. Successful candidates are often chosen on the basis of their decreasing population size or threat status (Dietz et al. 1994). In addition, they are usually rather large in size to better promote the conservation of extensive areas of natural habitat (Caro & O’Doherty 1999). In contrast to flagships, which need only be attractive and popular but not ecologically significant, umbrella species have to be ecologically important but not necessarily attractive to the public (Caro & O’Doherty 1999). Naturally, they should be large (Wicox 1984) because of the positive correlation between body size and area requirement (Brown 1995). Furthermore, to provide an effective protective shield for local biodiversity, they must have large ranges in comparison with sympatric species. In this way, the ranges of viable populations of the target species can encompass the area necessary to ensure the survival of other species with similar habitat requirements (Berger 1997). Using Playa de Oro and the Ecuadorian Chocó as examples, I discuss how useful these surrogate species are in achieving certain conservation goals. Life zone assemblages In northwestern Ecuador, many forest-dependent bird species clearly have a narrow niche width as regards climatic conditions, altitudinal range, vegeta tion types, and other ecological factors (e.g., interspecific competition and pathogens). Here, I define as ‘life zone specialists’ those forest- and forest-edgeinhabiting avian taxa that in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador, occupy only one to three different life zones sensu Holdridge (1967). Most of these species have a strong indicator function regarding certain forest types, and many of them would quickly be in trouble if their main habitat were cleared or if their life zones shifted due to climate change. Thus, they are of potential importance for biologists and managers in directing conservation efforts, as the composition and completeness of these habitat assemblages might function as a surrogate for the integrity and quality of the associated forest types.

Ideally ‘life zone assemblages’ would be deter mined through intensive sampling of all forest hab itats in a defined geographic area, e.g., the coastal lowlands of Ecuador between sea level and the 900 m contour line. Associations of bird species with certain life zones could then be tested statistically. However, such comprehensive bird data are not available for western Ecuador, and therefore I had to base the assignments on my own and other workers’ field experience as well as on published records on avian habitat requirements and distributions (e.g., Ridgely & Greenfield 2001b). Consequently, the life zone assemblages presented here should be regarded as preliminary at best. Furthermore, I determined these indicator groups only for five life zones, as I did not have sufficient field experience in other regions of the western Ecuadorian lowlands. Very important for the determination of life zone assemblages was the exchange of information with P. Mena V., who has also carried out intensive field work in northwestern Ecuador. Together we studied a total of 18 localities at an elevational range of c. 5 to 550 m in Esmeraldas Province between Apr. 1995 and May 2001 (Fig. 40). The survey effort was different at each locality. Playa de Oro was by far the most intensively studied site, with > 27 km of sampled transects – almost half the total transect length. Some of the localities at the periphery of the study area were sampled in only a single transect or a few transects of c. 1000 to 1500 m. Apart from transect mapping, the principal survey method, mist netting was used at Playa de Oro and San Miguel. The life zones considered were tropical dry forest, tropical humid forest, tropical wet forest, the ‘lowermost base of the Andean foothills’ (cf. p. 26, Life zones), and premontane pluvial forest. In north western Ecuador, tropical dry forest includes decid uous and semi-deciduous forest types close to the coast, which were not present in the studied sites. Likewise, in the case of premontane pluvial forest, only the lowermost 100-200 m of an altitudinal range between c. 350 and 1800 m were sampled until May 2001. Therefore, the assignment of birds to these life zones was based mainly on published accounts. However, since Nov. 2004, the author and P. Mena V. studied at least nine additional sites in Esmeraldas and several more in Imbabura, Pichincha, Cotopaxi, and Guayas, between about 40 and 3600 m above sea level, thus widening the base of knowledge on the species composition in additional

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FIG. 40. Localities studied by the author (OJ) and/or P. Mena V. (PMV; pers. comm.) in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador, between Apr. 1995 and May 2001. Abbreviations used: (I) reserves: A = Cotacachi-Cayapas Eco logical Reserve; B = Cayapas-Mataje Ecological Reserve; (II) rivers: a = Río Santiago; b = Río Cayapas; c = Río Zapallo; d = Río Ónzole; e = Río San Miguel; f = Río Bravo; g = Río Chimbagal; (III) localities studied: 1 = Playa de Oro, Río Santiago (00°53’N, 78°48’W; 50-450 m; OJ & PMV; cf. Fig. 1b); 2 = Palma Real, Río Santiago (00°55’N, 78°51’W; 30-120 m; OJ & PMV); 3 = Tsejpi, Río Zapallo (00°48’N, 78°50’W; 50-250 m; OJ & PMV); 4 = Jeyambi, Río Zapallo (00°48’N, 78°52’W; 60-210 m; OJ); 5 = Chispero, Río Cayapas (00°48’N, 78°56’W; 130-200 m; PMV); 6 = Majua, Río Cayapas (00°47’N, 78°56’W; 50-150 m; PMV & OJ); 7 = Guadual, Río Cayapas (00°47’N, 78°57’W; 50-150 m; OJ & PMV); 8 = San Miguel, Río Cayapas (00°45’N, 78°55’W; 50-150 m; PMV & OJ); 9 = Charco Vicente, Río San Miguel (00˚41’N, 78°54’W; 80-550 m; PMV & OJ); 10 = Agua Blanca, Río Chimbagal (00°44’N, 78°57’W; 50-130 m; OJ); 11 = Calle Manza, Río Chimbagal (00°42’N, 78°58’W; 90-190 m; PMV); 12 = Corriente Grande, Estero Sabalito, Río Chimbagal (00°41’N, 79°01’W; 60-150 m; OJ); 13 = Corriente Grande, Salto del Bravo, Río Bravo (00°40’N, 78°58’W; 80-400 m; OJ & PMV); 14 = Cooperativa Nueva Aurora, Río Guaduero (00°36’N, 79°00’W; 200-400 m; PMV); 15 = Corriente Grande, Río Guaduero (00°38’N, 78°59’W; 80-400 m; OJ); 16 = Colón, Estero Tangarial, Río Ónzole (00°47’N, 79°04’W; 30-150 m; PMV & OJ); 17 = Gualpi de Ónzole, Río Ónzole (00°46’N, 79°09’W; 30-180 m; PMV & OJ); 18 = La Pampa, Río Cayapas (01°08’N, 78°58’W; 5-10 m; OJ). Additional sites were studied since Nov. 2004 (see text for details).

habitats and ‘life zones’ and confirming the general composition of life zone assemblages presented here. Assessment of the conservation value of MNT1 and MNT2 To demonstrate how the conservation value of study sites can be assessed by analyzing the composition of their avian communities, I used the transect-mapping

data of MNT1 and MNT2 as an example (Appendices 12a and 12b; Table 52). In particular, I looked at the species’ habitat preferences as well as at the presence/absence of threatened and endemic bird taxa. Furthermore, I applied the ‘bird community index’ approach described by Bradford et al. (1998) and Canterbury et al. (2000), which analyzes the entire avian community as an indicator of forest condition at the local level. The principal assumption 181

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of the method is that individual habitat assemblages of birds can indicate only the particular resource condition defining them, whereas ecological status and biotic integrity should be evaluated on the basis of multiple habitat assemblages. For example, largescale timber harvest often results in the loss of bird taxa requiring mature stands or continuous forest as well as in the invasion by species characteristic of earlier successional stages and forest edges. Thus, the forest bird community index BCIforest should contrast disturbance-sensitive forest taxa against disturbancetolerant species. I used the formula BCIforest = ln (∑ SF + l) – ln (∑ SOC + ∑ SFE + l) with SF representing forest-dependent species in the sample [not only mature forest taxa as in Canterbury et al. (2000)], SOC open-country birds, and SFE forest-edge species. I calculated the BCIforest for MNT1 and MNT2, using the presence /absence data gathered in the transect-mapping study. I employed the general hab itat category of each species (Appendix 8). Non-core taxa (sensu Remsen 1994), habitat generalists, and species depending on open water, large rivers, and fast-flowing streams were omitted. Data analysis Multivariate analysis Ecological problems, like habitat selection by birds, naturally involve numerous environmental variables, gradients, and numerous species and individuals (Gauch 1982). Thus, community data are clearly multivariate and should be analyzed with correspond ing methods, whereas univariate or bivariate statistics would be appropriate if only one or two environ mental gradients existed (McCune & Grace 2002). Multivariate analyses provide a relatively objective and straightforward summary of complex informa tion and thus contribute to hypothesis generation by leading ecologists to the discovery of structure in the data (Gauch 1982). Here, I considered the standardized mist-netting and transect-mapping data gathered in the habitat mosaics at MNT1 and MNT2 (Appendices 12a and 12b). The data of both transects were pooled. In the case of mist netting, I omitted individuals that were recaptured within six hours to ensure that their habitat selection was not influenced by the locality at which they were previously released. Furthermore, to avoid uninterpretable noise in the data set, species

with less than three independent capture events had to be excluded. A total of 2545 captures of 87 species was considered. In the case of the transect-mapping data only near-belt records were taken into account because habitat characterization in the far belts was not detailed enough to permit meaningful testing for bird-habitat associations (p. 35f, Mapping of habitats, vegetation structure, and human impact). Again, species with less than three MTW records were omitted. In total, 2626 records of 114 species were valid. In both data sets bird abundances were logtransformed to reduce the influence of the most common species. Likewise, rare species, defined as those with relative abundances < 20% of the most frequently recorded birds, were down-weighted in relation to more abundant species in order to minimize an unduly high influence of eventual outliers, adding noise to the data sets. The nets (n = 136), which had a fixed position along the habitat gradients, were the sample units of the mist-netting study. They were, of course, not sta tistically independent of each other. However, inde pendence of sample units is not a prerequisite for the use of ordination techniques, such as correspondence analysis or canonical correspondence analysis (ter Braak & Smilauer 2002), as long as interpretations are of a descriptive nature. Gradients were measured from the center of each net. Thus the true position of captures had an error of up to ± 3.3 m relative to the environmental factor. In reality the error was greater, up to an estimated ± 9 m, because the dis tances between net-centers and environmental factors were measured on the maps and not in the field. In the transect-mapping study, sample units were the 25 x 25-m main belt plots (n = 94). These plots were obviously not statistically independent either. Gradients were measured from the centers of the plots. As a consequence, the true position of the birds had an error of up to ± 17.7 m (= half-diagonal of the plot) relative to the environmental factor. Due to the reasons mentioned above, the real error was probably greater, up to an estimated ± 24 m. For direct multivariate analyses I considered the following environmental variables: – Main habitat types (cf. p. 45-54, Structural features of the main habitats of MNT1 and MNT2), i.e., open country (OC), young successional forest (ysF), and medium-age forest (magF), were used as binary ‘dummy’ variables, which are shown in some figures, but did not influence the ordination results.

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– Distance to the nearest forest edge (D-F/OC) was measured as a linear gradient, with distances with in open country having negative signs and dis tances within forest positive signs. Forest birds that avoid open country as well as grassland and scrubland species that avoid forest or their edges should respond strongly to this variable. – Proximity to the nearest forest edge (P-F/OC) was expressed in positive metric scores, with sample units closer to the forest edge having higher positive values than those at greater distances, independently of the main habitat in which they were located. Forest-edge species that use the entire ecotone, in other words the outside as well as the inside portion of the forest border, are expected to respond positively to this variable. – Proximity to the river (P-R) was expressed in pos itive metric scores, with sample units closer to the river having higher values than those at greater distances. This environmental variable is important because human disturbance (including hunt ing pressure) decreases with increasing distance from navigable rivers. Furthermore, some bird taxa are more frequently encountered in river-edge vegetation than in any other habitat. – Proximity to the nearest water body (stream, artifi cial channel, etc.) within open country (P-waOC) was expressed in positive metric scores. In single variable analyses (see below), I have used the distances to the water bodies instead (D-waOC). In extensively forested areas, like the Chocó region, streams in open country are a surrogate habitat for river-edge species. Consequently, this variable might help to uncover corresponding habitat associations. – Proximity to nearest forest stream (P-strF) in pos itive metric scores. Some forest birds construct their nests above streams or in stream banks, and others forage preferably in their vicinity. These taxa may also show a close association with forest streams in survey data. – Proximity to nearest tree-fall gap within forest (P-tgF) in positive metric scores. Tree-fall gaps influence the distribution pattern of certain forestdwelling birds (e.g., Schemske & Brokaw 1981) and were thus considered here. – The combined foliage density of the midstory and canopy (COV-M+C) was expressed in cover scores according to Table 4. Thus, values between zero and eight were theoretically possible. In some graphics I used the uncovered portion of the mid-

story and canopy (UNC-M+C), which was ob tained by subtracting the combined cover from the maximum value of eight. I selected this variable because it was identified as the structural feature with the highest potential to differentiate between the three main habitat types (Chapter 3). All potential environmental variables were tested for colinearity by inspecting weighted correlation matrices generated in CANOCO (ter Braak & Smilauer 2002). If two or several variables showed high correlation coefficients (> 0.75) and/or elevated ‘in flation factors’ (IF > 20), only one of them was used in the subsequent analyses. Finally, four variables were used for the mist-netting data and five for the MTW data. The importance of each of these vari ables was tested using CANOCO’s ‘forward selection tool’ and a Monte Carlo permutation test (Table 44). However, some omitted colinear variables, subjec tively judged to be important, were shown as supplementary (passive) variables in the ordination graphs. The following multivariate analyses were carried out: Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA). – A widely used indirect eigenanalysis-based ordination technique derived from Correspondence Analysis (CA; synonymous with Reciprocal Averaging, RA), that can be used if a strong gradient is expected (Hill & Gauch 1980). DCA performs detrending by di viding the first axis into segments and subsequently centering the second axis on zero in order to remove the ‘arch effect’, an artifact obtained in the CA and other ordination techniques (Gauch 1982, Pielou 1984, Digby & Kempton 1987). The first axis explains most of the variance of species data, and thus is the most worthwhile in interpretation. Analyses were carried out with the software package CANOCO (ter Braak & Smilauer 2002). Since bird species were the focus of interest, I used the scaling options ‘biplot scaling’ and ‘focus on species distance’. Output graphics were subsequently edited in CANODRAW (ter Braak & Smilauer 2002). Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). – An ordination method for direct eigenanalysis-based gradient analysis that permits the interpretation of environmental correlations (ter Braak 1986, 1987; Jongman et al. 1987). The significance level of each environmental factor might be determined by Monte Carlo permutation tests (Table 44). The ordination technique, like other correspondence analysis meth ods, assumes that species have unimodal distributions along environmental gradients (ter Braak & Prentice 183

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taBle of the forward selection and Monte carlo permutation test of the variables TABLE44. 44.results Results of the forward selection and Monte Carlo permutation testenvironmental of the environmental used in the direct multivariate analyses. these tests are an option of the canonical correspondence analysis variables used in the direct multivariate analyses. These tests are an option of the Canonical Correspondence (cca) function canoco (ter Braak smilauer 2002); 2002); 999 permutations were were carried out in Analysis (CCA) of function of CANOCO (ter& Braak & Smilauer 999 permutations carried outthe in Monte carlo Carlo permutation test, permitting the assessment of a significance level of p = 0.001. viations the Monte permutation test, permitting the assessment of a significance level abbre of p = 0.001. Abbreviations used: (a) variable: D-F/OC= distance to forest-open P-F/OC=to proximity to used: (a) variable: d-f/oc = distance to forest-open country edge; country p-f/ocedge; = proximity forest-open forest-open edge; P-R= proximity river; P-strF= proximity forest stream; UNC-M+C= country edge;country p-r = proximity to river; p-strf to = proximity to forest stream; to unc-M+c = combined cover of midstory and canopy; shows sequence of the most ofcombined midstory cover and canopy; (b) marginal effects: (b) λ1 =marginal shows theeffects: sequenceλof mostthe important environ mental 1 = the important environmental variables obtained byvalue the forward selection; each fraction value represents thetheexplained variables obtained by the forward selection; each represents the explained of variance variable fraction of if variance thesingly variable would if included effects: singly in CCA of (c)each conditional effects:which λ A= would have included in the ccahave (c) conditional λathe = effect single variable, of each variable, which is identical to for the first (best fit) variable. In subsequent variables, λ iseffect identical to λsingle for the first (best fit) variable. in subsequent variables, the joint effect of the preceding 1 1 F = value of the F-statistics; p = probability. vari removed; = value ofvariables the f-statistics; p = probability. theables joint iseffect of thefpreceding is removed; A) Mist-netting (MN) data Marginal effects b Variable

a

λ1

D-F/OC 0.38 UNC-M+C 0.33 P-R 0.24 P-F/OC 0.11 B) Transect-mapping (MTW) data Marginal effects b Variable

a

D-F/OC UNC-M+C P-R P-strF P-F/OC

.... 15.5.08 1 Formatiert

.... 20.5.08 1 Formatiert

Conditional effects c

λA

fF

p p

0.38 0.07 0.08 0.13

12.53 2.42 2.59 4.55

0.004 0.004 0.056 0.010

Conditional effects c

λ1

λA

fF

p p

0.57 0.46 0.42 0.31 0.18

0.57 0.06 0.11 0.09 0.15

14.55 1.66 3.15 2.44 4.07

0.006 0.016 0.014 0.004 0.012

1988). Meaningful interpretation might be mostly obtained for the first two axes. here, i used ccas with single variables to demonstrate the effect of the most important environmental gradients. the software and scaling options employed were the same as for the dcas (see above). Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis (DCCA). – the detrended form of the cca was chosen to minimize the so-called ‘arch effect’, a mathematically intrinsic problem of the cca algorithm. since this arch effect was quite obvious, i decided to apply detrending by 2nd order polynomials, an option in canoco. the scaling options were the same as for the dcas (see above). Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS). – the most widely used distance-based ordination method, which maximizes rank-order correlation between distance measures and distance in ordination space (palmer 2004). points are moved to minimize the mismatch (‘stress’) between the ordination and

.... 15.5.08 1 Gelöscht: T

measured ecological distances. the method assumes that dissimilarity is monotonically related to ecological distance. calculations were carried out with the program pc-ord (Mccune & Mefford 1999). i used the recommended qualitative form of the sørensen similarity coefficient as distance measurement. the algorithm followed the methods developed by Kruskal (1964) and Mather (1976). the number of axes producing the lowest stress was determined through multiple runs with randomized data. that is, runs were started with random configuration and a total of 15 runs were carried out for each data set. this ‘dimensionality assessment’ resulted in a final configuration of more than 3 axes for the mistnetting sample and 2 axes in the transect-mapping data. determination of indicator species potential indicator species for the three main habitat types represented in the mosaic landscape of the río

184

1

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Santiago drainage were determined on the basis of the mist-netting and transect-mapping data sets described in the previous chapters. The following meth ods were used: Two-way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN). – The most widely used program for classifying species and samples by phytosociologists and vegetation ecologists. The method is derived from Correspondence Analysis (CA) and is thus based on recip rocal averaging ordination (Hill 1979). The process of classification is hierarchical (Hill et al. 1975). First, samples are successively divided into categories. In a second step, species are divided into categories on the basis of the sample classification. The final result is an arranged data matrix, or ordered two-way table, of the occurrence of species and samples (Gauch 1982). Potential indicator species are those arranged near either end of the ordination axis by reciprocal averaging. They are assigned higher weights (positive or negative) than the other species, and recomputing further polarizes the ordination. Subsequently, the samples are divided into two clusters by breaking the ordination axis, usually near the middle. Species are then assessed in terms of their fidelity to each of the two clusters and classified in the group to which they show a high fidelity. This procedure is then repeated for each of the clusters; see Gauch (1982) and Legendre & Legendre (1998) for details. The analyses were carried out using presence/absence as well as log-abundance data. Input parameters were set to default, with the exception of the maximum level of divisions, which was set to three because interpre tation of further divided clusters was judged to be meaningless. Indicator Value (IndVal). – A rather new approach, developed by Dufrêne & Legendre (1997), which assesses a species’s abundance in relation to its relative frequency of occurrence in various groups of samples. Indicator species are the most characteristic taxa of each group (McGeoch & Chown 1998). ‘Asymmet rical indicators’ are rare species that are found only at one or a few sites in one habitat group and are present exclusively in that group. Their presence cannot be predicted for all sites representing appropriate habitat, but they nevertheless contribute to the habitat specificity. By contrast, ‘symmetrical indicators’ occupy all sites of their habitat group and are found only in that group. Their presence at all sites of the group can be predicted. The indicator value of each species is calculated as the product of its habitat specificity and fidelity; see Dufrêne & Legendre

(1997) and Legendre & Legendre (1998) for details. The statistical significance of the indicator index is evaluated through a randomization procedure. In contrast to TWINSPAN, the indicator value for a given species is independent of the relative abundances of the other taxa. The analyses were carried out for the main habitat types using the default settings. In the case of mist netting, 2616 captures of 135 species were taken into account. The cor responding transect-mapping data embraced 2694 main-belt records of 155 species. I computed 499 randomizations for significance levels < 0.05 and < 0.01, and 999 randomizations for a probability of ≤ 0.001. Other statistical methods For the comparison of the life zone assemblages, I determined the number of shared species using Es timateS 6.0b (Colwell 2001). Furthermore, I com puted two qualitative (incidence-based) similarity indices, Jaccard and Sørensen I, according to the equations in Magurran (1988: 95), using the same software. Assumed correlations between the body size of the birds and their IUCN threat categories on global and national levels were assessed with the nonparametric Spearman’s rank test (Conover 1980, Fowler & Cohen 1986), using SPSS software (SPSS 2003). The test for species threatened at the national level was one-tailed, as a strong positive correlation between variables was anticipated. However, for globally threatened taxa a two-tailed test had to be carried out. I employed Microsoft Excel (Microsoft 2001) for the generation of graphics other than those based on ordination techniques. In all tests, differences were regarded as significant at a proba bility level of P < 0.05.

Results Endemic species Of the 336 bird species recorded in Playa de Oro until Nov. 2004, 13.1% (n = 44) are listed as endem ic taxa by Stattersfield et al. (1998) and/or Ridgely & Greenfield (2001b) (Table 45). According to Stattersfield et al. (1998), 24 species of Playa de Oro’s avifauna are endemic to the ‘Chocó Endemic Bird Area (EBA)’, and Ridgely & Greenfield (2001b) listed eight additional taxa as endemic to the ‘Chocó lowlands’. Stattersfield et al. (1998) regarded two species as endemic to the ‘Tumbesian EBA’, while Ridgely & Greenfield (2001b) cata 185

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taBle 45. endemic and threatened bird species of playa de oro. abbreviations used: (a) endemic bird TABLE 45. Endemic and threatened bird species of Playa de Oro. Abbreviations used: (a) Endemic bird area: cho1 = chocó eBa 041 sensu stattersfield et al. (1998); cho2 = chocó lowlands; additional endemic area: Cho1= Chocó EBA 041 sensu Stattersfield et al. (1998); Cho2= Chocó lowlands; additional endemic species tumbesianregion regionEBA eBa045 045sensu sensuStattersfield stattersfieldetet al. al. species listed listed by by ridgely Ridgely& & greenfield Greenfield (2001b); (2001b); tum1 Tum1==Tumbesian (1998); tumbesianlowlands; lowlands;additional additionalendemic endemicspecies species listed listed by by Ridgely ridgely & & Greenfield greenfield (2001b); (2001b); (1998); tum2 Tum2==Tumbesian wand2 western Andean andean slope; ridgely & greenfield (2001b); (b) wAnd2== western slope; additional additional endemic endemic species specieslisted listedbyby Ridgely & Greenfield (2001b); threat status: international threat status categories sensu iucn (2001): ntNT= = near (b) Threat status: international threat status categories sensu IUCN (2001): Nearthreatened; Threatened;dd DD== data deficient; Vu Vulnerable; EN= en =Endangered; endangered;CR= cr =Critically criticallyEndangered; endangered;(c)(c)population populationestimate: estimate: Data Deficient; VU== Vulnerable; estimates individuals only; estimate not notavailable. available. Note: note: the the estimates for for ecuador Ecuador refer refer to to the the number number of of mature mature individuals only; n.a. n.a.== estimate taxa to ridgely & greenfield (2001b), as restricted-range species for the chocó lowlands, taxa listed listedhere, here,according according to Ridgely & Greenfield (2001b), as restricted-range species for the Chocó the westernwestern andeanAndean slope, and the tumbesian lowlands,lowlands, were not regarded endemicasspecies by stattersfield lowlands, slope, and the Tumbesian were not asregarded endemic species by et al. (1998).etsee for additional and threatened species recorded nov. after 2004.Nov. 2004. Stattersfield al. text (1998). See text forendemic additional endemic and threatened speciesafter recorded Scientific name Crypturellus berlepschi Leucopternis plumbeus

Endemic bird area a Cho1

Leucopternis semiplumbeus Leucopternis princeps Harpia harpyja

Threat status b Ecuador World EN VU NT

Population estimate c References on threat for Ecuador (World) status and population Mena & Jahn (2002l) 6000-18 000 Mena & Jahn (2002f); BirdLife 6000-18 000

EN VU VU

NT

2500-7500 10 000-30 000 n.a.

Micrastur plumbeus

Cho1

EN

VU

(2500-10 000)

Falco peregrinus Ortalis erythroptera

Tum1

VU VU

VU

60 cm); magF = medium-age forest (high-canopy forest in submature stages; trunks of bigger trees have medium-sized diameters; i.e., a dBH of 3060 cm, rarely more); ysF = young successional forest (low-canopy, low-diameter forest in early stages of regeneration; only a few tree stems have a dBH >30 cm); F/OC = forest-to-open-country edge or forest-to-semi-open-country edge; F/R = forest-to-river edge; mcpL = mixed-culture plantation (traditional, semi-open


350

Umbruch 56.indd 350

06.12.11 14:18

Umbruch 56.indd 351

Scientific name Family (no. spp.) / species Tinamidae (3) Tinamus major Crypturellus berlepschi Crypturellus soui Fregatidae (1) Fregata magnificens phalacrocoracidae (1) Phalacrocorax brasilianus Anatidae (1) Anas discors Ardeidae (6) Tigrisoma fasciatum Ardea alba Egretta thula Egretta caerulea Bubulcus ibis Butorides striata ac uc oc uc uc uc fc-co uc-fc

0-800

0-3200

80*-2200 0-300 (3500) 0-500 (2600) 0-600 (2800) 0-2800 (3300) 0-500 (2800)

oc uc uc uc ra-uc

ac

uc

ac

ra (oc) ra ra uc ra-uc

(ac?)

(oc)

(ac?)

(ra) (oc) (oc) (oc) (uc) (ra)

(ac?)

(oc)

(ac?)

uc-fc ra (uc-fc?)

0 (1900)

uc-fc ra-uc uc-fc

uc-fc uc uc-co

L-1200 (1350) L-450 (900?) L-1200

uc-fc uc uc-co

Abundance rank per life zone b TrHF TrWF pmWF pmpF

Altitudinal range in western ecuador (m) a

R/e R/e R/e R/e OC R/e

R

R/e

(R)

F F OC

F/R OC/R OC/R OC/R psOC; OC/R OC/R; F/R

OC/R

OC/R; F/R

matF; magF matF; magF mcpL; F/OC; OC/R; ysF

General habitat c Main habitat types d

faR; gvR/e; tsR/V slR; saR/e slR; saR/e slR; saR/e; gvR/e gsR/V; tsR/V tsR/V; slR; faR

slR

slR; tsR/V

inF strF ysSC

important microhabitats e

F/R; strOC F/R; faR; tsR/V; gvR/e F/R; faR; tsR/V saR/e; mcpL saR/e; gvR/e; strOC

saR/e; gvR/e

slR; faR

ysF ysF; F/OC; F/R; psOC; F/R; magF; clF

Less important habitats and microhabitats f

plantation with a variety of cultivated plants, like cocoa and plantain, and single, often high, shading trees); psOC = poorly structured open country (pastures with single shading trees, degenerated grassy or shrubby country, large sugar-cane plantations, dry rice fields, etc.); OC/R = open country-to-river edge or semiopen-country-to-river edge; Se = settlements; np = no preferences (see comments above); (e) important microhabitats: inF = forest interior (used exclusively for species that are only rarely encountered at forest edges); tgF = tree-fall gap within forest (usually small light gap caused by standing dead, broken, fallen, or selectively logged trees); clF = clearing within forest (mid-size to large forest opening, usually, but not always, created by humans); ritF = ridge-top forest; baF = earth and sand banks within forest (usually encountered along ridges or on slopes of steep gullies and ravines; at least for some smaller species this also includes the earth pulled up by uprooted trees); ysSC = young successional scrub (mosaic of grassy and scrubby areas with small pioneer trees, like Cecropia and Ochroma, in overgrown plantations, pastures, and on river islands); HeL = Heliconia thickets; guaB = Guadua bamboo stands; slR = slow-flowing river sections; faR = fast-flowing river sections; saR/e = river-edge sandbar (usually encountered in slow-flowing river sections; regularly inundated during flash floods); gvR/e = river-edge gravel bar and rocks (usually encountered in fast-flowing river sections; regularly inundated); baR = river or stream bank; tsR/V = river-edge trees and scrubs (regularly inundated); gsR/V = grassy river-edge vegetation (young successional weeds, grasses, shrubs, and treelets that replace the vegetation cover on sandbars and low banks washed away during flash floods or that colonize newly deposited sediments; including Gynerium cane stands); strF = stream within forest (used for aquatic as well as non-aquatic species that tend to be more frequently encountered in stream-rich forest sections than in stands without streams; most of them regularly search for food along forest streams or construct their nests above the watercourse); strOC = stream within open country or semi-open country (same as previous, but for open-country-inhabiting species); (f ) less important habitats and microhabitats: same codes as for (d) and (e).


351

06.12.11 14:18

Umbruch 56.indd 352

oc uc uc-co ra-uc uc ra uc uc uc-fc ra fc ra-uc vr (vr?) uc? ra? uc?

0-3000 L-1400 L-2000 (3500) L-1800 (2200) L-1000 (2600) L-900 (1300?) L-1800 (2700) L-1700 L-600 (1000?) (50*) 300-2200 L-2500 (3000) L-1600 (2200) L-400 (700) L-1400 L-1700 L-1000 (1800?)

L-2900

L-800 (1400?) L-400?

L-1800 (2450)

L-800 (1000?) L-1500 0-2800

L-1000 (1850) 70*-1000 (1500?)

Micrastur plumbeus Micrastur mirandollei

Micrastur semitorquatus

Herpetotheres cachinnans Falco rufigularis Falco peregrinus

Cracidae (4) Ortalis erythroptera Penelope ortoni ra-uc (ra?)

uc ra oc

uc

ra? uc

uc fc-vc fc-vc

ra ra-uc

uc ra oc

uc

ra? ra?

ra-uc

oc uc uc ra-uc ra-uc ra ra uc-fc ra-uc ra-uc fc vr vr (vr?) ra-uc uc

ra-uc ra-fc uc-fc

? uc

uc (ra) oc

uc

ra-uc? (ra?)

ra-uc

oc ra ra-uc (ra?) ra-uc (ra) vr uc-fc (ra-uc) ra-uc uc (vr?) (vr) vr ra-uc uc

ra (oc) uc

uc

uc (ra) oc

uc

ra-uc? (vr?)

(ra-uc)

(oc) (ra?) (ra-uc?) (ra?) (ra-uc?) (ra) (vr?) uc-fc (vr?) (uc?) (uc?) (ra?) (vr?) (vr?) (ra-uc?) ra-uc?

(oc?) (oc) (uc?)


L-500 (2000) 0-2000 (3000) 0-2000 (3000)


Scientific name Family (no. spp.) / species Cathartidae (3) Sarcoramphus papa Coragyps atratus Cathartes aura Accipitridae (16) Pandion haliaetus Leptodon cayanensis Elanoides forficatus Harpagus bidentatus Ictinia plumbea Accipiter superciliosus Accipiter bicolor Leucopternis plumbeus Leucopternis semiplumbeus Leucopternis princeps Buteo magnirostris Buteo brachyurus Harpia harpyja Spizastur melanoleucus Spizaetus tyrannus Spizaetus ornatus Falconidae (7) Micrastur ruficollis

Appendix 8. Continued.

R/e F

R/e F/e np

F

F F

F

R/e F F/e F F/e F F F F/e F/e OC F/e F F F/e F

F OC F/e

F/R matF; magF

F/R; F/OC F/OC; F/R; matF; magF np

matF; magF

matF; magF matF; magF

matF; magF

F/R; OC/R matF; magF; F/OC; mcpL F/OC; F/R; matF; magF matF; magF; F/OC F/OC; F/R; matF; magF matF; magF; F/OC; F/R matF; magF; F/OC; F/R matF; magF F/OC; F/R; matF; magF F/OC; matF; magF mcpL; F/OC; OC/R F/OC; F/R matF; magF; F/R matF; magF; F/OC; F/R F/OC; F/R; matF; magF matF; magF

matF; magF; F/OC; F/R psOC; OC/R; F/OC OC/R; F/R; F/OC; psOC


tsR/V inF; ritF

clF; ritF clF; ritF

inF

clF ritF; clF

clF

ysF; magF; matF; F/OC

ysF; F/R; F/OC; mcpL; clF ysF ysF; F/R; F/OC; mcpL; clF ysF; F/R; F/OC; mcpL; clF matF; magF; ysF; mcpL ysF

F/OC; F/R

F/OC

mcpL F/R

OC/R; mcpL mcpL

tgF; clF inF

faR F/R mcpL; OC/R

saR/e; gvR/e Se; mcpL mcpL; matF; magF; Se


slR; tsR/V clF clF; ritF

clF saR/e; gvR/e saR/e; gvR/e



352

06.12.11 14:18

Umbruch 56.indd 353

Pionus menstruus Pionus chalcopterus Amazona autumnalis Amazona farinosa Cuculidae (7) Coccyzus euleri

Claravis pretiosa Leptotila pallida Geotrygon purpurata Geotrygon veraguensis Geotrygon montana psittacidae (8) Ara ambiguus Pyrrhura melanura Touit dilectissimus Pionopsitta pulchra

Scientific name Family (no. spp.) / species Penelope purpurascens Crax rubra Odontophoridae (2) Odontophorus erythrops Rhynchortyx cinctus Rallidae (3) Laterallus albigularis Amaurolimnas concolor Neocrex colombiana Scolopacidae (1) Actitis macularius Laridae (1) Larus pipixcan Columbidae (8) Patagioenas speciosa Patagioenas subvinacea Patagioenas goodsoni


L-1300

L-1100 (1400) L-1400 (1650) 0-700 (1300) L-700 ac?

uc-fc uc uc-fc fc

oc (oc?) ra-uc? ra-uc

uc uc-fc fc-co

L-1200 (1700) L-2000 L-800

L-800 (230) 500-1400 (1900) (L) 500-1400 (2500) L-1300

(ac)

0 (2800)

uc fc-co ra[-uc] uc[-fc]

uc-fc

0-4000

L-1000 (1300) L-800 100*-700 L-300 L-1300 (1600)

fc-co fc-co (uc-fc?) (uc-fc?) uc[-fc] uc[-fc] ra[-uc] ra[-uc]? ra[-uc]? (ra?) (ra?)

ac?

uc-fc fc oc? fc

ra-uc oc? oc? fc-co

vr fc-co (vr?) uc[-fc] ra[-uc]

uc uc-fc co

ac

uc-fc

(ac?)

uc-fc fc (oc?) fc

ra-uc oc? oc? fc

(vr?) (fc?) ra[-uc] (vr?) ra[-uc]

(ra?) fc fc

(ac)

uc-fc

(ac?)

(uc-fc?) fc (oc?) (uc?)

(ra?) (uc-fc?) (uc-fc?) fc

(vr?) (uc-fc?) ra[-uc] (ra-uc?)

(ra?) fc fc

(ac)

(uc-fc?)

uc-fc? (ra-uc?)

L-1700 L-300 L-500 (2100?)

uc-fc uc-fc

uc? fc

L-900 (1600) L-600

uc-fc fc

Abundance rank per life zone b TrHF TrWF pmWF pmpF uc uc ra-uc (ra-uc) ra vr ? ?

Altitudinal range in western ecuador (m) a L-1500 L-400 (700)

F

F/e F F F

F F F F

F/e F/e F F F

F/e F F

(R)

R/e

OC R/e OC

F F

matF; magF; ysF; F/OC

matF; magF matF; magF; F/OC matF; magF matF; magF; ysF; F/OC; mcpL F/OC; F/R; mcpL matF; magF; F/R matF; magF; F/OC; F/R matF; magF

F/OC; OC/R; mcpL F/OC; OC/R; mcpL; F/R matF; magF matF; magF; ysF; F/OC matF; magF; ysF

F/OC; mcpL matF; magF; F/OC; F/R matF; magF

(slR; faR)

OC/R

psOC; OC/R; mcpL OC/R; F/OC psOC; mcpL

matF; magF matF; magF

General habitat c Main habitat types d F matF; magF F matF; magF

clF clF

ysSC tsR/V; ysSC inF clF; tgF tgF

ritF; clF

saR/e; gvR/e

gsR/V tsR/V; ysSC; HeL ysSC; gsR/V

inF

inF


F/OC; F/R; mcpL

matF; magF; ysF F/OC; mcpL; ysF

F/OC; F/R F/R

F/OC

psOC ysF F/R; mcpL F/OC; mcpL

F/R; ysF mcpL; ysF F/OC; F/R; ysF; mcpL; clF

F/R; strOC

ysSC ysF; F/R OC/R

ysF; F/OC ysF

Less important habitats and microhabitats f F/OC; F/R F/R


353

06.12.11 14:18

Altitudinal range in western ecuador (m) a L-2200 (2700) L-900 (1500) 0-1400 (2200) L-1200 (2750) L-800 (2300) (70*) 450-1200 (1500)

L-1000 (70*) 150-400 (600?) L-800 L-1700 L-1400 L-2000

(40*) 700-2400 (2600)

L-2300

L-1200 (1850)

L-600

L-4000 (50*) 1000-2700 L-3200 50*-1500

L-1000 (1600)

L-900 (1300)

L-600

Scientific name Family (no. spp.) / species Piaya cayana Piaya minuta Crotophaga ani Crotophaga sulcirostris Tapera naevia Neomorphus radiolosus

Strigidae (6) Megascops centralis Glaucidium griseiceps Lophostrix cristata Pulsatrix perspicillata Strix nigrolineata Strix virgata

Steatornithidae (1) Steatornis caripensis

nyctibiidae (1) Nyctibius griseus

Caprimulgidae (2) Nyctidromus albicollis

Nyctiphrynus rosenbergi

Apodidae (6) Streptoprocne zonaris Cypseloides rutilus Chaetura pelagica Chaetura spinicaudus

Chaetura cinereiventris

Panyptila cayennensis

Trochilidae (15) Glaucis aeneus


Umbruch 56.indd 354

uc-fc

ra-uc

uc[-fc]

uc-fc uc ra[-uc] uc vr[-uc?] uc[-fc]

(uc-fc?)

(uc-fc?) (ra-uc?) (ra-uc?) (uc?) (ra-uc?) (uc?)

uc-co uc uc-fc fc

uc-fc

uc

ra-fc

ra-uc

ra-uc

(oc?)

uc-co (uc) (uc?) fc

(uc?)

(uc?)

(ra-uc?) (ra-uc?)

ra-uc

(oc?)

uc-co uc (uc?) fc

uc-fc

uc

ra[-uc] ra[-uc] (ra-uc)

uc[-fc]

uc-fc vr ra[-uc] uc vr[-uc?] uc[-fc]

(uc-fc?) (oc?)

uc-co uc fc-co? uc?

uc-fc

uc-fc

ra[-uc]

(ra?)

ra-uc? ra[-uc] uc ra-uc? uc[-fc]

R/e

F/e

F/e

np np np F/e

F

OC

F

R/e

F F F F F F

tgF; ritF; clF; tsR/V

gsR/V; ysSC

ritF; tgF; clF

tsR/V

clF

inF inF; tgF clF; tgF; strF clF; tgF; strF

inF

important microhabitats e ysSC; ritF; clF tsR/V; ysSC gsR/V; ysSC gsR/V

OC/R; mcpL; psOC

HeL; ysSC

np np np F/OC; F/R; mcpL; OC/R; clF matF; magF F/OC; F/R; OC/R; mcpL; matF; magF F/OC; OC/R; psOC; mcpL; matF; magF

psOC; OC/R; mcpL; F/ OC matF; magF; F/R; F/OC

magF; matF; F/R; F/OC; mcpL

F/R; matF; magF

matF; magF; ysF matF; magF matF; magF matF; magF; F/OC magF; matF; F/OC; F/R magF; matF; F/R; OC/R; mcpL

Abundance rank per life zone b General TrHF TrWF pmWF pmpF habitat c Main habitat types d uc uc uc uc F/e F/OC; F/R; ysF; mcpL uc uc (uc?) (ra-uc?) F/e F/OC; F/R; mcpL fc-co uc-co (uc?) (uc?) OC psOC; OC/R ra? ac (ac?) (ac?) OC psOC; OC/R fc uc (uc?) (uc?) OC psOC; OC/R; mcpL (oc?) vr (vr) (ra?) F matF; magF

F/OC; F/R

psOC

psOC

ysF

F/OC

mcpL

Less important habitats and microhabitats f OC/R; magF; matF


354

06.12.11 14:18

Umbruch 56.indd 355

50-800 L-800

50-800

Chalybura urochrysia Heliothryx barroti

Trogonidae (4) Trogon comptus

Chloroceryle inda Chloroceryle aenea Momotidae (2) Electron platyrhynchum Baryphthengus martii Galbulidae (2) Galbula ruficauda Jacamerops aureus

uc[-fc] ra-uc? fc fc uc-fc ra-uc

L-400 (1300?) L-400 (700)

L-1600 L-1600

L-800 L-450 (900?)

(ra?) (uc-fc?) (oc?) co

uc[-fc]

uc-fc uc-co fc-co uc-fc (uc)

fc-co

(ra?) (uc-fc?) (oc?) (uc?)

uc[-fc]

(uc-fc) uc-co uc-co? uc-fc? (uc?)

fc-co

uc uc

uc-fc ra fc

uc uc

fc fc

uc uc-fc

fc fc

ra[-uc] ra [ra?] (ra?)

uc-fc uc-fc

uc-co uc-fc

fc

uc (ra-uc?)

fc fc

(vr?) (vr?)

(uc?) (uc?)

(uc?) (uc-fc) uc-fc

uc-fc

uc[-fc] uc[-fc] (uc-fc) uc[-fc] uc[-fc] (uc-fc?)

ra[-uc] uc-fc oc? co

uc[-fc]

uc-fc uc-co uc-fc uc-fc ra[-uc]

fc-co

(ra-uc?) fc

ra[-uc] uc[-fc]

uc? fc-co uc-co uc-fc?

uc-fc uc-fc

L-1100 L-1500 (2500) L-300 (1200) L-600 (900)

Damophila julie Amazilia tzacatl Amazilia amabilis Amazilia rosenbergi

uc[-fc]

L-1300 (3000) L-1300

L-1500

Thalurania fannyi

uc-fc uc? ra-uc? fc (ra?)

uc-co uc-fc

L-1350 50*-1600 50*-800 L-1300 (1550) (L) 300-1000

Phaethornis striigularis Eutoxeres aquila Androdon aequatorialis Florisuga mellivora Popelairia conversii

fc-co

Abundance rank per life zone b TrHF TrWF pmWF pmpF uc-co uc-co uc-fc uc-fc

L-800 (250) 400-1300 (1500) L-750

L-1500 (1750)

Phaethornis yaruqui

Trogon chionurus Trogon collaris Trogon rufus Alcedinidae (4) Megaceryle torquata Chloroceryle americana

Altitudinal range in western ecuador (m) a L-900

Scientific name Family (no. spp.) / species Threnetes ruckeri


F/e F

F F

F F

R/e R/e

F F F

F

F F/e

OC OC F/e F

F

F/OC; OC/R; mcpL matF; magF

matF; magF; ysF matF; magF; ysF

strF strF

OC/R; F/R OC/R; F/R

ysF; magF; F/OC; F/R matF; magF; ysF; F/OC ysF; magF; matF

matF; magF

magF; matF; ysF; F/OC; F/R mcpL; F/OC; OC/R mcpL; OC/R F/OC; F/R; OC/R; mcpL matF; magF; ysF; F/OC; F/R; mcpL matF; magF F/OC; F/R; matF; magF; ysF; mcpL; OC/R

General habitat c Main habitat types d F/e F/OC; F/R; OC/R; mcpL; ysF F matF; magF; ysF; F/R; F/ OC; mcpL F/e F/OC; F/R; mcpL; ysF F/e F/OC; F/R; mcpL; ysF F matF; magF F matF; magF; F/OC; F/R F/e F/OC; OC/R; mcpL

ysSC; clF; ritF; baF baF

baF baF

slR; tsR/V; baR slR; tsR/V; strF; strOC; baR slR; baR slR; baR; baF

tgF; clF clF tgF; clF

inF tsR/V; tgF; clF

ysSC ysSC ysSC; tsR/V ysSC; tgF; clF

tgF; clF

HeL; ysSC; tgF; clF; strF HeL; ysSC; tgF; clF; strF tgF; clF clF

matF; magF; ysF; psOC ysF; F/OC; F/R; mcpL

F/R; F/OC F/R; F/OC

F/R; tsR/V F/R; tsR/V

gvR/e; faR gvR/e; faR

mcpL; matF mcpL? F/R; F/OC

ysF; F/R; F/OC

F/R; HeL; ysF

F/R; psOC F/OC; psOC; Se ysF; psOC

mcpL

matF; magF; psOC matF; magF ysF; F/R; F/OC; mcpL mcpL; ysF matF; magF; ysF

HeL; ysSC; tgF; clF; strF OC/R; psOC

important Less important habitats microhabitats e and microhabitats f HeL; ysSC; tgF; clF; strF matF; magF; psOC


355

06.12.11 14:18

Umbruch 56.indd 356

L-800 (1300)

Capitonidae (2) Capito squamatus

fc-co

L-1750

(130*) 700-1850

Cranioleuca erythrops

-

? uc-fc uc-fc uc-fc uc

uc ra uc-fc uc-fc uc-fc

L-900 L-800 L-800 L-1200 L-800 (1500)

150-700 L-1200 L-1000 (1800) L-1400 L-800

uc-fc uc-fc fc

ac

(250) 500-2000 (2750) L (300-1200?)

L-800 L-900 (1550) L-1000 (1500?)

(ra?)

60*-400 (550?)

uc-fc

ra

Veniliornis chocoensis Veniliornis kirkii Veniliornis callonotus Campephilus gayaquilensis Campephilus haematogaster Furnariidae (8) Synallaxis brachyura

Pteroglossus sanguineus Ramphastos brevis Ramphastos swainsonii picidae (10) Picumnus olivaceus Piculus litae Celeus loricatus Dryocopus lineatus Melanerpes pucherani

Capito quinticolor Ramphastidae (5) Aulacorhynchus haematopygus Selenidera spectabilis

L-1300

Micromonacha lanceolata

uc uc-fc

L-1500 L-900

oc?

fc-co

ra uc-fc uc uc-fc uc

uc uc uc-fc uc uc-fc

uc-fc uc-fc fc

ac

uc

uc-fc

ra

uc uc-fc

(oc?)

(fc?)

uc uc-fc (ra?) uc uc

(uc?) uc uc-fc (uc) (uc-fc)

uc-fc uc-fc fc

(oc?) (ac)

uc-fc

uc

(ra)

uc uc-fc

(ra-uc?)

(fc?)

uc (uc?) (uc?) (ra-uc?)

(uc?) uc uc-fc (uc) (uc-fc)

uc-fc uc-fc fc

(uc-fc?) (ac?)

(ra-uc?)

(uc?)

(ra)

uc (uc-fc?)

-

Nystalus radiatus Malacoptila panamensis

(vr?) ?

ra[-uc] uc-fc

L-400 L-200

vr[-ra] vr-ra



Scientific name Family (no. spp.) / species Bucconidae (5) Notharchus macrorhynchos Notharchus pectoralis


F

OC

F F OC F F

OC F F F/e F/e

F/e F F

F F

F

F/e

F

F/e F

F F/e

mcpL; OC/R; F/OC; psOC matF; magF; ysF; F/OC

mcpL; ysSC; F/OC; OC/R matF; magF magF; matF; ysF; F/OC F/OC; OC/R; mcpL F/OC; F/R; OC/R; mcpL; psOC matF; magF matF; magF; F/OC; mcpL mcpL; psOC matF; magF; F/OC matF; magF

matF; magF; F/OC matF; magF; ysF; F/OC; mcpL F/OC; F/R; ysF; mcpL matF; magF matF; magF

F/OC; matF; magF; ysF; mcpL; F/R matF; magF

matF; magF; F/OC F/OC; F/R; matF; magF; ysF F/OC; mcpL; F/R magF; matF; ysF; F/OC; F/R; mcpL matF; magF; F/OC; F/R; ysF


gsR/V; ysSC

clF ysSC clF inF

ysSC; clF; strF; ritF; tgF

clF clF

clF clF clF

clF

clF

clF; ritF ritF; clF; tsR/V; ysSC; baF clF; baF

tgF; clF


F/OC; ysF ysF F/OC ysF; mcpL

F/OC; mcpL; ysF mcpL F/R; ysF; psOC ysF; magF

matF; magF F/OC; F/R; ysF; mcpL F/OC; F/R; ysF; mcpL

ysF

F/OC

mcpL

matF; magF; ysF



356

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Umbruch 56.indd 357

60*-1300 L-800 L-500

L-1300

L-900 L-900 (70*) 400-1450 L-800

L-1400

Thamnistes anabatinus Dysithamnus puncticeps Myrmotherula ignota

Myrmotherula pacifica

Myrmotherula fulviventris Myrmotherula axillaris Myrmotherula schisticolor Microrhopias quixensis

Cercomacra tyrannina

L-500

L-1350

Thamnophilus atrinucha

Hylophylax naevioides

uc-fc fc

L-1000 L-1000 (1600)

fc-co

fc-co

uc-fc fc-co ? uc-co

fc

ra-uc? uc uc-fc

fc

fc-[co] uc co uc[-fc] fc uc-fc -

L-1700 L-800 L-450 L-1700 (2000) L-1300 (1800) L-800 (1900) 60*-2100

Glyphorynchus spirurus Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus Xiphorhynchus erythropygius Lepidocolaptes souleyetii Campylorhamphus trochilirostris Campylorhamphus pusillus Thamnophilidae (19) Cymbilaimus lineatus Taraba major

fc-co

fc-co

fc-co co oc? uc-co

fc

uc-fc fc uc-fc

fc

uc-fc fc

fc-[co] uc co uc[-fc] uc ra-uc vr

fc-[co] (ra-uc?) ra-uc fc[-co] ? (ra?) uc?

uc-fc

(fc?)

fc-co co oc? uc-fc

uc-fc

uc-fc co uc-fc

uc

(ra?)

(fc?)

fc-co fc-co uc uc?

(uc-fc?)

uc-fc fc? (ra-uc?)

(uc?)

uc (uc?) (uc-fc?) (uc-fc?)

fc-[co] uc fc-co uc[-fc] ? (ra?) ra

uc[-fc]

F

OC

F F F F

OC

F F F

F/e

F/e OC

F F F F OC F/e F

F

F/OC; mcpL mcpL; OC/R; F/OC; psOC F/OC; F/R; OC/R; mcpL; ysF matF; magF; ysF matF; magF; ysF magF; ysF; matF; F/OC; F/R; mcpL mcpL; psOC; F/OC; OC/R; F/R matF; magF; ysF matF; magF; ysF matF; magF; ysF magF; ysF; matF; F/OC; mcpL; F/R mcpL; OC/R; F/OC; psOC matF; magF; ysF; F/OC

matF; magF; ysF; F/OC; F/R; mcpL matF; magF; ysF; F/OC inF; matF; magF matF; magF; ysF; F/OC matF; magF; ysF; F/OC mcpL; OC/R; psOC mcpL; F/OC; OC/R matF; magF; ysF

L-1400

uc[-fc]

uc[-fc]

L-1500 (1650)

Sclerurus mexicanus dendrocolaptidae (8) Dendrocincla fuliginosa uc[-fc]

Abundance rank per life zone b General TrHF TrWF pmWF pmpF habitat c Main habitat types d (ra?) (ra-uc?) F matF; magF; F/OC fc fc fc uc-fc F magF; matF uc ra (vr?) (vr?) F/e F/OC; F/R; magF; ysF uc-fc uc-fc (ra-uc?) (ra-uc?) F/e F/OC; F/R; mcpL; ysF uc[-fc] uc[-fc] uc[-fc] uc[-fc] F matF; magF; ysF; F/OC; F/R; mcpL ra uc uc uc F matF; magF

Altitudinal range in western ecuador (m) a (300?) 400-500 (900?) L-1100 L-800 (1300) L-1300 L-1300

Scientific name Family (no. spp.) / species Xenerpestes minlosi Hyloctistes virgatus Automolus ochrolaemus Automolus rubiginosus Xenops minutus


tgF

ysSC; gsR/V

tgF; guaB; clF

tsR/V; ysSC

clF; tgF

tgF

ysSC; clF; tgF; tsR/V

clF; ysSC; guaB ysSC

clF clF tsR/V; ysSC tsR/V; ysSC inF

clF

clF; ysSC

ysSC

ysF; clF; strF

F/OC F/OC F/OC

F/OC F/OC

magF; strF

OC/R; F/R

F/OC

F/R; mcpL; ysSC ysF; F/OC F/R; mcpL F/R; mcpL F/OC

ysF

ysF; F/OC; F/R; mcpL mcpL magF

tgF baF; baR ysSC; baF tgF; clF; ysSC inF; baF; baR




357

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uc-co uc uc-fc

L-900 L-700

L-1300

Gymnopithys leucaspis Phaenostictus mcleannani Formicariidae (3) Formicarius nigricapillus

uc fc-co

350-950

L-1350 L-1600

L-800

L-2800 L-600 (950) L-500 L-500 (1000) L-1300 (1800) (60*) 300-3100 50*-2000

L-1000 (1600) 50*-1500 L-800

L-1700 L-900

Ornithion brunneicapillus

Camptostoma obsoletum Tyrannulus elatus Myiopagis caniceps Myiopagis viridicata Elaenia flavogaster Serpophaga cinerea Mionectes olivaceus

Mionectes oleagineus Leptopogon superciliaris Myiornis atricapillus

Lophotriccus pileatus Todirostrum nigriceps

uc-co uc-fc

ra[-fc] uc fc-co

uc-fc uc-fc uc-fc ra-uc ra-uc uc[-fc]

uc-fc

vr uc

70*-700 (1000) L-800

Pittasoma rufopileatum Hylopezus perspicillatus Rhinocryptidae (1) Scytalopus chocoensis Tyrannidae (49) Phyllomyias griseiceps Zimmerius chrysops

ra

250*-1300 L-650

Myrmeciza nigricauda Myrmeciza berlepschi

uc-co uc-fc

ra[-fc] uc-fc fc-co

uc uc uc-fc oc ac ac? fc[-co]

uc-fc

ra fc-co

-

ra-uc uc-fc

uc-fc

uc-co uc

uc-fc

(ra?) (ra?) (ra-uc?) (oc?) (ac?) (uc-fc?) fc[-co]

ra-uc?

(ra?) fc-co

uc-fc

ra-uc (ra?)

uc-fc

uc-fc (ra?)

uc-fc ra

(uc-fc?) (uc-fc?) uc-fc uc-fc

(ra-uc?) (ra-uc?) uc-fc fc? fc-co (uc-fc?)

(ra?) (ra-uc?) uc-fc oc (ac?) ac? fc[-co]

uc-fc

(ra?) fc-co

vr

uc uc-fc

uc-fc

uc-co uc

vr uc-fc

Abundance rank per life zone b TrHF TrWF pmWF pmpF uc-fc uc-fc uc-fc uc-fc co co co fc-co

Altitudinal range in western ecuador (m) a L-2000 L-1500

Scientific name Family (no. spp.) / species Myrmeciza immaculata Myrmeciza exsul


F/e F

F/e F F

OC OC F F/e OC R/e F

F

OC F

F

F F

F

mcpL; OC/R; F/OC matF; magF; ysF; F/OC; F/R; mcpL matF; magF; ysF; F/OC; F/R; mcpL mcpL; OC/R; psOC mcpL; OC/R; F/OC matF; magF; F/OC F/OC; OC/R; mcpL; F/R mcpL; psOC F/R; OC/R matF; magF; ysF; F/OC; F/R F/OC; F/R; mcpL; ysF matF; magF; ysF; F/OC matF; magF; ysF; F/OC; F/R; mcpL F/OC; F/R; mcpL; ysF matF; magF; ysF; F/OC; F/R; mcpL

matF; magF; ysF

magF; ysF; matF; F/OC; F/R matF; magF; ysF matF; magF

General habitat c Main habitat types d F matF; magF; ysF F matF; magF; ysF; F/OC; F/R F matF; magF; ysF F magF; ysF; matF; F/OC; F/R; mcpL F matF; magF; ysF; F/OC F matF; magF

ysSC; guaB; clF; strF tgF; clF; ritF

ysSC; tsR/V strF tgF; ritF; clF; ysSC

ysSC ysSC faR; gvR/e ysSC; clF

ysSC ysSC

clF

ysSC clF

inF; tgF inF

strF; HeL

tgF inF; tgF

inF tgF; clF; ysSC

important microhabitats e strF, tgF tgF; clF

magF, matF

mcpL

F/OC F/R; psOC ysF; mcpL; F/R ysF; magF; matF

(F/OC?)

ysF; F/OC

ysSC ysF; F/OC

OC/R

Less important habitats and microhabitats f F/OC; F/R; clF; ysSC mcpL; ysSC


358

06.12.11 14:18


L-800 L-500

L-700 (900?) 350*-2000 (2300?) L-1000 L-1000 (1300) L-1000 (1300) 600-1700 L-1500 (2000) 100-600 L-1500 L-1500 (3400)

80*-2800 L-1100 L-1300 (2000) L-700 L-500 L-1500 (2700) L-1300 (1900)

L-1300 (2400) L-1400

L-1300

L-500 (900?) L-1000

L-1300 (1600)

L-1500 (2800) L-700 (1350)

Scientific name Family (no. spp.) / species Todirostrum cinereum

Rhynchocyclus pacificus Tolmomyias flavotectus

Platyrinchus coronatus Myiotriccus ornatus Terenotriccus erythrurus Myiobius atricaudus Myiobius sulphureipygius Myiobius villosus Myiophobus fasciatus Mitrephanes phaeocercus Contopus cooperi Empidonax virescens

Sayornis nigricans Colonia colonus Attila spadiceus Rhytipterna holerythra Sirystes albogriseus Myiarchus tuberculifer Megarynchus pitangua

Myiozetetes similis Myiozetetes cayanensis

Myiozetetes granadensis

Conopias albovittatus Myiodynastes maculatus

Legatus leucophaius

Tyrannus melancholicus Tyrannus niveigularis

Appendix 8. Continued. Abundance rank per life zone b General TrHF TrWF pmWF pmpF habitat c Main habitat types d fc-co uc-co (uc-fc?) (uc-fc?) OC mcpL; OC/R; F/OC; F/R; psOC uc-fc uc-fc uc-fc (uc?) F matF; magF uc-fc uc-fc uc-fc (ra-uc?) F matF; magF; ysF; F/OC; F/R; mcpL fc fc fc uc-fc? F matF; magF ra uc-fc F matF; magF; ysF; F/OC uc[-fc] uc[-fc] uc[-fc] uc[-fc] F matF; magF; ysF uc[-fc] uc[-fc] (uc-fc?) (uc-fc?) F/e F/OC; F/R; mcpL uc[-co] uc[-co] uc[-co] (uc-fc?) F matF; magF; ysF (uc-fc?) F matF; magF; ysF uc ra-uc (ra-uc?) (ra-uc?) OC mcpL; psOC; OC/R uc uc-fc ra-uc? F matF; magF oc oc (oc?) (oc?) F/e F/OC; mcpL; OC/R uc-fc uc-fc uc (uc?) F magF; ysF; matF; F/OC; F/R; mcpL uc-fc (fc?) R/e F/R; OC/R uc-fc uc-fc uc-fc (uc-fc?) F/e F/OC; OC/R; mcpL; F/R uc-fc? uc (ra-uc?) (ra-uc?) F/e F/OC; F/R; mcpL uc uc-fc uc-fc uc? F matF; magF uc uc ra-uc (ra?) F matF; magF; F/OC uc-fc uc (uc?) (uc?) F/e F/OC; mcpL; OC/R; F/R uc-fc uc (uc?) (uc?) F/e F/OC; OC/R; mcpL; F/R; psOC uc ra-uc (ra?) (ra?) OC mcpL; psOC; OC/R fc-co fc-co (fc?) (fc?) OC mcpL; psOC; OC/R; F/R; F/OC fc-co fc-co (fc?) (fc?) OC mcpL; psOC; OC/R; F/R; F/OC uc-fc uc-fc uc-fc ra-uc? F matF; magF; F/OC; F/R ra oc (oc?) (oc?) OC mcpL; OC/R; F/OC; psOC uc-co uc-co uc-fc (uc-fc?) F/e F/OC; F/R; mcpL; OC/R; psOC uc-fc uc-fc uc-fc (uc-fc?) OC psOC; OC/R; mcpL uc-fc uc-fc (ra-uc?) (ra-uc?) OC mcpL; OC/R; F/OC; psOC

Umbruch 56.indd 359

tsR/V; ysSC

clF; ysSC

tgF; ritF; clF ysSC

tsR/V; ysSC

ysSC tsR/V; ysSC

tgF clF; ysSC

gvR/e; faR clF; ysSC; tgF clF

clF; ysSC

inF tgF; clF inF tsR/V; ysSC; guaB inF; strF inF; strF ysSC tgF; ritF; clF

inF tgF; clF

important microhabitats e tsR/V; ysSC

matF; magF; ysF; F/R

strF

mcpL; ysF

matF; magF; ysF matF; magF; ysF; OC/R ysF; F/OC; F/R ysF; F/OC; F/R; mcpL

F/OC; ysF psOC

F/OC

F/OC; F/R

ysF; F/OC

ysF; F/OC; F/R



359

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ra-uc uc-fc ra-uc

L-500 L-700 L-300 (900)

ra? oc

ra-uc -

70*-1100 L-3250

L-1100 (1400)

L-750

(100?) 800-2500 (100*) 500-1200

Hylophilus decurtatus

Hylophilus ochraceiceps Turdidae (5) Myadestes ralloides Cichlopsis leucogenys

fc-co

oc? (ra-uc?) ra-uc ra-uc

uc-vc fc-vc uc-vc

L-500 L-900 (100?) 400-2000 L-800 (1300)

(50*) 600-1500 60*-1100 L-1300 L-500 (900?)

ra-uc uc-fc ra

L-700 (1450?) L-700 80-1500 (1800?)

Machaeropterus deliciosus Chloropipo holochlora Schiffornis turdina Sapayoa aenigma Vireonidae (4) Vireolanius leucotis Vireo olivaceus

Carpodectes hopkei Querula purpurata Cephalopterus penduliger pipridae (8) Pipra mentalis Lepidothrix coronata Masius chrysopterus Manacus manacus

ra-fc ra-fc (ra-uc?) vr

L-1500 L-700

(oc?) oc?

uc-fc

fc-co

ra-fc oc

ra[-uc] uc[-fc] ra-fc fc

uc-vc fc-vc (oc?) uc-vc

ra ra-fc ra

ra-uc uc-fc ra

uc-co oc ra-uc

Tityra semifasciata Tityra inquisitor Cotingidae (6) Laniocera rufescens Lipaugus unirufus Cotinga nattererii

uc-co ra? uc-fc?

L-1500 L-2000 (2500) L-1000 (1500)

Pachyramphus cinnamomeus Pachyramphus albogriseus Platypsaris homochrous

(oc?) oc?

ra-uc

uc-fc

fc oc

ra[-uc] uc[-co] uc-fc uc-fc

uc-co fc-vc (oc?) uc-co

ra-uc ra-fc ra

ra fc-co (ra?)

(ra?) (ra-uc?)

(ra-uc?)

(uc-fc?)

uc-fc oc

(uc?) (uc-co) uc-fc? (ra-uc?)

(ra-fc?) fc-co (ra-uc?) (uc-fc?)

(vr) (ra-uc?) uc

(vr?) uc-fc (vr?)

F F

F

F

F F/e

F F F F

F F F F/e

F F/e F

F F F

tgF; clF inF; tgF inF inF; strF

tgF; clF; ysSC tgF; clF tgF; clF clF; ysSC

ritF; tgF; clF ritF; clF; strF clF

inF inF; ritF clF; tsR/V

clF clF

clF; tgF; ysSC

tsR/V


matF; magF; ysF; F/OC matF; magF; ysF; F/OC

matF; magF; F/R F/OC; F/R; OC/R; mcpL; ysSC matF; magF; ysF matF; magF; ysF; F/R; F/ clF; ysSC OC; mcpL matF; magF inF

magF; ysF; F/OC matF; magF; ysF; F/OC matF; magF; ysF; F/OC F/OC; F/R; OC/R; mcpL; ysF matF; magF; ysF; F/OC matF; magF; ysF; matF; magF matF; magF; ysF

matF; magF matF; magF matF; magF; ysF; F/OC; F/R; mcpL matF; magF F/OC; F/R matF; magF

General habitat c Main habitat types d F/e F/OC; F/R; OC/R; mcpL; psOC uc-co uc-co F/e F/OC; F/R; mcpL; OC/R oc (ra-uc?) F matF; magF; ysF; F/OC (ra-uc?) (ra-uc?) F/e F/OC; OC/R; F/R; mcpL; matF; magF; ysF; ra-fc (ra-fc) F/e F/OC; F/R; mcpL; OC/R (vr) (vr?) F/e F/OC; F/R; mcpL; OC/R

Abundance rank per life zone b TrHF TrWF pmWF pmpF oc oc oc (oc?)

Altitudinal range in western ecuador (m) a L-1300 (3700)

Scientific name Family (no. spp.) / species Tyrannus tyrannus


ysF

F/OC

ysF; F/OC

mcpL; ysSC; F/R

matF; magF; tgF

matF; mcpL; F/R mcpL; F/R; ysSC

ysF; F/OC; F/R; mcpL matF; magF; ysF; mcpL ysF; F/OC; F/R

ysF; F/R ysF; F/OC; F/R

matF; magF; ysF matF; magF; ysF

matF; magF; clF



360

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L-800

(60*) 900-2800

Dendroica fusca

Dendroica pensylvanica

(ac?)

L-800 (2800)

(ac?)

(oc?)

fc-co uc-fc uc[-fc]

L-1000 L-1500 (1900) L-750

polioptilidae (3) Microbates cinereiventris Polioptila plumbea Polioptila schistaceigula parulidae (10) Dendroica striata

ra-fc ra? uc-co ra-fc fc-co fc-co uc co

L-800 50*-500 (1100?) L-1400 L-750 L-3300 L-900 L-900 L-1300

fc-vc (oc?) (ac?) ra-uc uc-fc uc-co oc uc-fc oc

L-2000 (2600) L-3000 L-2800 (0) 500-3000 L-800 (1000?)

Hirundinidae (9) Progne chalybea Progne subis Tachycineta bicolor Notiochelidon cyanoleuca Neochelidon tibialis

ac

oc

ac?

fc-co uc-fc uc[-fc]

ra-fc uc-fc uc-co co fc fc-co uc co

uc-co oc uc-fc oc

ra-uc (oc?) ac? oc uc-fc

(ac?)

(oc)

(ac?)

fc-co (uc?) uc[-fc]

ra-fc uc-fc uc-co fc-co (fc?) co uc co

uc-fc (oc) uc-fc (oc)

(ra-uc?) (oc?) (ac?) (oc) uc-fc

(ac?)

(oc)

(ac?)

fc-co (ra-uc?) (ra-fc?)

ra-fc (ra-uc?) uc-co ra-uc (fc?) co uc uc-co?

(uc-fc?) (oc) (uc-fc?) (oc)

(ra-uc?) (oc?) (ac?) (uc-fc?) uc-fc

F/e

F

F/e

F OC F

F/e F R/e F S F F F

R/e OC R/e OC

OC np R/e OC F/e

ysF; clF clF

important microhabitats e clF; ysSC

mcpL; F/OC; matF; magF; ysF matF; magF; ysF; F/OC; mcpL F/OC; magF

matF; magF; ysF mcpL; psOC; OC/R matF; magF; ysF; F/OC

F/OC; Se; mcpL matF; magF F/R; OC/R matF; magF; ysF Se matF; magF matF; magF matF; magF; ysF; F/OC; F/R

ysF; tgF

ysSC

ysSC; clF

inF; tgF tsR/V; ysSC tgF

inF; tgF inF

ritF; clF tgF tsR/V; strF; clF; ysSC

psOC; OC/R; mcpL np OC/R F/R; psOC; OC/R; mcpL F/OC; F/R; mcpL; OC/R; clF matF; magF; ysF F/R; OC/R strOC; baR psOC; OC/R; mcpL F/OC; F/R; psOC psOC; OC/R; mcpL

Abundance rank per life zone b General TrHF TrWF pmWF pmpF habitat c Main habitat types d oc oc oc (uc-fc?) F magF; ysF; matF; F/OC; mcpL oc? ra-uc F matF; magF; F/OC fc-co fc-co fc-co (ra-uc?) F matF; magF; ysF; F/OC; F/R; mcpL

L-1500 L-2500 L-4000 L-4000

(200) 450-1100 L-600 (900?)

Turdus obsoletus Turdus daguae

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Riparia riparia Hirundo rustica Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Troglodytidae (8) Campylorhynchus zonatus Odontorchilus branickii Thryothorus nigricapillus Thryothorus leucopogon Troglodytes aedon Henicorhina leucosticta Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus Microcerculus marginatus

Altitudinal range in western ecuador (m) a L-3000 (3800)

Scientific name Family (no. spp.) / species Catharus ustulatus


F/OC; F/R mcpL

ysF; F/OC ysSC

matF; magF; ysF F/OC strOC; F/OC; mcpL F/OC; F/R

mcpL

mcpL; psOC

(Se)



361

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Umbruch 56.indd 362

L-1000

L-900 L-800

L-600

50-700 450*-1500 L-1500 (1800)

L-2000 (2750)

L-700 L-500 450*-1400 50*-1000 150*-1200 L-1400

L-800

Dacnis cayana

Dacnis egregia Dacnis venusta

Dacnis berlepschi

Erythrothlypis salmoni Chlorophonia flavirostris Euphonia laniirostris

Euphonia xanthogaster

Euphonia minuta Euphonia fulvicrissa Tangara rufigula Tangara palmeri Tangara florida Tangara cyanicollis

Tangara larvata

uc-fc

uc[-fc] uc-fc ra? uc-fc?

fc-co

ra? uc-fc

uc-fc

uc[-fc] ra[-uc]

uc[-fc]

uc[-fc] uc-fc uc[-fc] uc[-fc]

uc[-fc]

uc[-fc] uc[-fc] (uc-fc?) (ra?) uc[-fc] (uc?)

uc-fc

ra[-uc] uc-fc uc-fc vr[-ra] uc

co

uc-fc (oc?) uc-fc

uc-fc

(uc?)

ra[-uc] uc-fc (ra?) fc ra[-uc] (ra-uc?)

fc-co

fc-co (oc?) (uc?)

uc

(uc?)

(ra-uc?) (ra-uc?) ra[-fc] (fc?) uc[-fc] (ra-uc?)

fc-co

uc-fc ra-uc? (uc?)

(ra-uc?)

uc (uc?) (uc?) ra[-uc] ra[-uc] ra[-uc]

uc[-fc]

uc[-fc] uc-fc uc[-fc]

F/e

F F F F F OC

F

F F OC

F

F/e F

F

F R/e F

F/OC; F/R; OC/R; mcpL; psOC; Se matF; magF; ysF; F/OC F/R; OC/R; mcpL; psOC matF; magF; ysF; F/R; F/ OC; mcpL matF; magF; ysF; F/R; F/ OC; mcpL F/OC; mcpL; OC/R; F/R matF; magF; ysF; F/R; F/ OC; mcpL matF; magF; ysF; F/R; F/ OC; mcpL matF; magF; ysF; F/OC matF; magF; ysF; F/OC mcpL; psOC; OC/R; F/ OC matF; magF; ysF; F/R; F/ OC; mcpL matF; magF; F/OC matF; magF; F/OC matF; magF; F/OC matF; magF; F/OC matF; magF; F/OC psOC; mcpL; F/OC; F/R; OC/R F/OC; OC/R; mcpL; psOC

L-1200 L-300 (1200?) L-1100

F/e

Cyanerpes caeruleus Cyanerpes cyaneus Chlorophanes spiza

uc-co

L-1300 (1800)

uc-co

uc-co

400-1200 L-1000

Basileuterus chlorophrys Basileuterus fulvicauda Thraupidae (36) Coereba flaveola uc-co

Abundance rank per life zone b General TrHF TrWF pmWF pmpF habitat c Main habitat types d oc oc (oc) (oc) R/e F/R; OC/R uc uc (ra-uc?) (ra-uc?) OC psOC; OC/R (uc?) ra ? ? OC psOC; OC/R; mcpL (ac?) ac? (ac?) (ac?) OC psOC; OC/R; mcpL (ac?) ac? (ac?) (ac?) OC psOC; OC/R; mcpL; F/ OC ra-co F matF; magF; ysF; F/OC uc-fc uc-fc uc-fc uc-fc R/e F/R; OC/R

Altitudinal range in western ecuador (m) a L-400 (2000?) L-1500 (2300) L-1100 (1500) L (2500?) L (?)

Scientific name Family (no. spp.) / species Seiurus noveboracensis Geothlypis semiflava Geothlypis auricularis Oporornis philadelphia Oporornis agilis


ysSC; clF

clF clF clF clF clF; tgF ysSC

clF; tsR/V; ysSC

ritF clF ysSC

clF; tgF; tsR/V; ysSC

ysSC; clF clF; ysSC

clF; ysSC

tsR/V clF; ysSC

ysSC; tsR/V

tsR/V; strF; strOC

important microhabitats e tsR/V; strF; strOC; ysSC gsR/V; strOC; ysSC gsR/V; ysSC gsR/V; strOC; ysSC gsR/V; strOC; ysSC

ysF; mcpL; ysSC ysF; mcpL; ysSC ysF mcpL ysF

matF; magF; ysF

F/OC

matF; magF; ysF

matF; magF; ysF

mcpL



362

06.12.11 14:18

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50-800

L-1300 (1500)

50*-1500 L-1200

L-3300 L-1300 (1700)

L-500 (900) L-1400 (2500) L-1400 (1750) L-1200

Heterospingus xanthopygius Cardinalidae (5) Saltator maximus

Saltator atripennis Saltator grossus

Pheucticus ludovicianus Cyanocompsa cyanoides

emberizidae (10) Rhodospingus cruentus Volatinia jacarina Tiaris obscurus Oryzoborus angolensis (ra-uc?) uc-fc ra-fc fc

(oc?) uc

? uc-fc

L-800

Tachyphonus delatrii

oc? ra ra-uc fc

oc? vr

uc-fc uc-fc

(ra?) (ra?) (uc-fc?)

(oc?) (vr?)

uc-fc uc-fc

(ra?) (ra?) (uc-fc?)

(oc?) (vr?)

uc-fc uc-fc

OC OC OC OC

F/e F

F/e F/e

OC/R; mcpL; F/OC psOC; mcpL; OC/R mcpL; F/OC; OC/R psOC; mcpL; OC/R

mcpL; psOC; OC/R; F/ OC F/OC; mcpL; OC/R F/OC; F/R; magF; ysF; mcpL F/OC; mcpL magF; ysF; F/OC; F/R; mcpL

L-1500 (2800) L-450 (350*) 400-1500 L-800 L-1700 L-1300

Piranga rubra Chlorothraupis olivacea Chlorothraupis stolzmanni Mitrospingus cassinii Tachyphonus rufus Tachyphonus luctuosus

OC

L-1600

Ramphocelus icteronotus

(uc-fc)

L-1300 (1900)

Thraupis palmarum

uc-fc

uc-co

100-600 450*-1700 50-1400 L-1500 (2500)

Bangsia rothschildi Bangsia edwardsi Tersina viridis Thraupis episcopus

uc-co

Abundance rank per life zone b General TrHF TrWF pmWF pmpF habitat c Main habitat types d uc[-fc] uc[-fc] uc[-fc] (ra-uc?) F matF; magF; F/OC uc vr ? ? OC psOC; mcpL ra? uc[-co] uc[-fc] uc[-fc] F matF; magF; ysF; F/OC; mcpL (ra?) ra[-uc] (ra?) F matF; magF ra-fc F matF; magF; F/OC ra (ra?) (ra?) ra(-fc?) F/e F/OC; mcpL uc-co uc-co uc-fc (uc-fc?) OC psOC; mcpL; OC/R; F/ OC uc-fc uc-fc (uc?) (uc?) OC psOC; mcpL; F/OC; OC/R fc-co uc-co uc-co (uc-fc?) OC psOC; mcpL; OC/R; F/ OC uc uc uc uc OC mcpL; F/OC; OC/R ra-fc fc-co uc-co (ra?) F matF; magF ra fc-co F matF; magF uc-fc uc-fc uc-fc (uc?) R/e F/R; F/OC; mcpL ra-fc vr (vr?) (vr?) OC psOC; mcpL ra-fc? ra-uc ra-uc (ra-uc?) F matF; magF; ysF; F/OC; mcpL ra-fc fc-vc uc-fc ra-fc F matF; magF; ysF; F/R; F/OC ra-uc fc fc uc-fc F matF; magF; F/OC

Altitudinal range in western ecuador (m) a L-700 (900) L-1500 L-750

Scientific name Family (no. spp.) / species Tangara johannae Tangara gyrola Tangara lavinia


ysSC gsR/V; ysSC ysSC gsR/V; ysSC

ysSC clF

ysSC; clF clF; ritF

ysSC; clF

clF

clF; tsR/V; ysSC

tsR/V; ysSC; clF; strF ysSC clF; ysSC

ysSC

ysSC; tsR/V; clF

ysSC; clF

inF clF clF ysSC; tsR/V

clF; ysSC


psOC F/OC

F/R matF

F/R

ysF

mcpL

ysF; F/OC ysF; F/OC

F/R

F/R; Se; ysF; magF

F/R; Se

ysF ysF

Less important habitats and microhabitats f ysF; mcpL


363

06.12.11 14:18

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uc-co

L-1300

L-1700 L-700

L-1600 (2700) L-2000 L-900 (1750) L-300 (1300)

Amblycercus holosericeus Zarhynchus wagleri

Molothrus bonariensis Molothrus oryzivorus Icterus mesomelas Dolichonyx oryzivorus

uc-fc uc uc-fc (oc?)

uc ra-uc

(oc?) uc ra-fc uc-fc uc

L-2400 L-2400 L-500 (1400) L-1350 L-1400

Sporophila luctuosa Sporophila nigricollis Sporophila telasco Arremon aurantiirostris Arremonops conirostris icteridae (7) Cacicus microrhynchus

uc-fc uc vr oc?

ra ra-uc

uc-co

oc? uc oc uc-fc ra (uc-fc?)

(uc?) (ra?) (oc?) (oc?)

(uc?) (ra?) (oc?) (oc?)

(ra?) (ra?) (ra-uc?) (ra-uc?)

uc-co

(oc?) (uc?) (oc?) uc-fc (ra?)

OC F/e OC OC

F/e F/e

F

matF; magF; ysF; F/OC; F/R; mcpL F/OC; mcpL; ysF F/OC; F/R; OC/R; mcpL; ysF; magF psOC; OC/R; mcpL F/R; mcpL F/OC; mcpL; OC/R psOC; OC/R; mcpL

General habitat c Main habitat types d OC mcpL; OC/R; F/OC; psOC (oc?) OC psOC; OC/R (uc?) OC psOC; OC/R; mcpL (oc?) OC psOC; OC/R (uc-fc?) F/e F/OC; F/R; mcpL; ysF (ra?) OC psOC; mcpL; OC/R

Abundance rank per life zone b TrHF TrWF pmWF pmpF fc-co fc-co (fc?) (fc?)


Scientific name Family (no. spp.) / species Sporophila corvina


ysSC ysSC; clF; saR/e ysSC

ysSC; strOC clF

clF

clF; ysSC; strF ysSC

gsR/V; ysSC

important microhabitats e gsR/V; clF; ysSC

psOC; OC/R F/R

matF



364

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Tinamidae (3) Tinamus major Crypturellus berlepschi Crypturellus soui Ardeidae (1) Butorides striata Cathartidae (3) Sarcoramphus papa Coragyps atratus Cathartes aura Accipitridae (12) Pandion haliaetus Leptodon cayanensis

Family (no. of spp.) / species

vi

vi

+ – + + –

NN–mi

br

nbv

br

vi

+

Status c

br br

Type of record b

– + +

Species recorded a MNT1/I CAP1 CAP2

MNT1/II CAP1 CAP2

MNT1/III CAP1 CAP2

Mist-netting surveys d MNT1/I-III ∑Fc2 ∑CAP2

10

1

19

2

1 23

15

1 42

18

2 94

MNT1/1 MNT1/2 MNT1/3 MNT1/4 ∑MNT1/1-4

Transect-mapping (MTW) study e (number of birds recorded)

Standardized mist-netting and MTW surveys of transect MNT1: number of birds captured/recorded per species, type of record, and breeding/non-breeding status in the transect area. List of the 268 bird species recorded between Aug. 1995 and Mar. 1998 in the area of transects MNT1 (Fig. 5) and MNT2 (Fig. 8). All landbird species recorded during standardized and non-standardized surveys within 100 m of the transects were included. Lurocalis semitorquatus was present at both transects; however, the species was systematically overlooked and misidentified, and thus could not be included in the analysis (cf. Appendix 6, Nyctiphrynus rosenbergi). Most waterbirds, like frigatebirds, cormorants, ducks, herons, and gulls, followed the course of the Río Santiago on passage, and thus were not included because trees and shrubs obstructed the view of the river from any position on the transects. Only the heron Butorides striata was observed once at the backwater pond in the first section of MNT1, and the sandpiper Actitis macularius was sometimes heard from the start sections of both transects, which is why the latter two species were included. Species nesting within a radius of about 100 m from the transect during the study period were defined as breeding species of the transect area. By this definition the transect area of MNT1 was c. 15.6 ha. Larger species nesting outside the area were also counted as breeding species when their territories or home ranges obviously covered at least a part of the transect area. Abbreviations used: (a) species recorded: + = recorded in the transect area of MNT1; – = not recorded in the transect area of MNT1; exclusively recorded in the area of MNT2; (b) type of record: for species exclusively recorded during non-standardized surveys; vi = visual observation; au = acoustical record; tr = tape recording; mn= mist-netted; (c) status (resident/seasonal status): br = breeding species in the transect area; breeding either confirmed or suspected; nbv = non-breeding visitor; used here for stragglers, foraging visitors, and short-distance migrants; NN-mi = Nearctic-Neotropical migrant; mi = migrant of other origin; i.e., intraNeotropical migrants and others; (d) mist-netting surveys (cf. Chapter 4): MNT1/I, MNT1/II, and MNT1/III = mist-netting surveys; MNT1/I-III = complete standardized mist-netting study; CAP1 = sum of first captures and recaptures mist-netted for the first time in the corresponding survey; CAP2 = sum of first captures and all types of recaptures; ∑Fc2 = sum of birds captured for the first time in the standardized study, excluding all types of recaptures; note: the total number of individuals captured might be slightly smaller than indicated by the sum of first captures, because not all species and individuals could be marked permanently; ∑CAP2 = sum of all captures, including recaptures; (e) MTW study (cf. Chapter 4): MNT1/1, MNT1/2, MNT1/3, and MNT1/4 = MTW surveys; ∑MNT1/1-4 = sum of all MTW surveys; note: the number of birds recorded includes repeated records of the same individuals and, therefore, can be considerably higher than the number of individuals present in the transect area.

APPeNdIx 12A


420

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Elanoides forficatus Ictinia plumbea Accipiter superciliosus Accipiter bicolor Leucopternis plumbeus Leucopternis semiplumbeus Leucopternis princeps Buteo magnirostris Buteo brachyurus Spizaetus tyrannus Falconidae (5) Micrastur ruficollis Micrastur semitorquatus Herpetotheres cachinnans Falco rufigularis Falco peregrinus Cracidae (2) Ortalis erythroptera Penelope purpurascens Odontophoridae (2) Odontophorus erythrops Rhynchortyx cinctus Rallidae (3) Laterallus albigularis Amaurolimnas concolor Neocrex colombiana Scolopacidae (1) Actitis macularius Columbidae (7) Patagioenas speciosa Patagioenas subvinacea Patagioenas goodsoni Claravis pretiosa Leptotila pallida Geotrygon veraguensis Geotrygon montana Psittacidae (6) Ara ambiguus Touit dilectissimus Pionopsitta pulchra


nbv br nbv br

vi

au

+ + + + + + + au au, tr

NN–mi

vi, au

+

+ + +

br br br

+ + +

nbv nbv br

br br br nbv br br br

br br

+ +

nbv nbv

+ +

au au

br

vi au/tr

mi nbv

Status c

vi vi

Type of record b

– – + – –

+ + – – – – + + + +

Species recorded a

Appendix 12A. Continued.

1 1

1 1

MNT1/I CAP1 CAP2

1 1

2

1 1

2

2 1 1

1

3 1 1

1

MNT1/III CAP1 CAP2

Mist-netting surveys d MNT1/II CAP1 CAP2

4 3 1

2

1

5 3 1

2

1

MNT1/I-III ∑Fc2 ∑CAP2

4 1

1 1 5

2

2

2

6 1

6 5 8

1

1

1

3

5

6 3 7

5 4

7

1

25

26

6 18 4

6

2 2

2

5

28

41 2

19 27 24

14 4

5 9

2

9




421

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Umbruch 56.indd 422

Pionus menstruus Pionus chalcopterus Amazona farinosa Cuculidae (6) Piaya cayana Piaya minuta Crotophaga ani Crotophaga sulcirostris Tapera naevia Neomorphus radiolosus Strigidae (4) Megascops centralis Glaucidium griseiceps Pulsatrix perspicillata Strix virgata Nyctibiidae (1) Nyctibius griseus Caprimulgidae (2) Nyctidromus albicollis Nyctiphrynus rosenbergi Apodidae (6) Streptoprocne zonaris Cypseloides rutilus Chaetura pelagica Chaetura spinicaudus Chaetura cinereiventris Panyptila cayennensis Trochilidae (15) Glaucis aeneus Threnetes ruckeri Phaethornis yaruqui Phaethornis striigularis Eutoxeres aquila Androdon aequatorialis Florisuga mellivora Popelairia conversii Thalurania fannyi Damophila julie Amazilia tzacatl Amazilia amabilis


4 28 24 1 3 2 1 1 1 4

4 25 21 1 3 2 1

5 21 20 3 1 3 1 1 1

1 17 12 1 3

1 17 13 1 4

1 1 4

3

3

1 1 1

1 1 1

10 63 52 5 7 5 2 1 2 2 5 4

10 66 57 5 8 5 2 1 2 2 5 4

7

7 5

6

1

24 2 2

1 1

5

29 16

1

69

2 2

10

1

1 28 17 5

br br br br br nbv br nbv br br br nbv

2

2

+ + + + + + + + + + + +

1

nbv

20 2

2

1

9 15

4

2

NN–mi br

2

2

20

1

2

nbv

1

3

8

7

+ – + + – +

1

3

23 9 5

br br

5 21 19 3 1 3 1 1 1

2

5 1

+ +

1

2

5

1 24

5 1 1

1 88 40 7

3

29 86

20

4 4

2

7

4 2

35 15 13



br

1

1


+

vi, au

1

MNT1/III CAP1 CAP2


br

br

vi

MNT1/I CAP1 CAP2

– – – +

br br nbv

+ + + – + –

Status c

br nbv nbv

Type of record b

+ + +

Species recorded a



422

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Umbruch 56.indd 423

Amazilia rosenbergi Chalybura urochrysia Heliothryx barroti Trogonidae (3) Trogon comptus Trogon chionurus Trogon rufus Alcedinidae (4) Megaceryle torquata Chloroceryle americana Chloroceryle inda Chloroceryle aenea Momotidae (2) Electron platyrhynchum Baryphthengus martii Galbulidae (1) Galbula ruficauda Bucconidae (3) Nystalus radiatus Malacoptila panamensis Micromonacha lanceolata Capitonidae (1) Capito squamatus Ramphastidae (3) Pteroglossus sanguineus Ramphastos brevis Ramphastos swainsonii Picidae (8) Picumnus olivaceus Piculus litae Celeus loricatus Dryocopus lineatus Melanerpes pucherani Veniliornis kirkii Veniliornis callonotus Campephilus gayaquilensis Furnariidae (5) Synallaxis brachyura Hyloctistes virgatus Automolus rubiginosus


br br br br br br br br

+ + + + + + + + br br br

br br br

+ + +

+ + +

br

+

vi

br br

+ + –

vi, au

br

+

br br br br br

vi, au

+ +

+ + + –

au

br br br

+ + +

Status c

br br br

Type of record b

+ + +

Species recorded a


14 3

1

1 12 2

2

6

1

1 1

11 4 1

2

5

1

1 1

11 2 1

MNT1/I CAP1 CAP2

10 1 1

11 1 1

2

1

1 2

1

2

3

20 1

1

2

1

20 1

5 5 1

1

3

2

1

5 1 1

5 6 2

1

3

2

1

5 3 1

MNT1/III CAP1 CAP2


22 6 2

2

5

1

1

2

5

4

1 2

36 4 2

30 10 3

2

7

1

1

2

6

4

1 4

36 8 2


26 3

1 6

1 5

3

1

1

4 2

52 5 1

1 2 4 2 1

2

3

3

1 4

4

5 1 3

15

10

51 6 8

2 1

2 1

2

1

2

1 1

1

13

43 7 2

5 1 3 1 1

4

5 7 2

1

4 1

2

5

1

4

20

172 21 11

8 5 13 5 3

4

5 8 9

6

4 3

8

5 11

2 8

14

58




423

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Xenops minutus Sclerurus mexicanus dendrocolaptidae (8) Dendrocincla fuliginosa Glyphorynchus spirurus Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus Xiphorhynchus erythropygius Lepidocolaptes souleyetii Campylorhamphus trochilirostris Campylorhamphus pusillus Thamnophilidae (18) Cymbilaimus lineatus Taraba major Thamnophilus atrinucha Thamnistes anabatinus Dysithamnus puncticeps Myrmotherula ignota Myrmotherula pacifica Myrmotherula fulviventris Myrmotherula axillaris Myrmotherula schisticolor Microrhopias quixensis Cercomacra tyrannina Hylophylax naevioides Myrmeciza immaculata Myrmeciza exsul Myrmeciza berlepschi Gymnopithys leucaspis Phaenostictus mcleannani Formicariidae (2) Formicarius nigricapillus Hylopezus perspicillatus Tyrannidae (41) Phyllomyias griseiceps Zimmerius chrysops Ornithion brunneicapillus Camptostoma obsoletum Tyrannulus elatus Myiopagis caniceps


vi, au

br br br br br br

+ + + + + +

au

br br

+ +

br br br br br br br br br nbv br br br br br br br

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + – au

br br br br br br br

+ + + + + + + –

Status c

br

Type of record b

+ –

recorded a

Species


2

2

1

1

1

25 4 4 12

15 2 4 10

1

6 6 5

6 6 5

1

2 1 2

1 1 1

1

4 9

8

2 8

7

MNT1/I CAP1 CAP2

2

9 4 4 3 5 6 2

11 5 4 3 5 6

2 5 2

1

1 2 5 2

1 2

2

1

1 2

3

4 8

5

2

4 7

5

1

1

1

1

4 8 3 1 1 13 2 1 4 2 2

1 2

1 2

4 7 3 1 1 9 2 1 4 2 2

2 19

7

2 14

6

MNT1/III CAP1 CAP2


1 1

3

9 14 8 1 1 28 6 7 13 5 10

1

2 2

1 3 1 2

6 21

12

1 1

4

12 19 10 1 1 49 11 9 19 7 10

1

2 2

1 7 1 4

10 36

20


2 2 5

8

6

4 50 5 3 18 8 2

1 23 4 9

2 2 3

5 1 3 5 1 2

6

1

2

3 24 1

3 28

18 2 4

1

1 7 3

1

2 2 2 4 2

5

1

11 2

5

6 51 2 4 49 14 2

1 1 25 3 11

1 12 3

1

1 10 6 10 4

5 3

17 1

3 1

17 57 2 1 48 11

3 2 32 1 14

3 10 5

1

5 1

3

3

18 4

30 6

16 1

30 186 9 11 139 34 4

5 4 98 10 38

7 31 14

3 20 9 22 12 1 5

14




424

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Myiopagis viridicata Mionectes olivaceus Mionectes oleagineus Leptopogon superciliaris Myiornis atricapillus Lophotriccus pileatus Todirostrum nigriceps Todirostrum cinereum Rhynchocyclus pacificus Tolmomyias flavotectus Platyrinchus coronatus Terenotriccus erythrurus Myiobius atricaudus Myiobius sulphureipygius Myiophobus fasciatus Contopus cooperi Empidonax virescens Colonia colonus Attila spadiceus Rhytipterna holerythra Sirystes albogriseus Myiarchus tuberculifer Megarynchus pitangua Myiozetetes cayanensis Myiozetetes granadensis Conopias albovittatus Myiodynastes maculatus Legatus leucophaius Tyrannus melancholicus Tyrannus niveigularis Pachyramphus cinnamomeus Pachyramphus albogriseus Platypsaris homochrous Tityra semifasciata Tityra inquisitor Cotingidae (4) Lipaugus unirufus Cotinga nattererii Carpodectes hopkei Querula purpurata


– + – +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + – – + + + + + – + + + + – + + +

Species recorded a


vi

vi vi

vi, au, tr

vi, au, mn

vi

Type of record b Status c

br

br

nbv br nbv

br br mi br

br br br br br

nbv br br br br br br br br br br br br br br NN–mi NN–mi br br

2

2

1

1 4 5 9 13 2

1 4 4 7 7 2

1

14 2 4

9 2 4

MNT1/I CAP1 CAP2

1 6 7 8

1 5 6 7

4

4

3

2 4

2 4

2

1 9 5 3

1 7 3 3

2

2

1 2 5 5

2

2

1 2 7 12

1

2

2 1

1 13 1 2

1 11 1 2

MNT1/III CAP1 CAP2


6

4

2

1

2 4 1 5 7 12 10 2

2

2 22 5 8

6

5

2

1

2 5 1 6 13 23 33 2

2

2 36 8 9


7

6 3

1 6 4 2

1

1 3

1

2 11 1 8

9

1 3

7 14

5 1

2 4 9 1 8

8 1 1 5

14 17

1

1

1 1

3

2 9 8 1 11

3

16 1 3 11

8 5

3

4

1

9 1 4 7

3 9 8

3

31 8 4 32

1 35 40 2

4

5

1

7 24 36 3 36 1 13 8 2 5




425

06.12.11 14:20

Umbruch 56.indd 426

Pipridae (7) Pipra mentalis Lepidothrix coronata Manacus manacus Machaeropterus deliciosus Chloropipo holochlora Schiffornis turdina Sapayoa aenigma Vireonidae (3) Vireo olivaceus Hylophilus decurtatus Hylophilus ochraceiceps Turdidae (2) Catharus ustulatus Turdus daguae Hirundinidae (8) Progne chalybea Progne subis Tachycineta bicolor Neochelidon tibialis Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Riparia riparia Hirundo rustica Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Troglodytidae (8) Campylorhynchus zonatus Odontorchilus branickii Thryothorus nigricapillus Thryothorus leucopogon Troglodytes aedon Henicorhina leucosticta Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus Microcerculus marginatus Polioptilidae (3) Microbates cinereiventris Polioptila plumbea Polioptila schistaceigula Parulidae (8) Dendroica striata Dendroica fusca


2

br NN–mi br br NN–mi br nbv br br NN–mi NN–mi NN–mi

vi

vi vi vi

+ + + + + + – – + + + + +

NN–mi NN–mi

4

8

9

3 4

3

7

10 4

5 2

7

vi vi

4

2

3 1 12

18 2

5

3

13 2

+ +

5

1

3 1 7

12 2

2 1

1

13 1

5

1 2 33

vi, au, tr

5

2 1 4

7 1

1 4

2 16

7

3

2 17

br br br

6

4

2 1 3

4 1

1 3

2 10

3

2

9

16 15 80 3 20

+ + +

1

1

8

1

1 2

3

2

6

11 9 51 3 3

11 6 2 5

3 1

3 1

8

1

1 2

2

2

7 5 24 2 4

br br br br nbv br

1 3

6

2

2

6 4 22 2 2

7 2

8

17 21 1 4

6

5 7

1

21 1

8

3 32

8

10

3

9 15

3

6

4

10 2

13

3 36

23 8

28

47 46 3 19

10

18 8

9

57 6

29

1 10 118



1

1 2

4

2

2

5

5 4 27 1 6


br

1 8

2

2

5

5 4 20 1 3

MNT1/III CAP1 CAP2


+ – + + + + + +

1 6

2

10

3 2

4 6 29

4 4 25

Status c

MNT1/I CAP1 CAP2

br br br nbv br

Type of record b

+ + + + + – +

recorded a

Species



426

06.12.11 14:20

Umbruch 56.indd 427

+ + + + + +

Seiurus noveboracensis Geothlypis semiflava Geothlypis auricularis Oporornis philadelphia Oporornis agilis Basileuterus fulvicauda Thraupidae (27) Coereba flaveola Cyanerpes caeruleus Cyanerpes cyaneus Chlorophanes spiza Dacnis cayana Dacnis egregia Dacnis venusta Dacnis berlepschi Erythrothlypis salmoni Euphonia laniirostris Euphonia xanthogaster Euphonia minuta Euphonia fulvicrissa Tangara palmeri Tangara cyanicollis Tangara larvata Tangara johannae Tangara lavinia Thraupis episcopus Thraupis palmarum Ramphocelus icteronotus Piranga rubra Chlorothraupis olivacea Mitrospingus cassinii Tachyphonus luctuosus Tachyphonus delatrii Heterospingus xanthopygius Cardinalidae (4) Saltator maximus Saltator atripennis Saltator grossus Pheucticus ludovicianus + + + –

+ + + + + + + + – + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

recorded a


Species


mn, vi

au

vi, au

vi

mn

mn

Type of record b

br br br

br br br br br br br br br br br br NN–mi br br nbv br br

br br br br br br nbv br

NN–mi br br NN–mi NN–mi br

Status c

2 5 45

2 4 18 10

2

2

9

4

1 7

4

1 6

2

7

3 2

1 1

1 1

MNT1/I CAP1 CAP2

11 1

1

16

2 4

3

1

10

11

2 3

3

1

7

1

1

6

7

9

1 3

5

8

1 3

12

14

5 2

1 1

2

1 5

12

17

5 2

1 1

2

1 7

11

1 4

1 3 10

4

4

MNT1/III CAP1 CAP2


1

24

24

7 5

4 1 6

2

2 14

1

15

1 8

2 6

1

33

78

9 11

4 1 6

3

2 21

1

20

1 20

2 8


18 2 8

52

1 5 2 50 1 10 5

4

12

3

14 2 2

3

32 4 3

52

16 2

3 7 7 91

2 4

9

12

1

2

30 7 3

48 6

11

54

4 5

5

12

23 1 1 1

5

2

2

21 3 9

82 6

16 2

50

11

101 16 23

234 12

2 18 6 8 28 9 245 1 53 9

1

1 5 6

1 46

1 13

1

4

63 3 7 1 1 3

12

8

14

6

3




427

06.12.11 14:20

Umbruch 56.indd 428

emberizidae (10) Rhodospingus cruentus Volatinia jacarina Tiaris obscurus Oryzoborus angolensis Sporophila corvina Sporophila luctuosa Sporophila nigricollis Sporophila telasco Arremon aurantiirostris Arremonops conirostris Icteridae (6) Cacicus microrhynchus Amblycercus holosericeus Zarhynchus wagleri Molothrus bonariensis Molothrus oryzivorus Dolichonyx oryzivorus Total of birds captured / recorded Total number of species


231

+ + + + + +

– + + + + – + + + +

recorded a

Species


vi

vi, au

au

vi

Type of record b

br br br br br NN–mi

br nbv br nbv

nbv br br br

Status c

350 80

3

4 8

449 80

3

4 10

MNT1/I CAP1 CAP2

354 88

1

4

1

3 10

401 88

1

5

1

4 12

296 86

1

1

2

1 2 5 6

349 86

1

4

3

1 2 6 7

MNT1/III CAP1 CAP2


827 117

2

5

3

1 2 11 22

1199 117

2

12

4

1 2 14 29


609 105

7

1

2

4

803 111

1

4 3

6

1

4

1021 120

1

6 1

2

1

1

1136 126

1

3

3

1 8

3569 162

9 1

13 5

11

4

1 17




428

06.12.11 14:20

Umbruch 56.indd 429

Tinamidae (3) Tinamus major Crypturellus berlepschi Crypturellus soui Ardeidae (1) Butorides striata Cathartidae (3) Sarcoramphus papa Coragyps atratus Cathartes aura Accipitridae (12) Pandion haliaetus Leptodon cayanensis Elanoides forficatus Ictinia plumbea Accipiter superciliosus Accipiter bicolor Leucopternis plumbeus Leucopternis semiplumbeus Leucopternis princeps Buteo magnirostris Buteo brachyurus Spizaetus tyrannus Falconidae (5) Micrastur ruficollis Micrastur semitorquatus Herpetotheres cachinnans Falco rufigularis Falco peregrinus Cracidae (2) Ortalis erythroptera


–

+ + + + +

vi

+ + + + + + + + + + + –

vi vi

mn, au

vi vi vi, au vi

vi vi vi vi

vi vi

Type of record b

+ + +

–

+ + +

Species recorded a

br br br br NN-mi

NN-mi br mi nbv br br br br nbv br nbv

nbv nbv br

br br br

Status c

MNT2/I CAP1 CAP2

MNT2/II CAP1 CAP2

MNT2/III CAP1 CAP2

Mist-netting surveys d MNT2/I-III ∑Fc2 ∑CAP2

1

1

6

9

2

4

3

2 1

1

1

3

3

7 1 4

2 2

3

1

1

17 1 22

Transect-mapping (MTW) study e (number of birds recorded) MNT2/1 MNT2/2 MNT2/3 MNT2/4 ∑MNT2/1-4

Standardized mist-netting and MTW surveys of transect MNT2: number of birds captured/recorded per species, type of record, and breeding/non-breeding status in the transect area. List of the 268 bird species recorded between Aug. 1995 and Mar. 1998 in the area of transects MNT1 (Fig. 5) and MNT2 (Fig. 8). See Appendix 12a for details on which species were excluded from the analysis and on the meaning of the abbreviations used. The only difference between the meaning of the abbreviations described in Appendix 12a and their meaning in the list presented below is that here all data refer to the conditions encountered in the transect area of MNT2 (c. 14.1 ha) and not MNT1.

APPeNdIx 12b


429

06.12.11 14:20

Umbruch 56.indd 430

Penelope purpurascens Odontophoridae (2) Odontophorus erythrops Rhynchortyx cinctus Rallidae (3) Laterallus albigularis Amaurolimnas concolor Neocrex colombiana Scolopacidae (1) Actitis macularius Columbidae (7) Patagioenas speciosa Patagioenas subvinacea Patagioenas goodsoni Claravis pretiosa Leptotila pallida Geotrygon veraguensis Geotrygon montana Psittacidae (6) Ara ambiguus Touit dilectissimus Pionopsitta pulchra Pionus menstruus Pionus chalcopterus Amazona farinosa Cuculidae (6) Piaya cayana Piaya minuta Crotophaga ani Crotophaga sulcirostris Tapera naevia Neomorphus radiolosus Strigidae (4) Megascops centralis Glaucidium griseiceps Pulsatrix perspicillata Strix virgata Nyctibiidae (1) Nyctibius griseus


–

+ + + –

+ + + + – +

+ – + + + +

nbv

au, tr au

br nbv br

br br nbv nbv

vi, au vi vi

1

1

2

2

2 2

2

2

2

2

5

4 3 3

5

4 3 3

1

16

5

4

12

9 2

1 3

1

2

1

2

4 3

1

2

11

19 2

6 10

1 2

4 1

4

2

2

3 2

1

10 7

51 12 41 17

2

55 4

1 7 28

2 17

24 4

1

1

1

20 12 27 5

11

10

1

1 10

6 3

1


18

2 2

1


br br br br

2 1 1

1

MNT2/III CAP1 CAP2


2

2 1 1

1

MNT2/I CAP1 CAP2

nbv

br br br

nbv br br

NN-mi

+ + + + – + + +

br br

+ + – vi, au

br br

+ +

Status c

nbv

Type of record b

+

Species recorded a

Appendix 12B. Continued.


430

06.12.11 14:20

Umbruch 56.indd 431

Caprimulgidae (2) Nyctidromus albicollis Nyctiphrynus rosenbergi Apodidae (6) Streptoprocne zonaris Cypseloides rutilus Chaetura pelagica Chaetura spinicaudus Chaetura cinereiventris Panyptila cayennensis Trochilidae (15) Glaucis aeneus Threnetes ruckeri Phaethornis yaruqui Phaethornis striigularis Eutoxeres aquila Androdon aequatorialis Florisuga mellivora Popelairia conversii Thalurania fannyi Damophila julie Amazilia tzacatl Amazilia amabilis Amazilia rosenbergi Chalybura urochrysia Heliothryx barroti Trogonidae (3) Trogon comptus Trogon chionurus Trogon rufus Alcedinidae (4) Megaceryle torquata Chloroceryle americana Chloroceryle inda Chloroceryle aenea Momotidae (2) Electron platyrhynchum Baryphthengus martii Galbulidae (1) Galbula ruficauda


+

br

br br

br br br br

+ + + + + +

br br br

+ + + vi

br br br

vi vi mn, vi vi vi

br br br br br nbv br nbv br nbv br

+ + + + + + + + + + + – + + +

vi vi

nbv nbv NN-mi br nbv nbv

+ + + + + +

Status c

br br vi vi

Type of record b

+ +

Species recorded a


1

2

1

9 1

14 24 1 18

1

2

1

9 1

17 25 1 21

MNT2/I CAP1 CAP2

1

1

11 5

15 23 3 14

1

1

11 9

21 23 3 16

1

3

15 1

1 22 24 1 9

1

3

15 1

1 25 27 1 18

MNT2/III CAP1 CAP2


1

1 2

1 1

1 3

35 7

1 49 70 5 39

1

1 2

1 1

1 3

35 11

1 63 75 5 55


6 2

1

3

11 3

1 8

18 1 1

1

3

4 2

26 9

2 1

27 10

1

1

16 8

7 3

18 2

22 25 2 2 3

1

2 6

9 4

1

2 5

18 3

1 9 16 1 6 1

3

5

1 2

42 17

2

10 19

58 8 1

1 84 60 3 12 4

4

6

5 10



431

06.12.11 14:20

Umbruch 56.indd 432

bucconidae (3) Nystalus radiatus Malacoptila panamensis Micromonacha lanceolata Capitonidae (1) Capito squamatus Ramphastidae (3) Pteroglossus sanguineus Ramphastos brevis Ramphastos swainsonii Picidae (8) Picumnus olivaceus Piculus litae Celeus loricatus Dryocopus lineatus Melanerpes pucherani Veniliornis kirkii Veniliornis callonotus Campephilus gayaquilensis Furnariidae (5) Synallaxis brachyura Hyloctistes virgatus Automolus rubiginosus Xenops minutus Sclerurus mexicanus dendrocolaptidae (8) Dendrocincla fuliginosa Glyphorynchus spirurus Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus Xiphorhynchus erythropygius Lepidocolaptes souleyetii Campylorhamphus trochilirostris Campylorhamphus pusillus Thamnophilidae (18) Cymbilaimus lineatus Taraba major Thamnophilus atrinucha Thamnistes anabatinus Dysithamnus puncticeps


br br br br br br br br br br nbv br br br br br br

+ + + + + + + + + + – + + + + + + +

vi, au

br

br br br br br

– + + + + + – +

br br br

+ + +

nbv br br

Status c

br

vi, au

au

Type of record b

+

+ + +

Species recorded a


1

3

4 4

3 8 4 6

2

6

1

3

4 5

3 9 4 6

2

8

MNT2/I CAP1 CAP2

1

1

1 2

2

2

1 2

5 15

8 4 7

7

3 10

7 3 6

6

4

1

2 6 1

6 1 5

2

5

4

1

3 11 1

6 2 5

2

5

MNT2/III CAP1 CAP2


1

1 8

1

2

6 13 1

3 16 5 12

2

2

13

2

1 9

1

2

12 31 1

3 23 10 18

2

2

20


1

6

3

1 2 2 5

2 8 2 1

1

1 5

1

3 1

3 2

3 2

11 11 2 4

2 2

3

3

2

2 4 7

4 1 3 3 5

11 6 3 1 1

2

1

1 2

5 11

2

2

5

1

1 4 5 5

15 7

1

1 3 1

3

6

1

16 5 10

4

7 5 9 13 17

39 32 7 6 1

3

2 5 2 2 3

9 6 22

2

4



432

06.12.11 14:20

Umbruch 56.indd 433

Myrmotherula ignota Myrmotherula pacifica Myrmotherula fulviventris Myrmotherula axillaris Myrmotherula schisticolor Microrhopias quixensis Cercomacra tyrannina Hylophylax naevioides Myrmeciza immaculata Myrmeciza exsul Myrmeciza berlepschi Gymnopithys leucaspis Phaenostictus mcleannani Formicariidae (2) Formicarius nigricapillus Hylopezus perspicillatus Tyrannidae (41) Phyllomyias griseiceps Zimmerius chrysops Ornithion brunneicapillus Camptostoma obsoletum Tyrannulus elatus Myiopagis caniceps Myiopagis viridicata Mionectes olivaceus Mionectes oleagineus Leptopogon superciliaris Myiornis atricapillus Lophotriccus pileatus Todirostrum nigriceps Todirostrum cinereum Rhynchocyclus pacificus Tolmomyias flavotectus Platyrinchus coronatus Terenotriccus erythrurus Myiobius atricaudus Myiobius sulphureipygius Myiophobus fasciatus Contopus cooperi Empidonax virescens


– + + – – + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + – + + br nbv br br br br br br br br br br br br br NN-mi NN-mi

au

vi

br br

br br

+ +

br br br br

Status c

br br br br br br br br

Type of record b

+ + + + – + + + + + + + +

Species recorded a


46 2 3

2 3 6 1 21

2 3 6 1 11

3

22 13 4 14 6 7

5 10 9

29 1 2

2

13 12 4 12 6 5

5 9 8

MNT2/I CAP1 CAP2

1 2 6 6 13

2

2

1 2 4 2 9

27 3 1

6 4

6 14 7 7 2 29

4 10

20 3 1

4 3

5 11 5 7 2 13

4 9

MNT2/II CAP1 CAP2

1

1 2 2 8

1

1

1 33 2 1

6

5 10 4 9 4 10

1 8 6

1

1 2 3 11

1

1

1 42 3 1

6

6 16 5 12 4 14

1 15 6

MNT2/III CAP1 CAP2

Mist-netting surveys d

1

2 1 5 10 2 20

2

1 63 6 4

9 3

15 22 10 23 8 20

6 15 18

1

3 1 6 14 10 45

3

1 115 8 5

15 4

34 43 16 33 12 50

6 29 25


5

4 2 4

6

1

10 11

2 37 7 3 29 10 16

10 11 11

4

1

4 1

1 4 1 3 3

2 1 4 3 1

1

5

13 16

3 35 8 4 46 10 10

2 14 6 16

7

1

15 12

4 18 6 5 26 8 7 1

1 4 8 14

1 2 1 7 1

10 2

9

4

1 19

9 30 10 4 34 14 10

5 18 5 15

1

3 15 11 5 11 3 1 20 2

23

10 1

39 58

18 120 31 16 135 42 43 1

8 46 30 56



433

06.12.11 14:20

Umbruch 56.indd 434

Colonia colonus Attila spadiceus Rhytipterna holerythra Sirystes albogriseus Myiarchus tuberculifer Megarynchus pitangua Myiozetetes cayanensis Myiozetetes granadensis Conopias albovittatus Myiodynastes maculatus Legatus leucophaius Tyrannus melancholicus Tyrannus niveigularis Pachyramphus cinnamomeus Pachyramphus albogriseus Platypsaris homochrous Tityra semifasciata Tityra inquisitor Cotingidae (4) Lipaugus unirufus Cotinga nattererii Carpodectes hopkei Querula purpurata Pipridae (7) Pipra mentalis Lepidothrix coronata Manacus manacus Machaeropterus deliciosus Chloropipo holochlora Schiffornis turdina Sapayoa aenigma Vireonidae (3) Vireo olivaceus Hylophilus decurtatus Hylophilus ochraceiceps Turdidae (2) Catharus ustulatus Turdus daguae Hirundinidae (8) Progne chalybea


+

+ + vi

nbv

NN-mi br

NN-mi br br

vi

+ + +

nbv br

vi br br br nbv br nbv br

nbv

nbv br br br nbv br br mi br nbv nbv br

2 8

2 10

3

9 2 4

6 1 3

2

34 16 42

30 13 30

4

3

3 1 2

12 14 26

1

5

3

6 1 2

12 17 29

1

1

2 14

2 18

3

3

2

1

41 17 35 1 7

2

35 16 28 1 6

2

4 23

5

67 33 70 1 12 2 5

1

2

1

4 33

9

87 50 106 1 22 3 9

1

2

1

5

3

5

5 17 7

1

8

4 1

3

12 13

3

6

9 6

9

2 9 6

7

3

2

2

3

4

1

3

13

7 2

8

6 5 13

1 6

4

1

32

23 9

25

25 44 26

4

1 18

6

4

7

2

2


1

1


br nbv

MNT2/III CAP1 CAP2


2

Status c

MNT2/I CAP1 CAP2

br

au, tr

vi vi

vi, au

vi

vi, au, tr

vi, au

vi, au

Type of record b

+ + + + + + +

+ – + +

+ – + + – + + + + + + + + + + + + –

Species recorded a



434

06.12.11 14:20

Umbruch 56.indd 435

Progne subis Tachycineta bicolor Neochelidon tibialis Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Riparia riparia Hirundo rustica Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Troglodytidae (8) Campylorhynchus zonatus Odontorchilus branickii Thryothorus nigricapillus Thryothorus leucopogon Troglodytes aedon Henicorhina leucosticta Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus Microcerculus marginatus Polioptilidae (3) Microbates cinereiventris Polioptila plumbea Polioptila schistaceigula Parulidae (8) Dendroica striata Dendroica fusca Seiurus noveboracensis Geothlypis semiflava Geothlypis auricularis Oporornis philadelphia Oporornis agilis Basileuterus fulvicauda Thraupidae (27) Coereba flaveola Cyanerpes caeruleus Cyanerpes cyaneus Chlorophanes spiza Dacnis cayana Dacnis egregia Dacnis venusta Dacnis berlepschi Erythrothlypis salmoni Euphonia laniirostris Euphonia xanthogaster


+ + – + + + + + + + +

– – – + – – – +

+ – +

– + + + + + – +

+ + + + + + +

Species recorded a


au, tr vi

vi

vi

vi

vi

au, tr

vi vi vi

vi vi

Type of record b

br br br nbv br nbv nbv br 6

3

3 5

1 1

4

1

2

13

1 1

2

1

br br br

1

br

br

11

7

br br

2

1 10

5 1

4 1

nbv br br nbv br

NN-mi NN-mi br br NN-mi NN-mi NN-mi

Status c

MNT2/I CAP1 CAP2

5

3

7

10

2

1 3

5

3

9

15

2

1 4

6

1

7

5

2

1 1

8

1

8

13

2

1 1

MNT2/III CAP1 CAP2


14

3

1 1

2

4

1

18

15

5

5 4

19

3

1 1

4

5

2

30

38

6

7 6


8

2

9

6

5

4 13

1

9

3

1

17

9

1

1 17

2

9

3

1

1

19

16

9 29

1 1

9

6

1

13

9

3 22

6

35

9

4

2

3

58

40

6

17 81

8 3



435

06.12.11 14:20

Umbruch 56.indd 436

Euphonia minuta Euphonia fulvicrissa Tangara palmeri Tangara cyanicollis Tangara larvata Tangara johannae Tangara lavinia Thraupis episcopus Thraupis palmarum Ramphocelus icteronotus Piranga rubra Chlorothraupis olivacea Mitrospingus cassinii Tachyphonus luctuosus Tachyphonus delatrii Heterospingus xanthopygius Cardinalidae (4) Saltator maximus Saltator atripennis Saltator grossus Pheucticus ludovicianus emberizidae (10) Rhodospingus cruentus Volatinia jacarina Tiaris obscurus Oryzoborus angolensis Sporophila corvina Sporophila luctuosa Sporophila nigricollis Sporophila telasco Arremon aurantiirostris Arremonops conirostris Icteridae (6) Cacicus microrhynchus Amblycercus holosericeus Zarhynchus wagleri Molothrus bonariensis Molothrus oryzivorus Dolichonyx oryzivorus Total of birds captured / recorded Total number of species


231

+ – + – + – vi

vi

nbv

br

br

nbv nbv nbv br br nbv br nbv br

br br br br br br NN-mi br br nbv br br

+ + + + + + + + + – vi

Status c

br br br

br br br NN-mi

vi

vi

vi, au

Type of record b

+ + + +

+ + + – + + + + + + + + + + + +

Species recorded a


452 69

5

2

3

567 69

6

2

3

61

9

8 43

9

9

MNT2/I CAP1 CAP2

367 65

5

459 65

5

6 1

2

2

3 1

2

31

2

1

2

26

2

1

398 73

1

2

1 1 1 4 1

1 1

1

17

4

2

1

501 73

1

4

1 1 1 4 1

1 1

1

27

4

2

1

MNT2/III CAP1 CAP2


992 96

1

9

1 1 1 9 2

2 1

5

54

10

12

1

1527 96

1

15

1 1 1 12 2

3 1

6

119

15

12

1


614 86

1

29

6

1 3

8 4 7

45

8 2

48

2

2

587 93

17

14

858 112

22

738 104

22

2797 144

1

90

35

1

32 9 19

233 8

158 1 39 2

8 1 3 1

1 3

9 2 5

53 3

38 1 7

1

4

4 3

12

9 2 3

67 3

15

46

3 1

3

2

1

3

6 1 4

68 2

9

26

3

1



436

06.12.11 14:20

MTW-study: detection threshold distance, abundance, population density, and biomass of the bird community in the transect area of MnT1. The detection threshold distances and effective detection areas are shown for all 268 bird species recorded between Aug. 1995 and Mar. 1998 within 100 m of the transects MnT1 and MnT2 (see Appendix 12a for details). For species recorded only in the transect area of MnT2, the values are stated in ‘[…]’ brackets. The population data are shown exclusively for the 162 species recorded in the MTW study of MnT1 between Feb. and nov. 1997. The results may not be representative for other areas of playa de Oro, even where similar habitat is present (e.g., continuous terra firme forest), and should be regarded as preliminary. Whenever i assumed that abundance, population density, and biomass density were considerably overestimated due to methodological biases or small sample size, the results are written in italics. Abbreviations used and explanations: (a) body mass: here, i used the mean values for unsexed samples (cf. Appendices 9 and 11); (b) average detection threshold distance (Ave. dTd): estimated mean perpendicular distance from the transect for which as many individuals of a certain species are detected beyond as are missed within; approximately the distance at which the loudest common sounds emitted by a bird species first become audible to an experienced observer under average environmental conditions (meteorological and topographical conditions, level of background noise, etc.); in general, the dTds stated here refer to the main habitat of each species, e.g., wet tropical forest in the case of forest species and semi-open country in the case of non-forest species; for species usually not detected by voice but visually (compare column ‘type of record’ in Appendix 6), i used a corresponding estimate of a ‘visual’ dTd, which was explicitly adapted to the environmental conditions of the transect areas of MnT1 and MnT2; i.e., the visual dTd for the Cathartidae was greater for MnT1 than for MnT2 (200 vs. 150 m, respectively), due to the fact that the landscape at the former transect was more open than at the latter, so that large soaring birds could be recorded there at a greater distance; (c) effective detection threshold distance (eff. dTd): the probability of detecting territories that are located at the periphery of the detection area of a transect increases with the number of MTW surveys carried out; therefore, the effective dTd increases accordingly; in the case of MnT1, the effective dTd was obtained by adding 30.5 % to the value of the average dTd (see p. 113 for details); the same percentage was used for species for which the calculation was founded on the number of displaying males, because their number was determined on the basis of four complete MTW surveys; thus, i assumed that the relationship between average dTd and effective dTd would be similar as in species establishing territories in pairs or family groups; for species that could not be analyzed in units of territories or displaying males, the effective dTd is identical to the average dTd and, for that reason, was not stated for them; (d) effective detection area (eff. dA): the area effectively surveyed for each species in the complete MTW-study, calculated as the product of twice the effective dTd (or the ‘average dTd’ for species that could not be analyzed in units of territories or displaying males) and the transect length (here 625 m); the product was divided by 10 000 in order to obtain the result in ‘hectares’; (e) number of territories (no. terr.): for species establishing and vocally advertising territories in pairs or family groups, the number of territories was determined by putting each record on a map; records obtained in different transect sections but during the same sample and observations of intra-specific territorial disputes, as well as the accumulation of records obtained during different MTW samples, facilitated the determination of the tentative limits between territories and their number; territories located at the ends of the transect were counted in 1/4-fractions of one territory (e.g., 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 territories), depending on their relative size and position; likewise, territories much larger than the ‘effective detection area’ were also counted in 1/4-fractions of one territory; (f ) number of displaying males (no. displ. MM): for species of which the males establish and vocally advertise display territories (e.g., Lophotriccus pileatus) or leks (e.g., some pipridae) in order to attract females, i used the maximum number of displaying males recorded during single MTW samples at the lek sites or in display territories for the calculation of the population data; for these species all records of females, which in contrast to the males are basically silent, were ignored; for species of which individuals of both sexes vocalize frequently also apart from leks (e.g., hummingbirds), as well as for species that are usually silent, i used other methods (see below); (g) units per kilometer transect (Units/km trans.): number of territories or displaying males per kilometer transect; (h) units per km2 (Units/km2): number of territories or displaying males per square kilometer; calculated by multiplying the effective detection area’s fraction of one square kilometer by the number of territories or the number of displaying males recorded; (i) units per transect area (Units/trans. area): number of territories or

Appendix 18A


480

Umbruch 56.indd 480

06.12.11 14:21

Umbruch 56.indd 481

Tinamidae (3) Tinamus major Crypturellus berlepschi Crypturellus soui Ardeidae (1) Butorides striata Cathartidae (3) Sarcoramphus papa Coragyps atratus Cathartes aura Accipitridae (12) Pandion haliaetus Leptodon cayanensis Elanoides forficatus Ictinia plumbea

Family (no. of spp.) / species [400] 200 275 40 200 [200] 200 200 [400] 175 175

212

3375 [2081] 1467

1486 [484] 442 247

Ave. b dTd (m)

[1052] 523 217

Body a mass (g)

[522.0]

[522.0] 261.0 358.9

eff. c dTd (m)

25.0 [65.3] 21.9 21.9

25.0 [25.0] 25.0

5.0

[65.3] 32.6 44.9

eff. d dA (ha)

0.50 5.00

no. e terr.

no. f displ. MM

0.8 8.0

Units/ g km trans.

1.5 11.1

Units/ h km2

0.2 1.7

Units/ i trans. area

2.5 2.5

ind./ j unit

Max. k no. ind.

2.75

Ave. l no. ind.

4.4

no. m ind./ km

11.0

3.8 27.9

no. n ind./ km2

1.7

0.6 4.3

no. ind./ o trans. area

16 137.0

2003.8 6046.7

Biomass p density (g/km2)

displaying males per transect area, which is defined as the area within 100 m of the transect; the transect area of MnT1 was c. 15.6 ha and is shown in Fig. 5; (j) individuals per unit (ind./unit): factor for the calculation of the total number of individuals per area (absolute population density); in general, i used a factor of 2.5 individuals per unit, assuming equal sex ratio and that, based on a year-round average, about one juvenile or immature is present per two reproductive ‘pairs’; in the case of species regularly forming extended family groups (Odontophorus, Pteroglossus, Ramphastos, Querula, Campylorhynchus, and others), i used the estimated average number of individuals per group for the calculations; (k) maximum number of individuals (Max. no. ind.): for a few resident species that rarely vocalize and, in addition, may not form pairs (e.g., Terenotriccus and Myiobius flycatchers), i used the maximum number of unsexed/unaged individuals recorded during the MTW study for the calculations; (l) average number of individuals (Ave. no. ind.): for the following species and bird groups i used the average maximum number of unsexed/unaged individuals recorded in the MTW surveys for the calculations: (1) mostly silent species with large home ranges, which may form foraging associations (e.g., Cathartidae); (2) hummingbirds, because they are fast moving, often erratic in occurrence, do not form permanent pairs, and in most species both sexes vocalize rather frequently; (3) species frequently participating in erratically moving foraging flocks (e.g., swifts, parrots, swallows, and a few tanager species); (4) non-breeding visitors not always present in the transect area (e.g., stragglers and migrants); (m) number of individuals per km transect (no. ind./km): the number of individuals per kilometer transect; either the maximum or average number of individuals, depending on the species or bird group (see above); only stated for species that could not be analyzed in units of territories or displaying males; (n) number of individuals per km2 (no. ind./km2): absolute population density within an area of one square kilometer; for species that could be analyzed in units of territories or displaying males, it was calculated by multiplying the units per square kilometer by the number of individuals per unit; for species that could not be analyzed in units of territories or displaying males, it was calculated by multiplying the effective detection area’s fraction of one square kilometer by either the maximum number of individuals or the average number of individuals (see above); (o) number of individuals per transect area (no. ind./trans. area): absolute population density within the transect area of c. 15.6 ha; (p) biomass density: here, calculated as the product of the mean body mass in grams and the number of individuals per square kilometer. See p. 110-115, estimation of population densities on the basis of transect-mapping data, for further details on the methodology used for the calculation of the population data and p. 164-166, How real are the modeled community data based on transect mapping?, on identified biases. Jahn, bird communities of the ecuadorian choco

481

06.12.11 14:21

Umbruch 56.indd 482

Accipiter superciliosus Accipiter bicolor Leucopternis plumbeus Leucopternis semiplumbeus Leucopternis princeps Buteo magnirostris Buteo brachyurus Spizaetus tyrannus Falconidae (5) Micrastur ruficollis Micrastur semitorquatus Herpetotheres cachinnans Falco rufigularis Falco peregrinus Cracidae (2) Ortalis erythroptera Penelope purpurascens Odontophoridae (2) Odontophorus erythrops Rhynchortyx cinctus Rallidae (3) Laterallus albigularis Amaurolimnas concolor Neocrex colombiana Scolopacidae (1) Actitis macularius Columbidae (7) Patagioenas speciosa Patagioenas subvinacea Patagioenas goodsoni Claravis pretiosa Leptotila pallida Geotrygon veraguensis Geotrygon montana psittacidae (6) Ara ambiguus Touit dilectissimus Pionopsitta pulchra Pionus menstruus Pionus chalcopterus Amazona farinosa



[100] [325] [375] [325] 400 300 225 500 [225] [400] 450 [200] [200] 250 250 325 275 150 200 20 60 125 250 200 225 150 25 125 400 275 225 300 300 450

[179] [702] 668 [166] [782]

632 2060 280 158 47 133 73 40 244 172 134 67 157 152 117

1348 65 150 247 210 610

Ave. b dTd (m)

[98] [341] [482] [288] 1000 269 495 1035

Body a mass (g)

195.8 32.6 163.1

163.1 326.3 261.0

195.8 261.0 26.1

424.1 358.9

[293.6] [522.0] 587.3 [261.0]

652.5

391.5

[130.5] [424.1] [489.4] [424.1]

eff. c dTd (m)

50.0 34.4 28.1 37.5 37.5 56.3

20.4 40.8 32.6 28.1 24.5 4.1 20.4

7.5

24.5 32.6 3.3

53.0 44.9

31.3 31.3

[36.7] [65.3] 73.4 [32.6] [25.0]

[16.3] [53.0] [61.2] [53.0] 50.0 48.9 28.1 81.6

eff. d dA (ha)

8.50 1.00

2.50 3.00 3.00

4.00 2.00

2.25 3.25

0.25

1.00

no. e terr.

no. f displ. MM

13.6 1.6

4.0 4.8 4.8

6.4 3.2

3.6 5.2

0.4

1.6

Units/ g km trans.

34.7 24.5

12.3 7.4 9.2

16.3 6.1

4.2 7.2

0.3

2.0

Units/ h km2

5.4 3.8

1.9 1.1 1.4

2.6 1.0

0.7 1.1

0.1

0.3


2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5

4.0 2.5

2.5

2.5

ind./ j unit

Max. k no. ind.

3.50 4.50 2.50 1.25

Ave. l no. ind.

5.6 7.2 4.0 2.0

no. m ind./ km

12.4 12.0 6.7 2.2

86.8 61.3

30.7 18.4 23.0

40.9 15.3

17.0 18.1

0.9

5.1

no. n ind./ km2

1.9 1.9 1.0 0.3

13.5 9.6

4.8 2.9 3.6

6.4 2.4

2.6 2.8

0.1

0.8


1866.7 2964.0 1400.0 1355.6

13 634.7 9318.0

7478.9 3163.2 3080.5

1920.8 2038.3

4753.3 2861.7

568.8

1374.2



482

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Umbruch 56.indd 483

Cuculidae (6) Piaya cayana Piaya minuta Crotophaga ani Crotophaga sulcirostris Tapera naevia Neomorphus radiolosus Strigidae (4) Megascops centralis Glaucidium griseiceps Pulsatrix perspicillata Strix virgata nyctibiidae (1) Nyctibius griseus Caprimulgidae (2) Nyctidromus albicollis Nyctiphrynus rosenbergi Apodidae (6) Streptoprocne zonaris Cypseloides rutilus Chaetura pelagica Chaetura spinicaudus Chaetura cinereiventris Panyptila cayennensis Trochilidae (15) Glaucis aeneus Threnetes ruckeri Phaethornis yaruqui Phaethornis striigularis Eutoxeres aquila Androdon aequatorialis Florisuga mellivora Popelairia conversii Thalurania fannyi Damophila julie Amazilia tzacatl Amazilia amabilis Amazilia rosenbergi Chalybura urochrysia Heliothryx barroti



110 60 90 [90] 250 [125] [125] [250] [300] 225 200 225 200 150 [125] 75 50 [75] 60 55 60 85 35 55 100 60 30 50 35 60 40 55 45 40

[105] [51] [873] 250 185 53 52 98 [21] 24 15 [14] 21 5 6.5 6 2.5 11 7.5 7.5 3 4.5 3 5 4.5 4 7 5

Ave. b dTd (m)

108 35 105 [82] 52 [340]

Body a mass (g)

293.6 261.0

261.0

[163.1] [326.3] [391.5] 293.6

326.3 [163.1]

143.6 78.3

eff. c dTd (m)

6.9 7.5 10.6 4.4 6.9 12.5 7.5 3.8 6.3 4.4 7.5 5.0 6.9 5.6 5.0

18.8 [15.6] 9.4 6.3 [9.4] 7.5

36.7 32.6

32.6

[20.4] [40.8] [48.9] 36.7

17.9 9.8 11.3 [11.3] 40.8 [20.4]

eff. d dA (ha)

1.25 1.50

0.50

0.50

2.00 1.00

no. e terr.

no. f displ. MM

2.0 2.4

0.8

0.8

3.2 1.6

Units/ g km trans.

3.4 4.6

1.5

1.4

11.1 10.2

Units/ h km2

0.5 0.7

0.2

0.2

1.7 1.6


2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5

ind./ j unit

Max. k no. ind.

9.2

5.75

3.6

0.4 4.0

0.25 2.50

2.25

0.8 0.4 0.4

0.50 0.25 0.25

1.2

0.75

0.4 14.8 6.0 1.6

11.6 16.4

7.25 10.25

0.25 9.25 3.75 1.00

4.4

no. m ind./ km

2.75

Ave. l no. ind.

45.0

83.6

5.7 33.3

4.0 3.3 6.7

3.6 123.3 35.3 22.9

10.0

77.3 164.0

14.7

8.5 11.5

3.8

3.4

27.9 25.5

no. n ind./ km2

7.0

13.0

0.9 5.2

0.6 0.5 1.0

0.6 19.2 5.5 3.6

1.6

12.1 25.6

2.3

1.3 1.8

0.6

0.5

4.3 4.0


225.0

334.5

17.1 166.7

30.0 25.0 20.0

18.2 801.7 211.8 57.1

210.0

1856.0 2460.0

1437.3

451.3 597.7

708.8

851.4

3009.4 894.0



483

06.12.11 14:21

Umbruch 56.indd 484

Trogonidae (3) Trogon comptus Trogon chionurus Trogon rufus Alcedinidae (4) Megaceryle torquata Chloroceryle americana Chloroceryle inda Chloroceryle aenea Momotidae (2) Electron platyrhynchum Baryphthengus martii Galbulidae (1) Galbula ruficauda Bucconidae (3) Nystalus radiatus Malacoptila panamensis Micromonacha lanceolata Capitonidae (1) Capito squamatus Ramphastidae (3) Pteroglossus sanguineus Ramphastos brevis Ramphastos swainsonii picidae (8) Picumnus olivaceus Piculus litae Celeus loricatus Dryocopus lineatus Melanerpes pucherani Veniliornis kirkii Veniliornis callonotus Campephilus gayaquilensis Furnariidae (5) Synallaxis brachyura Hyloctistes virgatus Automolus rubiginosus Xenops minutus Sclerurus mexicanus dendrocolaptidae (8) Dendrocincla fuliginosa Glyphorynchus spirurus



225 200 200 150 60 60 [30] 250 250 175 175 40 [75] 60 175 325 450 35 100 225 250 175 125 125 225 60 200 125 75 [200] 150 60

317 37.5 56.5 [15] 76 142 26 61 41 [19] 58 250 424 622 12 53 77 184 63 37 27 242 19 34 44 12 [25] 39 14

Ave. b dTd (m)

104 88 58

Body a mass (g)

195.8 78.3

78.3 261.0 163.1 97.9 [261.0]

45.7 130.5 293.6 326.3 228.4 163.1 163.1 293.6

228.4 424.1 587.3

78.3

228.4 52.2 [97.9]

228.4

326.3 326.3

195.8 78.3 78.3 [39.2]

293.6 261.0 261.0

eff. c dTd (m)

24.5 9.8

9.8 32.6 20.4 12.2 [32.6]

5.7 16.3 36.7 40.8 28.5 20.4 20.4 36.7

28.5 53.0 73.4

9.8

28.5 6.5 [12.2]

28.5

40.8 40.8

24.5 9.8 9.8 [4.9]

36.7 32.6 32.6

eff. d dA (ha)

1.00 2.50

7.00 1.50 2.00 2.00

1.6 4.0

11.2 2.4 3.2 3.2

0.8 1.6 3.2 1.6 1.6

0.50 1.00 2.00 1.00 1.00

1.6 0.8 1.6

1.6

1.6 3.2

3.6

0.8 2.4

0.8 4.0

Units/ g km trans.

2.0

no. f displ. MM

1.25

1.00 0.50 1.00

1.00

1.00 2.00

2.25

0.50 1.50

0.50 2.50

no. e terr.

4.1 25.5

71.5 4.6 9.8 16.3

1.4 2.5 7.0 4.9 4.9

21.9

3.5 0.9 1.4

10.2

3.5 30.7

7.9

1.2 3.7

1.4 7.7

Units/ h km2

0.6 4.0

11.2 0.7 1.5 2.6

0.2 0.4 1.1 0.8 0.8

3.4

0.5 0.1 0.2

1.6

0.5 4.8

1.2

0.2 0.6

0.2 1.2


2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5

4.0 3.5 3.5

3.5

2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5

ind./ j unit

Max. k no. ind.

Ave. l no. ind.

no. m ind./ km

10.2 63.9

178.8 11.5 24.5 40.9

3.4 6.1 17.5 12.3 12.3

54.7

14.0 3.3 4.8

35.8

8.8 76.6

19.7

3.1 9.2

3.4 19.2

no. n ind./ km2

1.6 10.0

27.9 1.8 3.8 6.4

0.5 1.0 2.7 1.9 1.9

8.5

2.2 0.5 0.7

5.6

1.4 12.0

3.1

0.5 1.4

0.5 3.0


398.5 894.0

3397.2 390.8 1078.9 490.4

262.2 1128.0 1103.4 453.6 331.0

656.8

3500.0 1399.6 2965.7

2074.1

534.2 3141.8

512.3

233.0 1305.7

354.2 1685.8



484

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Umbruch 56.indd 485

Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus Xiphorhynchus erythropygius Lepidocolaptes souleyetii Campylorhamphus trochilirostris Campylorhamphus pusillus Thamnophilidae (18) Cymbilaimus lineatus Taraba major Thamnophilus atrinucha Thamnistes anabatinus Dysithamnus puncticeps Myrmotherula ignota Myrmotherula pacifica Myrmotherula fulviventris Myrmotherula axillaris Myrmotherula schisticolor Microrhopias quixensis Cercomacra tyrannina Hylophylax naevioides Myrmeciza immaculata Myrmeciza exsul Myrmeciza berlepschi Gymnopithys leucaspis Phaenostictus mcleannani Formicariidae (2) Formicarius nigricapillus Hylopezus perspicillatus Tyrannidae (41) Phyllomyias griseiceps Zimmerius chrysops Ornithion brunneicapillus Camptostoma obsoletum Tyrannulus elatus Myiopagis caniceps Myiopagis viridicata Mionectes olivaceus Mionectes oleagineus Leptopogon superciliaris Myiornis atricapillus Lophotriccus pileatus Todirostrum nigriceps



125 175 100 125 150 [125] 110 200 110 75 125 100 100 60 100 60 125 150 75 225 175 175 80 [125] 200 200 80 90 125 70 80 100 125 40 50 60 110 110 100

35 60 23 21 17 7 9.5 10.5 8.5 8.5 9 17 16.5 44.5 23 28 34 [51] 57 42 7 8.5 7 8 7 10.5 13.5 14.5 10.5 12.5 5.5 7.5 6.5

Ave. b dTd (m)

68 56 48 27.5 42 [40]

Body a mass (g)

52.2 65.3 78.3 143.6 143.6 130.5

104.4 117.5 163.1 91.4 104.4 130.5

261.0 261.0

163.1 195.8 97.9 293.6 228.4 228.4 104.4 [163.1]

143.6 261.0 143.6 97.9 163.1 130.5 130.5 78.3 130.5

163.1 228.4 130.5 163.1 195.8 [163.1]

eff. c dTd (m)

13.1 14.7 20.4 11.4 13.1 16.3 15.6 6.5 8.2 9.8 17.9 17.9 16.3

32.6 32.6

17.9 32.6 17.9 12.2 20.4 16.3 16.3 9.8 16.3 7.5 20.4 24.5 12.2 36.7 28.5 28.5 13.1 [20.4]

20.4 28.5 16.3 20.4 24.5 [20.4]

eff. d dA (ha)

1.00

2.0 4.0 8.0 1.6

4.0 1.6

2.50 1.00

1.25 2.50

4.8 1.6

4.0 0.4

4.8 17.6 3.2 2.4 11.2 5.6 2.0

3.00 1.00

2.50 0.25

3.00 11.00 2.00 1.50 7.00 3.50 1.25

0.8 1.6 6.4 3.2 4.0

0.50 1.00 4.00 2.00 2.50

0.8 3.2 1.2 0.4 1.6

Units/ g km trans.

1.6 2.8 3.2

5.0

no. f displ. MM

1.00 1.75 2.00

no. e terr. 0.50 2.00 0.75 0.25 1.00

12.8 13.9 27.9 6.1

19.2 6.1

20.4 4.9

7.7 0.8

14.7 45.0 16.3 4.1 24.5 12.3 9.6

2.5 6.1 24.5 20.4 15.3

5.6 5.4 11.1

Units/ h km2 2.5 7.0 4.6 1.2 4.1

2.0 2.2 4.3 1.0

3.0 1.0

3.2 0.8

1.2 0.1

2.3 7.0 2.6 0.6 3.8 1.9 1.5

0.4 1.0 3.8 3.2 2.4

0.9 0.8 1.7

0.4 1.1 0.7 0.2 0.6


2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5

ind./ j unit 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

Max. k no. ind.

Ave. l no. ind.

no. m ind./ km

31.9 34.8 69.7 15.3

47.9 15.3

51.1 12.3

19.2 1.9

36.8 112.4 40.9 10.2 61.3 30.7 23.9

6.1 15.3 61.3 51.1 38.3

13.9 13.4 27.9

6.1 17.5 11.5 3.1 10.2

no. n ind./ km2

5.0 5.4 10.9 2.4

7.5 2.4

8.0 1.9

3.0 0.3

5.7 17.5 6.4 1.6 9.6 4.8 3.7

1.0 2.4 9.6 8.0 6.0

2.2 2.1 4.3

1.0 2.7 1.8 0.5 1.6


399.1 191.6 522.5 99.6

335.2 160.9

434.2 85.8

1092.0 80.5

331.0 1910.6 674.3 454.7 1410.0 858.2 814.2

104.2 107.3 582.4 536.4 325.7

487.6 804.6 640.9

416.9 980.8 551.7 84.3 429.1



485

06.12.11 14:21

Umbruch 56.indd 486

Todirostrum cinereum Rhynchocyclus pacificus Tolmomyias flavotectus Platyrinchus coronatus Terenotriccus erythrurus Myiobius atricaudus Myiobius sulphureipygius Myiophobus fasciatus Contopus cooperi Empidonax virescens Colonia colonus Attila spadiceus Rhytipterna holerythra Sirystes albogriseus Myiarchus tuberculifer Megarynchus pitangua Myiozetetes cayanensis Myiozetetes granadensis Conopias albovittatus Myiodynastes maculatus Legatus leucophaius Tyrannus melancholicus Tyrannus niveigularis Pachyramphus cinnamomeus Pachyramphus albogriseus Platypsaris homochrous Tityra semifasciata Tityra inquisitor Cotingidae (4) Lipaugus unirufus Cotinga nattererii Carpodectes hopkei Querula purpurata pipridae (7) Pipra mentalis Lepidothrix coronata Manacus manacus Machaeropterus deliciosus Chloropipo holochlora Schiffornis turdina Sapayoa aenigma



90 75 110 40 55 20 20 80 120 100 110 225 [150] [140] 100 125 125 125 175 [120] 200 110 100 75 [100] 40 80 80 [250] 40 [40] 150 100 55 70 90 20 [175] 60

[82] 60 [110] 106 14.5 9 17.5 13.5 16 [31] 20.5

Ave. b dTd (m)

6.5 26 14.5 9.5 7 10 11.5 10 32 13 16 39 [38.5] [33] 20 74 25.5 26.5 24.5 [46] 24.5 37.5 37 22 [17.5] 33.5 79 43

Body a mass (g)

[228.4] 78.3

71.8 91.4

195.8

[326.3]

104.4 104.4

97.9

261.0 143.6

143.6 293.6 [195.8] [182.7] 130.5 163.1 163.1 163.1 228.4

104.4

117.5 97.9 143.6 52.2

eff. c dTd (m)

12.5 9.0 11.4 11.3 2.5 [28.5] 9.8

[40.8] 5.0 [5.0] 24.5

14.7 12.2 17.9 6.5 6.9 2.5 2.5 13.1 15.0 12.5 17.9 36.7 [24.5] [22.8] 16.3 20.4 20.4 20.4 28.5 [15.0] 32.6 17.9 12.5 12.2 [12.5] 5.0 13.1 13.1

eff. d dA (ha)

1.50

0.50

3.50

3.50 0.50

2.4

4.8 24.0

0.8

5.6

5.6 0.8

0.4 2.4 2.4 1.2

0.25 1.50 1.50 0.75

1.6

5.6 0.8 4.8 2.0

Units/ g km trans.

2.4

3.0 15.0

no. f displ. MM

1.50

1.00

no. e terr. 3.50 0.50 3.00 1.25

15.3

33.4 131.4

2.0

28.6

10.7 2.8

1.2 7.4 7.4 2.6

4.1

7.7

Units/ h km2 23.8 4.1 16.7 19.2

2.4

5.2 20.5

0.3

4.5

1.7 0.4

0.2 1.1 1.1 0.4

0.6

1.2

3.7 0.6 2.6 3.0


2.5

2.5 2.5

5.0

2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5

ind./ j unit 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

1.0

2.0 3.0

Max. k no. ind.

0.50

0.75

Ave. l no. ind.

1.6

0.8

1.2

3.2 4.8

no. m ind./ km

38.3

8.0 83.6 328.4

10.2

26.8 7.0 4.0 71.5

3.1 18.4 18.4 6.6

10.2

6.0

19.2

59.6 10.2 41.8 47.9 29.1 120.0

no. n ind./ km2

6.0

1.2 13.0 51.2

1.6

4.2 1.1 0.6 11.2

0.5 2.9 2.9 1.0

1.6

0.9

3.0

9.3 1.6 6.5 7.5 4.5 18.7


785.4

116.0 752.4 5747.1

1083.0

657.1 261.2 148.0 1573.4

226.8 469.0 487.4 160.9

398.5

78.0

191.6

387.4 265.6 606.1 455.0 203.6 1200.0



486

06.12.11 14:21

Umbruch 56.indd 487

Vireonidae (3) Vireo olivaceus Hylophilus decurtatus Hylophilus ochraceiceps Turdidae (2) Catharus ustulatus Turdus daguae Hirundinidae (8) Progne chalybea Progne subis Tachycineta bicolor Neochelidon tibialis Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Riparia riparia Hirundo rustica Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Troglodytidae (8) Campylorhynchus zonatus Odontorchilus branickii Thryothorus nigricapillus Thryothorus leucopogon Troglodytes aedon Henicorhina leucosticta Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus Microcerculus marginatus polioptilidae (3) Microbates cinereiventris Polioptila plumbea Polioptila schistaceigula parulidae (8) Dendroica striata Dendroica fusca Seiurus noveboracensis Geothlypis semiflava Geothlypis auricularis Oporornis philadelphia Oporornis agilis Basileuterus fulvicauda Thraupidae (27) Coereba flaveola Cyanerpes caeruleus Cyanerpes cyaneus



40 130 120 100 155 75 [75] [60] 50 75 50 60 50 120 [100] 200 175 125 185 80 200 120 80 80 40 40 20 125 100 20 20 175 45 40 45

29 52

43 [49.5] [20] 10.5 13.5 14.5 16 21.5 34.5 [9.5] 21 16.5 10.5 16 24.5 19 11.5 6 6 13 9.5 18 15.5 10 12.5 15 13.5 9.5 12 14

Ave. b dTd (m)

16.5 9 12

Body a mass (g)

58.7 52.2 58.7

228.4

163.1 130.5

156.6 104.4 104.4

261.0

156.6 [130.5] 261.0 228.4 163.1 241.4

202.3

169.7 156.6

eff. c dTd (m)

7.3 6.5 7.3

5.0 5.0 2.5 20.4 16.3 2.5 2.5 28.5

19.6 13.1 13.1

19.6 [16.3] 32.6 28.5 20.4 30.2 10.0 32.6

9.4 [9.4] [7.5] 6.3 9.4 6.3 7.5 6.3

12.5 25.3

5.0 21.2 19.6

eff. d dA (ha)

5.50 1.25 1.25

1.50

1.00

1.50 2.00

2.50

8.8 2.0 2.0

2.4

1.6

2.4 3.2

4.0

8.8 4.8 0.4 2.8

5.50 3.00 0.25 1.75

2.0

7.2 1.6

Units/ g km trans.

0.4

no. f displ. MM

0.25

1.25

4.50 1.00

no. e terr.

74.9 19.2 17.0

5.3

4.9

7.7 15.3

7.7

16.9 10.5 1.2 5.8

1.3

4.9

21.2 5.1

Units/ h km2

11.7 3.0 2.7

0.8

0.8

1.2 2.4

1.2

2.6 1.6 0.2 0.9

0.2

0.8

3.3 0.8


2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

5.0

2.5

2.5 2.5

ind./ j unit

Max. k no. ind.

1.75 1.75

Ave. l no. ind.

2.8 2.8

no. m ind./ km

187.3 47.9 42.6

13.1

12.3

19.2 38.3

19.2

42.1 26.3 3.1 14.5

6.4

28.0 18.7

12.4

53.1 12.8

no. n ind./ km2

29.2 7.5 6.6

2.0

1.9

3.0 6.0

3.0

6.6 4.1 0.5 2.3

1.0

4.4 2.9

1.9

8.3 2.0


1779.5 574.7 596.0

177.3

190.0

220.3 229.9

364.0

885.1 433.5 32.2 232.0

220.8

294.0 252.0

642.7

477.5 153.3



487

06.12.11 14:21

Umbruch 56.indd 488

Chlorophanes spiza Dacnis cayana Dacnis egregia Dacnis venusta Dacnis berlepschi Erythrothlypis salmoni Euphonia laniirostris Euphonia xanthogaster Euphonia minuta Euphonia fulvicrissa Tangara palmeri Tangara cyanicollis Tangara larvata Tangara johannae Tangara lavinia Thraupis episcopus Thraupis palmarum Ramphocelus icteronotus Piranga rubra Chlorothraupis olivacea Mitrospingus cassinii Tachyphonus luctuosus Tachyphonus delatrii Heterospingus xanthopygius Cardinalidae (4) Saltator maximus Saltator atripennis Saltator grossus Pheucticus ludovicianus emberizidae (10) Rhodospingus cruentus Volatinia jacarina Tiaris obscurus Oryzoborus angolensis Sporophila corvina Sporophila luctuosa Sporophila nigricollis Sporophila telasco Arremon aurantiirostris Arremonops conirostris



50 30 30 30 50 [65] 90 90 50 90 100 60 75 50 60 75 75 85 85 220 80 90 100 135 150 180 225 [100] [70] 60 80 80 65 [70] 70 30 60 160

47 56.5 49 [44.5]

[10.5] 9.5 10.5 12 10.5 [12.5] 8 8.5 26 40

Ave. b dTd (m)

19 13 13.5 16 13.5 [12] 14.5 13 10 11 32.5 17 16 21 17.5 33.5 32.5 33.5 30 39.5 39.5 13 19 38

Body a mass (g)

78.3 208.8

91.4

104.4 104.4 84.8

195.8 234.9 293.6

176.2

287.1 104.4

65.3 [84.8] 117.5 117.5 65.3 117.5 130.5 78.3 97.9 65.3 78.3 97.9 97.9

65.3 39.2 39.2

eff. c dTd (m)

[8.8] 7.5 13.1 13.1 10.6 [8.8] 11.4 3.8 9.8 26.1

24.5 29.4 36.7 [12.5]

8.2 4.9 4.9 3.8 8.2 [10.6] 14.7 14.7 8.2 14.7 16.3 9.8 12.2 8.2 9.8 12.2 12.2 10.6 10.6 35.9 13.1 11.3 12.5 22.0

eff. d dA (ha)

1.6 1.6 1.2 2.0 4.0 3.2

1.00 1.00 0.75 1.25 2.50 2.00

3.00

1.00

1.00 2.00

6.00 1.50 1.75

0.50

4.8

1.6

1.6 3.2

9.6 2.4 2.8

0.8

3.6 1.6

1.6

1.00

2.25 1.00

1.6 7.2

1.00 4.50

0.8 0.8 1.6

Units/ g km trans.

1.6

no. f displ. MM

1.00

no. e terr. 0.50 0.50 1.00

30.7

8.8

7.7 18.9

24.5 5.1 4.8

2.3

6.3 7.7

10.2 8.2 9.2 12.8 20.4 16.3

6.8

6.8 30.7

12.3

Units/ h km2 6.1 10.2 20.4

4.8

1.4

1.2 2.9

3.8 0.8 0.7

0.4

1.0 1.2

1.6 1.3 1.4 2.0 3.2 2.6

1.1

1.1 4.8

1.9

1.0 1.6 3.2


2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5 5.0

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5

ind./ j unit 2.5 2.5 2.5

Max. k no. ind.

20.00

18.33 0.25

Ave. l no. ind.

32.0

29.3 0.4

no. m ind./ km

76.6

21.9

19.2 47.2

61.3 12.8 11.9

160.0 5.7

25.5 20.4 23.0 31.9 51.1 40.9 172.5 2.4 15.7 38.3

17.0

17.0 76.6

30.7

15.3 25.5 51.1

no. n ind./ km2

12.0

3.4

3.0 7.4

9.6 2.0 1.9

25.0 0.9

4.0 3.2 3.6 5.0 8.0 6.4 26.9 0.4 2.4 6.0

2.7

2.7 12.0

4.8

2.4 4.0 8.0


1992.3

175.2

229.9 495.1

2881.2 721.6 584.1

3040.0 215.7

434.2 326.9 482.8 558.7 1711.4 1328.2 5780.4 70.6 619.1 1513.4

187.3

246.9 996.2

413.8

291.2 332.1 689.7



488

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Umbruch 56.indd 489

icteridae (6) Cacicus microrhynchus Amblycercus holosericeus Zarhynchus wagleri Molothrus bonariensis Molothrus oryzivorus Dolichonyx oryzivorus SUM no. of bird species (MTW/total) Average


Body a mass (g)

64.5 64 163.5 49.5 190.5 42 26 463.0 162/231 163.4


225 200 125 90 110 20 29 040 162/231 179.3

Ave. b dTd (m)

261.0

eff. c dTd (m) 28.1 32.6 15.6 11.3 13.8 2.5

eff. d dA (ha)

240.25 126

1.00

no. e terr.

23.0 3

no. f displ. MM

1.6

Units/ g km trans.

3.1

Units/ h km2

0.5


2.5

ind./ j unit

6.0 3

Max. k no. ind.

110.33 30

2.25 0.25

3.00

Ave. l no. ind.

3.6 0.4

4.8

no. m ind./ km

5309.0

20.0 1.8

10.7 7.7

no. n ind./ km2

828.2

3.1 0.3

1.7 1.2


193 387.7 162 36.4

990.0 346.4

688.0 490.4



489

06.12.11 14:22

MTW-study: within-habitat abundance, population density, and available area per territory of the bird community in the transect area of MNT1. In contrast to Appendix 18a, the population data presented here refer exclusively to those portions of the transect area that actually contained the appropriate habitat for each species, in order to gain a better impression of the abundance and population density the species may reach in comparable homogeneous habitat. For species that occupied rather broad ecological niches, and therefore were present in the entire transect area, the population data are the same as in the previous appendix. The detection threshold distances, within-habitat length, and effective detection areas within habitat are shown for all 268 bird species recorded between Aug. 1995 and Mar. 1998 within 100 m of the transects MNT1 and MNT2 (cf. Appendix 12a). For species recorded only in the transect area of MNT2, the values are stated in ‘[…]’ brackets. Population data are shown exclusively for the 162 species recorded in the MTW study of MNT1 between Feb. and Nov. 1997. It is likely that such high population densities as calculated here for some species may be reached only locally in ideal habitat. The results may not be representative for other areas of Playa de Oro, even where similar habitat is present (e.g., continuous terra firme forest). Furthermore, the total number of territories or individuals recorded was often small and, in some cases, the ‘within-habitat detection area’ was very small in relation to the expected territory size of the species. In other words, the results have to be regarded as preliminary and should be interpreted with caution. Whenever I assumed that the within-habitat abundance or population density were considerably overestimated due to methodological biases or small sample size, the results are written in italics. Abbreviations used and explanations: (a) average detection threshold distance (Ave. DTD): see Appendix 18a; (b) effective detection threshold distance (Eff. DTD): see Appendix 18a; (c) within-habitat transect length (WiHab TraLen): estimated length of the portion of the transect that actually contained appropriate habitat for the species; the total length of transect MNT1 was 625 m; (d) effective detection area within habitat (Eff. DA WiHab): the area effectively surveyed within the habitat of each species in the complete MTW study, calculated as the product of twice the effective DTD (or the ‘average DTD’ for species that could not be analyzed in units of territories or displaying males) and the within-habitat transect length; the product was divided by 10 000 in order to obtain the result in ‘hectares’; (e) number of territories (No. terr.): see Appendix 18a; (f ) number of displaying males (No. displ. MM): see Appendix 18a; (g) units per kilometer transect within habitat (Units/km WiHab): number of territories or displaying males per kilometer transect within the habitat of the species; (h) units per km2 within habitat (Units/km2 WiHab): number of territories or displaying males per square kilometer within the habitat of the species; (i) individuals per unit (Ind./unit): see Appendix 18a; (j) maximum number of individuals (Max. no. ind.): see Appendix 18a; (k) average number of individuals (Ave. no. ind.): see Appendix 18a; (l) number of individuals per km transect within habitat (No. ind./km WiHab): the number of individuals per kilometer transect within the habitat of the species, either the maximum or average number of individuals, depending on the species or bird group (cf. Appendix 18a); (m) number of individuals per km2 within habitat (No. ind./km2 WiHab): absolute population density within an area of one square kilometer within the habitat of the species; (n) available area per territory (Available area/terr.): in general, this area is the sum of the size of the home ranges, which include the territories, and the size of the unoccupied portion of the detection area within the habitat; for species that occupied 100% of the detection area within the habitat, this area is a reasonably good estimate for the mean territory size; for species that occupied less than 100% of the detection area within the habitat, the territory size may be considerably smaller than indicated here. See p. 110-115, Estimation of population densities on the basis of transect-mapping data, for further details on the methodology used for the calculation of the population data and p. 164-166, How real are the modeled community data based on transect mapping?, on identified biases.

APPENDIX 18B


490

Umbruch 56.indd 490

06.12.11 14:22

Umbruch 56.indd 491

Tinamidae (3) Tinamus major Crypturellus berlepschi Crypturellus soui Ardeidae (1) Butorides striata Cathartidae (3) Sarcoramphus papa Coragyps atratus Cathartes aura Accipitridae (12) Pandion haliaetus Leptodon cayanensis Elanoides forficatus Ictinia plumbea Accipiter superciliosus Accipiter bicolor Leucopternis plumbeus Leucopternis semiplumbeus Leucopternis princeps Buteo magnirostris Buteo brachyurus Spizaetus tyrannus Falconidae (5) Micrastur ruficollis Micrastur semitorquatus Herpetotheres cachinnans Falco rufigularis Falco peregrinus Cracidae (2) Ortalis erythroptera Penelope purpurascens Odontophoridae (2) Odontophorus erythrops Rhynchortyx cinctus Rallidae (3) Laterallus albigularis Amaurolimnas concolor Neocrex colombiana Scolopacidae (1) Actitis macularius Columbidae (7) Patagioenas speciosa



125

60 163.1

195.8 261.0 26.1

150 200 20

625

100

250 450 250

375 375

424.1 358.9

325 275

[375] [375] 625 [625] [625] 625 375

[293.6] [522.0] 587.3 [261.0]

250 250

[225] [400] 450 [200] [200]

652.5

391.5

[130.5] [424.1] [489.4] [424.1]

625 [625] 625 625 [375] [375] [375] [525] 625 500 625 625

200 [400] 175 175 [100] [325] [375] [325] 400 300 225 500 [522.0]

625 [625] 625

200 [200] 200

[375] 375 625

WiHab c TraLen [m]

100

[522.0] 261.0 358.9

Eff. b DTD [m]

40

[400] 200 275

Ave. a DTD [m]

20.4

1.2

9.8 23.5 1.3

31.8 26.9

31.3 18.8

[22.0] [39.2] 73.4 [32.6] [25.0]

25.0 [65.3] 21.9 21.9 [9.8] [31.8] [36.7] [44.5] 50.0 39.2 28.1 81.6

25.0 [25.0] 25.0

0.8

[39.2] 19.6 44.9

Eff. DA d WiHab [ha]

2.50

4.00 2.00

2.25 3.25

0.25

1.00

0.50 5.00

No. e terr.

No. f displ. MM

4.0

16.0 4.4

6.0 8.7

0.4

2.0

1.3 8.0

Units/ g km WiHab

12.3

40.9 8.5

7.1 12.1

0.3

2.6

2.6 11.1

Units/ h km2 WiHab

2.5

2.5 2.5

4.0 2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5

Ind./ i unit

Max. j no. ind.

2.75

Ave. k no. ind.

4.4

No. ind./ l km WiHab

30.7

102.2 21.3

28.3 30.2

0.9

6.4

11.0

6.4 27.9

No. ind./ m km2 WiHab

8.2

2.4 11.7

14.1 8.3

293.6

39.2

39.2 9.0

Available n area/terr. [ha]


491

06.12.11 14:22

Umbruch 56.indd 492

Patagioenas subvinacea Patagioenas goodsoni Claravis pretiosa Leptotila pallida Geotrygon veraguensis Geotrygon montana Psittacidae (6) Ara ambiguus Touit dilectissimus Pionopsitta pulchra Pionus menstruus Pionus chalcopterus Amazona farinosa Cuculidae (6) Piaya cayana Piaya minuta Crotophaga ani Crotophaga sulcirostris Tapera naevia Neomorphus radiolosus Strigidae (4) Megascops centralis Glaucidium griseiceps Pulsatrix perspicillata Strix virgata Nyctibiidae (1) Nyctibius griseus Caprimulgidae (2) Nyctidromus albicollis Nyctiphrynus rosenbergi Apodidae (6) Streptoprocne zonaris Cypseloides rutilus Chaetura pelagica Chaetura spinicaudus Chaetura cinereiventris Panyptila cayennensis Trochilidae (15) Glaucis aeneus Threnetes ruckeri Phaethornis yaruqui Phaethornis striigularis Eutoxeres aquila



326.3 [163.1] [163.1] [326.3] [391.5] 293.6 261.0 293.6 261.0

[125] [250] [300] 225 200 225 200 625 [625] 625 625 [625] 625 400 625 625 625 625

150 [125] 75 50 [75] 60 55 60 85 35 55

250 375

625

[375] [375] [375] 525

625 450 250 [250] 250 [225]

143.6 78.3

110 60 90 [90] 250 [125]

WiHab c TraLen [m] 625 625 250 450 375 375 625 625 625 625 625 625

195.8 32.6 163.1

Eff. b DTD [m] 326.3 261.0

400 275 225 300 300 450

Ave. a DTD [m] 250 200 225 150 25 125

4.4 7.5 10.6 4.4 6.9

18.8 [15.6] 9.4 6.3 [9.4] 7.5

14.7 19.6

32.6

[12.2] [24.5] [29.4] 30.8

17.9 7.0 4.5 [4.5] 16.3 [7.3]

50.0 34.4 28.1 37.5 37.5 56.3

Eff. DA d WiHab [ha] 40.8 32.6 11.3 17.6 2.4 12.2

1.25 1.50

0.50

0.50

2.00 1.00

8.50 1.00

No. e terr. 3.00 3.00

No. f displ. MM

5.0 4.0

0.8

1.0

3.2 2.2

18.9 2.7

Units/ g km WiHab 4.8 4.8

8.5 7.7

1.5

1.6

11.1 14.2

48.2 40.9

Units/ h km2 WiHab 7.4 9.2

2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5

Ind./ i unit 2.5 2.5

Max. j no. ind.

1.2

0.75

0.6 14.8 6.0 1.6

11.6 16.4

7.25 10.25

0.25 9.25 3.75 1.00

4.4

5.6 7.2 4.0 2.0


2.75

3.50 4.50 2.50 1.25

Ave. k no. ind.

5.7 123.3 35.3 22.9

10.0

77.3 164.0

14.7

21.3 19.2

3.8

4.1

27.9 35.5

12.4 12.0 6.7 2.2

120.6 102.2

No. ind./ m km2 WiHab 18.4 23.0

11.7 13.1

65.3

61.7

9.0 7.0

2.1 2.4

Available n area/terr. [ha] 13.6 10.9


492

06.12.11 14:22

Umbruch 56.indd 493

Androdon aequatorialis Florisuga mellivora Popelairia conversii Thalurania fannyi Damophila julie Amazilia tzacatl Amazilia amabilis Amazilia rosenbergi Chalybura urochrysia Heliothryx barroti Trogonidae (3) Trogon comptus Trogon chionurus Trogon rufus Alcedinidae (4) Megaceryle torquata Chloroceryle americana Chloroceryle inda Chloroceryle aenea Momotidae (2) Electron platyrhynchum Baryphthengus martii Galbulidae (1) Galbula ruficauda Bucconidae (3) Nystalus radiatus Malacoptila panamensis Micromonacha lanceolata Capitonidae (1) Capito squamatus Ramphastidae (3) Pteroglossus sanguineus Ramphastos brevis Ramphastos swainsonii Picidae (8) Picumnus olivaceus Piculus litae Celeus loricatus Dryocopus lineatus Melanerpes pucherani Veniliornis kirkii Veniliornis callonotus Campephilus gayaquilensis



293.6 261.0 261.0 195.8 78.3 78.3 [39.2] 326.3 326.3 228.4 228.4 52.2 [97.9] 78.3 228.4 424.1 587.3 45.7 130.5 293.6 326.3 228.4 163.1 163.1 293.6

150 60 60 [30] 250 250 175 175 40 [75] 60 175 325 450 35 100 225 250 175 125 125 225

Eff. b DTD [m]

225 200 200

Ave. a DTD [m] 100 60 30 50 35 60 40 55 45 40

400 625 625 500 500 625 500 525

625 625 625

625

625 625 [375]

500

375 525

150 250 375 [375]

375 625 525

WiHab c TraLen [m] 375 625 625 625 450 250 625 625 375 625

3.7 16.3 36.7 32.6 22.8 20.4 16.3 30.8

28.5 53.0 73.4

9.8

28.5 6.5 [7.3]

22.8

24.5 34.3

5.9 3.9 5.9 [2.9]

22.0 32.6 27.4

Eff. DA d WiHab [ha] 7.5 7.5 3.8 6.3 3.2 3.0 5.0 6.9 3.4 5.0

0.8 2.0 4.0 1.6 2.0

0.50 1.00 2.00 1.00 1.00

1.6 0.8 1.6

1.6

1.6 3.2

4.5

1.3 2.9

1.3 4.0

Units/ g km WiHab

3.1

No. f displ. MM

1.25

1.00 0.50 1.00

1.00

1.00 2.00

2.25

0.50 1.50

0.50 2.50

No. e terr.

1.4 3.1 8.8 4.9 6.1

34.2

3.5 0.9 1.4

10.2

3.5 30.7

9.9

2.0 4.4

2.3 7.7

Units/ h km2 WiHab

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5

4.0 3.5 3.5

3.5

2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5

Ind./ i unit

Max. j no. ind.

No. ind./ l km WiHab 1.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 10.0 9.2 3.6

Ave. k no. ind. 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.50 5.75 2.25

3.4 7.7 21.9 12.3 15.3

85.5

14.0 3.3 4.8

35.8

8.8 76.6

24.6

5.1 10.9

5.7 19.2

45.0

83.6

7.9 83.3

No. ind./ m km2 WiHab 6.7 3.3 6.7

73.4 32.6 11.4 20.4 16.3

2.9

28.5 106.0 73.4

9.8

28.5 3.3

10.2

48.9 22.8

44.0 13.1



493

06.12.11 14:22

Umbruch 56.indd 494

Furnariidae (5) Synallaxis brachyura Hyloctistes virgatus Automolus rubiginosus Xenops minutus Sclerurus mexicanus Dendrocolaptidae (8) Dendrocincla fuliginosa Glyphorynchus spirurus Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus Xiphorhynchus erythropygius Lepidocolaptes souleyetii Campylorhamphus trochilirostris Campylorhamphus pusillus Thamnophilidae (18) Cymbilaimus lineatus Taraba major Thamnophilus atrinucha Thamnistes anabatinus Dysithamnus puncticeps Myrmotherula ignota Myrmotherula pacifica Myrmotherula fulviventris Myrmotherula axillaris Myrmotherula schisticolor Microrhopias quixensis Cercomacra tyrannina Hylophylax naevioides Myrmeciza immaculata Myrmeciza exsul Myrmeciza berlepschi Gymnopithys leucaspis Phaenostictus mcleannani Formicariidae (2) Formicarius nigricapillus Hylopezus perspicillatus Tyrannidae (41) Phyllomyias griseiceps Zimmerius chrysops Ornithion brunneicapillus Camptostoma obsoletum Tyrannulus elatus



78.3 261.0 163.1 97.9 [261.0] 195.8 78.3 163.1 228.4 130.5 163.1 195.8 [163.1] 143.6 261.0 143.6 97.9 163.1 130.5 130.5 78.3 130.5 163.1 195.8 97.9 293.6 228.4 228.4 104.4 [163.1] 261.0 261.0 104.4 117.5 163.1 91.4 104.4

150 60 125 175 100 125 150 [125] 110 200 110 75 125 100 100 60 100 60 125 150 75 225 175 175 80 [125] 200 200 80 90 125 70 80

Eff. b DTD [m]

60 200 125 75 [200]

Ave. a DTD [m]

250 625 475 250 400

475 225

625 400 625 375 225 475 250 375 375 375 475 450 475 475 475 625 475 [225]

625 475 375 625 625 250 500 [375]

400 475 625 625 [225]

WiHab c TraLen [m]

5.2 14.7 15.5 4.6 8.4

24.8 11.7

17.9 20.9 17.9 7.3 7.3 12.4 6.5 5.9 9.8 4.5 15.5 17.6 9.3 27.9 21.7 28.5 9.9 [7.3]

24.5 7.4 12.2 28.5 16.3 8.2 19.6 [12.2]

6.3 24.8 20.4 12.2 [11.7]

Eff. DA d WiHab [ha]

2.50

3.00 1.00

2.50 0.25

3.00 11.00 2.00 1.50 7.00 3.50 1.25

6.3

4.8 2.1

5.3 1.1

6.3 24.4 4.2 3.2 14.7 5.6 2.6

2.2 2.1 16.0 5.3 6.7

0.50 1.00 4.00 2.00 2.50

1.6 5.3 1.3 3.2 1.2 1.0 2.0

17.5 3.2 3.2 3.2

Units/ g km WiHab

1.6 4.4 3.2

No. f displ. MM

1.00 1.75 2.00

1.00 2.50 0.50 2.00 0.75 0.25 1.00

7.00 1.50 2.00 2.00

No. e terr.

29.9

20.4 6.5

10.1 2.1

19.4 62.4 21.5 5.4 32.3 12.3 12.6

6.8 8.1 61.3 34.1 25.5

5.6 8.4 11.1

4.1 33.6 4.1 7.0 4.6 3.1 5.1

111.7 6.0 9.8 16.3

Units/ h km2 WiHab

2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

Ind./ i unit

Max. j no. ind.

Ave. k no. ind.


74.8

51.1 16.1

25.2 5.3

48.4 156.1 53.8 13.4 80.7 30.7 31.5

17.0 20.2 153.3 85.1 63.9

13.9 21.0 27.9

10.2 84.0 10.2 17.5 11.5 7.7 12.8

279.4 15.1 24.5 40.9

No. ind./ m km2 WiHab

3.3

4.9 15.5

9.9 47.0

5.2 1.6 4.6 18.6 3.1 8.2 7.9

14.7 12.4 1.6 2.9 3.9

17.9 11.9 9.0

24.5 3.0 24.5 14.3 21.8 32.6 19.6

0.9 16.5 10.2 6.1



494

06.12.11 14:22

Umbruch 56.indd 495

Myiopagis caniceps Myiopagis viridicata Mionectes olivaceus Mionectes oleagineus Leptopogon superciliaris Myiornis atricapillus Lophotriccus pileatus Todirostrum nigriceps Todirostrum cinereum Rhynchocyclus pacificus Tolmomyias flavotectus Platyrinchus coronatus Terenotriccus erythrurus Myiobius atricaudus Myiobius sulphureipygius Myiophobus fasciatus Contopus cooperi Empidonax virescens Colonia colonus Attila spadiceus Rhytipterna holerythra Sirystes albogriseus Myiarchus tuberculifer Megarynchus pitangua Myiozetetes cayanensis Myiozetetes granadensis Conopias albovittatus Myiodynastes maculatus Legatus leucophaius Tyrannus melancholicus Tyrannus niveigularis Pachyramphus cinnamomeus Pachyramphus albogriseus Platypsaris homochrous Tityra semifasciata Tityra inquisitor Cotingidae (4) Lipaugus unirufus Cotinga nattererii Carpodectes hopkei Querula purpurata Pipridae (7) Pipra mentalis



100

[250] 40 [40] 150

Ave. a DTD [m] 100 125 40 50 60 110 110 100 90 75 110 40 55 20 20 80 120 100 110 225 [150] [140] 100 125 125 125 175 [120] 200 110 100 75 [100] 40 80 80

195.8

[326.3]

104.4 104.4

97.9

261.0 143.6

143.6 293.6 [195.8] [182.7] 130.5 163.1 163.1 163.1 228.4

104.4

52.2 65.3 78.3 143.6 143.6 130.5 117.5 97.9 143.6 52.2

Eff. b DTD [m] 130.5

375

[225] 625 [375] 525

WiHab c TraLen [m] 475 625 475 625 375 625 450 475 250 375 625 375 375 250 375 250 625 625 625 625 [375] [475] 450 250 400 400 375 [625] 625 250 250 625 [375] 625 625 625

7.5

[14.7] 5.0 [3.0] 20.6

Eff. DA d WiHab [ha] 12.4 15.6 5.0 8.2 5.9 17.9 12.9 12.4 5.9 7.3 17.9 3.9 4.1 1.0 1.5 5.2 15.0 12.5 17.9 36.7 [14.7] [17.4] 11.7 8.2 13.1 13.1 17.1 [15.0] 32.6 7.2 5.0 12.2 [7.5] 5.0 13.1 13.1

0.50

3.50

3.50 0.50

1.0

5.6

5.6 2.0

1.0 3.8 3.8 2.0

0.25 1.50 1.50 0.75

4.0

3.3 4.0 11.1 2.1 14.0 1.3 4.8 3.3

Units/ g km WiHab 2.1

2.4

5.0

No. f displ. MM

1.50

1.00

1.00 3.50 0.50 3.00 1.25

1.25 2.50

No. e terr. 1.00

2.4

28.6

10.7 7.0

3.1 11.5 11.5 4.4

4.1

19.2

21.3 13.9 38.7 8.1 59.6 6.8 16.7 31.9

Units/ h km2 WiHab 8.1

5.0

2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

Ind./ i unit 2.5

1.0

2.0 3.0

Max. j no. ind.

0.50

0.75

Ave. k no. ind.

2.7

2.0

1.2

5.3 12.0


13.3

12.2

26.8 17.4 10.0 71.5

7.7 28.7 28.7 10.9

10.2

6.0

47.9

53.2 34.8 96.8 20.2 149.0 17.0 41.8 79.8 48.5 300.0

No. ind./ m km2 WiHab 20.2

41.1

3.5

9.3 14.4

32.6 8.7 8.7 22.8

24.5

5.2

12.4 1.7 14.7 6.0 3.1

4.7 7.2

Available n area/terr. [ha] 12.4


495

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Umbruch 56.indd 496

Lepidothrix coronata Manacus manacus Machaeropterus deliciosus Chloropipo holochlora Schiffornis turdina Sapayoa aenigma Vireonidae (3) Vireo olivaceus Hylophilus decurtatus Hylophilus ochraceiceps Turdidae (2) Catharus ustulatus Turdus daguae Hirundinidae (8) Progne chalybea Progne subis Tachycineta bicolor Neochelidon tibialis Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Riparia riparia Hirundo rustica Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Troglodytidae (8) Campylorhynchus zonatus Odontorchilus branickii Thryothorus nigricapillus Thryothorus leucopogon Troglodytes aedon Henicorhina leucosticta Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus Microcerculus marginatus Polioptilidae (3) Microbates cinereiventris Polioptila plumbea Polioptila schistaceigula Parulidae (8) Dendroica striata Dendroica fusca Seiurus noveboracensis Geothlypis semiflava Geothlypis auricularis Oporornis philadelphia Oporornis agilis



163.1 130.5

156.6 104.4 104.4

120 80 80 40 40 20 125 100 20 20

261.0

625 625 250 250 250 250 250

375 400 375

250 [375] 500 475 100 375 375 375

156.6 [130.5] 261.0 228.4 163.1 241.4

625 375

120 [100] 200 175 125 185 80 200

202.3

100 155

625 625 375

250 [625] [625] 625 250 625 625 625

169.7 156.6

40 130 120

WiHab c TraLen [m] 375 625 375 225 [375] 375

75 [75] [60] 50 75 50 60 50

[228.4] 78.3

Eff. b DTD [m] 71.8 91.4

Ave. a DTD [m] 55 70 90 20 [175] 60

5.0 5.0 1.0 8.2 5.0 1.0 1.0

11.7 8.4 7.8

7.8 [9.8] 26.1 21.7 3.3 18.1 6.0 19.6

3.8 [9.4] [7.5] 6.3 3.8 6.3 7.5 6.3

12.5 15.2

5.0 21.2 11.7

Eff. DA d WiHab [ha] 5.4 11.4 6.8 0.9 [17.1] 5.9

1.00

1.50 2.00

2.50

4.0

4.0 5.0

6.7

11.0 6.3 2.5 4.7

5.50 3.00 0.25 1.75

3.3

7.2 2.7

4.0

Units/ g km WiHab 8.0 24.0

1.0

No. f displ. MM 3.0 15.0

0.25

1.25

4.50 1.00

1.50

No. e terr.

12.3

12.8 23.9

12.8

21.1 13.8 7.7 9.7

3.2

8.2

21.2 8.5

25.5


2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

5.0

2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5

Ind./ i unit 2.5 2.5

Max. j no. ind.

1.75 1.75

Ave. k no. ind.

2.8 7.0


30.7

31.9 59.9

31.9

52.7 34.6 19.2 24.2

16.0

28.0 46.7

20.6

53.1 21.3

63.9

No. ind./ m km2 WiHab 139.3 328.4

8.2

7.8 4.2

7.8

4.7 7.2 13.1 10.3

31.3

12.1

4.7 11.7

3.9



496

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Umbruch 56.indd 497

Basileuterus fulvicauda Thraupidae (27) Coereba flaveola Cyanerpes caeruleus Cyanerpes cyaneus Chlorophanes spiza Dacnis cayana Dacnis egregia Dacnis venusta Dacnis berlepschi Erythrothlypis salmoni Euphonia laniirostris Euphonia xanthogaster Euphonia minuta Euphonia fulvicrissa Tangara palmeri Tangara cyanicollis Tangara larvata Tangara johannae Tangara lavinia Thraupis episcopus Thraupis palmarum Ramphocelus icteronotus Piranga rubra Chlorothraupis olivacea Mitrospingus cassinii Tachyphonus luctuosus Tachyphonus delatrii Heterospingus xanthopygius Cardinalidae (4) Saltator maximus Saltator atripennis Saltator grossus Pheucticus ludovicianus Emberizidae (10) Rhodospingus cruentus Volatinia jacarina Tiaris obscurus Oryzoborus angolensis Sporophila corvina Sporophila luctuosa Sporophila nigricollis Sporophila telasco



[70] 60 80 80 65 [70] 70 30

150 180 225 [100]

58.7 52.2 58.7 65.3 39.2 39.2

45 40 45 50 30 30 30 50 [65] 90 90 50 90 100 60 75 50 60 75 75 85 85 220 80 90 100 135

91.4

104.4 104.4 84.8

195.8 234.9 293.6

176.2

287.1 104.4

65.3 [84.8] 117.5 117.5 65.3 117.5 130.5 78.3 97.9 65.3 78.3 97.9 97.9

Eff. b DTD [m] 228.4

Ave. a DTD [m] 175

[250] 250 250 250 250 [250] 250 250

550 400 525 [625]

625 375 400 625 375 450 625 625 [375] 250 625 625 525 375 450 450 375 625 450 450 450 250 475 625 375 475 375

WiHab c TraLen [m] 625

[3.5] 3.0 5.2 5.2 4.2 [3.5] 4.6 1.5

21.5 18.8 30.8 [12.5]

7.3 3.9 4.7 8.2 2.9 3.5 3.8 8.2 [6.4] 5.9 14.7 8.2 12.3 9.8 7.0 8.8 4.9 9.8 8.8 8.8 7.7 4.3 27.3 13.1 6.8 9.5 13.2

Eff. DA d WiHab [ha] 28.5

2.2 2.2 2.0 2.0 5.6 4.4

1.00 1.00 0.75 1.25 2.50 2.00

1.00

1.00 2.00

6.00 1.50 1.75

0.50

4.0

4.0 8.0

10.9 3.8 3.3

1.3

4.7 1.6

1.9

1.00

2.25 1.00

4.0 7.2

1.00 4.50

8.8 3.3 3.1 0.8 1.3 2.2


1.6

No. f displ. MM

1.00

5.50 1.25 1.25 0.50 0.50 1.00

No. e terr. 1.50

21.9

19.2 47.2

27.9 8.0 5.7

3.8

8.2 7.7

14.2 11.4 15.3 12.8 28.4 22.7

8.1

17.0 30.7

12.3

74.9 31.9 26.6 6.1 17.0 28.4


2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5 5.0

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

Ind./ i unit 2.5

Max. j no. ind.

40.7 1.0

42.1

20.00


18.33 0.25

Ave. k no. ind.

54.7

47.9 117.9

69.7 20.0 14.2

210.5 9.5

35.5 28.4 38.3 31.9 71.0 56.8 239.7 5.9 20.6 38.3

20.3

42.6 76.6

30.7

187.3 79.8 66.5 15.3 42.6 71.0


4.6

5.2 2.1

3.6 12.5 17.6

26.4

12.1 13.1

7.0 8.8 6.5 7.8 3.5 4.4

12.3

5.9 3.3

8.2

1.3 3.1 3.8 16.3 5.9 3.5



497

06.12.11 14:22

Umbruch 56.indd 498

Arremon aurantiirostris Arremonops conirostris Icteridae (6) Cacicus microrhynchus Amblycercus holosericeus Zarhynchus wagleri Molothrus bonariensis Molothrus oryzivorus Dolichonyx oryzivorus



225 200 125 90 110 20

Ave. a DTD [m] 60 160 261.0

Eff. b DTD [m] 78.3 208.8 625 625 625 400 450 250

WiHab c TraLen [m] 450 250 28.1 32.6 15.6 7.2 9.9 1.0

Eff. DA d WiHab [ha] 7.0 10.4 1.00

No. e terr. 3.00

No. f displ. MM

1.6


3.1


2.5

Ind./ i unit 2.5

Max. j no. ind.

4.8 5.6 0.6

2.25 0.25


3.00

Ave. k no. ind.

31.3 2.5

10.7 7.7


32.6



498

06.12.11 14:22

Umbruch 56.indd 499

Tinamidae (3) Tinamus major Crypturellus berlepschi Crypturellus soui Ardeidae (1) Butorides striata Cathartidae (3) Sarcoramphus papa Coragyps atratus Cathartes aura Accipitridae (12) Pandion haliaetus Leptodon cayanensis Elanoides forficatus Ictinia plumbea Accipiter superciliosus

Family (no. of spp.) / species 400 200 275 [40] 150 150 150 150 400 175 175 100

[212]

3375 2081 1467

1486 484 442 247 98

Ave. b dTd [m]

1052 523 217

Body a mass [g]

130.9

523.6

523.6 261.8 360.0

eff. c dTd [m]

16.5 57.6 19.3 19.3 14.4

16.5 16.5 16.5

[4.4]

57.6 28.8 39.6

eff. d dA [ha]

0.50

1.50 1.00 2.50

no. e terr.

no. f displ. MM

0.9

2.7 1.8 4.5

Units/ g km trans.

0.9

2.6 3.5 6.3

Units/ h km2

0.1

0.4 0.5 0.9


2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5

ind./ j unit

Max. k no. ind.

0.25

Ave. l no. ind.

0.5

no. m ind./ km

2.2

1.5

6.5 8.7 15.8

no. n ind./ km2

0.3

0.2

0.9 1.2 2.2


1050.4

2222.7

6849.4 4540.2 3425.1

Biomass p density [g/km2]

MTW-study: detection threshold distance, abundance, population density, and biomass of the bird community in the transect area of MnT2. The detection threshold distances and effective detection areas are shown for all 268 bird species recorded between Aug. 1995 and Mar. 1998 within 100 m of the transects MnT1 and MnT2 (see Appendix 12b for details). For species recorded only in the transect area of MnT1, the values are stated in ‘[…]’ brackets. The population data are shown exclusively for the 144 species recorded in the MTW study of MnT2 between Mar. and nov. 1997. The results may not be representative for other areas of playa de Oro, even where similar habitat is present (e.g., continuous terra firme forest), and should be regarded as preliminary. Whenever i assumed that abundance, population density, and biomass density were considerably overestimated due to methodological biases or small sample size, the results are written in italics. Abbreviations used and explanations: (a) body mass: see Appendix 18a; (b) average detection threshold distance (Ave. dTd): see Appendix 18a; (c) effective detection threshold distance (eff. dTd): the effective dTd for MnT2 was obtained by adding 30.9 % to the value of the average dTd; see p. 113 for details; (d) effective detection area (eff. dA): the area effectively surveyed for each species in the complete MTW study, calculated as the product of twice the effective dTd (or the ‘average dTd’ for species that could not be analyzed in units of territories or displaying males) and the transect length (here 550 m); the product was divided by 10 000 in order to obtain the result in ‘hectares’; (e) number of territories (no. terr.): see Appendix 18a; (f ) number of displaying males (no. displ. MM): see Appendix 18a; (g) units per kilometer transect (Units/km trans.): see Appendix 18a; (h) units per km2 (Units/ km2): see Appendix 18a; (i) units per transect area (Units/trans. area): the transect area of MnT2 was 14.1 ha and is shown in Figure 8; cf. Appendix 18a; (j) individuals per unit (ind./unit): see Appendix 18a; (k) maximum number of individuals (Max. no. ind.): see Appendix 18a; (l) average number of individuals (Ave. no. ind.): see Appendix 18a; (m) number of individuals per km transect (no. ind./km): see Appendix 18a; (n) number of individuals per km2 (no. ind./ km2): see Appendix 18a; (o) number of individuals per transect area (no. ind./trans. area): see Appendix 18a; (p) biomass density: see Appendix 18a. See p. 110115, estimation of population densities on the basis of transect-mapping data, for further details on the methodology used for the calculation of the population data and p. 164-166, How real area the modeled community data based on transect mapping?, on identified biases.

Appendix 19A


499

06.12.11 14:22

Umbruch 56.indd 500

Accipiter bicolor Leucopternis plumbeus Leucopternis semiplumbeus Leucopternis princeps Buteo magnirostris Buteo brachyurus Spizaetus tyrannus Falconidae (5) Micrastur ruficollis Micrastur semitorquatus Herpetotheres cachinnans Falco rufigularis Falco peregrinus Cracidae (2) Ortalis erythroptera Penelope purpurascens Odontophoridae (2) Odontophorus erythrops Rhynchortyx cinctus Rallidae (3) Laterallus albigularis Amaurolimnas concolor Neocrex colombiana Scolopacidae (1) Actitis macularius Columbidae (7) Patagioenas speciosa Patagioenas subvinacea Patagioenas goodsoni Claravis pretiosa Leptotila pallida Geotrygon veraguensis Geotrygon montana psittacidae (6) Ara ambiguus Touit dilectissimus Pionopsitta pulchra Pionus menstruus Pionus chalcopterus Amazona farinosa Cuculidae (6) Piaya cayana Piaya minuta


Ave. b dTd [m] 325 375 325 400 300 225 [500] 225 400 450 200 200 [250] 250 325 275 150 200 [20] 60 125 250 200 [225] 150 25 125 400 [275] 225 300 300 450 110 60

Body a mass [g] 341 482 288 1000 269 495 [1035]

179 702 668 166 782

[632] 2060

280 158

47 133 [73] 40

244 172 134 [67] 157 152 117

1348 [65] 150 247 210 610

108 35


144.0 78.5

196.4 32.7 163.6

163.6 327.3 261.8

196.4 261.8 [26.2]

425.4 360.0

294.5 523.6 589.1 261.8

[654.5]

392.7

eff. c dTd [m] 425.4 490.9 425.4

15.8 8.6

44.0 [30.3] 24.8 33.0 33.0 49.5

18.0 36.0 28.8 [24.8] 21.6 3.6 18.0

6.6

21.6 28.8 [2.9]

46.8 39.6

[27.5] 27.5

32.4 57.6 64.8 28.8 22.0

eff. d dA [ha] 46.8 54.0 46.8 44.0 43.2 24.8 [72.0]

1.00

6.00 1.25

0.50 2.00 3.50

1.00 4.00

3.50 2.00

0.25

0.25 0.25

0.25

no. e terr.

no. f displ. MM

1.8

10.9 2.3

0.9 3.6 6.4

1.8 7.3

6.4 3.6

0.5

0.5 0.5

0.5

Units/ g km trans.

11.6

27.8 34.7

2.8 5.6 12.2

4.6 13.9

7.5 5.1

0.9

0.4 0.4

0.5

Units/ h km2

1.6

3.9 4.9

0.4 0.8 1.7

0.7 2.0

1.1 0.7

0.1

0.1 0.1

0.1


2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5

4.0 2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5

ind./ j unit

Max. k no. ind.

0.9 13.2 4.1 10.9 5.5

7.25 2.25 6.00 3.00

no. m ind./ km

0.50

Ave. l no. ind.

28.9

29.3 6.8 18.2 6.1

1.1

69.4 86.8

6.9 13.9 30.4

11.6 34.7

29.9 12.6

2.3

1.1 1.0

1.2

no. n ind./ km2

4.1

4.1 1.0 2.6 0.9

0.2

9.8 12.2

1.0 2.0 4.3

1.6 4.9

4.2 1.8

0.3

0.2 0.1

0.2


1012.8

4393.9 1684.1 3818.2 3697.0

1531.8

10 903.5 13 195.4

1694.6 2389.1 4071.5

544.0 4618.4

8376.7 1995.1

4681.8

761.8 644.3

557.9



500

06.12.11 14:22

Umbruch 56.indd 501

Crotophaga ani Crotophaga sulcirostris Tapera naevia Neomorphus radiolosus Strigidae (4) Megascops centralis Glaucidium griseiceps Pulsatrix perspicillata Strix virgata nyctibiidae (1) Nyctibius griseus Caprimulgidae (2) Nyctidromus albicollis Nyctiphrynus rosenbergi Apodidae (6) Streptoprocne zonaris Cypseloides rutilus Chaetura pelagica Chaetura spinicaudus Chaetura cinereiventris Panyptila cayennensis Trochilidae (15) Glaucis aeneus Threnetes ruckeri Phaethornis yaruqui Phaethornis striigularis Eutoxeres aquila Androdon aequatorialis Florisuga mellivora Popelairia conversii Thalurania fannyi Damophila julie Amazilia tzacatl Amazilia amabilis Amazilia rosenbergi Chalybura urochrysia Heliothryx barroti Trogonidae (3) Trogon comptus Trogon chionurus Trogon rufus Alcedinidae (4) Megaceryle torquata


[200] 225 200 150 125 75 50 75 60 55 60 85 35 55 100 60 30 50 35 60 [40] 55 45 40 225 200 200

[185] 53 52 98 21 24 15 14 21

5 6.5 6 2.5 11 7.5 7.5 3 4.5 3 5 [4.5] 4 7 5

104 88 58 150

125 250 300 [225]

105 51 873 [250]

317

Ave. b dTd [m] 90 90 [250] 125

Body a mass [g] 105 82 [52] 340


196.4

294.5 261.8 261.8

294.5 261.8

[261.8]

163.6 327.3 392.7 [294.5]

[327.3] 163.6

eff. c dTd [m]

21.6

32.4 28.8 28.8

6.1 6.6 9.4 3.9 6.1 11.0 6.6 3.3 5.5 3.9 6.6 [4.4] 6.1 5.0 4.4

16.5 13.8 8.3 5.5 8.3 6.6

32.4 28.8

[28.8]

18.0 36.0 43.2 [32.4]

eff. d dA [ha] 9.9 9.9 [36.0] 18.0

0.25

2.25 2.50

1.00 1.50

0.5

4.1 4.5

1.8 2.7

0.9

0.50

Units/ g km trans.

1.8

no. f displ. MM

1.00

no. e terr.

1.2

6.9 8.7

3.1 5.2

1.2

5.6

Units/ h km2

0.2

1.0 1.2

0.4 0.7

0.2

0.8


2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5

ind./ j unit

Max. k no. ind.

0.5 16.4 10.9 1.4 3.6 1.4

13.2 2.3 0.5

7.25 1.25 0.25

1.8

1.00

0.25 9.00 6.00 0.75 2.00 0.75

2.7

no. m ind./ km

1.50

Ave. l no. ind.

2.9

17.4 21.7

119.8 25.3 5.7

4.1 136.4 64.2 19.5 33.1 6.8

18.2

9.1

7.7 13.0

2.9

13.9

no. n ind./ km2

0.4

2.4 3.1

16.9 3.6 0.8

0.6 19.2 9.0 2.7 4.7 1.0

2.6

1.3

1.1 1.8

0.4

2.0


917.3

1805.7 1909.9

479.3 176.8 28.4

20.7 886.4 385.0 48.7 363.6 51.1

272.7

890.9

409.0 677.1

2526.2

1458.4



501

06.12.11 14:22

Umbruch 56.indd 502

Chloroceryle americana Chloroceryle inda Chloroceryle aenea Momotidae (2) Electron platyrhynchum Baryphthengus martii Galbulidae (1) Galbula ruficauda Bucconidae (3) Nystalus radiatus Malacoptila panamensis Micromonacha lanceolata Capitonidae (1) Capito squamatus Ramphastidae (3) Pteroglossus sanguineus Ramphastos brevis Ramphastos swainsonii picidae (8) Picumnus olivaceus Piculus litae Celeus loricatus Dryocopus lineatus Melanerpes pucherani Veniliornis kirkii Veniliornis callonotus Campephilus gayaquilensis Furnariidae (5) Synallaxis brachyura Hyloctistes virgatus Automolus rubiginosus Xenops minutus Sclerurus mexicanus dendrocolaptidae (8) Dendrocincla fuliginosa Glyphorynchus spirurus Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus Xiphorhynchus erythropygius Lepidocolaptes souleyetii Campylorhamphus trochilirostris Campylorhamphus pusillus


Ave. b dTd [m] 60 60 30 250 250 175 175 40 75 60 175 325 450 [35] 100 225 250 175 125 [125] 225 60 200 125 75 200 150 60 125 175 100 [125] 150 125

Body a mass [g] 37.5 56.5 15

76 142 26 61 41 19 58

250 424 622

[12] 53 77 184 63 37 [27] 242 19 34 44 12 25

39 14 68 56 48 [27.5] 42 40


196.4 78.5 163.6 229.1 130.9 [163.6] 196.4 163.6

78.5 261.8 163.6 98.2 261.8

[45.8] 130.9 294.5 327.3 229.1 163.6 [163.6] 294.5

229.1 425.4 589.1

78.5

229.1 52.4 98.2

229.1

327.3 327.3

eff. c dTd [m] 78.5 78.5 39.3

21.6 8.6 18.0 25.2 14.4 [18.0] 21.6 18.0

8.6 28.8 18.0 10.8 28.8

[5.0] 14.4 32.4 36.0 25.2 18.0 [18.0] 32.4

25.2 46.8 64.8

8.6

25.2 5.8 10.8

25.2

36.0 36.0

eff. d dA [ha] 8.6 8.6 4.3

0.50

1.25 3.00 1.00 2.00 1.00

3.00 2.25 1.00 2.00 0.25

0.9

2.3 5.5 1.8 3.6 1.8

5.5 4.1 1.8 3.6 0.5

0.9

0.50

1.8 1.8 1.8

1.8

2.7

5.9 3.2

Units/ g km trans.

0.9 0.9 0.9 1.8 1.8

no. f displ. MM

0.50 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00

1.50

3.25 1.75

no. e terr.

2.8

5.8 34.7 5.6 7.9 6.9

34.7 7.8 5.6 18.5 0.9

1.5

3.5 1.5 1.4 4.0 5.6

4.0 2.1 1.5

11.6

26.0

9.0 4.9

Units/ h km2

0.4

0.8 4.9 0.8 1.1 1.0

4.9 1.1 0.8 2.6 0.1

0.2

0.5 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.8

0.6 0.3 0.2

1.6

3.7

1.3 0.7


2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

4.0 3.5 3.5

3.5

2.5

2.5 2.5

ind./ j unit

Max. k no. ind.

Ave. l no. ind.

no. m ind./ km

6.9

14.5 86.8 13.9 19.8 17.4

86.8 19.5 13.9 46.3 2.2

3.9

8.7 3.9 3.5 9.9 13.9

15.9 7.5 5.4

40.5

65.1

22.6 12.2

no. n ind./ km2

1.0

2.0 12.2 2.0 2.8 2.4

12.2 2.8 2.0 6.5 0.3

0.5

1.2 0.5 0.5 1.4 2.0

2.2 1.1 0.8

5.7

9.2

3.2 1.7


277.8

564.3 1215.4 944.5 1111.2 833.4

1649.4 664.1 611.2 555.6 54.3

933.7

460.1 297.1 638.9 625.0 513.9

3975.0 3171.2 3359.8

2349.7

2669.5

1715.4 1725.8



502

06.12.11 14:22

Umbruch 56.indd 503

Thamnophilidae (18) Cymbilaimus lineatus Taraba major Thamnophilus atrinucha Thamnistes anabatinus Dysithamnus puncticeps Myrmotherula ignota Myrmotherula pacifica Myrmotherula fulviventris Myrmotherula axillaris Myrmotherula schisticolor Microrhopias quixensis Cercomacra tyrannina Hylophylax naevioides Myrmeciza immaculata Myrmeciza exsul Myrmeciza berlepschi Gymnopithys leucaspis Phaenostictus mcleannani Formicariidae (2) Formicarius nigricapillus Hylopezus perspicillatus Tyrannidae (41) Phyllomyias griseiceps Zimmerius chrysops Ornithion brunneicapillus Camptostoma obsoletum Tyrannulus elatus Myiopagis caniceps Myiopagis viridicata Mionectes olivaceus Mionectes oleagineus Leptopogon superciliaris Myiornis atricapillus Lophotriccus pileatus Todirostrum nigriceps Todirostrum cinereum Rhynchocyclus pacificus Tolmomyias flavotectus Platyrinchus coronatus Terenotriccus erythrurus Myiobius atricaudus Myiobius sulphureipygius

Family (no. of spp.) / species 110 200 110 75 125 100 100 60 100 [60] 125 150 75 225 175 175 80 125 200 200 [80] 90 125 [70] [80] 100 125 40 50 60 110 110 100 90 75 110 40 55 20 20

57 42

[7] 8.5 7 [8] [7] 10.5 13.5 14.5 10.5 12.5 5.5 7.5 6.5 6.5 26 14.5 9.5 7 10 11.5

Ave. b dTd [m]

35 60 23 21 17 7 9.5 10.5 8.5 [8.5] 9 17 16.5 44.5 23 28 34 51

Body a mass [g]


52.4 65.5 78.5 144.0 144.0 130.9 117.8 98.2 144.0 52.4

[104.7] 117.8 163.6 [91.6] [104.7] 130.9

261.8 261.8

163.6 196.4 98.2 294.5 229.1 229.1 104.7 163.6

144.0 261.8 144.0 98.2 163.6 130.9 130.9 78.5 130.9

eff. c dTd [m]

[11.5] 13.0 18.0 [10.1] [11.5] 14.4 13.8 5.8 7.2 8.6 15.8 15.8 14.4 13.0 10.8 15.8 5.8 6.1 2.2 2.2

28.8 28.8

15.8 28.8 15.8 10.8 18.0 14.4 14.4 8.6 14.4 [6.6] 18.0 21.6 10.8 32.4 25.2 25.2 11.5 18.0

eff. d dA [ha]

1.50 1.75 1.00 1.00 1.50

1.25 3.00

2.25 1.00

4.00 3.50

1.50 7.00 2.50 1.50 8.00 3.25 2.25 0.25

2.00 1.50 1.50 1.00 3.00 2.50 2.50

no. e terr.

2.0

4.0

no. f displ. MM

2.3 5.5 3.6 2.7 3.2 1.8 1.8 2.7

7.3

4.1 1.8

7.3 6.4

2.7 12.7 4.5 2.7 14.5 5.9 4.1 0.5

3.6 2.7 2.7 1.8 5.5 4.5 4.5

Units/ g km trans.

14.5 18.9 12.6 10.4 13.5 9.3 6.3 26.0

69.4

17.4 5.6

13.9 12.2

8.3 32.4 23.1 4.6 31.7 12.9 19.5 1.4

12.6 13.9 8.3 6.9 20.8 28.9 17.4

Units/ h km2

2.0 2.7 1.8 1.5 1.9 1.3 0.9 3.7

9.8

2.4 0.8

2.0 1.7

1.2 4.6 3.3 0.7 4.5 1.8 2.8 0.2

1.8 2.0 1.2 1.0 2.9 4.1 2.4


2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

ind./ j unit

1.0

2.0

Max. k no. ind.

Ave. l no. ind.

1.8

3.6

no. m ind./ km

45.5

36.2 47.4 31.6 26.0 33.8 23.1 15.8 65.1 33.1

173.6

43.4 13.9

34.7 30.4

20.8 81.0 57.9 11.6 79.4 32.2 48.8 3.5

31.6 34.7 20.8 17.4 52.1 72.3 43.4

no. n ind./ km2

6.4

5.1 6.7 4.5 3.7 4.8 3.3 2.2 9.2 4.7

24.5

6.1 2.0

4.9 4.3

2.9 11.4 8.2 1.6 11.2 4.5 6.9 0.5

4.5 4.9 2.9 2.4 7.3 10.2 6.1


522.7

452.1 260.4 236.8 169.3 219.4 601.9 228.9 618.5 231.4

2517.5

368.9 97.2

1979.3 1276.1

187.5 1377.4 954.9 515.1 1825.5 902.8 1660.3 177.1

726.1 729.2 354.2 121.5 494.8 759.6 368.9



503

06.12.11 14:22

Umbruch 56.indd 504

Myiophobus fasciatus Contopus cooperi Empidonax virescens Colonia colonus Attila spadiceus Rhytipterna holerythra Sirystes albogriseus Myiarchus tuberculifer Megarynchus pitangua Myiozetetes cayanensis Myiozetetes granadensis Conopias albovittatus Myiodynastes maculatus Legatus leucophaius Tyrannus melancholicus Tyrannus niveigularis Pachyramphus cinnamomeus Pachyramphus albogriseus Platypsaris homochrous Tityra semifasciata Tityra inquisitor Cotingidae (4) Lipaugus unirufus Cotinga nattererii Carpodectes hopkei Querula purpurata pipridae (7) Pipra mentalis Lepidothrix coronata Manacus manacus Machaeropterus deliciosus Chloropipo holochlora Schiffornis turdina Sapayoa aenigma Vireonidae (3) Vireo olivaceus Hylophilus decurtatus Hylophilus ochraceiceps Turdidae (2) Catharus ustulatus Turdus daguae Hirundinidae (8) Progne chalybea


100 55 70 90 20 175 60 40 130 120 100 155

14.5 9 17.5 13.5 16 31 20.5

16.5 9 12 29 52 75

250 [40] 40 150

82 [60] 110 106

43

Ave. b dTd [m] [80] 120 100 110 [225] 150 140 [100] 125 125 125 175 120 200 110 100 75 100 40 80 [80]

Body a mass [g] [10] 32 13 16 [39] 38.5 33 [20] 74 25.5 26.5 24.5 46 24.5 37.5 37 22 17.5 33.5 79 [43]


202.9

170.2 157.1

229.1 78.5

130.9 72.0 91.6

196.4

327.3

104.7 [104.7]

98.2

261.8 144.0

144.0 [294.5] 196.4 183.3 [130.9] 163.6 163.6 163.6 229.1

eff. c dTd [m] [104.7]

8.3

11.0 22.3

4.4 18.7 17.3

14.4 7.9 10.1 9.9 2.2 25.2 8.6

36.0 [4.4] 4.4 21.6

eff. d dA [ha] [11.5] 13.2 11.0 15.8 [32.4] 21.6 20.2 [14.4] 18.0 18.0 18.0 25.2 13.2 28.8 15.8 11.0 10.8 11.0 4.4 11.5 [11.5] 1.8

1.00

1.50

3.00 1.00

1.50

0.50

2.00

2.7

5.5 1.8

2.7

16.4 12.7 12.7

0.9

3.6

1.8

1.8

1.00

1.00

0.9

0.50

Units/ g km trans.

1.8

9.0 7.0 7.0

no. f displ. MM

1.00

no. e terr.

6.7

16.0 5.8

17.4

62.5 88.4 69.4

2.3

18.5

3.5

4.0

5.6

2.3

6.3

Units/ h km2

0.9

2.3 0.8

2.4

8.8 12.5 9.8

0.3

2.6

0.5

0.6

0.8

0.3

0.9


2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5

5.0

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

ind./ j unit

Max. k no. ind.

0.25

Ave. l no. ind.

0.5

no. m ind./ km

16.8

40.1 14.5

43.4

156.3 221.0 173.6

11.6

2.3 46.3

8.7

9.9

13.9

5.8

15.8

no. n ind./ km2

2.4

5.6 2.0

6.1

22.0 31.2 24.5

1.6

0.3 6.5

1.2

1.4

2.0

0.8

2.2


873.7

360.6 173.6

889.8

2265.8 1988.8 3038.4

1226.9

84.1 1018.6

212.7

243.1

354.2

222.8

252.5



504

06.12.11 14:22

Umbruch 56.indd 505

Progne subis Tachycineta bicolor Neochelidon tibialis Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Riparia riparia Hirundo rustica Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Troglodytidae (8) Campylorhynchus zonatus Odontorchilus branickii Thryothorus nigricapillus Thryothorus leucopogon Troglodytes aedon Henicorhina leucosticta Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus Microcerculus marginatus polioptilidae (3) Microbates cinereiventris Polioptila plumbea Polioptila schistaceigula parulidae (8) Dendroica striata Dendroica fusca Seiurus noveboracensis Geothlypis semiflava Geothlypis auricularis Oporornis philadelphia Oporornis agilis Basileuterus fulvicauda Thraupidae (27) Coereba flaveola Cyanerpes caeruleus Cyanerpes cyaneus Chlorophanes spiza Dacnis cayana Dacnis egregia Dacnis venusta Dacnis berlepschi Erythrothlypis salmoni Euphonia laniirostris Euphonia xanthogaster Euphonia minuta Euphonia fulvicrissa


Ave. b dTd [m] 75 60 50 75 50 60 50 [120] 100 200 175 125 185 [80] 200 120 [80] 80 [40] [40] [20] 125 [100] [20] [20] 175 45 40 [45] 50 30 30 30 50 65 90 90 50 90

Body a mass [g] 49.5 20 10.5 13.5 14.5 16 21.5

[34.5] 9.5 21 16.5 10.5 16 [24.5] 19

11.5 [6] 6

[13] [9.5] [18] 15.5 [10] [12.5] [15] 13.5

9.5 12 [14] 19 13 13.5 16 13.5 12 14.5 13 10 11


65.5 85.1 117.8 117.8 65.5 117.8

58.9 52.4 [58.9] 65.5 39.3 39.3

229.1

163.6 [130.9]

157.1 [104.7] 104.7

261.8

[157.1] 130.9 261.8 229.1 163.6 242.2

eff. c dTd [m]

6.5 5.8 [6.5] 7.2 4.3 4.3 3.3 7.2 9.4 13.0 13.0 7.2 13.0

[4.4] [4.4] [2.2] 18.0 [14.4] [2.2] [2.2] 25.2

17.3 [11.5] 11.5

[17.3] 14.4 28.8 25.2 18.0 26.6 [8.8] 28.8

eff. d dA [ha] 8.3 6.6 5.5 8.3 5.5 6.6 5.5

2.7 7.3 1.8

4.00 1.00

1.8

1.50

1.00

1.8

2.7

1.50

1.00

7.7

8.2

4.25

4.50

2.7

1.50

Units/ g km trans.

3.6 7.7

no. f displ. MM

2.00 4.25

no. e terr.

30.9 13.9

20.8

15.4

4.0

13.0

24.6

15.6

5.6

6.9 16.9

Units/ h km2

4.4 2.0

2.9

2.2

0.6

1.8

3.5

2.2

0.8

1.0 2.4


2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5

ind./ j unit

Max. k no. ind. 1.25 0.75

Ave. l no. ind. 2.3 1.4

no. m ind./ km

77.2 34.7

52.1

38.6

9.9

32.6

61.5

39.1

14.1

17.4 42.2

22.7 9.1

no. n ind./ km2

10.9 4.9

7.3

5.4

1.4

4.6

8.7

5.5

2.0

2.4 5.9

3.2 1.3


1003.2 347.2

703.2

366.5

133.9

195.3

707.2

742.2

225.2

364.6 695.7

238.6 122.7



505

06.12.11 14:22

Umbruch 56.indd 506

Tangara palmeri Tangara cyanicollis Tangara larvata Tangara johannae Tangara lavinia Thraupis episcopus Thraupis palmarum Ramphocelus icteronotus Piranga rubra Chlorothraupis olivacea Mitrospingus cassinii Tachyphonus luctuosus Tachyphonus delatrii Heterospingus xanthopygius Cardinalidae (4) Saltator maximus Saltator atripennis Saltator grossus Pheucticus ludovicianus emberizidae (10) Rhodospingus cruentus Volatinia jacarina Tiaris obscurus Oryzoborus angolensis Sporophila corvina Sporophila luctuosa Sporophila nigricollis Sporophila telasco Arremon aurantiirostris Arremonops conirostris icteridae (6) Cacicus microrhynchus Amblycercus holosericeus Zarhynchus wagleri Molothrus bonariensis Molothrus oryzivorus Dolichonyx oryzivorus SUM no. of species (MTW/total) Average


150 180 225 100 70 60 80 80 65 70 70 30 60 [160]

47 56.5 49 44.5

10.5 9.5 10.5 12 10.5 12.5 8 8.5 26 [40]

64.5 225 [64] [200] 163.5 125 [49.5] [90] 190.5 110 [42] [20] 32 056.5 30 930 144/231 144/231 222.6 214.8

Ave. b dTd [m] 100 [60] 75 50 60 75 75 85 85 220 80 90 100 135

Body a mass [g] 32.5 [17] 16 21 17.5 33.5 32.5 33.5 30 39.5 39.5 13 19 38


[261.8]

78.5 [209.4]

91.6

104.7 104.7 85.1

196.4 235.6 294.5

176.7

288.0 104.7

eff. c dTd [m] 130.9 [78.5] 98.2 65.5 78.5 98.2 98.2

24.8 [28.8] 13.8 [9.9] 12.1 [2.2]

7.7 6.6 11.5 11.5 9.4 7.7 10.1 3.3 8.6 [23.0]

21.6 25.9 32.4 11.0

eff. d dA [ha] 14.4 [8.6] 10.8 7.2 8.6 10.8 10.8 9.4 9.4 31.7 11.5 9.9 11.0 19.4

197.5 112

4.50

1.00

1.00 1.00

3.00 1.00 1.75

1.00

2.75 1.00

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

no. e terr. 1.00

29.0 5

no. f displ. MM

8.2

1.8

1.8 1.8

5.5 1.8 3.2

1.8

5.0 1.8

1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

Units/ g km trans. 1.8

52.1

9.9

8.7 10.7

13.9 3.9 5.4

5.1

8.7 8.7

9.3 13.9 11.6 9.3

Units/ h km2 6.9

7.3

1.4

1.2 1.5

2.0 0.5 0.8

0.7

1.2 1.2

1.3 2.0 1.6 1.3

Units/ i trans. area 1.0

2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5 5.0

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

ind./ j unit 2.5

3.0 2

Max. k no. ind.

0.5

0.25

96.5 25

23.2

32.3

17.75

12.75

25.5 0.5

no. m ind./ km

14.00 0.25

Ave. l no. ind.

4814.8

1.8

51.5

130.2

24.8

21.7 26.7

34.7 9.6 13.5

161.4 12.9

149.7 2.7 21.7 43.4

23.1 34.7 28.9 23.1

no. n ind./ km2 17.4

678.8

0.3

7.3

18.4

3.5

3.1 3.8

4.9 1.4 1.9

22.8 1.8

21.1 0.4 3.1 6.1

3.3 4.9 4.1 3.3

no. ind./ o trans. area 2.4

197 622.4 144 41.0

297.3

3322.7

3385.7

198.4

260.4 280.5

1632.1 545.0 661.7

3065.9 488.7

5016.0 80.2 857.3 1714.5

370.4 729.2 506.4 775.5

Biomass p density [g/km2] 564.3


506

06.12.11 14:22

Appendix 19b

Umbruch 56.indd 507

Family (no. of spp.) / species Tinamidae (3) Tinamus major Crypturellus berlepschi Crypturellus soui Ardeidae (1) Butorides striata Cathartidae (3) Sarcoramphus papa Coragyps atratus Cathartes aura Accipitridae (12) Pandion haliaetus

150

550

550 550 550

150 150 150

550 550 550 [75]

523.6 261.8 360.0

400 200 275

WiHab c TraLen [m]

[40]

eff. b dTd [m]

Ave. a dTd [m]

16.5

16.5 16.5 16.5

[0.6]

57.6 28.8 39.6

eff. dA d WiHab [ha] 1.50 1.00 2.50

no. e terr.

no. f displ. MM

2.7 1.8 4.5

Units/ g km WiHab

2.6 3.5 6.3

Units/ h km2 WiHab

2.5 2.5 2.5

ind./ i unit

Max. j no. ind.

0.25

Ave. k no. ind.

0.5

no. ind./ l km WiHab

1.5

6.5 8.7 15.8

no. ind./ m km2 WiHab

38.4 28.8 15.8


MTW-study: within-habitat abundance, population density, and available area per territory of the bird community in the transect area of MnT2. in contrast to Appendix 19A the population data presented here refer exclusively to those portions of the transect area that actually contained the appropriate habitat for the species, in order to gain a better impression of the abundance and population density the species may reach in comparable homogeneous habitat. For species that occupied rather broad ecological niches, and therefore were present in the entire transect area, the population data are the same as in the previous appendix. The detection threshold distances, within-habitat length, and effective detection areas within habitat are shown for all 268 bird species recorded between Aug. 1995 and Mar. 1998 within 100 m of the transects MnT1 and MnT2 (see Appendix 12b for details). For species recorded only in the transect area of MnT1, the values are stated in ‘[…]’ brackets. population data are shown exclusively for the 144 species recorded in the MTW study of MnT2 between Mar. and nov. 1997. it is likely that such high population densities as calculated here for some species may be reached only locally in ideal habitat. The results may not be representative for other areas of playa de Oro, even where similar habitat is present (e.g., continuous terra firme forest). Furthermore, the total number of territories or individuals recorded was often small and, in some cases, the ‘within-habitat detection area’ was very small in relation to the expected territory size of the species. in other words, the results have to be regarded as preliminary and should be interpreted with caution. Whenever i assumed that the withinhabitat abundance or population density were considerably overestimated due to methodological biases or small sample size, the results are written in italics. Abbreviations used and explanations: (a) average detection threshold distance (Ave. dTd): see Appendix 18a; (b) effective detection threshold distance (eff. dTd): see Appendix 18a; (c) within-habitat transect length (WiHab TraLen): estimated length of the portion of the transect that actually contained appropriate habitat for the species; the total length of transect MnT2 was 550 m; (d) effective detection area within habitat (eff. dA WiHab): see Appendix 18b; (e) number of territories (no. terr.): see Appendix 18a; (f ) number of displaying males (no. displ. MM): see Appendix 18a; (g) units per kilometer transect within habitat (Units/km WiHab): see Appendix 18b; (h) units per km2 within habitat (Units/km2 WiHab): see Appendix 18b; (i) individuals per unit (ind./unit): see Appendix 18a; (j) maximum number of individuals (Max. no. ind.): see Appendix 18a; (k) average number of individuals (Ave. no. ind.): see Appendix 18a; (l) number of individuals per km transect within habitat (no. ind./km WiHab): see Appendix 18b; (m) number of individuals per km2 within habitat (no. ind./ km2 WiHab): see Appendix 18b; (n) available area per territory (Available area/terr.): see Appendix 18b. See p. 110-115, estimation of population densities on the basis of transect-mapping data, for further details on the methodology used for the calculation of the population data and p. 164-166, How real are the modeled community data based on transect mapping?, on identified biases.


507

06.12.11 14:22

Umbruch 56.indd 508

Family (no. of spp.) / species Leptodon cayanensis Elanoides forficatus Ictinia plumbea Accipiter superciliosus Accipiter bicolor Leucopternis plumbeus Leucopternis semiplumbeus Leucopternis princeps Buteo magnirostris Buteo brachyurus Spizaetus tyrannus Falconidae (5) Micrastur ruficollis Micrastur semitorquatus Herpetotheres cachinnans Falco rufigularis Falco peregrinus Cracidae (2) Ortalis erythroptera Penelope purpurascens Odontophoridae (2) Odontophorus erythrops Rhynchortyx cinctus Rallidae (3) Laterallus albigularis Amaurolimnas concolor Neocrex colombiana Scolopacidae (1) Actitis macularius Columbidae (7) Patagioenas speciosa Patagioenas subvinacea Patagioenas goodsoni Claravis pretiosa Leptotila pallida Geotrygon veraguensis Geotrygon montana psittacidae (6) Ara ambiguus Touit dilectissimus Pionopsitta pulchra Pionus menstruus Pionus chalcopterus

400 [275] 225 300 300

550 [550] 550 550 550

200 550 550 [150] 425 425 425

125 250 200 [225] 150 25 125 196.4 32.7 163.6

100

60 163.6 327.3 261.8

196.4 261.8 [26.2]

150 200 [20]

125 275 [125]

550 550

425.4 360.0

325 275

550 550 550 550 550

WiHab c TraLen [m] 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 425 550 [550]

[550] 550

294.5 523.6 589.1 261.8

[654.5]

392.7

130.9 425.4 490.9 425.4

eff. b dTd [m] 523.6

[250] 250

225 400 450 200 200

Ave. a dTd [m] 400 175 175 100 325 375 325 400 300 225 [500]


44.0 [30.3] 24.8 33.0 33.0

6.5 36.0 28.8 [6.8] 16.7 2.8 13.9

1.2

4.9 14.4 [0.7]

46.8 39.6

[27.5] 27.5

32.4 57.6 64.8 28.8 22.0

eff. dA d WiHab [ha] 57.6 19.3 19.3 14.4 46.8 54.0 46.8 44.0 33.4 24.8 [72.0]

6.00 1.25

0.50 2.00 3.50

1.00 4.00

3.50 2.00

0.25

0.25 0.25

0.25

no. e terr. 0.50

no. f displ. MM

14.1 2.9

2.5 3.6 6.4

8.0 14.5

6.4 3.6

0.5

0.5 0.5

0.5


36.0 44.9

7.6 5.6 12.2

20.4 27.8

7.5 5.1

0.9

0.4 0.4

0.5


2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5

4.0 2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5

ind./ i unit 2.5

Max. j no. ind.

0.9 13.2 4.1 10.9

7.25 2.25 6.00


0.50

Ave. k no. ind.

29.3 6.8 18.2

1.1

89.9 112.3

19.1 13.9 30.4

50.9 69.4

29.9 12.6

2.3

1.1 1.0

1.2

no. ind./ m km2 WiHab 2.2

2.8 2.2

13.1 18.0 8.2

4.9 3.6

13.4 19.8

110.0

230.4 259.2

216.0



508

06.12.11 14:22

Family (no. of spp.) / species Amazona farinosa Cuculidae (6) Piaya cayana Piaya minuta Crotophaga ani Crotophaga sulcirostris Tapera naevia Neomorphus radiolosus Strigidae (4) Megascops centralis Glaucidium griseiceps Pulsatrix perspicillata Strix virgata nyctibiidae (1) Nyctibius griseus Caprimulgidae (2) Nyctidromus albicollis Nyctiphrynus rosenbergi Apodidae (6) Streptoprocne zonaris Cypseloides rutilus Chaetura pelagica Chaetura spinicaudus Chaetura cinereiventris Panyptila cayennensis Trochilidae (15) Glaucis aeneus Threnetes ruckeri Phaethornis yaruqui Phaethornis striigularis Eutoxeres aquila Androdon aequatorialis Florisuga mellivora Popelairia conversii Thalurania fannyi Damophila julie Amazilia tzacatl Amazilia amabilis Amazilia rosenbergi Chalybura urochrysia Heliothryx barroti Trogonidae (3) Trogon comptus

Umbruch 56.indd 509

294.5 261.8

225 200

225

294.5

[261.8]

[200] 200 550

[550]

550 425 550 [550]

550

150 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 200 125 [550] 550 450 550

163.6 327.3 392.7 [294.5]

125 250 300 [225]

55 60 85 35 55 100 60 30 50 35 60 [40] 55 45 40

[327.3] 163.6

550 150 125 125 [125] 425

550 550 550 550 550 550

144.0 78.5

110 60 90 90 [250] 125

WiHab c TraLen [m] 550

150 125 75 50 75 60

eff. b dTd [m]

Ave. a dTd [m] 450


32.4

1.7 6.6 9.4 3.9 6.1 11.0 6.6 3.3 5.5 1.4 1.5 [4.4] 6.1 4.1 4.4

16.5 13.8 8.3 5.5 8.3 6.6

11.8 28.8

[28.8]

18.0 27.8 43.2 [32.4]

15.8 2.4 2.3 2.3 [8.2] 13.9

eff. dA d WiHab [ha] 49.5

2.25

1.00 1.50

4.1

5.0 2.7

0.9

0.50

6.7

Units/ g km WiHab

1.8

no. f displ. MM

1.00

1.00

no. e terr.

6.9

8.5 5.2

1.2

5.6

42.4

Units/ h km2 WiHab

2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

ind./ i unit

Max. j no. ind.

1.7 16.4 10.9 1.4 3.6 1.4

13.2 2.8 0.5

7.25 1.25 0.25

1.8

1.00

0.25 9.00 6.00 0.75 2.00 0.75

2.7

no. ind./ l km WiHab 5.5

1.50

Ave. k no. ind. 3.00

17.4

119.8 30.9 5.7

15.2 136.4 64.2 19.5 33.1 6.8

18.2

9.1

21.2 13.0

2.9

13.9

106.1


14.4

11.8 19.2

86.4

18.0

2.4



509

06.12.11 14:22

Umbruch 56.indd 510

Family (no. of spp.) / species Trogon chionurus Trogon rufus Alcedinidae (4) Megaceryle torquata Chloroceryle americana Chloroceryle inda Chloroceryle aenea Momotidae (2) Electron platyrhynchum Baryphthengus martii Galbulidae (1) Galbula ruficauda bucconidae (3) Nystalus radiatus Malacoptila panamensis Micromonacha lanceolata Capitonidae (1) Capito squamatus Ramphastidae (3) Pteroglossus sanguineus Ramphastos brevis Ramphastos swainsonii picidae (8) Picumnus olivaceus Piculus litae Celeus loricatus Dryocopus lineatus Melanerpes pucherani Veniliornis kirkii Veniliornis callonotus Campephilus gayaquilensis Furnariidae (5) Synallaxis brachyura Hyloctistes virgatus Automolus rubiginosus Xenops minutus Sclerurus mexicanus dendrocolaptidae (8) Dendrocincla fuliginosa Glyphorynchus spirurus Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus Xiphorhynchus erythropygius

eff. b dTd [m] 261.8 261.8 196.4 78.5 78.5 39.3 327.3 327.3 229.1 229.1 52.4 98.2 78.5 229.1 425.4 589.1 [45.8] 130.9 294.5 327.3 229.1 163.6 [163.6] 294.5 78.5 261.8 163.6 98.2 261.8 196.4 78.5 163.6 229.1 130.9

Ave. a dTd [m] 200 200

150 60 60 30

250 250

175

175 40 75

60

175 325 450

[35] 100 225 250 175 125 [125] 225

60 200 125 75 200

150 60 125 175 100


550 500 550 550 550

175 550 425 550 350

[550] 550 550 425 425 550 [550] 550

550 550 550

550

550 550 550

550

550 550

550 100 550 550

WiHab c TraLen [m] 550 550

21.6 7.9 18.0 25.2 14.4

2.7 28.8 13.9 10.8 18.3

[5.0] 14.4 32.4 27.8 19.5 18.0 [18.0] 32.4

25.2 46.8 64.8

8.6

25.2 5.8 10.8

25.2

36.0 36.0

21.6 1.6 8.6 4.3

eff. dA d WiHab [ha] 28.8 28.8

1.25 3.00 1.00 2.00 1.00

3.00 2.25 1.00 2.00 0.25

2.3 6.0 1.8 3.6 1.8

17.1 4.1 2.4 3.6 0.7

0.9

0.50

1.8 1.8 1.8

1.8

2.7

5.9 3.2

0.5


0.9 0.9 1.2 2.4 1.8

no. f displ. MM

0.50 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00

1.50

3.25 1.75

0.25

no. e terr. 2.50

5.8 38.2 5.6 7.9 6.9

109.1 7.8 7.2 18.5 1.4

1.5

3.5 1.5 1.8 5.1 5.6

4.0 2.1 1.5

11.6

26.0

9.0 4.9

1.2


2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

4.0 3.5 3.5

3.5

2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5

ind./ i unit 2.5

Max. j no. ind.

Ave. k no. ind.


14.5 95.5 13.9 19.8 17.4

272.8 19.5 18.0 46.3 3.4

3.9

8.7 3.9 4.5 12.8 13.9

15.9 7.5 5.4

40.5

65.1

22.6 12.2

2.9


17.3 2.6 18.0 12.6 14.4

0.9 12.8 13.9 5.4 73.3

64.8

28.8 64.8 55.6 19.5 18.0

25.2 46.8 64.8

8.6

3.8

11.1 20.6

86.4



510

06.12.11 14:22

Family (no. of spp.) / species Lepidocolaptes souleyetii Campylorhamphus trochilirostris Campylorhamphus pusillus Thamnophilidae (18) Cymbilaimus lineatus Taraba major Thamnophilus atrinucha Thamnistes anabatinus Dysithamnus puncticeps Myrmotherula ignota Myrmotherula pacifica Myrmotherula fulviventris Myrmotherula axillaris Myrmotherula schisticolor Microrhopias quixensis Cercomacra tyrannina Hylophylax naevioides Myrmeciza immaculata Myrmeciza exsul Myrmeciza berlepschi Gymnopithys leucaspis Phaenostictus mcleannani Formicariidae (2) Formicarius nigricapillus Hylopezus perspicillatus Tyrannidae (41) Phyllomyias griseiceps Zimmerius chrysops Ornithion brunneicapillus Camptostoma obsoletum Tyrannulus elatus Myiopagis caniceps Myiopagis viridicata Mionectes olivaceus Mionectes oleagineus Leptopogon superciliaris Myiornis atricapillus Lophotriccus pileatus Todirostrum nigriceps Todirostrum cinereum Rhynchocyclus pacificus Tolmomyias flavotectus Platyrinchus coronatus

Umbruch 56.indd 511

144.0 261.8 144.0 98.2 163.6 130.9 130.9 78.5 130.9 163.6 196.4 98.2 294.5 229.1 229.1 104.7 163.6 261.8 261.8 [104.7] 117.8 163.6 [91.6] [104.7] 130.9

110 200 110 75 125 100 100 60 100 [60] 125 150 75 225 175 175 80 125

200 200

[80] 90 125 [70] [80] 100 125 40 50 60 110 110 100 90 75 110 40 52.4 65.5 78.5 144.0 144.0 130.9 117.8 98.2 144.0 52.4

eff. b dTd [m] [163.6] 196.4 163.6

Ave. a dTd [m] [125] 150 125


[125] 550 550 [125] [125] 550 550 550 550 475 550 275 550 125 475 550 450

550 550

425 275 550 550 550 550 150 450 450 [450] 550 275 550 550 550 550 550 400

WiHab c TraLen [m] [125] 275 550

[2.6] 13.0 18.0 [2.3] [2.6] 14.4 13.8 5.8 7.2 7.5 15.8 7.9 14.4 2.9 9.3 15.8 4.7

28.8 28.8

12.2 14.4 15.8 10.8 18.0 14.4 3.9 7.1 11.8 5.4 18.0 10.8 10.8 32.4 25.2 25.2 11.5 13.1

eff. dA d WiHab [ha] [4.1] 10.8 18.0

1.50 1.75 1.00 1.00 1.50

1.25 3.00

2.25 1.00

4.00 3.50

1.50 7.00 2.50 1.50 8.00 3.25 2.25 0.25

2.00 1.50 1.50 1.00 3.00 2.50 2.50

0.50

no. e terr.

2.0

4.0

no. f displ. MM

2.6 5.5 7.3 2.7 14.0 2.1 1.8 3.3

7.3

4.1 1.8

7.3 6.4

2.7 25.5 4.5 2.7 14.5 5.9 4.1 0.6

3.6 2.7 2.7 1.8 20.0 5.6 5.6

0.9

Units/ g km WiHab

16.8 18.9 25.3 10.4 59.4 10.7 6.3 31.8

69.4

17.4 5.6

13.9 12.2

8.3 64.8 23.1 4.6 31.7 12.9 19.5 1.9

12.6 13.9 8.3 6.9 76.4 35.4 21.2

2.8

Units/ h km2 WiHab

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5

ind./ i unit

Max. j no. ind.

Ave. k no. ind.


41.9 47.4 63.1 26.0 148.5 26.8 15.8 79.6

173.6

43.4 13.9

34.7 30.4

20.8 162.0 57.9 11.6 79.4 32.2 48.8 4.8

31.6 34.7 20.8 17.4 191.0 88.4 53.1

6.9

no. ind./ m km2 WiHab

9.6 1.7 9.3 15.8 3.1

6.0 5.3

5.8 18.0

7.2 8.2

12.0 1.5 4.3 21.6 3.1 7.8 5.1 52.4

7.9 7.2 12.0 14.4 1.3 2.8 4.7

36.0



511

06.12.11 14:22

Umbruch 56.indd 512

Family (no. of spp.) / species Terenotriccus erythrurus Myiobius atricaudus Myiobius sulphureipygius Myiophobus fasciatus Contopus cooperi Empidonax virescens Colonia colonus Attila spadiceus Rhytipterna holerythra Sirystes albogriseus Myiarchus tuberculifer Megarynchus pitangua Myiozetetes cayanensis Myiozetetes granadensis Conopias albovittatus Myiodynastes maculatus Legatus leucophaius Tyrannus melancholicus Tyrannus niveigularis Pachyramphus cinnamomeus Pachyramphus albogriseus Platypsaris homochrous Tityra semifasciata Tityra inquisitor Cotingidae (4) Lipaugus unirufus Cotinga nattererii Carpodectes hopkei Querula purpurata pipridae (7) Pipra mentalis Lepidothrix coronata Manacus manacus Machaeropterus deliciosus Chloropipo holochlora Schiffornis turdina Sapayoa aenigma Vireonidae (3) Vireo olivaceus Hylophilus decurtatus Hylophilus ochraceiceps Turdidae (2) Catharus ustulatus 170.2 157.1

40 130 120

100

229.1 78.5

130.9 72.0 91.6

196.4

327.3

104.7 [104.7]

98.2

261.8 144.0

144.0 [294.5] 196.4 183.3 [130.9] 163.6 163.6 163.6 229.1

[104.7]

eff. b dTd [m]

100 55 70 90 20 175 60

250 [40] 40 150

Ave. a dTd [m] 55 20 20 [80] 120 100 110 [225] 150 140 [100] 125 125 125 175 120 200 110 100 75 100 40 80 [80]


550

550 550 400

450 450 275 550 400 400 400

400 [550] 550 550

WiHab c TraLen [m] 475 125 400 [125] 550 550 550 [550] 550 550 [200] 200 200 200 550 550 550 200 200 425 550 550 550 [550]

11.0

4.4 18.7 12.6

11.8 6.5 5.0 9.9 1.6 18.3 6.3

26.2 [4.4] 4.4 21.6

eff. dA d WiHab [ha] 5.2 0.5 1.6 [2.6] 13.2 11.0 15.8 [32.4] 21.6 20.2 [5.2] 6.5 6.5 6.5 25.2 13.2 28.8 5.8 4.0 8.3 11.0 4.4 11.5 [11.5] 1.8

1.00

3.00 1.00

1.50

0.50

2.00

5.5 2.5

3.8

20.0 15.6 25.5

0.9

4.7

1.8

5.0

1.00

1.00

0.9

0.50

Units/ g km WiHab

1.8

9.0 7.0 7.0

no. f displ. MM

1.00

no. e terr.

16.0 8.0

23.9

76.4 108.0 138.9

2.3

24.0

3.5

4.0

15.3

2.3

6.3

Units/ h km2 WiHab

2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5

5.0

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

ind./ i unit

1.0

Max. j no. ind. 2.0

0.25

Ave. k no. ind.

1.3

2.5

no. ind./ l km WiHab 4.2

40.1 19.9

59.7

191.0 270.1 347.2

11.6

6.3 59.9

8.7

9.9

38.2

5.8

15.8

62.5


6.2 12.6

4.2

43.2

4.2

28.8

25.2

6.5

43.2

15.8



512

06.12.11 14:22

Family (no. of spp.) / species Turdus daguae Hirundinidae (8) Progne chalybea Progne subis Tachycineta bicolor Neochelidon tibialis Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Riparia riparia Hirundo rustica Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Troglodytidae (8) Campylorhynchus zonatus Odontorchilus branickii Thryothorus nigricapillus Thryothorus leucopogon Troglodytes aedon Henicorhina leucosticta Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus Microcerculus marginatus polioptilidae (3) Microbates cinereiventris Polioptila plumbea Polioptila schistaceigula parulidae (8) Dendroica striata Dendroica fusca Seiurus noveboracensis Geothlypis semiflava Geothlypis auricularis Oporornis philadelphia Oporornis agilis Basileuterus fulvicauda Thraupidae (27) Coereba flaveola Cyanerpes caeruleus Cyanerpes cyaneus Chlorophanes spiza Dacnis cayana Dacnis egregia Dacnis venusta Dacnis berlepschi Erythrothlypis salmoni Euphonia laniirostris

Umbruch 56.indd 513

163.6 [130.9]

[40] [40] [20] 125 [100] [20] [20] 175

45 40 [45] 50 30 30 30 50 65 90

157.1 [104.7] 104.7

120 [80] 80

65.5 85.1 117.8

58.9 52.4 [58.9] 65.5 39.3 39.3

229.1

261.8

550 550 [125] 550 550 550 550 550 550 200

[550] [550] [150] 125 [125] [125] [125] 550

550 [150] 550

[550] 550 200 550 125 450 [450] 550

[157.1] 130.9 261.8 229.1 163.6 242.2

[120] 100 200 175 125 185 [80] 200

WiHab c TraLen [m] 550 125 550 550 550 150 550 550 550

eff. b dTd [m] 202.9

75 75 60 50 75 50 60 50

Ave. a dTd [m] 155


6.5 5.8 [1.5] 7.2 4.3 4.3 3.3 7.2 9.4 4.7

[4.4] [4.4] [0.6] 4.1 [2.5] [0.5] [0.5] 25.2

17.3 [3.1] 11.5

[17.3] 14.4 10.5 25.2 4.1 21.8 [7.2] 28.8

1.9 8.3 6.6 5.5 2.3 5.5 6.6 5.5

eff. dA d WiHab [ha] 22.3

1.50

1.00

2.7

1.8

1.8

2.7

1.50

1.00

7.7

8.2

4.25

4.50

3.3

1.50


10.0 7.7

no. f displ. MM

2.00 4.25

no. e terr. 1.50

20.8

15.4

4.0

13.0

24.6

15.6

6.9

19.1 16.9


2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5

ind./ i unit 2.5

Max. j no. ind.

1.25 0.75

Ave. k no. ind.

2.3 5.0


52.1

38.6

9.9

32.6

61.5

39.1

17.2

47.7 42.2

22.7 33.3


4.8

6.5

25.2

7.7

4.1

6.4

14.5

5.2 5.9



513

06.12.11 14:22

Umbruch 56.indd 514

Family (no. of spp.) / species Euphonia xanthogaster Euphonia minuta Euphonia fulvicrissa Tangara palmeri Tangara cyanicollis Tangara larvata Tangara johannae Tangara lavinia Thraupis episcopus Thraupis palmarum Ramphocelus icteronotus Piranga rubra Chlorothraupis olivacea Mitrospingus cassinii Tachyphonus luctuosus Tachyphonus delatrii Heterospingus xanthopygius Cardinalidae (4) Saltator maximus Saltator atripennis Saltator grossus Pheucticus ludovicianus emberizidae (10) Rhodospingus cruentus Volatinia jacarina Tiaris obscurus Oryzoborus angolensis Sporophila corvina Sporophila luctuosa Sporophila nigricollis Sporophila telasco Arremon aurantiirostris Arremonops conirostris icteridae (6) Cacicus microrhynchus Amblycercus holosericeus Zarhynchus wagleri Molothrus bonariensis Molothrus oryzivorus Dolichonyx oryzivorus

225 [200] 125 [90] 110 [20]

70 60 80 80 65 70 70 30 60 [160]

150 180 225 100

Ave. a dTd [m] 90 50 90 100 [60] 75 50 60 75 75 85 85 220 80 90 100 135


[261.8]

78.5 [209.4]

91.6

104.7 104.7 85.1

196.4 235.6 294.5

176.7

288.0 104.7

eff. b dTd [m] 117.8 65.5 117.8 130.9 [78.5] 98.2 65.5 78.5 98.2 98.2

550 [425] 550 [125] 275 [125]

125 125 125 250 125 125 125 125 425 [125]

425 250 550 450

WiHab c TraLen [m] 550 550 550 550 [425] 425 550 550 425 425 300 150 550 550 550 550 550

24.8 [22.3] 13.8 [2.3] 6.1 [0.5]

1.8 1.5 2.6 5.2 2.1 1.8 2.3 0.8 6.7 [5.2]

16.7 11.8 32.4 9.0

eff. dA d WiHab [ha] 13.0 7.2 13.0 14.4 [6.7] 8.3 7.2 8.6 8.3 8.3 5.1 2.6 31.7 11.5 9.9 11.0 19.4

4.50

1.00

1.00 1.00

3.00 1.00 1.75

1.00

2.75 1.00

10.6

8.0

4.0 8.0

7.1 4.0 3.2

1.8

5.0 1.8

2.4 1.8 1.8 2.4

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Units/ g km WiHab 7.3 1.8 1.8

no. f displ. MM

1.00

no. e terr. 4.00 1.00

67.4

43.7

19.1 47.0

18.0 8.5 5.4

5.1

8.7 8.7

12.0 13.9 11.6 12.0

6.9


2.5

2.5

2.5 2.5

2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5

2.5 5.0

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

2.5

ind./ i unit 2.5 2.5

Max. j no. ind.

23.2 0.5

0.25

32.3

17.75

12.75

46.7 1.7


14.00 0.25

Ave. k no. ind.

1.8

51.5

168.5

109.1

47.7 117.5

44.9 21.2 13.5

161.4 12.9

274.5 9.8 21.7 43.4

30.0 34.7 28.9 30.0

17.4

no. ind./ m km2 WiHab 77.2 34.7

1.5

2.3

5.2 2.1

5.6 11.8 18.5

19.4

11.5 11.5

8.3 7.2 8.6 8.3

14.4

Available n area/terr. [ha] 3.2 7.2


514

06.12.11 14:22

This study was supported by

Bonner Zoologische Monographien

Tropenökologisches Begleitprogramm Flanking Program For Tropical Ecology

Schriftleitung / Editor Karl-L. Schuchmann Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK) Ornithologie Adenauerallee 160 D-53113 Bonn, Germany Email: [email protected] Die Reihe Bonner zoologische Monographien (BZM) erscheint seit 1971 in regelmäßiger Folge. Publiziert werden Originalbeiträge in englischer Sprache. Die BZM nehmen vor allem solche Arbeiten auf, die zu umfangreich sind, um in der Zeitschrift Bonn zoologiCAL BULLETIN zu erscheinen. Schwerpunkte der BZM sind: Systematik, Taxonomie, Biogeographie, Anatomie und Evolutionsbiologie. Alle eingereichten Manuskripte werden begutachtet. Autoren werden gebeten, sich vor Manuskriptvorlage mit dem Schriftleiter in Verbindung zu setzen. Erwerb der BZM: Bibliothek, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany, Kontakt: d.steinebach. [email protected]. The peer-reviewed series Bonner Zoologische Monographien (BZM) has existed since 1971. The BZM consist of original zoology papers too long for inclusion in our institute’s journal Bonn zoologiCAL BULLETIN. Preferred manuscript topics are: systematics, taxonomy, biogeography, anatomy, and evolutionary biology. Manuscripts must be in American English. Authors are requested to contact the editor prior to manuscript submittal. The BZM may be obtained from: The Library, Alexander Koenig Zoological Research Institute and Museum of Zoology, Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany, contact: [email protected]. Author of this issue: Olaf Jahn Published: December 2011 Bonner zoologische Monographien Nr. 56, 514 pp. This issue was financially supported by Sparkasse KölnBonn, Conservation International - Ecuador, and Corporación Sociedad para la Investigación y Monitoreo de la Biodiversidad Ecuatoriana. Editorial assistants: Alexandra Schuh and Brian Hillcoat. Cover: Uniform Crake (Amaurolimnas concolor guatemalensis) with pulli on nest platform, Playa de Oro, Esmeraldas, Ecuador, photograph by Olaf Jahn. Price: EUR 155,–

Umschlag 56.indd 2

12.09.12 09:57

Olaf Jahn

Bird communities of the Ecuadorian Choco: A case study in Conservation

 Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn

Umbruch 56.indd 1

06.12.11 14:14

Methods 6. conserVation status, haBitat selection, and indicator

Methods 6. conserVation status, haBitat selection, and indicator

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