Two replicates were fumigated as described by. Vance et al. (1987a), and the other two represented the non-. L.C. Babujia et al. / Soil Biology & Biochemistry 42 ...
Soil Biology & Biochemistry 42 (2010) 2174e2181
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Microbial biomass and activity at various soil depths in a Brazilian oxisol after two decades of no-tillage and conventional tillage L.C. Babujia a, b, M. Hungria a, b, *, J.C. Franchini a, P.C. Brookes c a
Embrapa Soja, Caixa Postal 231, 86001-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Dept. Biotechnology, Caixa Postal 6001, 86055-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil c Soil Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK b
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 3 May 2010 Received in revised form 10 August 2010 Accepted 11 August 2010 Available online 26 August 2010
The advantages of no-tillage (NT) over conventional tillage (CT) systems in improving soil quality are generally accepted, resulting from benefits in soil physical, chemical and biological properties. However, most evaluations have only considered surface soil layers (maximum 0e30 cm depth), and values have not been corrected to account for changes in soil bulk density. The objective of this study was to estimate a more realistic contribution of the NT to soil fertility, by evaluating C- and N-related soil parameters at the 0e60 cm depth in a 20-year experiment established on an oxisol in southern Brazil, with a soybean (summer)/wheat (winter) crop succession under NT and CT. At full flowering of the soybean crop, soil samples were collected at depths of 0e5, 5e10, 10e20, 20e30, 30e40, 40e50 and 50e60 cm. For the overall 0e60 cm layer, correcting the values for soil bulk density, NT significantly increased the stocks of C (18%) and N (16%) and microbial biomass C (35%) and N (23%) (MB-C and -N) in comparison to CT. Microbial basal respiration and microbial quotient (qMic) were also significantly increased under NT. When compared with CT, NT resulted in gains of 0.8 Mg C ha1 yr1 (67% of which was in the 0e30 cm layer) and 70 kg N ha1 yr1 (73% in the 0e30 cm layer). In the 0e5-cm layer, MB-C was 82% higher with NT than with CT; in addition, the 0e30 cm layer accumulated 70% of the MB-C with NT, and 58% with CT. In comparison to CT, the NT system resulted in total inputs of microbial C and N estimated at 38 kg C ha1 yr1 and 1.5 kg N ha1 yr1, respectively. Apparently, N was the key nutrient limiting C and N stocks, and since adoption of NT resulted in a significant increase of N in soils which were deficient in N, efforts should be focused on increasing N inputs on NT systems. Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Metabolic quotient Microbial basal respiration Soil carbon Soil microbial biomass Soil organic matter No-tillage
1. Introduction The management of soils by reduced or no-tillage (NT) is many centuries old, with examples dating from the Egyptian and Inca’s civilizations, and in modern agriculture, advantages of NT systems have been stressed since the 1940s (Derpsch, 1998; Lal et al., 2007). A good example was the publication of Plowman’s Folly, stating the advantages of reduced tillage (Faulkner, 1942). However, despite an increasing number of reports in subsequent years, with NT there are usually problems to control weed growing, thus the adoption of NT started to be seriously considered only after the development of herbicides, such as paraquat, in 1955 (Derpsch, 1998). Nowadays,
* Corresponding author at: Mariangela Hungria, Embrapa Soja, Cx. Postal 231, 86001-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Tel.: þ55 43 33716206; fax: þ55 43 33716100. E-mail addresses: leticiacb_@hotmail.com (L.C. Babujia), hungria@cnpso. embrapa.br, hungria@pq.cnpq.br (M. Hungria), franchin@cnpso.embrapa.br (J.C. Franchini), philip.brookes@bbsrc.ac.uk (P.C. Brookes). 0038-0717/$ e see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.08.013
NT is practiced on over 100 million ha worldwide, mostly in North and South America, but also in Australia and in Europe, Asia and Africa (Derpsch, 1998; Lal, 2007; FEBRAPDP, 2010). In South America, the first NT trial was established in 1971 in the State of Paraná, Brazil (Derpsch et al., 1991; Derpsch, 1998). Brazil is now the best example of the broad adoption of NT, with 26 million ha cultivated on a continuous basis, representing 70% of the area cropped to annual legumes (Lal et al., 2007; FEBRAPDP, 2010). The main challenge is now to transpose this positive experience to resource-poor farmers, especially in Africa (Lal et al., 2007). Since the 1970s, numerous studies have shown significant ecological, economical, environmental and social advantages of NT in comparison to conventional tillage (CT). Among the advantages are the control of soil erosion by wind and water, moisture conservation, lower pollution, more favorable soil temperatures, increased efficiency in nutrient cycling, improvement in soil structure, less consumption of fuel, machinery conservation and saving of time in terms of human and animal labor (e.g., Derpsch et al., 1991; Derpsch, 1998; Lal et al., 2007). Also important are
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reports of NT increasing soil organic C (SOC), highlighting the possibility of trading carbon credits (Pacala and Socolow, 2004; Lal et al., 2007). Finally, benefits from NT over CT by increasing soil microbial activity and diversity have been reported in Brazil (Balota et al., 1998, 2003, 2004; Mendes et al., 2003; Franchini et al., 2007; Pereira et al., 2007a,b; Hungria et al., 2009), including increases of up to 100% in microbial biomass C (MB-C) in as little as five years (Franchini et al., 2007). However, the real benefits of NT in increasing SOC and C-sequestration have been recently questioned, as most of the studies performed so far have only concerned the superficial layers, of 30 cm or less (Baker et al., 2007). There may be no C gains if deeper layers of soil are evaluated, a criticism that is pertinent to most studies performed in Brazil. In addition, concerns exist over estimates of increases in SOC from NT determined in studies in which bulk densities were not considered. To obtain realistic estimates of the contribution of NT over CT on C-sequestration, SOC and microbial enhancement, we evaluated Cand N-related parameters, with an emphasis on microbial indicators, in a mature, 20-year-old experiment on a Brazilian oxisol, by considering soil depths to 60 cm and by correcting values with respect to bulk density. 2. Material and methods 2.1. Geographic location and general description of the field sites The study was performed in a field trial established in the summer of 1988/89 at the experimental station of Embrapa Soja, located at an altitude of 620 m, in Londrina (23110 S, 51110 W), state of Paraná, southern Brazil. The climate is humid subtropical, with an annual average temperature of 21 C, and mean maximum and minimum temperatures of 28.5 C in February and 13.3 C in July, respectively. Mean annual precipitation is 1651 mm, with January being the wettest month (217 mm) and August the driest (60 mm). The trial is established on an oxisol (Latossolo Vermelho Eutroférrico, Brazilian classification; Rhodic Eutrudox, USA classification), with the following physical composition: 710 g clay kg1 soil, 82 g silt kg1 soil and 208 g sand kg1 soil. Before the establishment of the experiment the area had been cropped with coffee trees for about 40 years, receiving the same management and inputs, therefore the soil was considerably uniform in terms of fertility. The experiment consists of plots, 7.5 m in width 30.0 m in length (225 m2) with four replicates (four plots) per treatment, distributed in a completely randomized block design. For this study we used the treatments under two soilmanagement practices: (1) no-tilldNT, sowing directly through the residue of the previous crop, with the opening of only a narrow channel (w1.5e4 cm; ranging from 1.5e2 cm for wheat to 3e4 cm for soybean) in the sowing row; and (2) conventional tilldCT, where the soil is prepared yearly with one pass with a disc plough (w20e25 cm) and disc harrow (w15 cm). A crop succession of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in the summer and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the winter was sown for both NT and CT. Soil pH was corrected with lime applied as 2 ton ha1 at the beginning of the experiment to reach a saturation of bases of 60% and to increase the pH to approximately 5.5 every three years. Fertilizers were applied at sowing, in equal amounts for the NT and CT treatments. For wheat, fertilizers consisted of no fertilizers in the first six years, and after that, 12.8e20 kg ha1 of N (supplied as urea), 44.8e70 kg ha1 of P (supplied as super triple phosphate), and 24e32 kg ha1 of K (supplied as potassium chloride). For the soybean, every year, zero N, and 40e60 kg ha1 of P (super triple phosphate) and K (potassium chloride) were added. After the 10th year soybean started to receive 20 g ha1 of Mo (sodium molybdate) and 2 g ha1 of Co (cobalt chloride). Other macro- and
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micronutrients were rarely needed and when a need was detected according to the leaf analysis in the previous crop and to the soil analysis before sowing, they were added equally to all treatments. Insects were controlled equally in all treatments with biological and chemical insecticide and fungicides which were also applied equally to all treatments when necessary throughout the 20 years of experiment. After the harvest crop residues were desiccated with glyphosate in both NT and CT treatments and after sowing other herbicides were applied to the CT, according to an analysis of infestation and the recommendation of herbicide efficacy for the dominant weeds. 2.2. Soil sampling At the time of sampling, the experiment was 20 years old. Soil sampling was performed between cropped lines, in January of the 20th year, when soybeans were at full flowering stage (R2). The sampling included undisturbed and disturbed soil samples taken at six depths: 0e5, 5e10, 10e20, 20e30, 30e40, 40e50 and 50e60 cm. For disturbed samples, in the central part of each plot (four replicates per treatment), a trench, of 20 cm wide 50 cm long 60 cm deep was dug, from which soil samples were collected with a spatula, from the middle point of each layer and from the four sides of the trench. Subsamples were bulked to make a composite soil sample (approximately 1 kg). At the laboratory samples were mixed and sieved (
