Commercial Dairy Goat Farms in Bogor, Indonesia. Author. Mr. Epi Taufik. Degree. Master of Veterinary Public Health. Thesis Advisory Committee. Prof.
MICROBIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF RAW GOAT MILK FROM COMMERCIAL DAIRY GOAT FARMS IN BOGOR, INDONESIA
EPI TAUFIK
MASTER OF VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH
CHIANG MAI UNIVERSITY AND FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN SEPTEMBER 2007
MICROBIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF RAW GOAT MILK FROM COMMERCIAL DAIRY GOAT FARMS IN BOGOR, INDONESIA
EPI TAUFIK
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO CHIANG MAI UNIVERSITY AND FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH
CHIANG MAI UNIVERSITY AND FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN SEPTEMBER 2007
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis advisory committee. These are Univ. Prof. Dr. Goetz Hildebrandt and Dr. Josef Nikolaus Kleer at the Institute of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin (FUB), Germany, and also Dr. Tri Indrarini Wirjantoro at the Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, and Assist. Prof. Dr. Khwanchai Kreausukon at Veterinary Public Health Center for Asia Pacific, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University (CMU), Thailand; as well as my country advisor, Prof. Dr. Fachriyan H. Pasaribu, at the Department of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University (BAU), Indonesia. Without their precious advice and continuous encouragement, this thesis would not have been completed. I wish to express my real gratitude to them again. I also wish to express my high appreciation and thanks to the administration of this program, both from FUB and CMU. I would like to thank Univ. Prof. Dr. Karl Hans Zessin, Dr. Maximilian Baumann and their staff in Germany, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lertrak Srikitjakarn, Assist. Prof. Dr. Khwanchai Kreausukon, Dr. Anucha Sirimalaisuwan, Assist. Prof. Dr. Pawin Padungtod, and their staff in Thailand. I would like to thank the German Government via DAAD, EU Asian Link Project and the Thai Government via VPHCAP for providing me a great financial support. I am greatly indebted to all the teachers and assistants within this Joint Master Program in Veterinary Public Health from CMU, FUB and Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien (VUW), Austria; for their critical comments, knowledge and experience-sharing as well as their friendship and cooperation. Special thanks goes to Prof. Dr. Reinhard Fries, Dr. Moses Kyule, Assist. Prof. Dr. Pawin Padungtod and Dipl.-Stat. Rose Schmitz for their critical insight, statistical advice and encouragement. I also would like to extend my gratitude to Assist. Prof. Dr. Peter Paulsen and his staff at Institute of Meat Hygiene, Meat Technology and Food
iv Science VUW, Austria, for their guidance in introducing me to the advance laboratory techniques on food microbiology. My sincere gratitude also goes to Mrs. Nancy Huber for her great assistance in editing the english language of my thesis. I am also grateful to all my friends in the second batch of the MPVH program, we spent a long time together during this study period. I hope our friendship will last forever. To the librarian of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Library, either from CMU Thailand or FUB, Germany, your cooperation and kindly assistance were highly appreciated. It was a great experience for me to have a wonderful stay in Berlin. Therefore I would like to thank Dr. Norbert Miethe, Mrs. Louise Le Bel, Ms. Juliane Fischer, my Indonesian friends in Berlin, especially Jamaah Masjid Al Falah Berlin, Pak Bram and family, Pak Han and family, Pak Ali, Fahmi, Lingga, Nanda, Hasan, Husein and Firdaus as well as Pak Muis family in Hamburg, for their kind assistance, experience-sharing and friendship. I equally enjoyed my staying period in Chiang Mai. To Ms. Jariya Yos-I, Ms. Supheerutai Buakaew, Ms. Saowaluck Prommin, Ms. Manatchaya U-tairat, Ms. Nattakarn Awaiwanont, Phi Noy, Phi On, Phi Dang, Phi Tiauw, Phi S, Nuke, Eddy, Lucas, Poo, Ronny and Ibu Susi, I thank you for all your whole-hearted support and kindness during my stay in Chiang Mai, Thailand. To the Rector, Vice Rector for academic affairs and International Program Office staff as well as the Dean of Faculty, the Head of Department, the Head of Laboratory, my seniors and colleagues from the Faculty of Animal Science and the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, BAU, Indonesia; your continuous support is highly appreciated. I would also like to thank the farm owners for the cooperation in allowing their animals to be accessed for sample collection. Thanks to farm workers for assisting me in sample collection and also to Pak Agus, Pak Raffi, Selyn and Abenk for laboratory work.
v This thesis is dedicated to my beloved family; my late father, mom, my parents-in-law, my elder brother and his wife and their beloved children and also to my younger brother. Thank you very much for supporting me spiritually, emotionally and otherwise. Special dedications to my beloved wife, Nurhayati and our daughter Aisyah Nur Taufik, as well as our next baby, without them I think I would never have achieved this step. Thank you for the constant support, words of encouragement you provided and an endless love as well as the patience you showed when I left all of you towards completion of this endeavor. May The Almighty release a wonderful blessing to all of us, I love you all. Lastly, utmost thanks is due to my God, Allah SWT, The Creator of mankind and universe. Without His willing, blessing and guidance, it would be impossible for me to face and go through this challenging step in my life.
Epi Taufik
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Thesis Title
Microbiological Investigation of Raw Goat Milk from Commercial Dairy Goat Farms in Bogor, Indonesia
Author
Mr. Epi Taufik
Degree
Master of Veterinary Public Health
Thesis Advisory Committee
Prof. Dr. Goetz Hildebrandt
Chairperson (FU-Berlin)
Dr. Tri Indrarini Wirjantoro
Chairperson (CMU)
Asst. Prof. Khwanchai Kreausukon Member
(CMU)
ABSTRACT
Investigation on microbiological quality such as Total Plate Count (TPC), coliforms and the presence of pathogenic bacteria of goat milk, together with some risk factors affecting these microorganisms in Indonesia, was very rare. In view of food hygiene and consumer health as well as animal health protection, however, evaluation of the microbiological status and presence of pathogenic bacteria in goat milk, which can cause adverse health effects on the animals as well as pose a high risk of causing foodborne disease in humans, is of central importance. Therefore this study was aimed at investigating the microbiological quality of raw goat milk by using indicator bacteria, and also to evaluate the potential risk factors associated with them. Information regarding potential risk factors was collected by questionnaire. The conventional bacteriological method for bacteria isolation and the indirect test (California Mastitis Test (CMT)) for determining udder inflammation status were employed. A sample size of 300 udder halves and 30 bulk milk samples from three commercial dairy goat farms in the Bogor District, West Java Province, Indonesia were investigated for counts and prevalence of indicator bacteria, which were TPC, coliforms, Staphylococcus spp., Coagulase Positive Staphylococci (CPS) and Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CNS). Ten potential risk factors were also evaluated in relation to counts and prevalence of indicator bacteria.
vii The median values of indicator bacterial counts from overall udder-half milk samples were 3.74, 0.70, 3.00, 1.70 and 2.52 log cfu/ml and from bulk milk samples were 5.69, 2.98, 3.86, 3.66 and 3.32 log cfu/ml for TPC, coliforms, Staphylococcus spp., CPS and CNS, respectively. The indicator bacterial counts from udder-half milk samples were significantly different (P
