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The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 2017 ????;57(??):000-000 DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.16.06320-9
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
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Effects of traditional judo training session on muscle damage symptoms
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Daniele DETANICO 1 *, Juliano DAL PUPO 1, Emerson FRANCHINI 2, David H. FUKUDA 3, Saray G. dos SANTOS 1
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1Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; 2School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; 3Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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*Corresponding author: Daniele Detanico, Laboratório de Biomecânica, Centro de Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina 88040-900/Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. E-mail:
[email protected]
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udo is a grappling combat sport in which athletes engage in multiple high-intensity intermittent physical efforts.1 During a match, there is a progressive increase in cardiovascular stress, with athletes maintaining close to 95% of maximum heart rate throughout the competitive effort.2 The structure of judo training includes both technical-tactical skills and physical training in order to improve performance in competitive matches. To achieve this, judo athletes dedicate long periods of training to specific training modalities or to combined general and specific modalities 1 performed primarily at high intensities.3, 4 Physical training exposes the systems of the body to
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BACKGROUND: This study aimed to analyze the acute effects of a judo training session on muscle strength, delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and serum creatine kinase (CK) activity. METHODS: Ten male judo athletes participated in this study and performed a 90-min traditional judo training session. The following measurements were performed before and 48 hours after the training: shoulder external/internal rotation isokinetic torque, countermovement jump (CMJ), DOMS, and blood draw for serum CK analysis. Student’s t-test with significance level set at 5% and, effect size analysis were used. RESULTS: significant reduction was found in jump height in the CMJ after the training session (2.9%; moderate effect; P=0.02). No significant differences were observed in any of the measures of shoulder external/internal rotation isokinetic torque (P>0.05). An increase of the serum CK (49.4%; moderate effect; P=0.01) and DOMS (20.6%; large effect; P=0.003) were noted after the training session when compared to baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Judo training session resulted in increased serum CK activity, and muscle soreness. The decrease of CMJ performance indicates impairment in the lower-limbs muscle power production. However, the lack of difference of shoulder external/internal rotation torque before and 48 hours after the training session may indicate that the interval was enough to recover the upper-limbs strength in judokas of this study. These markers of muscle damage can be used to control muscle adaptation progress and to avoid sports-related disorders of athletes with similar characteristics to those evaluated in this study. (Cite this article as: Detanico D, Dal Pupo J, Franchini E, Fukuda DH, dos Santos SG. Effects of traditional judo training session on muscle damage symptoms. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017;57: DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.16.06320-9) Key words: Creatine kinase - Myalgia - Martial arts.
potent physiologic stimuli, which induce specific adaptations that enhance an individual’s tolerance to training. After training sessions a common acute response is the decreasing of physical performance, but when appropriate recovery occurs the expected response to the training stimuli is the supercompensation, and an improvement in performance takes place.5 However, when athletes fail to recover from training they suffer from prolonged performance deficits, caused by disorders in the musculoskeletal function.6 The main symptoms of muscle damage include the increase of serum myogenic enzymes, such as creatine kinase (CK), the prolonged
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TRADITIONAL JUDO TRAINING SESSION ON MUSCLE DAMAGE SYMPTOMS
Experimental design
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Judo athletes participated in 90-minute traditional judo training session. In order to analyze the effects of training session on muscle damage markers, the shoulder external/internal rotation isokinetic torque, vertical jump, DOMS and serum CK analysis were assessed before and 48 hours after the training session. The judo training session was performed in the evening (6:00-8:00 p.m.) with room temperature ranging from 20 to 22 oC. Participants were instructed to maintain normal diets and to avoid drinking alcohol 24 hours prior to the assessments and training session. Also, it was recommended to avoid any physical training 72 hours prior of data collection in order to prevent possible muscle damage.
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Materials and methods Participants Ten male judo athletes (25.1±4.3-year old; 81.5±12.8 kg; 176.0±8.1 cm; 15.7±4.6% of body fat; 7.1±6.7 years
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of judo experience) volunteered to participate in this study. All athletes had obtained a minimum judo rank of 3rd kyu (three ranks before black belt), had previously participated in several national and state tournaments in the under-100 kg categories, and were training 3-4 times a week during the evaluation period. They were in the competition preparatory phase and therefore not in a period of rapid weight loss. All participants were informed about the study procedures and signed the informed consent form, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was approved by the local Research Ethics Committee where the study was conducted (protocol number: 119.014 - 2012 Oct 08).
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impairment of muscle function, and the development of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS).7, 8 The accumulation of muscle-damage symptoms for long periods of intense exercises become the athletes more prone to sports-related disorders.9 Previous studies have shown that 2-hours judo-specific training sessions provoked an increase in biochemical markers of muscle damage, and an acute immune response, evidenced by altered neutrophil function.3, 10, 11 The biochemical markers are general indicators of muscle damage,10, 11 but other responses such as muscular function and DOMS may allow more detailed evidence about the training effects. Generally, when judo-specific training modalities (repetitive technical training — uchi-komi; repetitive throwing training — nage-komi and combat practice — randori) are analyzed, more demand on the upper than on the lower-limbs is observed. This occurs due to the constant pulling and pushing movements executed by the trunk and arm muscles, and forearm isometric actions are needed to maintain handgrips on the judogi.1 However, while the upper limbs is actively involved in the techniques (throwing and groundwork), the lower limbs undergo constant efforts involving the stretch-shortening cycle,12, 13 generating high mechanical eccentric loads which may damage muscle structures.8, 14, 15 Thus, it is reasonable to think that traditional judo training session may induce muscle damage in both upper and lower limbs. To our knowledge no studies have investigated the effect of a judo training session on muscle strength and DOMS. The early identification of muscle damage symptoms may provide important information to maintain and manage appropriately the health and competitive abilities of judo athletes. Additionally, the coaches can better control the training load, promoting supercompensation and avoiding sports-related disorders. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the acute effects of a judo training session on muscle strength in upper and lower limbs, DOMS, and serum CK activity. We hypothesized that a judo training session will cause muscle damage in both upper and lower limbs, and performance will be decreased.
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Procedures Training session
All judokas performed a 90-minute traditional judo training session. The session was structured according to Table I. These activities were based on previous studies 3, 10, 11 describing a traditional judo training session. The internal load during the session was identified by the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and recovery blood lactate. To measure the RPE, the participants were asked 15 minutes after the training session to rate their global effort on a 0-10 scale, with 0 indicating no exertion and 10 indicating maximum exertion.16 A research assistant familiarized all participants with the scale. Twenty five microliters of blood were taken from the ear lobe before, and 3 and 5 minutes after the training session. Blood lactate concentrations were de-
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TRADITIONAL JUDO TRAINING SESSION ON MUSCLE DAMAGE SYMPTOMS DETANICO
Table I.—Judo training session conduced for the judo players. Step
Activity
Warm-up
Jogging and sprint running (5-m sprint) Strength-endurance exercises (pushups, situps and squats) Static uchi-komi Static uchi-komi Dynamic uchi-komi Nage-komi Ne-waza randori Tachi-waza randori
Technical training
Combat fight
Set
Rep
Interval
Total duration
1 2
5 (sprint) 10
– 20 s
15 min
5 5 5 5 4 matches 4 matches
20 10 8 1 min 2 min 3 min
20 s 10 s 30 s 1 min 2 min 3 min
35 min
40 min
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Initially participants were familiarized with the testing procedures and performed 3-4 submaximal repetitions of shoulder external and internal rotations on an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex Multi-Joint SystemPro 4, Biodex Inc., New York, NY, USA). Five minutes later participants performed one set of 4 maximal shoulder external and internal rotations, in concentric/concentric mode at 180o/s, in the athlete’s dominant arm. This angular velocity has previously been used in elite judo players.17 During the testing, participants were seated on the dynamometer in an adjustable chair with test positions recorded and repeated for each participant in subsequent trials (48 hours later). The body was fixed by belts that crossed the trunk and pelvic regions. The athlete’s arm was statically weighted to provide gravity compensation. Shoulder external and internal rotation torques were measured with the arm positioned at 45o abduction. Based on a reference position (0o) with the forearm in the vertical position, the range of motion was set at 70o. Rotation movements were performed with 0º fixed as the beginning of internal rotation and 70° as the end of internal rotation/beginning of external rotation. Visual feedback and strong verbal encouragement were provided to the participants. The torque data were initially filtered using a 4th order Butterworth low-pass filter at 20 Hz, and for the angular data this same filter was applied with a cut-off
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before and after the training ses-
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Measurements
frequency of 10 Hz. From filtered data, the following variables were calculated: shoulder external rotation peak torque (PTEX), shoulder internal rotation peak torque (PTIN), ratio between external to internal peak torque (ER:IR), angle of shoulder external rotation peak torque (APTEX), and shoulder internal rotation peak torque angle (APTIN). The data were processed in an algorithm implemented in MatLab software (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA). Vertical jump was also assessed before and after the training session. Initially, the participants were familiarized with testing procedures and performed 1 miuten of hopping on a trampoline, 3 sets of 10 hops on the ground, and 8 submaximal vertical jumps simulating the real test task. Afterward, they performed 3 maximal countermovement jumps (CMJ) on a piezoelectric force platform (Quattro Jump, model 9290AD, Winterthur, Switzerland) set at a frequency of 500 Hz. During the jumps, the participants were asked to keep their trunks as vertical as possible, and their hands placed on their hips. They were instructed to jump as high as possible. Ground reaction force data was filtered using a 4th order Butterworth low-pass filter at 20 Hz. Force data was double integrated for obtaining jump height and mean power output during the positive phase of the jump. The athletes were asked to indicate perceived muscle soreness (DOMS) before and 48 hours after the training session on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The VAS is numbered from 0 to 10 with 0 indicating no muscle soreness and 10 that the muscles were too sore to move.7, 18 All participants were familiarized with the scale. Finally, blood collection was performed by a nurse (research assistant) trained for this function. Before and 48 hours after the training session, 4 mL of blood of the
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termined using an electrochemical analyzer (YSI 2700 STAT, Yellow Springs, OH, USA) calibrated as recommended by the manufacturer.
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Uchi-komi: repetitive technical practice with a single partner executing the technique without throwing; nage-komi: repetitive throwing practice with a single partner executing the technique; ne-waza randori: groundwork matches; tachi-waza randori: standing matches.
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TRADITIONAL JUDO TRAINING SESSION ON MUSCLE DAMAGE SYMPTOMS
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The RPE during the session was 7.9±0.9, and classified as “very hard”. Blood lactate concentrations were: 1.25±0.32 mmol/L before the training session, 8.60±2.37 mmol/L in the 3rd min after training session and 7.75±2.59 mmol/L in the 5th minute after training session. Significant differences among all measures (P
