International Journal of Environmental Studies
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Misconception, misinformation, misdirection and misplaced aggression – a case study of a murdered Macqueen’s Bustard Reginald Victor & Kinnari Bhatt To cite this article: Reginald Victor & Kinnari Bhatt (2017): Misconception, misinformation, misdirection and misplaced aggression – a case study of a murdered Macqueen’s Bustard, International Journal of Environmental Studies, DOI: 10.1080/00207233.2016.1269588 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2016.1269588
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Date: 16 February 2017, At: 01:49
International Journal of Environmental Studies, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2016.1269588
Misconception, misinformation, misdirection and misplaced aggression – a case study of a murdered Macqueen’s Bustard Reginald Victora and Kinnari Bhattb a
Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman; bDepartment of Cardiac Anesthesia, Salalah Heart Centre, Sultan Qaboos Hospital, Salalah, Sultanate of Oman
ABSTRACT
Photographs of a ‘spy raptor’ killed while flying over the India-Pakistan border in Rajasthan were disseminated over the social media. The ‘raptor’ was a Macqueen’s Bustard, Chlamydotis macqueenii carrying a satellite transmitter assembly and a red leg ring with an inscription K34. The National Avian Research Centre (NARC), Abu Dhabi, has extensively studied the biology of C. macqueenii. The killed bustard was one of the captive-bred bustards participating in NARC’s monitoring of their migration. Inquiry showed that this bustard was shot in Afghanistan in 2014 and not in India in 2016 as reported. The report from Afghanistan described this bird as a Taliban drone fitted with a bomb vest. The Indian television channel broadcast this news and misinformed its viewers by calling this bird a spy sent over by Pakistan. The Afghanistan report misdirected this incident to blame the Taliban. The Indian television did the same to incriminate Pakistan. The misconceived labelling of a bird participating in a scientific study as a spy has led to misinformation and misdirection that can provoke international aggression. This paper argues that a Macqueen’s bustard contributing to scientific knowledge for conservation has been killed unnecessarily and appeals for an improvement in the knowledge of security agencies about birds carrying identification tags and tracking devices.
KEYWORDS
Macqueen’s Bustard; misconceptions; monitoring; press; spying
Introduction In May 2015, it was alleged that Indian Police had arrested a ‘spy pigeon’ with a message in Urdu and a Pakistani phone number stamped on its body [1]. Although the allegation that Pakistan was using pigeons for espionage was widely ridiculed in the media on both sides of the border [2], the media had created the story in the first place. Unfortunately, such incidents are not restricted to India and Pakistan and are also known from other parts of the world. In 2011, a large Griffon Vulture with a GPS tracker and a Tel Aviv University leg tag was caught in Saudi Arabia leading to speculation that Israel was spying on the country [3]. The Saudi Government dismissed the rumours as fables of some Saudi journalists who did not bother to check with the competent authorities for correct information and further
CONTACT Reginald Victor
rvictor @squ.edu.om
© 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
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confirmed that the tracker attached to the bird was for a scientific study [3]. Similarly, Israel has been accused of spying on Turkey using a European bee-eater and a Kestrel and on Sudan using a vulture and subsequently, a pelican [3,4]. Are animals really used for spying or for international espionage? There is an impressive list of animals that have been accused of spying and these include a variety of birds, cats, squirrels, sea lions, dolphins, insects, bats, monkeys and sharks [5]. A short history of bird spies reveals several interesting stories [6]. The German military deployed pigeons fitted with cameras for surveillance during World War I. The US and Britain used pigeons to relay messages across enemy lines during World War II. The air-borne threat of Nazi pigeons during this period was also countered by Britain with an Army Pigeon Service Special Section using falcons to bring down the ‘spies’. In addition, pigeons were considered as candidates for suicide attacks on enemy targets and also as weapons of mass destruction carrying poisons and bacterial warfare agents [4]. The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employed reconnaissance pigeons fitted with cameras as intelligence gathering platforms and many of their secret missions still remain classified information. The CIA also switched from pigeons to cleverer ravens with the help of animal trainers and used them for activities like depositing recording devices on window ledges [7]. The US Military funded research to use a network of crows to locate soldiers missing in action and also to find Osama bin Laden using face recognition [8]. Marzluff et al. [9] showed that American crows are capable of recognising the faces of threatening people for a long time. Although there may be some basis for suspicion of birds with identification tags, satellite transmitters and antennae, our analysis of the recent reports on bird spies [1–3] show that most of these are spurious. These days, refined forms of surveillance technology exist. Birdlike, remotely controlled and even armed drones are available for surveillance, espionage and aggression. Using birds for these activities now is archaic, painfully slow and unreliable and this we believe is the reason for the relatively recent declassification of bird-related spying matters like the ‘the Pigeon Policy’ by British Intelligence Agencies [4]. In this paper we present the case study of a Macqueen’s Bustard, Chlamydotis macqueenii killed while allegedly flying over the India-Pakistan border in Rajasthan, India. The paper discusses the misconception of the security agency that killed this bird and the intrigue woven around it using misinformation and misdirection leading to misplaced aggression.
The background On September 26, 2016 one of us (KB) picked up a casual post sent over the social media in India containing two photographs (Figures 1 and 2) with a message in Hindi saying that BSF (= Border Security Force) of India caught a trained ‘Cheel’ (the Hindi name for Kite) flying over the Indian border. It was allegedly fitted with a 34-megapixel camera. Three issues concerning this post bothered us: (1) The bird in the picture (Figure 1) was certainly not a kite; it was a Macqueen’s Bustard, C. macqueenii, (2) the bird was fitted with a satellite transmitter and we could not see any camera and (3) the uniforms of the soldiers who were displaying the killed bird did not seem like those of the BSF; the arm patch of one soldier in particular confirmed that his unit was not from the BSF (Figure 2). So we decided to conduct a desktop study to investigate this killing.
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Figure 1. Photograph of the Macqueen’s Bustard shot in Afghanistan in 2014; the red-leg ring K34 and the satellite transmitter with an antenna are shown by arrows.
The search Our search first led us to a video clipping dated 9 January 2016 titled ‘Pakistani Spy Eagle caught by BSF jawans at Rajasthan border’ [10]. It was breaking news in an Indian television channel. The picture shown was the same as that of Figure 1 here. The bird had a red leg-ring with K34 inscribed on it and the satellite transmitter also had a number which was not very clear in the photograph. In the YouTube1 video, the television presenter says in Hindi that the BSF has caught a trained Pakistani spy ‘falcon’ and asks the viewers to see the camera tied to the falcon’s legs. In the image, however, the leg has a ring and the bird has a harness to which the transmitter is attached. The presenter was also talking to a member of the reporting crew from her channel who says that the Intelligence Bureau provided an input that Pakistan was collecting information through a falcon and with that information the BSF put a trap and killed the falcon. The rest of the diatribe in the footage was about Pakistan trying to collect information on the Indian border by many ways including the use of an ‘an army of trained sparrows’. The title of the video says ‘eagle’; the reporters are calling it a ‘falcon’ and the picture shows a Macqueen’s Bustard! We suspected that this Macqueen’s Bustard with a leg ring and a transmitter was possibly participating in a study tracking its migratory movements and continued our search to locate the origin of the red leg-ring as well as the transmitter. The National Avian Research Centre (NARC) in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates has been conducting extensive research on houbara2 since 1993 [11]. It has a successful captive breeding programme for houbara and since 2000 it has also been releasing captive-bred houbara in the wild [12,13]. This research
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Figure 2. Afghanistan Police displaying the same killed Macqueen’s Bustard; the men are pointing to the leg ring and the transmitter. Note: Original source of the photos appears to be that of Perez, C. [7], but they have subsequently been used by the Indian Television [10] and also circulated via social media in India.
aims to conserve the populations of houbara to ensure the sustainability of falconry, a traditional Arabian sport [11]. NARC has developed a network of partners in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, China, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Pakistan to monitor houbara populations [11]. More importantly NARC uses satellite tracking technology to monitor the migratory movements of houbara between breeding grounds and wintering grounds [11,14,15]. In 2015 for example, 600 houbara bustards born and raised in Abu Dhabi were released in the wild in Lal Suhanra National Park, Cholistan Desert, Pakistan [13]. After conducting a literature search on NARC related houbara studies, we approached a few authors of the research papers published. We were told to contact NARC directly to get the details on their ringing and satellite-tracking programs, but our attempts to establish contact were not successful. We sent the picture of the shot houbara (Figure 1) and the location where it was shot in India, as reported by the Indian television, to Igor Karyakin of the Russian Raptor Research and Conservation Network (RRRCN) so that he could inquire from the Kazakhstan Centre concerned with houbara monitoring programs and initiate a ring recovery search. We also informed him that the alleged location of the incident, the Jaisalmer area in the Rajasthan border of India is a possible destination for wintering Macqueen’s bustards breeding in the Jungar Basin, China [15]. We learnt from Mr Karyakin that the red leg rings are used on captive-bred birds released in the wild. In addition, he pointed out that the YouTube video of the Indian television item was misinformation and referred us to an online article published by Chris Perez titled ‘The
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Taliban’s new DIY drone: A bird fitted with a bomb vest’ posted on 1 December 2014 [16]. This article narrates the story of a bird fitted with a bomb vest, a surveillance camera and a GPS tracker, shot dead by the Afghan Police when it was walking along a highway in the northern Faryab province of Afghanistan. It was described as a mysterious white and brown bird no bigger than an eagle, not native to the area. The article presents three photographs and two of these are photographs picked by us from India and presented here as Figures 1 and 2. The bird is clearly a Macqueen’s Bustard, C. macqueenii and the uniform worn by the personnel is that of the Afghanistan Police and not that of the BSF, India. Macqueen’s bustard has earlier been recorded from Afghanistan [14,15] and it is really surprising that its identity was not recognised.
The intrigue The Macqueen’s Bustard shot in Afghanistan was described as a ‘Do -it-Yourself ’ (DIY) drone and an ‘aerial assassin’ which could have possibly been ‘deployed’ on a surveillance mission by the Taliban, according to NBC news reports! [17] From the photographs, it is unmistakable that it is wearing a shoulder harness with a satellite transmitter and an antenna, ‘not a bomb vest’ [16]. It has a red leg ring with a label (K34). When shot, the bird ‘exploded’ possibly from the impact of the bullets and the ‘suspicious metal stuff ’ must have been the parts of the GPS tracking device. If it was a bomb vest as alleged, there would not have been a bird left to photograph! The presence of a ‘small camera’ is also unlikely. The evidence seen (Figures 1 and 2) along with its location in Afghanistan indicated that this must have been one of the bustards that belonged to a monitoring program. We were able to confirm also that it was most certainly a captive-bred houbara released in the wild, specifically in Uzbekistan. The video footage of the NBC news report showed a metal tag on the dead bird which identified it as a part of the ECCH, i.e. the Emirates Centre for the Conservation of Houbara with the e-mail address of
[email protected] and a telephone contact 998 939530 (9550)[17]. It was indeed an expensive ‘drone’ raised and nurtured to its adulthood in the United Arab Emirates and then released in Uzbekistan with expensive equipment on board to participate in an ornithological mission. It appears that this Indian television channel has carried this misconception and misinformation to another level [10]. The spy concept and the photograph (Figure 1) seem to have been plagiarised from the New York Post website [16] or elsewhere. An incident that took place in Afghanistan in 2014 was reported as an incident that took place in the IndiaPakistan border in Rajasthan near Jaisalmer in 2016. Normally when a television newscaster is talking to a member of the television crew reporting the incidence, we assume that person is on site. This channel talks to a crew member in Rajasthan reporting on an incident that happened in Afghanistan two years earlier! The clever change of location seems to have been fabricated from another post, dated 6 December 2008 in the website of Pakistan Defence [18]. It is not unusual to see news on Pakistan snooping across the Indian border using birds; eagles, hawks, falcons and pigeons have been reported as spies [19–22]. We suspect that most of these reports are spurious. At least in one case, an accused rock pigeon is fitted with a light-blue leg band labelled U.N.2015 [22]. The code U.N. possibly refers to a pigeon racing club in Taiwan and 2015 is the year in which it was ringed. In all probability, it is a pigeon athlete which had unfortunately fallen
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into the hands of the Indian security forces while participating in a long distance race. The reported locations of bird spies are mostly in the Rajasthan border [18,19]. Misdirection is a game played in politics at local, national and international levels [23,24]. To see the extent of it, just type ‘misdirection in politics’ in the search window of an Internet browser and hundred-thousands of results will appear in a fraction of a second. Consider the killing of this Macqueen’s Bustard in Afghanistan: as a matter of fact, an individual of an endangered species has been killed by mistake resulting from ignorance and paranoia about state security, but when the very same bird is a Taliban-trained drone wearing a bomb vest and engaged in surveillance activity, the killing is not only justified, but the focus has been successfully shifted to the Taliban. Consider the Indian scenario: The Afghanistan incident is temporally shifted from 2014 to 2016 with an overlay blaming the same bird as a spy of Pakistan and kudos go to the BSF for protecting the Indo-Pak border. All these acts of deceit and deception are grandly showcased on venues furnished by the mass media. This kind of misdirection inevitably leads to unnecessarily misplaced aggression. Consider the case of the India–Pakistan border. The turmoil along this border is legendary. There is no shortage of incidents that provoke aggression and counter aggression by both countries resulting in enormous loss of life [25]. Political views, discussions, commentaries, unsavoury contributions by religions all add fuel to the fire [26–28]. The mass media play a major role in exaggerating incidents out of all proportion resulting in unwarranted confusion. The case study of the murdered Macqueen’s Bustard presented here clearly illustrates one such incident. The correction factor for this complex of misconception, misinformation and misdirection resides within the media system. A responsible press should debunk the myth and false fabrications like those presented in our case and expose the violators in their ranks to add credibility to their profession.
Conclusion Fitting birds with tracking devices for scientific purposes has been in practice since the 1990s [29]. All birds seen with an antenna attached to their body need not be shot. Observations using a pair of binoculars and informing local ornithologists or birders could clarify their status. If the birds are fitted with coloured leg rings showing letters and numbers, it is possible to trace them to their origin. One of us (RV) recently tracked a Steppe Eagle seen in Oman to its ringing site in Russia [30]. Alternatively, the bird could be trapped; the transmitter and leg rings will give numbers and addresses to which the information could be sent for clarification. In 2001, a White Stork named Saturn, fitted with a satellite tracking device at Tygerberg Zoo, near Stellenbosch, South Africa crash landed in Burundi because of a wing injury. It was taken into custody by the Burundi Police on the suspicion of being a spy. But the bird carried a tag with the name and e-mail address of the researcher in the University of Cape Town who clarified that the bird was part of a study monitoring its migration [4]. Ornithologists active in this type of research are grateful for any information they can receive on tagged birds and will furnish all the facts needed to clear the bird from any alleged espionage. Even if the bird is killed by mistake or found dead, the leg rings and transmitters should be returned to the owners of the bird and we are not sure whether this was done in the case of this Afghanistan incident, although the dead bird provided this information [17]. Some environmental education and awareness of wildlife conservation is necessary at least at the
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officer levels of these security agencies. This may not completely eradicate the unwanted killing of wildlife, but may reduce the death rate. Total ignorance on the part of the officials leads to misinformation, happily exploited by the sensation mongering press [16]. We are not trying to say that the Taliban, Pakistan and India and any country for that matter are not at all engaged in surveillance operations against their so called enemies. Are there any nations in the world who are not? In this case, the killing of a guiltless bird, we do not think that the Taliban and Pakistan played a role. In our opinion, the misconception about antennae and satellite transmitters on birds resulted in the unwarranted murder of this Macqueen’s Bustard, K34. The misinformation subsequently generated by an Indian television channel was unethical and totally unacceptable. It should be condemned by the Indian press who believe in honest and fair reporting. The misdirection using the Taliban and Pakistan was deliberate and unfair (or else it was an example of unthinking response) and it has the potential for generating misplaced aggression. In addition to the impact on people who live in these sectors of conflicts, all birds with leg rings, other tags, transmitters and antennae are fair game! There is a presumption against facts; these birds are to be blown out of the air. With this trend of thought, ornithological research unravelling the mysteries of migrations, breeding biology and population ecology with the ultimate aim of conserving the threatened and endangered species will be at a serious advantage. Misconception arises out of ignorance while misinformation, misdirection and misplaced aggression are pure mischief!
Notes 1. YouTube is an American video-sharing website which now operates as a subsidiary of Google. 2. The term ‘houbara’ is used in this article as a common name for Macqueen’s Bustard.
Acknowledgements We sincerely thank the following: Dr Jens Eriksen for confirming the identity of the Macqueen’s Bustard and answering questions on houbara taxonomy; Dr Olivier Combreau for the contact addresses in the National Aviation Research Centre (NARC), Abu Dhabi, UAE; Mr Igor Karyakin of RRRCN for helping us in the search for the identity of the leg ring and for referring us to the website reporting the killing of the houbara in Afghanistan.
Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors
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