MMPI publisher, the University of Minnesota, and distributor, Pearson. As co-
author of the. MMPI-2-RF he receives royalties on sales of the test. Agenda.
The MMPI-2-RF (Restructured Form) Forensic Practice Briefing Yossef S. Ben-Porath Department of Psychology Kent State University Kent, OH
[email protected]
Disclosure Yossef Ben-Porath is a paid consultant to the MMPI publisher, the University of Minnesota, and distributor, Pearson. As co-author of the MMPI-2-RF he receives royalties on sales of the test.
Agenda MMPI-2-RF Overview Using the MMPI-2-RF in Forensic Assessments Admissibility Discussion
MMPI-2-RF Overview 338-item version of MMPI-2 Released August, 2008 Authors: Ben-Porath & Tellegen Subset of MMPI-2 pool Norms based on MMPI-2 sample MMPI-2 remains available and supported
MMPI-2-RF Overview • 51 Scales • • • •
9 Validity Scales 3 Higher-Order Scales 9 RC Scales 23 Specific Problems Scales • 5 Somatic/Cognitive • 9 Internalizing • 4 Externalizing • 5 Interpersonal • 2 Interest Scales • 5 PSY-5 Scales
Using the MMPI-2-RF in Forensic Assessments
Using the MMPI-2-RF in Forensic Assessments Why? Efficient, comprehensive, validated assessment of variables of relevance in forensic assessments Self-presentation Psychopathology Personality characteristics Behavioral proclivities Shorter instrument more likely to produce valid results in individuals who struggle with 567-item inventory Less time to interpret More likely to generate reliable interpretation
Using the MMPI-2-RF in Forensic Assessments Challenges:
Familiarity (Competence) Adversarial system
Familiarity (Competence) Documentation Manual for Administration, Scoring and Interpretation Technical Manual Interpreting the
MMPI-2-RF Support competent
use of the test
Familiarity (Competence) Training National Program of General and SettingSpecific Workshops http://psychcorp.pearsonassessments.com/pai/ca/training/workshops/MMPI.htm
Adversarial System Introduction of a newer version of an existing
instrument provides fodder for the crossexaminer Can challenge:
Admissibility (rare) Weight of the evidence (deposition/trial testimony)
Ben-Porath (2012):
Daubert Factors and the MMPI-2-RF
Daubert Factors Has the technique been tested? Has it been subjected to peer review? What is the technique’s known or potential
rate of error? Are there standards controlling the
technique’s operation? Is the technique generally accepted?
Has the technique been tested? Are empirical data available on the
technique?
MMPI-2-RF Technical Manual
Has the technique been tested? Internal structural analyses:
Intercorrelations between 51 MMPI-2-RF Scales
Correlations between MMPI-2/MMPI-2-RF
Normative and clinical samples Validity Scales Substantive Scales
N=5,070 39,855 correlations
Has the MMPI-2-RF been tested? Empirical Correlates in Mental Health Outpatient Inpatient Medical Substance Abuse Treatment Forensic- Civil Forensic- Criminal Non-Clinical N= 4,336 Men; 2,327 Women 605 Criteria 53,970 Correlations
MMPI-2-RF: Standard Comparison Groups
MMPI-2-RF Normative (Men & Women) Outpatient, Community Mental Health Center (Men & Women) Outpatient, Independent Practice (Men & Women) Psychiatric Inpatient, Community Hospital (Men & Women) Psychiatric Inpatient, VA Hospital (Men) Substance Abuse Treatment, VA (Men) Bariatric Surgery Candidate (Men & Women) Spine Surgery/Spinal Cord Stimulator Candidates (Men & Women) Chronic Pain Evaluee (Men & Women) College Counseling Clinic (Men & Women) College Student (Men & Women) Forensic, Disability Claimant (Men & Women) Forensic, Independent Neuropsychological Examination (Men & Women) Forensic, Pre-trial Criminal (Men & Women) Forensic, Child Custody (Men & Women) Forensic, Parental Fitness Evaluee (Men & Women) Prison Inmate (Men & Women) Personnel Screening, Law Enforcement (Men, Women & Combined) Personnel Screening, Corrections Officer (Men, Women & Combined) Personnel Screening, Clergy Candidates (Men, Women, & Combined)
Forensic – Criminal Defendants
Forensic, Pre-Trial Criminal MMPI-2-RF Validity Scales Men (n=551)
Women (n=223)
120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 VRIN-r
TRIN-r
VRIN-r
F-r
Fp-r
Fs
FBS-r
RBS
L-r
K-r
TRIN-r
F-r
Fp-r
Fs
FBS-r
RBS
L-r
K-r
Mean - Men Standard Dev
54 10
52 T 10
75 28
59 15
64 20
60 16
63 19
55 12
46 11
Mean - Women Standard Dev
54 10
50 10
69 23
56 15
66 22
65 16
62 17
54 11
46 11
Forensic Pre-Trial Criminal MMPI-2-RF Higher-Order (HOD) and Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales Men (n=551) 120
Women (n=223) Restructured Clinical
Higher-Order
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
Mean - Men Standard Dev Mean - Women Standard Dev
EID
THD
BXD
RCd
RC1
RC2
RC3
RC4
RC6
RC7
RC8
EID
THD
BXD
RCd
RC1
RC2
RC3
RC4
RC6
RC7
RC8
59 15
62 18
61 12
60 14
60 15
58 14
56 12
64 13
66 18
56 14
60 16
RC9 RC9
52 11
61 14
56 15
54 11
61 14
63 15
58 14
52 11
59 12
59 16
56 13
56 14
48 10
Forensic Pre-Trial Criminal MMPI-2-RF Somatic and Cognitive Scales Men (n=551) 120
Women (n=223)
Somatic
Internalizing
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 MLS
GIC
HPC
NUC
COG
MLS
GIC
HPC
NUC
COG
SUI
SUI
HLP
HLP
SFD
SFD
NFC
NFC
STW
STW
AXY
ANP
Mean - Men Standard Dev
59 14
57 16
56 13
61 16
60 16
63 24
55 14
57 13
55 12
56 12
60 17
54 13
53 12
48 9
Mean - Women Standard Dev
63 13
62 18
61 14
61 15
59 16
57 19
53 13
59 13
57 13
58 12
62 17
53 12
55 13
55 10
AXY ANP
BRF
MSF
BRF
MSF
Forensic Pre-Trial Criminal MMPI-2-RF Externalizing, Interpersonal, and Interest Scales Men (n=551)
Women (n=223)
Externalizing
120
Interpersonal
Interest
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 JCP
SUB
AGG
ACT
FML
IPP
SAV
SHY
DSF
AES
MEC
JCP
SUB
AGG
ACT
FML
IPP
SAV
SHY
DSF
AES
MEC
Mean - Men Standard Dev
62 14
62 15
55 13
52 13
54 14
49 11
54 12
51 11
55 14
45 10
57 10
Mean - Women Standard Dev
55 12
57 13
50 11
52 13
55 14
52 11
54 12
52 11
52 11
49 11
44 7
Forensic Pre-Trial Criminal MMPI-2-RF Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) Scales Men (n=551)
Women (n=223)
120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 AGGR-r
PSYC-r
DISC-r
NEGE-r
INTR-r
AGGR-r
PSYC-r
DISC-r
NEGE-r
INTR-r
Mean - Men Standard Dev
53 11
61 18
60 11
58 13
55 12
Mean - Women Standard Dev
47 9
54 15
51 10
59 13
54 13
Prison Inmates
Prison Inmates MMPI-2-RF Validity Scales Men (n=34933)
Women (n=7353)
120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
TRIN-r
TRIN-r
F-r
Fp-r
Fs
FBS-r
RBS
RBS
L-r
L-r
K-r
Mean - Men Standard Dev
52 11
VRIN-r
51 T 10
59 17
55 13
54 13
48 11
51 12
57 11
47 10
Mean - Women Standard Dev
54 11
51 T 11
62 19
56 13
59 16
55 13
55 14
58 11
46 10
VRIN-r
F-r
Fp-r
Fs
FBS-r
K-r
Prison Inmate MMPI-2-RF Higher-Order (HOD) and Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales Men (n=34935) 120
Women (n=7354) Restructured Clinical
Higher-Order
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
Mean - Men Standard Dev Mean - Women Standard Dev
EID
THD
BXD
RCd
RC1
RC2
RC3
RC4
RC6
RC7
RC8
EID
THD
BXD
RCd
RC1
RC2
RC3
RC4
RC6
RC7
RC8 RC9
50 11
55 13
63 12
52 10
53 11
49 10
58 11
65 12
59 14
50 11
54 12
RC9
53 11
54 11
56 13
58 11
55 11
59 13
51 11
57 11
61 12
58 13
54 12
55 12
51 11
Prison Inmate MMPI-2-RF Somatic and Cognitive Scales Men (n=34935) 120
Women (n=7354)
Somatic
Internalizing
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 MLS
GIC
HPC
NUC
COG
MLS
GIC
HPC
NUC
COG
SUI
SUI
HLP
HLP
SFD
SFD
NFC
NFC
STW
STW
AXY
ANP
BRF
Mean - Men Standard Dev
53 9
51 11
51 11
53 12
51 12
51 13
50 11
50 10
51 10
51 10
53 13
51 11
53 11
48 8
Mean - Women Standard Dev
56 11
55 14
57 13
57 13
53 13
51 13
50 11
52 11
53 11
52 11
56 14
52 11
57 13
56 10
AXY ANP
MSF
BRF
MSF
Prison Inmate MMPI-2-RF Externalizing, Interpersonal, and Interest Scales Men (n=34935)
Women (n=7354)
Externalizing
120
Interpersonal
Interest
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 JCP
SUB
AGG
ACT
FML
IPP
SAV
SHY
DSF
AES
MEC
JCP
SUB
AGG
ACT
FML
IPP
SAV
SHY
DSF
AES
MEC
Mean - Men Standard Dev
65 13
62 15
53 12
50 11
50 11
45 8
49 10
48 10
51 11
46 9
61 9
Mean - Women Standard Dev
60 12
59 14
51 11
52 12
52 12
48 9
51 10
50 10
51 11
49 10
46 8
Prison Inmate MMPI-2-RF Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) Scales Men (n=34935)
Women (n=7354)
120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 AGGR-r
PSYC-r
DISC-r
NEGE-r
INTR-r
AGGR-r
PSYC-r
DISC-r
NEGE-r
INTR-r
Mean - Men Standard Dev
57 11
54 13
63 11
52 11
48 10
Mean - Women Standard Dev
52 10
55 13
54 10
55 12
50 10
Forensic – Disability Claimants
Forensic, Disability Claimants MMPI-2-RF Validity Scales Men (n=523)
Women (n=480)
120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 VRIN-r
TRIN-r
VRIN-r
F-r
Fp-r
Fs
FBS-r
RBS
L-r
K-r
TRIN-r
F-r
Fp-r
Fs
FBS-r
RBS
L-r
K-r
Mean - Men Standard Dev
52 9
51 T 10
78 22
57 13
70 21
75 14
74 19
56 11
43 10
Mean - Women Standard Dev
51 9
51 T 10
73 21
55 12
69 22
79 14
73 18
57 11
45 10
Forensic Disability Claimant MMPI-2-RF Higher-Order (HOD) and Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales Men (n=523) 120
Women (n=480) Restructured Clinical
Higher-Order
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
Mean - Men Standard Dev Mean - Women Standard Dev
EID
THD
BXD
RCd
RC1
RC2
RC3
RC4
RC6
RC7
RC8
EID
THD
BXD
RCd
RC1
RC2
RC3
RC4
RC6
RC7
RC8 RC9
65 13
58 14
56 12
65 12
74 13
66 14
53 11
55 12
60 14
58 14
59 13
RC9
51 11
64 13
56 12
46 10
64 12
75 13
64 13
49 11
49 11
56 13
58 14
57 12
46 9
Forensic Disability Claimant MMPI-2-RF Somatic and Cognitive Scales Men (n=523) 120
Women (n=480)
Somatic
Internalizing
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 MLS
GIC
HPC
NUC
COG
MLS
GIC
HPC
NUC
COG
SUI
SUI
HLP
HLP
SFD
SFD
NFC
NFC
STW
STW
AXY
Mean - Men Standard Dev
75 10
67 17
68 11
73 14
70 15
61 21
62 15
60 12
57 12
58 12
66 19
Mean - Women Standard Dev
75 9
67 18
71 11
71 14
68 15
57 19
58 14
60 12
57 13
58 12
66 18
ANP
BRF
AXY ANP
MSF
BRF
MSF
58 13
54 13
47 8
55 12
57 14
53 10
Forensic Disability Claimant MMPI-2-RF Externalizing, Interpersonal, and Interest Scales Men (n=523)
Women (n=480)
Externalizing
120
Interpersonal
Interest
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 JCP
SUB
AGG
ACT
FML
IPP
SAV
SHY
DSF
AES
MEC
JCP
SUB
AGG
ACT
FML
IPP
SAV
SHY
DSF
AES
MEC
Mean - Men Standard Dev
58 13
50 10
55 12
49 11
52 11
47 9
57 12
52 10
56 15
41 8
57 9
Mean - Women Standard Dev
50 11
46 8
49 10
50 11
54 12
51 10
55 12
51 10
53 13
46 9
44 7
Forensic Disability Claimant MMPI-2-RF Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) Scales Men (n=523)
Women (n=480)
120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 AGGR-r
PSYC-r
DISC-r
NEGE-r
INTR-r
AGGR-r
PSYC-r
DISC-r
NEGE-r
INTR-r
Mean - Men Standard Dev
54 11
57 13
55 11
61 13
61 14
Mean - Women Standard Dev
48 8
56 12
45 9
60 14
59 14
Child Custody Litigants
Forensic, Child Custody Litigants MMPI-2-RF Validity Scales Men (n=244)
Women (n=239)
120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 VRIN-r
TRIN-r
VRIN-r
F-r
Fp-r
Fs
FBS-r
RBS
L-r
K-r
TRIN-r
F-r
Fp-r
Fs
FBS-r
RBS
L-r
K-r
Mean - Men Standard Dev
43 8
52 F 7
47 9
45 6
46 8
50 8
47 9
56 12
59 9
Mean - Women Standard Dev
45 8
52 F 7
49 10
46 6
48 11
56 11
49 9
55 12
58 9
Custody Litigants Men (n=244) 120
Women (n=239) Restructured Clinical
Higher-Order
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 EID EID Men (n=244) Standard Dev
42
THD T HD 47
BXD BXD 47
RCd R Cd 43
RC1 R C1 44
RC2 R C2 47
RC3 R C3 43
RC4 R C4 48
RC6 R C6 51
RC7 R C7 40
RC8 RC9 R C8 RC9 45
43
9
9
9
8
8
9
8
9
11
8
8
9
Women (n=239)
46
49
43
47
49
48
43
45
53
44
46
42
Standard Dev
11
9
8
11
11
10
7
9
12
9
7
7
Forensic, Child Custody Litigants MMPI-2-RF Somatic and Cognitive Scales Men (n=244) 120
Women (n=239)
Somatic
Internalizing
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 MLS
GIC
HPC
NUC
COG
MLS
GIC
HPC
NUC
COG
SUI
SUI
HLP
HLP
SFD
SFD
NFC
NFC
STW
STW
AXY
Mean - Men Standard Dev
48 8
48 8
46 7
46 9
44 8
46 6
44 7
45 6
42 8
45 9
47 8
Mean - Women Standard Dev
50 11
52 14
50 11
49 10
47 9
46 4
46 7
47 9
46 10
49 9
50 11
ANP
AXY ANP
BRF
MSF
BRF
MSF
42 7
45 6
46 8
43 8
48 10
50 9
Custody Litigants Men (n=244)
Women (n=239)
Externalizing
120
Interpersonal
Interest
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 FML
IPP
SAV
SHY
DSF
AES
MEC
JCP
JCP
SUB
AGG
ACT
FM L
IP P
S AV
SHY
DSF
AE S
ME C
Men (n=244)
50
47
44
43
44
48
48
43
45
43
55
Standard Dev
10
7
8
9
8
8
8
8
5
8
9
Women (n=239)
46
46
44
45
46
51
47
46
45
47
45
9
7
7
8
9
10
10
9
6
9
7
Standard Dev
SUB
AGG
ACT
Custody Litigants Men (n=244) 120
Women (n=239)
PSY-5
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 AGGR-r
Men (n=244) Standard Dev Women (n=239) Standard Dev
PSYC-r
DISC-r
NEGE-r
INTR-r
AGGR -r
P S Y C-r
D IS C-r
N E GE -r
IN T R -r
49
45
50
43
50
7
8
8
8
8
46
47
43
47
48
7
9
7
9
9
Parental Fitness Evaluees
Parental Fitness MMPI-2-RF Validity Scales Men (n=226)
Women (n=336)
120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 VRIN- r
VR IN -r Mean - Men
49
Standard Dev
10
TRIN-r
F-r
Fp-r
Fs
FBS-r
RBS
L-r
K-r
T R IN -r
F-r
Fp-r
Fs
FBS-r
R BS
L-r
K-r
51 T 9
52
50
53
51
52
65
55
12
10
14
11
12
14
10
Mean - Women
51
52 F
55
52
54
57
54
64
53
Standard Dev
11
11
15
11
14
12
10
14
11
Parental Fitness MMPI-2-RF Higher-Order (HOD) and Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales Men (n=226)
120
Women (n=336) Restructured Clinical
Higher-Order
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 EID E ID
THD THD
BXD BXD
RCd R Cd
RC1 R C1
RC2 R C2
RC3 R C3
RC4 R C4
RC6 R C6
RC7 R C7
Mean - Men
45
51
53
47
51
46
52
53
55
45
RC8 RC9 R C8 RC9 49
46
Standard Dev
10
10
11
10
11
9
12
11
13
10
10
10
Mean - Women
50
51
49
51
55
49
50
52
56
49
49
44
Standard Dev
12
11
10
12
12
11
11
11
13
12
10
9
Parental Fitness MMPI-2-RF Somatic and Cognitive Scales Men (n=226)
120
Women (n=336)
Somatic
Internalizing
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 MLS
GIC
HPC
COG
SUI
HLP
SFD
NFC
M LS
GIC
H PC N U C COG
NUC
SU I
H LP
SFD
N FC S T W AXY ANP
STW
48
46
47
47
AXY
47
49
ANP
BRF
MSF
BR F
MSF
48
47
Mean - Men
49
50
51
52
49
Standard Dev
10
10
11
11
10
8
9
9
9
10
10
9
9
9
Mean - Women
53
53
54
54
51
47
46
51
50
50
54
46 47
52
52
Standard Dev
12
13
12
13
12
6
9
12
11
12
14
10
11
9
Parental Fitness MMPI-2-RF Externalizing, Interpersonal, and Interest Scales Men (n=226)
Women (n=336)
Externalizing
120
Interpersonal
Interest
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 FML
IPP
SAV
SHY
DSF
AES
MEC
JCP
JCP
SU B
SUB
AGG
AGG
ACT
ACT
FML
IPP
S AV
SH Y
DSF
AE S
M EC
Mean - Men
57
48
46
46
51
46
48
43
62
Standard Dev
45
46
13
8
9
11
9
8
10
9
9
8
9
Mean - Women
54
47
45
48
50
49
52
48
48
46
45
Standard Dev
12
9
9
12
11
9
10
9
9
9
8
Parental Fitness MMPI-2-RF Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) Scales Men (n=226)
Women (n=336)
120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 NEGE-r
INTR-r
AGGR -r
P SY C-r
D ISC-r
N EGE-r
IN T R -r
Mean - Men
AGGR-r
53
PSYC-r
49
DISC- r
55
46
50
Standard Dev
10
10
10
10
10
Mean - Women
49
50
47
51
51
Standard Dev
8
11
9
12
10
Has the MMPI-2-RF been tested? Descriptive Data for following settings: Mental Health Medical Substance Abuse Treatment Forensic Correctional Personnel Screening Non-Clinical Settings N=~68,000
Has the MMPI-2-RF subjected to peer review? As of October 2012, 160+ peer-reviewed papers on
MMPI-2-RF
General Topics Validity Scales Correctional Settings Forensic Settings
Criminal Defendants
Civil litigants and disability claimants
Child Custody Parental Fitness
Mental Health Settings Medical Settings Non-clinical Settings
The known or potential rate of error of the MMPI-2-RF? Data on reliability and standard error of
measurement of MMPI-2-RF scale scores address this question directly
Available in Technical Manual Chapter 3
Normative and Clinical Samples
Classification accuracy statistics (Sensitivity,
Specificity, Positive and Negative Predictive Powers)
Available in peer reviewed classification studies (e.g., malingering detection research)
Are there standards controlling the MMPI-2-RF?
Are there standards controlling the MMPI-2-RF? Yes, and the availability of a standard set of interpretive guidelines enhances crossinterpreter reliability A desirable feature of any psychological test Particularly when used in forensic evaluations
Is the MMPI-2-RF Generally Accepted? Frye Test
MMPI-2-RF being used increasingly in:
Forensic (criminal and civil) evaluations Public safety personnel screening Medical evaluations Mental health settings
In many states, case law guides judges to consider “Daubert-like” factors (i.e., scientific validity and reliability) Option: Administer MMPI-2 and score both versions
Indications of MMPI-2-RF Acceptance MMPI-2-RF interpretive guidelines provided in two leading textbooks: Graham, J. R. (2012). MMPI-2: Assessing Personality and Psychopathology (5th edition). New York: Oxford University Press. Greene, R.L. (2011). MMPI-2/MMPI-2-RF: An Interpretive Manual (Third Edition). New York: Allyn & Bacon.
Listed among recommended outcome measures in Traumatic brain injury research complied by Interagency Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Outcome measures Workgroup convened by NIH: Outcome Physical
Wilde et al. (2010). Recommendations for the use of Common Measures in Traumatic Brain Injury Research. Archives of Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91, 1650-1660.e17.
Listed as recommended measure in guide to establishing a practice on police pre-employment psychological evaluations: Gallo, F. J., & Halgin, R. P. (2011). A Guide for Establishing a Practice in Police Preemployment Postoffer Psychological Evaluations. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/a0022493
Discussion
