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Procedia Computer Science 124 (2017) 706–713
4th Information Systems International Conference 2017, ISICO 2017, 6-8 November 2017, Bali, Indonesia
Mobile Web Energy Monitoring System Using DFRduino Uno Kristine Mae E. Galera, Orven E. Llantos* School of Computer Studies, Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Science and Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
Abstract
Energy consumption in residential households is very important to consumers. The rise in electricity prices have deemed to consumers the need to conserve energy, with less to no information on their energy consumption patterns. A step to towards energy conservation is a real time energy monitoring system which provides feedback to the consumers, thus the consumer will be able to identify the opportunities to adjust and identify how to conserve energy. This paper presents a real time energy monitoring system that is cost-effective and reliable, it can be used to analyze and evaluate the output voltage or generated energy from a household appliance. A hardware device is used to gather energy data passed and stored to a database through cloud-based RESTful API resources. These resources are then used by the mobile web application for displaying real-time and historical energy readings. The developed monitoring system have an accuracy rate of 94% in getting the correct energy consumption through testing. The results of user’s feedback during testing provides insights to supplementary features which shows the usefulness of the energy monitoring system. © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th Information Systems International Conference 2017. Keywords: Energy Management; Home Energy Monitoring; Mobile Computing; Embedded System
1. Introduction Residential electric consumption is one factor that consumers are challenged about. One of the major challenges is how to conserve and lower electricity charges. Consumers do not have the information and real-time feedback on how much electricity energy their household is consuming in a given period of time. Monitoring energy consumption is
* Corresponding author. Tel.:+63-063-223-8641. E-mail address:
[email protected] 1877-0509 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th Information Systems International Conference 2017.
1877-0509 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th Information Systems International Conference 2017 10.1016/j.procs.2017.12.208
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important so they will be able to change habits in order to reduce the amount of electricity they are consuming and at the same time lower their energy bill. System user-friendliness is taken into consideration in this research in contrast to some existing products that do not often meet consumer’s requirements especially with mobility and data access. The system uses DFRduino microcontroller and sensors connected to RESTful API web services. It consist of a mobile web user interface with a Restful API and its database running in Heroku cloud platform. The user interface visualize sensor data, providing real-time energy consumption feedback. 2. Review of Related Literature This section presents how energy monitoring began and eventually how embedded system was integrated in the use of energy monitoring. It also includes some the existing studies of energy monitoring system implementations which inspired this study. 2.1. Embedded System and DFRduino The embedded systems design considers the systems characteristics and restrictions that are fundamental for an efficient system function. As a result, low power design of communication intensive real-time embedded systems must consider the environment and application constraints to optimize the systems design [8] such as real-time responsiveness and intensive execution of communication tasks. In this project the DFRduino Uno V3.0 from DFRobot was considered. It is a simple microcontroller board fully compatible with Arduino UNO R3 and Arduino IDE open-source development environment [2]. This environment implements the Processing / Wiring language. Arduino can be used to develop stand-alone interactive objects or can be connected to software on your computer [5]. 2.2. Display Modules A mobile web graphical user interface is implemented, where users are can access real-time data and monitor it using different browser on different mobile devices. An LCD display is connected to the micro-controller where users can see the real-time energy consumption on the LCD screen. 2.3. Energy Monitoring Implementations 2.3.1. Non-commercial Studies on energy management systems have been undertaken as well with the use of microcontrollers. Smart Home Energy Management System by Barnicha [3] is a home energy management system that provides households with detailed information about energy consumptions and permit sensing, control, and smart algorithms with the use of renewable energy as a source of electricity at the residential level using an Arduino-based network. A study by Hertzog, et. al., [6] presents a customizable energy monitoring system which may be used to analyze and evaluate the operation of a number of different photovoltaic modules. A log of output voltage and energy from the data logged on a circuit interface which they used Arduino Mega 2560 data logger to a personal computer with a front panel display and result was viewed and developed in LabView. There are several interesting approaches that allows providing energy consumption feedback for example Barsocchi, et. al., [4] presented a NIALM system able to provide real-time data gathered from a smart meter based on Arduino system embed a FSM that detects the usage of a domestic appliance. Monitoring is getting into the market as smart home system are taken into consideration just like the study of Adriansyah, et. al, [1] it offers a Small Smart Home System designed and created by utilizing WLAN network based on Arduino microcontroller. The system is able to monitor and control lights, room temperature, alarms and other household appliances from a device connected to a network that supports HTML5. The study of Putra, et. al., [7] offers the same smart home system that controls home electrical appliances while monitoring the electricity consumption using web based application. There are also
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different research prototypes such as the work of Petersen, et. al., [11] they designed a mobile user interface in displaying the total consumption of energy accumulated over time, but the downside is re-wiring of electrical connection needs to be done. Another study conducted by Björkskog, et. al., [13] also developed a mobile prototype for easier interpretation of data to non-technical users. 2.3.2. Commercial Different approaches in energy monitoring exist that provides feedbacks about the energy consumption of a household, some of them are commercially available in the market like Tendril [14]. TED [9] is a device that monitors the entire household energy consumption, the same as Wattson [12] that can only monitor individual home appliances with an additional hardware device attached to the energy monitoring system. The Kill A Watt [10] also commercially available, provides energy consumption monitoring from individual appliance, showing its calculated energy consumption through a large LCD display only. Tweet a Watt [15] uses the technology of Kill A Watt and added Zigbee for wireless connectivity and stores data online to Google, powermeter and data is shown on a user interface. Digi XBee Smart Plug Zigbee [16] is an intelligent wireless smart plug that measures energy consumption and electrical devices can be controlled through the local network. Another wireless energy monitoring device that can be purchased is Elgato Eve Energy [17] it is smart plug that monitors energy consumption and controls electrical devices. It has a mobile application, that shows the historical data of energy consumption but it is only compatible with iOS. 2.4. Cost Comparison Taking into consideration the cost of the developed energy monitoring system, low-cost hardware and open source programming was used. The system aims to provide the same functionality of getting energy consumption and provide real-time feedback to consumers. Table 1 show the cost comparison of the study and the commercially available devices and features. Table 1: Energy Monitoring System/Device Comparison Mobile Web Energy Monitoring Features System Using DFRDuino Uno
Tweet A Watt
Digi XBee Smart Plug Zigbee
Elgato Eve Energy
Measures energy consumption
Yes
Yes (Sold separately $22.99)
Yes
Yes
Control Energy Consumption
No
No
Yes
Yes
Website
Yes
Yes
No
No
Android Access
Yes
No
No
No
iOS Access
Yes
No
No
Yes
SMS feature
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
$50.95
$40
$84
$50
Wireless Price
3. System Architecture The system architecture is the conceptual model of the proposed energy monitoring system. The structure of the system is connected from a power (household appliance), a microcontroller is connected to it and the sensor is connected to a microcontroller to activate data gathering of the sensor. There is a LCD display connected to the microcontroller to show how much power was generated by the power supply. The data gathered will be sent through SMS from the GSM module through a SMS server. The SMS data is passed to the cloud RESTful server and stored on a
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database, these data are then pushed to the Mobile Web GUI. Users will be able to see the real time data of the power generated by the household appliance online through the mobile web user interface.
Fig. 1: Mobile Web Energy Monitoring System Using DFRduino Uno System Architecture
3.1. Hardware Specifications The block diagram showed the communication of each device. The The DRFDuino Uno is the heart of the system as it served as the main controller of all the components presented. The sensor that gathers the energy data of a household appliance and displays a LCD display. The data is further passed to the user as SMS and stored in the cloud which can be viewed by the users through a mobile web application user interface.
3.1.1. ACS 712 Current Sensor
Fig. 2: Block Diagram
A current sensor will be used to interpret the flowing voltage from a power source or an electronic device. The ACS 712 is a current sensor that provides economical and precise solutions for AC or DC current sensing in industrial, commercial, and communications systems [19] compatible to DRFDuino. The formula below was used in calculating the energy voltage, current measurements are reported in voltage we calculate the volts in ACS712 scale aspect. With a zero volt start, we need to get the peak by subtracting maximum and minimum peak voltage with current sensor running in a 5V supply voltage. We need to divide the peak voltage by two to get the volts peak and multiplying it with 0.707 yield rms volts and a 5A current sensor has a 185mV/A output sensitivity.
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𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = (
(
(
(
((𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚−𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝑥𝑥 5.0) ) 1024.0 2.0
185
)𝑥𝑥 0.707 𝑥𝑥 1000 )
)
5
(1)
3.1.2. DFRDuino Uno The DRFDuino Uno gathers all the input coming from the current sensor and interprets the data collected. The DRFDuino runs on an Arduino platform it also uses the Arduino software IDE that uses C++ language. The sensors connected to the microcontroller communicates to the microcontroller, the LCD display, current sensor and GSM module are coded using the Arduino IDE. Since Arduino is an open-source embedded system all libraries and firmware are freely available and environments are covered by GPL which can be modified under the same license. 3.1.3. HD44780 Display The HD44780U dot-matrix liquid crystal display controller and driver LSI displays alphanumeric [18]. A single HD44780U can display up to one 8-character line or two 8-character lines. 3.1.4. GSM module SIM800 The GSM SIM800 is the hardware responsible for sending the sensor data through SMS to a mobile number that will be indicated on its program and it will be used to send sensor data also to the cloud through the SMS provider connection. 3.2. System Development In order to beat the challenges of real-time feedback on the energy monitoring system a SMS feature and a User Interface was created. This section provides an overview of the process how the user interface and SMS feature was developed. 3.2.1. RESTful Server RESTful Server provide access to the system resources and modifiable using HTTP request methods. The energy data resources will be identified by URIs or global ID. The backend-server is implemented using Flask/Python that uses SQLAlchemy as a wrapper for connecting PostgreSQL database to hold the sensor data. Data manipulation is controlled through stored procedures for added security feature. The backend-server was deployed to the cloud using Heroku platform-as-a-service. 3.2.2. Mobile Web A mobile website was created using HTML tags with annotations to achieve auto-responsive feature. This way, HTML elements will auto-adjust their alignment depending on the mobile device’s screen size while viewing the energy consumption anytime, anywhere.
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3.2.3. SMS Server A SMS server provides two-way SMS transmission, messages are routed to a mobile phone network. It provides an API that integrates to a web application. In this study the GSM module has a 3rd party SIM from a phone network provider where messages are routed and passed through the GSM/SMS gateway and connects to the cloud database. 3.2.4. Push Server Push server technology is a communication over the internet where the request was initiated through a central server. The server pushes information out that uses HTTP to deliver real-time events for clients to view those information. 3.3. Development Cost The cost of the study is one aspect considered indicated on the first chapters, the total cost of overall system has been assessed. The table below summarizes the cost of the components used for this system. Table 2: Total cost of system components. Quantity(Pcs)
Components
Price
DFRDuino V3 Microcontroller
$19.90
1
ACS712 current sensor
$3.95
1
LCD Display
$5.29
1
GSM module SIM800
$19.60
20
Jumper Wires
$1.22
1
1
Solderless Prototype Breadboard
$1.74
Total
$50.95
4. Results and Discussion The results of the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data were through testing of the system and interviews. During the testing of the energy monitoring system it was successful in getting data and passing data through SMS and to the RESTful server going to the mobile web application. The system was tested only on small scale household appliances such as lamp shades. Data gathered from the energy monitoring system is around 94 percent accurate from the exact energy during tests for 10 minutes and data was passed every 30 seconds. Table 3: Energy data test comparison An example of a column heading
Data Gathered in Ampere (A)
Actual Ampere (mA)
Light Bulb 11 Watts
0.08 A
80mA
Light Bulb 23 Watts
0.16 to 0.18 A
170mA
Using the GSM module that is connected to the microcontroller the data acquired from the current sensor was sent through SMS. The data was received successfully by the recipient. The data from the SMS server was saved to the RESTful Server, then it was saved to the database while simultaneously pushed and interpreted in the mobile web application for visualization.
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Fig. 3: Mobile Web User Interface
Finally, the mobile web application was tested by 10 users using a questionnaire with Likert scale from 1 to 5, with 1 being ‘Poor’ and 5 being ‘Excellent’ see (Figue 4). Around 70 percent rated with ‘Very Satisfactory’ and 30 percent with a ‘Satisfactory’ rating. Table 4 shows the distribution of the user’s rating along with the questionnaire’s evaluation statements.
Fig. 4: Instrument for data measurement Table 4: Test Data Interpretation Design
5
4
3
2
1
Total
Mean
In relation to other software I have used, I found the energy monitoring mobile web user interface to be: All of the functions I expected to find in the menus were present and understandable. The overall user interface was organized and easy to find. The mobile web application does not lag or crash.
3
7
0
0
0
10
4.3
Interpretation
5
4
1
0
0
10
4.4
Very Good
5 6
3 4
2 0
0 0
0 0
10 10 Average Mean
3.9 4.6 4.3
Very Good Very Good Very Good
Very Good
5. Conclusion and Recommendation The results during the testing were successful in measuring energy within an acceptable range of error and it was able to send the data to the needed output receiver through SMS and to a mobile web application. The low cost target
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was also achieved with the use of the DFRDuino microcontroller. The device achieved the goal that enables consumers a real-time feedback and information with the energy consumption of their household appliance through SMS notification, an LCD display included on the hardware system and a mobile web application. With this system in place, homeowners can use the data to plan their household energy consumption and conserve energy. For future studies of the system, it could be tested in higher voltage home, improving the RESTful server API for the mobile web application to further enhance its security as it upload on the cloud. Further, the system has achieved its goal of presenting energy information visualized in real-time with provision of history playback. Household energy consumption is now whenever, wherever. References [1] Andi Adriansyah, Akhmad Wahyu Dani. Design of small smart home system based on arduino. EECCIS, 2014. [2] Arduino uno and genuino uno. https://www.arduino. cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardUno, 2017 (accessed 08.05.17). [3] Fatima Ezzahra Barnicha. Smart home energy management system monitoring and control of appliances using an arduino based network in the context of a microgrid (Master’s thesis, Al Akhawayn Univesity), 2015. http://www.aui.ma/sse-capstone-repository/pdf/ Smart-Home-EnergyManagement-SystemMonitoring-and-Control-of-appliances-Using-an-Arduino-Based-Network-in-the% 20context-of-aMicro-grid.pdf. [4] Paolo Barsocchi, Erina Ferro, Filippo Palumbo, and Francesco Potort. “Smart meter led probe for real-time appliance load monitoring”. Information Science and Technologies Institute - National Research Council of Italy, 2014. [5] Dfrduino uno r3- arduino compatible. https://www. dfrobot.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=838, 2017 (accessed 08.05.17). [6] Pierre Eduard Hertzog, Arthur James James Swart. A customizable energy monitoring system for renewable energy systems. SAUPEC, 2015. [7] Leonard Putra, Michael, Yudishtira, Bayu Kanigoro, “Design and Implementation of Web Based Home Electrical Appliance Monitoring, Diagnosing and Controlling System”, International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence. ICCSCI, 2015. [8] Wayne Wolf. Embedded Systems Education for the Future. Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 88, No. 1, January 2000. [9] TED: The Energy Detective website. http://www.theenergydetective.com/tedprohome.html. 2017 (accessed 25.08.17). [10] P3 International: Kill A Watt website. http://www.p3international.com/products/p4400.html. 2017 (accessed 25.08.17). [11] Dane Petersen, Jay Steele , Joey Wilkerson. WattBot: a residential electricity monitoring and feedback system. In: Proc. CHI, 2009. ACM, pp 2847–2852. [12] DIY Kyoto. http://www.diykyoto.com, 2017 (accessed 25.08.17). [13] Björkskog C, Jacucci G, Lorentin B, Gamberini L. Mobile implementation of a web 3D carousel with touch input. In: Proc. MobileHCI, 2009. ACM, pp 1–4 [14] Tendril Networks Inc. http://www.tendrilinc.com/, 2017 (accessed 25.08.17). [15] Tweet A Watt. https://learn.adafruit.com/tweet-a-watt, 2017 (accessed 25.08.17). [16] Digi: Digi XBee Smart Plug ZigBee. https://www.digi.com/products/xbee-rf-solutions/boxed-rf-modems-adapters/xbee-smart-plug-zb, 2007 (accessed 25.08.17). [17] Elgato. https://www.elgato.com/en/eve/eve-energy, 2017 (accessed 25.08.17). [18] HD44780U. https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/LCD/HD44780.pdf, 2017 (accessed 25.08.17). [19] Allegro Microsystem. ACS712: Fully Integrated, Hall Effect-Based Linear Current Sensor with 2.1 kVRMS Voltage Isolation and a LowResistance Current Conductor. https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/BreakoutBoards/0712.pdf, 2017 (accessed 25.08.17).
