Mobility on Modern Urbanism: A Study of Brasilia's ... - ScienceDirect

59 downloads 0 Views 1MB Size Report
project propitiates the mobility and breaN the protection rules would put in risN the ... will interrupt the continuity of its flow, being either an unwanted obstacle or a safe guide, .... other hand, there are underground passages, liNe tunnels.
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 294 – 305

,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH±*UHHQ8UEDQLVP*8

0RELOLW\RQPRGHUQXUEDQLVPDVWXG\RI%UDVLOLD¶V3ODQR3LORWR 0DULDGR&DURPR%H]HUUD D0DULQD0DGVHQE0DUFRGH0HOORF a

Profª. Drª. PPG/FAU – Brasilian University , [email protected] Arqtª. FAU , Brasilian University , [email protected] c Artqtº. FAU , Brasilian University ,[email protected]

b

$EVWUDFW

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³VXSHUTXDGUDV´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

© 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI*8 Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GU 2016 Keywords:Modern Urbanism; Urban Mobility; Urban Form.

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO E-mail address:[email protected]



1878-0296 © 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GU 2016 doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2017.03.060

Maria do Caromo Bezerra et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 294 – 305

,QWURGXFWLRQ :DONLQJ RQ WKH VLGHZDONV ULGLQJ D ELNH RQ WKH VWUHHWV DQG ELF\FOH ODQHV HQMR\LQJ DQG EHLQJ SDUW RI DQ XUEDQ VSDFHZLWKGLYHUVHVWUHHWIXUQLWXUHDQGPHHWLQJSRLQWVDUHH[DPSOHVRIH[SHULHQFHVEHWZHHQSHRSOHDQGXUEDQVSDFH WKDW SDUWLFLSDWH RQ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI D FLW\ LGHQWLW\ 7KH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI XVHV DQG WKH FRQILJXUDWLRQ VWUXFWXUHG E\ GLIIHUHQW IRUPV RI RFFXSDWLRQ DV ZHOO DV WKH OD\RXW RI WUDIILF URXWV FDQ SUHVHQW PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW VKDSHV WKDW FRXOG LQIOXHQFHWKHG\QDPLFVRIWKHFLW\ %XQGyDQG9HQWRV  VD\WKDWVWUHHWVOD\RXWFRQVWLWXWHVWKHLPDJHRIWKHFLW\LWVHOIRQFHLWLVRQWKHVWUHHWVWKDW OLIH LV PDQLIHVWHG DQG WKH SXEOLF DFWLYLWLHV KDSSHQ 7KH XUEDQ PHVKJDLQ LPSRUWDQFH DV LW FUHDWH VFDOHV EHLQJ UHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHGLVWDQFHWKDWDFWLYLWLHVDFTXLUHLQUHODWLRQWRSHRSOHLQWHUHVWVDQGSODFHV,QRWKHUZRUGVVWUHHWV± ZKHUHWKHUHLVPRYHPHQWDQGOLIH±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eatures of the Urban Form $FFRUGLQJWR*HQWLO  XUEDQIRUPFDQEHGHILQHGE\WKUHHPDLQIDFWRUV)LUVWE\VHWWLQJLWXSE\WKHURDG QHWZRUN 6HFRQG E\ TXDQWLWDWLYH DVSHFWV VXFK DV RFFXSDQF\ UDWHV XWLOL]DWLRQ UDWH KHLJKWV DQG GHQVLW\ ZKLFK DUH WRROVWKDWFRQWUROWKHSK\VLFDODWWULEXWHVRIDFLW\7KLUGWKHDVSHFWVRIIXQFWLRQDORUJDQL]DWLRQVXFKDVODQGXVHDQG RFFXSDWLRQ7RSODQDFLW\ZLWKDJRRGXUEDQPRELOLW\LWLVQHFHVVDU\WRVWXG\WKHVHVHWVRIHOHPHQWVWKDWVKRXOGEH JXLGHGE\]RQLQJODZVLQWKHPDVWHUSODQVRIWKHPXQLFLSDOLWLHVDQGWKDWZLOOKHOSVKDSHWKHIRUPRIWKHFLW\,WLV DOVR LPSOLHG WKDWXUEDQ PHVK LV DQ HOHPHQWDU\ FRPSRQHQW RIXUEDQ IRUP DQG LW LV LPSRUWDQW LQ WKHPRUSKRORJLFDO DQDO\VLVRQFHLWLVIURPWKHGHVLJQRIWKHURDGQHWZRUNWKDWWKHERXQGDULHVRIEORFNVDQGEXLOGLQJVDUHHVWDEOLVKHG DVZHOODVLWFRQQHFWVWKHYDULRXVSDUWVRIWKHFLW\ 7R3DQHUDL  XUEDQPHVKLVFRQVWLWXWHGE\WKHOD\RXWRIWKUHHVHWVURXWHVODQGVXEGLYLVLRQVDQGEXLOGLQJV 7RWKHVHWKUHHVHWV5HJRDQG0HQHJXHWWL  DGGWKHVSDFHVEHWZHHQVWUHHWVDQGEORFNVVXFKDVSDUNVVTXDUHV DQGPRQXPHQWV)RUWKHVHDXWKRUVWKHXUEDQIRUPLVWKHSURGXFWRIUHODWLRQVHVWDEOLVKHGE\PDQEHWZHHQEXLOWIRUP WKHVKDSHRISHUPDQHQFHDQGFLUFXODWLRQVSDFHVZKLFKLVDUWLFXODWHGE\WKHURDGQHWZRUN $FFRUGLQJ WR /DPDV   XUEDQ IRUP FDQ EH XQGHUVWRRG DV WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ RI FRQVWLWXWLYH DQG GHILQLQJ PRUSKRORJLFDO HOHPHQWV RI XUEDQ VSDFH ERWK RQ IXQFWLRQDO RUJDQL]DWLRQ VXFK DV ODQG XVH DQG RFFXSDQF\  DQG

295

296

Maria do Caromo Bezerra et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 294 – 305

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´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he relation between form and urban mobility 7KHSUDFWLFDOH[SHULHQFHDQDO\]HGE\GLIIHUHQWVWXGLHVLQGLFDWHVWKHFLWLHVWKDWRIIHUODUJHUDQGEHWWHUSRVVLELOLW\ IRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIVXVWDLQDEOHPRELOLW\DUHWKHFRPSDFWRQHV+RZHYHUWKHUHDUHQRDUJXPHQWVWRVKRZWKDWD GLVSHUVHG FLW\ PD\ QRW SURYLGH DQ DFFHSWDEOH PRELOLW\ ,W LV NQRZQ WKDW VXVWDLQDEOH PRELOLW\ LV IDFLOLWDWHG LQ D FRPSDFWFLW\FRPSDUHGWRWKHGLVSHUVHGFLW\GXHWRDVHWRIHQDEOLQJIHDWXUHVVXFKDVSRLQWHGE\*HQWLO  KLJK GHQVLW\PL[HGODQGXVDJHFRQWLQXLW\LQIRUPVRIRFFXSDWLRQDQGFRQQHFWLYLW\RISXEOLFVSDFHV 7KHVH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV VKRXOGQ¶W EH DQDO\]HG DORQH WKH\ PXVW EH WRJHWKHU VLQFH WKH\ DUH SDUW RI D ZKROH +RZHYHUWKH\FDQEHZRUNHGVHSDUDWHO\,WLVZRUWKLWWRVWDWHWKDWLIWKHLPSURYHPHQWLIGRQHSURSHUO\LPSURYHV RWKHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFV,QRWKHUZRUGVHDFKRIIRXUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVFDQEHZRUNHGLQGLYLGXDOO\EXWWKLVDIIHFWVWKHVHW DVDZKROH 1RWLFLQJ WKDW ZLWKLQ WKH IRXU IHDWXUHV WKDW IDFLOLWDWH XUEDQ PRELOLW\ WKH RQH UHODWHG WR WKH WUHDWPHQW RI SXEOLF VSDFHV ± FRQQHFWLYLW\ ±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

,QIOXHQFHRQ6XVWDLQDEOH8UEDQ0RELOLW\

7KHGHQVLW\LVLQIOXHQFHGE\XUEDQLQGLFHV RFFXSDQF\UDWHXWLOL]DWLRQUDWHVKHLJKWV &UHDWLQJDQXUEDQ GLYHUVLW\RIKRXVLQJW\SRORJ\GLIIHUHQWGHQVLWLHVGLIIHUHQWVL]HVRISXEOLFRUSULYDWHODQGLPSOLHVORZHUVSDWLDO 'HQVLW\

VHJUHJDWLRQDQGFRXOGDOVRLQIOXHQFHXUEDQPRELOLW\VLQFHLWLVDGHQVLW\FRQGLWLRQHUDWWULEXWH7KHLQFUHDVHRI GHQVLW\PD\LQIOXHQFHWKHUHGXFWLRQRIYHKLFOHWULSVLISODQQHGDORQJZLWKWKHSURYLVLRQRISXEOLFWUDQVSRUW DQGPL[HGODQGXVH/RZGHQVLW\LPSDFWVQHJDWLYHO\XUEDQPRELOLW\

Maria do Caromo Bezerra et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 294 – 305

&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIXUEDQODQGXVH PL[HGXVHPXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ VLQJOHXVH 

&RQWLQXLW\

3URPRWLQJPL[HGXVHDQGJUHDWHUSUR[LPLW\EHWZHHQWKHYDULRXVDFWLYLWLHVFDQUHGXFHWKHQHHGIRUFDUDQG IDFLOLWDWHWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDPRUHHIILFLHQWDQGLQWHJUDWHGWUDQVSRUWDWLRQQHWZRUN6LQJOHXVHRUVWULFW]RQLQJ FDQJHQHUDWHPRUHVKLIWVLQWKHXUEDQJULGLPSDFWLQJQHJDWLYHO\XUEDQPRELOLW\

7HQGHQF\WROLPLWWKHXUEDQH[SDQVLRQSURFHVV*URZWKQHDUWKHFHQWHU)LOOLQJWKHHPSW\VSDFHV UHKDELOLWDWLQJGHJUDGHGDUHDV7KHH[SDQVLRQRIFLWLHVLVDIDFWRUWKDWJHQHUDWHVPRUHFDUWULSV

7KHXUEDQGHVLJQIHDWXUHVFDQDVVLVWLQFDUWUDYHOUHGXFWLRQHVSHFLDOO\LILWDOORZVFRQQHFWLRQVZLWKWKHSXEOLF &KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIXUEDQGHVLJQ FRQQHFWLYLW\DFFHVVLELOLW\ 

WUDQVSRUWVHUYLFHWKURXJKEHWWHUFRQQHFWLYLW\DQGDFFHVVLELOLW\EHWZHHQVWUHHWVVLGHZDONVDQGELNHSDWKV 'HSHQGLQJRQWKHXUEDQGHVLJQFRQFHSWLWFDQEHDWWULEXWHGLQFHUWDLQXUEDQDUHDVPRUHRUOHVVXVHRIQRQ PRWRUL]HGWUDQVSRUWRUSXEOLFWUDQVSRUWUHGXFLQJGHSHQGHQFHRQFDU

6RXUFH±*HQWLO& 

7KH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKHVH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DOORZV WKH VWXG\ RI WKH XUEDQ IRUP RI WKH FLW\ RI %UDVLOLD DQG GLVFXVVLQJSRVVLELOLWLHVIRULPSURYLQJSHGHVWULDQPRELOLW\LQWKHFLW\   %UDVtOLD¶V6SDWLDO&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKH8UEDQ)RUP 'HFLGHGWKHWUDQVIHURIWKHFDSLWDODQGFKRVHQWKHDUHDZKHUHLWZRXOGEHSODFHGWKH)HGHUDO'LVWULFWLQLW ZDV ODXQFKHG WKH FRPSHWLWLRQ QRWLFH IRU WKH VHOHFWLRQ RI WKH EHVW XUEDQ SODQ IRU WKH FLW\7KH ZLQQLQJ GHVLJQ ZDV FUHDWHG E\ /XFLR &RVWD %UDVLOLD¶V WůĂŶŽ WŝůŽƚŽZDV GHVLJQHG ZLWK FRQFHSWV RI PRGHUQ DUFKLWHFWXUH WKDW ZHUH GHIHQGHGDQGGLVVHPLQDWHGE\/XFLR&RVWDKLVSODQKDVLQIOXHQFHVLQLWVUHSHWRLUE\WKHIUDQFRVZLVV/H&RUEXVLHU VXFK DV 9LOOH&RQWHPSRUDLQH   DQG 9LOOH5DGLHXVH   WKH SURMHFW RI WKH 1HZ &DSLWDO LV D YHUVLRQ RI ³EHDX[DUWVRIDOLQHDUFLW\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKKLJKZD\IHDWXUHVVROXWLRQVDOVRLQIOXHQFHGE\&RUEXVLHUDFFRUGLQJWR )LFKHU   $QRWKHUUHFXUUHQWSURSRVDOZLWKLQWKHPRGHUQLVWFRQFHSWLRQVLVVHFWRUL]DWLRQ7KXV%UDVLOLDLVPDUNHGE\DUHDV RIH[FOXVLYHDFWLYLWLHVDQGSUHVHQWLQJPRGHUQODQJXDJHIRUWKHODQGXVHRIOLQHDUEXLOGLQJVUDLVHGDERYHSLORWLV±D VHTXHQFHRISLOODUV±VXUURXQGHGE\DJUHHQDUHDDQG±LQWKHFDVHRI%UDVLOLD±WRSKHLJKWRIWKHEXLOGLQJVOLPLWHGWR IORRUVEHLQJ IHDWXUHGDV D ORZGHQVLW\ FLW\ DQG LWVXUEDQGLVFRQWLQXLW\ $OORI WKHVH DUH PRUSKRORJLFDO DVSHFWV RI GLVSHUVLRQZKLFKLVDFRPSOLFDWLQJIDFWRUIRUVXVWDLQDEOHPRELOLW\ %DVHGRQWKHVHSULQFLSOHV%UDVLOLDLVDFLW\WKDWKDVDGLIIHUHQWXUEDQGHVLJQZKLFKLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\WZRD[LV WKDWLQWHUVHFWHDFKRWKHU³VLPLODUWRWKRVHZKRPDUNDSODFHDQGWDNHSRVVHVVLRQRILW>«@RQHRIWKHD[LVKRZHYHU LVVOLJKWO\DUFKHGWRIROORZWKHWRSRJUDSK\´ 7KH DUFKHGD[LV ± +LJKZD\ $[LV DOVR NQRZQ DV ³(L[mR´ PHDQLQJ ³ELJ D[LV´±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±FUHDWHGE\WKH+LJKZD\DQG0RQXPHQWDOD[LVDOOWKHRWKHUFLW\IXQFWLRQVWDNH SODFH±FRPPHUFHRIILFHVHQWHUWDLQPHQWDQGFXOWXUH±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



1

/XFLR&RVWDUHIHUULQJWRWKHGHVLJQDGRSWHGLQWKH%UDVLOLD3LORW3ODQ5HSRUW

297

298

Maria do Caromo Bezerra et al. / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 294 – 305

FKDQJHVLQLWVXUEDQIRUPFUHDWLQJLPSHGLPHQWVDQGVSHFXODWLRQIRUSURFHGXUHVLQWKHXUEDQILHOG7KHVHSURFHGXUH OLPLWDWLRQVLQXUEDQDUHDVUHIOHFWHGLQWKHSHGHVWULDQPRELOLW\ZLWKLQWKHFLW\ 

)LJ±%UDVLOLD¶V3LORW3ODQ





2.1. Mobility in Brasilia  $ GLVSHUVHG FLW\ XUEDQ IRUP FKDUDFWHUL]HV WKH %UDVLOLD¶V 3LORW 3ODQ /RZ GHQVLW\ VWURQJ FRPSDUWPHQWDOL]DWLRQPDQ\HPSW\VSDFHVLVRODWHGSXEOLFVSDFHVDQGODFNRIFRQQHFWLYLW\EHWZHHQRFFXSDWLRQVDQG WKHLUXVHV%UDVLOLD¶V3LORW3ODQGHVLJQHGE\/~FLR&RVWDZDVFRQFHLYHGWRVXSSRUWSHRSOHWRGD\VHUYHVDV WKHFHQWHURIDPHWURSROLVZLWKPRUHWKDQPLOOLRQSHRSOHZLWKDFDUIOHHWRIPLOOLRQWUDQVLWLQJGDLO\LQWKH 3LORW3ODQDKHULWDJHVLWH ,QIDFHRIDFLW\WKDWZDVFUHDWHGZLWKDURDGV\VWHPZKHUHWKHSULRULW\ZDVWKHFDUDQGDFXOWXUHRISODQQLQJWKDW SHUSHWXDWHGWKLVLGHDZLWKRXWSUHYHQWLQJWUDIILFVHHQLQWRGD\¶VELGFLWLHV7KRVHZKRVXIIHUVWKHPRVWZLWKWKHODUJH VSDFHVRIWKHFLW\DUHSHGHVWULDQVWKDWEH\RQGYDVWGLVWDQFHVDQGGLVFRQWLQXLW\RIVSDFHFDQQRWFRXQWRQDSSURSULDWH WUDIILFFRQGLWLRQVVLQFHVLGHZDONVZHUHQRWGHVLJQHGLQWKHFLW\±HYHU\WKLQJZDVGHYHORSHGDVLIWKHGLVSODFHPHQWV ZHUHWRRFFXUE\FDUHYHU\WLPH 7KH SDWKRORJLHV UHODWHG WR ORFRPRWLRQ WKDW WKLV XUEDQ PRGHO VKRZV DUH HDVLO\ SHUFHLYHG FRQJHVWLRQ OLPLWHG ZDONDEOH PRELOLW\ VSDFH PRQRWRQ\ ODFN RI VHFXULW\ JHQHUDWHG E\ WKH SUHGRPLQDQFH RI YRLGV LQ UHODWLRQ WR ILOOHG VSDFHVODFNRIDUWLFXODWLRQDQGLQWHJUDWLRQ ,Q WKH UHVLGHQWLDO VFDOH WKH ³VXSHUTXDGUDV´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³VXSHUTXDGUDV´LWFDQEHQRWHGWKDWWKHFRQQHFWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHPDUHPDUNHGE\ODFNRI VLGHZDONV DQGRU VLGHZDONV ZLWKRXW FRQWLQXLW\ QR PDLQWHQDQFH DQG RIWHQ ZLWK REVWDFOHV OHDGLQJ WROHVV DWWUDFWLYH SXEOLF VSDFHV QRU WHPSWLQJ WR ZDONV2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG %UDVLOLD KDV ODUJH KRUL]RQWDO DQG ZRRGHG DUHDV WKDW FDQ SRWHQWLDWHWRDGLVSODFHPHQWV\VWHPWRSHGHVWULDQV &RQVLGHULQJWKHVSDWLDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHFLW\WKDWIDFLOLWDWHPRELOLW\DVZHOODVWKHPRGHORIFLW\WKDW%UDVLOLD VKRZVXSWKHUHVHDUFKIRFXVHGRQWKHVWXG\RI63$7,$/&211(&7,9,7