modeling pedestrian crossing and walking behaviour ...

Safety on roads: 2nd international conference 21- 23 October- Bahrain

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MODELING PEDESTRIAN CROSSING AND WALKING BEHAVIOUR AT MOSUL CBD

Saad Issa Sarsam Assistant professor - Civil Engineering Department Engineering College - Mosul University, Mosul – IRAQ Email: [email protected]

Abstract: Foot travel is the only efficient means of internal transportation for short trips in CBD area. The pedestrian are a measure component of the problem of high congested CBD area. This paper presents a study to determine the characteristics of the pedestrian crossing and walking modes, nature and flow characteristics of pedestrian in Mosul also have been studied. The level of service , convenience factors such as the ability to select walking speed and avoid conflicts with others are related to pedestrian density and volume . The fundamental relationships between speed, density, space and volume for pedestrian flow on sidewalks have been determined. One of the important objectives of this study was to gather sufficient data about the character and nature of pedestrian. The walking time – distance measurements were obtained in the field using the manual method of timing the pedestrian over a measured test length. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using a computer program and a final model was selected. The statistical evaluation of the models indicated that they were good predictors of pedestrian volume. It was concluded that such models could be used for planning and design of pedestrian facilities. Key words: conflicts, pedestrian, speed, volume, crossing speed, walking speed

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1.0 INTRODUCTION The pedestrian mode of travel is a vital but neglected component of urban transport and urban activity system. The walking mode, when appropriately implemented, offers obvious health, environmental, and energy advantages through its less demanding resource needs, and its reduced negative environmental impacts and safety hazards compared to other modes. The importance of pedestrian circulation in the CBD area has not been recognized even though foot transportation is the only efficient means of internal circulation for short trips in the CBD area. 2.0 BACKGROUND The most vital element of urban transportation, namely pedestrian movement has been treated incomprehensively in many transportation studies. Flow characteristics of pedestrians have been studied and documented by several researches (Khisty, 1982; Behnam & Patel, 1977). However, investigation into the nature and characteristics of pedestrian in Mosul is very limited (Taha etal, 1992). (Rao & Sehgal, 1957) stated that there are many aspects of pedestrian behavior involved in performing the required navigation and control tasks involved in walking, such various aspects are: a-Psychological trials such as intelligence, learning ability, motivation, desires and attitudes. b- Sensory abilities such as vision and hearing. These must be taken into account in predicting both normal and the type of abnormal behavior that leads to many traffic accidents. 3.0 THE PEDESTRIAN FIELD SURVEY Knowledge of the characteristics of the typical pedestrian could help in optimizing land use in pedestrian E-174

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design and result in more efficient and safer designs. The aim of this work is to conduct the pedestrian speed and volume study in the concentrated areas of CBD such as sidewalk and to examine the relationships of walking speed, flow and density. The mean walking speed of male and females in the three age groups of (elderly, adults, and school-age pedestrian) was determined. Pedestrian were manually timed over measured test length, volume and speed were then calculated for each of the above categories (age and sex). The width and length of the three selected test sections were as illustrated in figure 1 .Such sections represents common shopping, entertainment and business activity of the major three CBD`s at Mosul. The crossing behavior of pedestrian was also studied, the time taken by various pedestrian age and sex groups to cross the carriageway was measured and the direction taken by the pedestrian in the crossing process (perpendicular or at an inclined positions to the traffic flow stream) was also determined. Data were subjected to statistical analysis to explain such pedestrian characteristics and to establish a design criterion for such facilities. 4.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS ON FIELD SURVEY Figure 2 illustrates the speed-density, speed-flow, and density-volume relationships as calculated from the survey. Such relationships were typical and the mathematical models were shown in Table 3 and compared to those found by other researchers. Several potential models, linear and nonlinear were applied to the data in Table 1 before the final models were selected. The statistical evaluation of the models indicated that they were

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good predictors of pedestrian volume and speed and will provide relatively accurate results. The density of the pedestrian flow shows that pedestrian walking speed, particularly in the minor flow, come to a stand still, and queues build up when the pedestrian concentration are high in both streams, and the sidewalk widths are narrow. One of the reasons for this condition is that sidewalks widths are usually determined by building codes rather than with respect to pedestrian traffic demand. Table 2 shows the crossing behavior of pedestrian in Mosul. The crossing speed of 0.83 m/sec is almost lower than that found by other researchers. The crossing direction is also shown in the table. Normally, the tendency of the pedestrian is to take the shortest course even if it involves a certain amount of risk, but as indicated by Table 2, 24% of the pedestrian were unaware of the danger of lengthy exposure to traffic movement. Table 4 summarizes the mean walking speed by various researches, it was felt that at Mosul, the horizontal form of urban development, inefficient use of urban land, poor and inappropriate design of pedestrian facility may explain the trend of lower walking speed. Significantly, no significant differences between the age groups of either sex are evident from the distribution of walking speed as shown in Table 2. The level of service of the three sidewalks at different CBD`s is shown in Figure 1, it was calculated using the procedure followed by (Khisty and Lall, 1998). It indicates the poor level of service which could be attributed to the restricted effective walkway width created by the street furniture and the

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fixed and portable obstacle on the sidewalk. 5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The study concentrated on personal travel behavior, and the characteristics of individuals, the difference in walking patterns between people according to sex and age was explored. It thereby may fill a gap in the information and understanding of how people of different ages and sex walk, and how much time they spend. A series of summary logistic regressions were used to reduce this large body of results to a compact form which could be used in planning and design for safer pedestrian facilities. Safety assessments can profitably be linked with these measures to detect the degree of exposure to risk in this vulnerable travel mode. Careful thought should be given to the location of cross zone in order to prevent the pedestrian traffic emanating from various CBD aspects cutting across carriageways with heavy vehicular traffic. The whole land use strategies and the present sidewalk width in Mosul should be revised through intensive planning. REFERENCES 1-Behnam J. & Patet B.G."A method for estimating pedestrian volume in CBD" T.R.R. 629-1977 (P22-26). 2-Ergun G. & Al-Senan S. "Study of safety effectiveness of pedestrian crosswalks using traffic conflicts" AJSE Vol.15 No.4A October1990(P517-524). 3-Katamine N.M. & Al-Salman N.K."The pedestrian road crossing behavior in Jordan" Mu`ta Journal for research and studies Vol.10 No.2-1995 Jordan. 4-Khisty C.J&LallB.K."Transportation Engineering- an introduction"

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5-Prentic-Hall international Inc.Newjersy Ch. 12 -1998 (P524-540). USA. 6- Khisty C.J. "Pedestrian cross flow in corridors" T.R.R. 847-1982 (P54-56). 7-Koushki P.A. "Walking characteristics in central Riyadh" ASCE-Journal of transportation Engineering Vol.114 No.6 November 1988(P735-744). 8- Rao M.S.V. &Sehgal T.R."A study of accident statistics and some aspects of road user behavior in Delhi" Journal of IRC Vol.21 part 3-1957(P397-412). 9-Rutherford G.S.; De leuw & Schofer J.L. "Analysis of some characteristics of pedestrian travel" T.R.R.605-1976 (P29-34).

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10-Sevevirante "Acceptable walking distance in central area" ASCE-Journal of transportation Engineering Vol.111 No.4-1985 (P365-376). 11-Taaha L.A.; Saleh S.A.K. & Salman N.K. "Pedestrian characteristics in Mosul CBD area" 2nd Jordanian conference on Civil Engineering, Proceeding Vol.2June 1992 Jordan. 12-Tanaboriboon Y.; Hwa S.S. &Chor C.H. "Pedestrian characteristics study in Singapore" ASCE-Journal of transportation Engineering Vol.112 No. 3-May 1986(P229-235).

TABLE (1-A) Pedestrian characteristics at Sarachkhana, Mosul CBD Gender

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

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Age

Young

Adult

Elderly

12.63 12.01 15.23 13.90 7.31 9.51

13.76 10.78 17.55 13.45 9.87 8.70

10.06 9.808 12.62 11.52 7.40 6.95

S.D.

2.39

1.20

2.64

Mean

80.66 28.00 242 82 40 6 36 36 6.704 2.394 17.65 7.92 2.36 0.546

210.6 94.16 426 254 92 26 36 36 17.24 9.09 37.6 27.26 5.24 2.08

87.82 140.16 152 274 30 44 36 36 8.96 14.36 16.62 31.5 2.53 3.97

Mean Range Max. Range Min.

Range Max. Range Min. Sample Size Mean Range Max. Range Min.

SITE -1

Walking speed m/min

Volume Pedestrian/15min

Density Pedestrian/m

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TABLE (1-B) Pedestrian Characteristic at Dawasa, Mosul CBD’s Gender Age Young Adult Elderly SITE-2 Mean Male 21.358 22.64 19.704 Female 20.39 23.65 20.867 Walking Speed Range Max. m/min Male 27.43 31.27 25.42 Female 21.94 26.15 27.43 Range Min. Male 18.29 18.83 16.64 Female 19.57 20.3 18.29 S.D. 2.98 1.70 4.38 Male Mean 58.875 523 66.125 Female 3.6 7.67 4.83 Volume Range Max. Male 152 1248 194 Pedestrian/15min Female 6 22 10 Range Min. Male 18 302 22 Female 2 2 2 Male Sample size 48 48 48 Female 18 18 27 Mean Male 2.609 24.51 3.258 Female 0.1784 0.3175 0.255 Density Range Max. Male 9.187 66.27 8.842 Pedestrian /m Female 0.306 0.925 0.455 Range Min. Male 0.919 9.65 1.193 Female 0.091 0.091 0.091 TABLE (1-C) Pedestrian Characteristic at Majmoaa- Mosul CBD’s Gender

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

Age Mean Range Max. Range Min S .D Mean Range Max. Range Min. Sample Size Mean Range Max. Range Min.

Young 33. 294 30. 366 41.7 42. 62 28. 35 21. 03

Adult 31.706 28. 64 37. 31 44. 44 25. 61 21. 21

Elderly 27. 312 26. 61 40. 23 38. 04 23. 59 14. 15

4. 55 15. 12 5. 6 20 16 4 2 57 17 0. 462 0. 199 2. 116 0. 508 0. 111 0. 065

2.76 447. 84 40. 08 678 178 92 2 80 67 14. 27 1. 428 62. 53 5. 97 2. 8 2. 067

2. 59 20. 96 7. 869 32 28 8 2 54 36 0. 765 0. 306 1. 44 0. 98 0. 402 0. 068

TABLE (2) Crossing behavior of pedestrian E-174

SITE-3 Walking Speed m/min

Volume Pedestrian /15min

Density Pedestrian /m

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Vehicle flow/rush hour Mean pedestrian Crossing speed (m/sec)

Crossing Direction

570 1.21

1040 1.35

1656 1.5

2400 1.65

1.01 1.09 1.19 1.32 0.75 0.78 0.83 0.87 76.1% perpendicular to traffic 23.9% other

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Country U.K. Jordan Mosul (present study)

TABLE (3) A Comparative Summary of the design mathematical models. FUNCTION SINGAPORE U.S.A. BRITAIN MOSUL S=f (k) S=73.9-15.3k S=81.4-20.4k S=78.6-20.2k S=2.5-0.04k Q=f (k) Q=73.9K-15.3K² Q=81.4k-20.4k² Q=78.6k-20.2k² Q=2.5K-0.04K² Q=f (s) Q=S (73.9-S)/15.3 Q=S (81.4-S)/20.4 Q=S (78.6-S)/20.2 Q=S (2.5-S)/0.04 Free speed (m/min) 73.9 81.4 70.6 11.5 Maximum Volume rate (Ped./m/min) 89 81 78 108 S= Speed Q= Flow volume K= Density

TABLE (4) Mean walking speed by various researchers City Author U.S.A. Hoel U.S.A. Fruin U.S.A. Havin & Wheeler U.S.A. Sleight London Older Singapore Tanabovibeon Riyadh Koushki Mosul Sarsam (present study)

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Mean walking speed m/min 88 81 79 82 79 74 65 12.8 sit 1 21.4 site 2 29.6 site 3

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