Home
Add Document
Sign In
Create An Account
Modeling Vehicular CO Emissions for Time Headway ... - Science Direct
Recommend Documents
No documents
Modeling Vehicular CO Emissions for Time Headway ... - Science Direct
Download PDF
1 downloads
0 Views
292KB Size
Report
Comment
[8] raDha hesham,
ahn
Kyoungho, trani antonio.comparison of mobile5a, mobile6, ... [13] misra aarshabh,
matthew
roorda, heather maclean. an integrated ...
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Technology 19 (2015) 341 – 348
MA%GM>KG:MBHG:E HG?>K>G %GM>K=BL>KBG@ %*0!. !*# +K 0BK@N)NK>L .HF:GB:
)H=>EBG@ O>ABFBLLBHGL ?HK MBF>A>:=P:R ;:L>= >GOBKHGF>GM:E MK:??BF>GMLRLM>F AF>=!ED:?HNKR: ;=>E:SBF)*>@F: ):AFHN=":K@AER:=R: )HA:F>=$:?>SER;
'.#*('&',%'!#'*#'!)*,&',!1),)''#.*+#,1( #''"'(%(!1 %0'*#!1), *'+)(*,,#(''!#'*#'!),-%,1( '!#'*#'!'#.*+#,1( %0%0'*#!1),
./-/ 0ABLI:I>KK>O>:ELMA>K>E:MBHGLABI;>MP>>G O>ABL MBF> A>:=P:R:G=:K;HGFHGHQB=>>FBLLBHG ?:GML P>K> >GMK:GH?*>PHK@!E K:;BMR !@RIM BLMKB;NMBHGH?MBF>A>:=P:RL ?HK,:LL>G@>K:ORO>AB P>K> BGO>LMB@:M>= 0A>BGLM:GM:G>HNLO>ABFBLLBHGFH=>E20 )B=MH FBLLBHG ?:ABL BG =B??>K>GM MK:??B:E MBF> >FBLLBHG FH=>EL P>K> =>O>EHI>= NLBG@ O>ABL MBF> A>:=P:R :L >QIE:G:MHKR O:KB:;E> )H=>EL BGMKH=N @HH= ?BM A:OBG@ . H? :;HNM :G= EHP .)/! HFIHG>GML?HK:GBGM>EEB@>GM MK:??BF>GM LRLM>F%0)/?HKFBLLBHGLP>K>IKHIHL>= T Published 0A>NMAHKL,N;EBLA>=;R!EL>OB>K(M= © 2015 by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license />E>>K K>OB>PNG=>KK>LIHGLB;BEBMRH?W,>MKN):BHKX1GBO>KLBMRH?0BK@N)NK>L ":>KBG@ (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of “Petru Maior” University of Tirgu Mures, Faculty of Engineering '>RPHK=L 0K:??BFBLLBHGL FH=>E !GOBKHGF>GM:EF:G:@>F>GMLRLM>FL BGM>EEB@>GMMK:GLIHKM:MBHGLRLM>FL%0/ 20 )BABFBLLBHGFH=>E
)/-* 0/%*) 0K:GLIHKM:MBHG L>BG>O>KRG:MBHGVL>:=R@KHPMABGO>ABKL A:L INM >GOBKHGF>GM:E LMK>LL ;R =>:LBG@ :BK JN:EBMR MAKHN@A O>ABFBLLBHGL 1G?HKMNG:M>ER #EH;:E =>F:G= H? MK:GLIHKM BL IKHC>= MH BG:L> ;R ;R R>:K 78 0ABL BL E>= ;R BG:L> BG KH:= MK:GLIHKM :G= JN>GMER FHK> O>ABFBLLBHGL 1GEBD> >FBLLBHGL ?KHF BG=NLMKR O>ABFBLLBHGL :K>
HKK>LIHG=BG@:NMAHK0>E
?:Q
&#%*++ :AF>=>ED:?HNKR>CNLM>=N>@
2212-0173 © 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of “Petru Maior” University of Tirgu Mures, Faculty of Engineering doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2015.02.049
342
Ahmed Elkafoury et al. / Procedia Technology 19 (2015) 341 – 348
IKH=NL:M@KHNG=E>O>E %ML BFI:K>GMIHINE:MBHG:K>FHK>>??> :G=A:KF?NE78 %GNK;:G:K>:L PA>K>1GBM>=*:MBHGLK>IHKM>LMBF:M>L:IIKHQBF:M>ER H?MA>PHKE=VLIHINE:MBHGPBEEEBO>BGL;R 78 :;HNM H? :EE +>FBLLBHGLL?KHFFHMHKO>AB>QA:NLM :K;HGFHGHQB=> + >GM>KLMA>;EHH=LMK>:F MAKHN@A MA> ENG@L :G= K>=NL HQR@>G =>EBO>KR MH MA> ;H=RL HK@:GL :G= MBLLN>L =N> MH BML AB@A :??BGBMR ?HK A>FH@EH;BG/BGMA>:??BGBMRH?A>FH@EH;BG?HK+BLFHK>MA:G
MBF>L:L@K>:M:LBML:??BGBMR?HKHQR@>G + BFI:BKL MA>MK:GLIHKMH?+ BG;EHH= 2>ABL >FBLLBHGK:M>L =>I>G=F:BGERHGMA> A>:=P:R :G= ?HEEHPBG@ ;>A:OBHK 0A>K>?HK> :OBG@ LNLM:BG:;E> MK:GLIHKM:MBHG :G= GOBKHGF>GM:E IHEENMBHG ?KHF MK:??B< BL =>M>KFBG>= ;R MA> :=O:G BG M>:G H? %GM>EEB@>GM0K:GLIHKM:MBHG/RLM>F%0/PAB
?BG>=:LMA>:IIEB MK:GLIHKM:MBHG BG HK=>K MH :O> >GA:G= L:?>MR FH;BEBMR :G= =BENMBHG H? >GOBKHGF>GM:E BFI:L> LRLM>FL=>I>G= F:BGERHGK>:E MBF>:==:M:BL:G:ERS>= :G=:K>LIHGL>BL?HKF>=BG MA> BGM>EEB@>GM MK:GLIHKM:MBHG F:G:@>F>GM NGBM 0A> =>= MH LBK>=E>O>ELH?>FBLLBHGL .>GM LNKO>R H? MK:GLIHKM:MBHG K>E:M>= EBM>K:MNK> BG !@RIM BG=BL :K :;L>G H? LMN=RBG@ MK:??B< E:M>= >FBLLBHGL %M :ELH BG=BL :K :;L>G H? LMN=RBG@ ABFBLLBHG MAKHN@A %0/ :IIEB H;C> H? MABL I:I>K BL MH BGO>LMB@:M> MA> K>E:MBHGLABI ;>MP>>G + >FBLLBHG?:ABL:G=LIHG=BG@ MBF>A>:=P:R ,#&#',*.%,/',/(."#%+)++#'!)(#',+ &+-* *(& ," *(', -&)* ,( ," *(', -&)* PAB H? MA> BFIHKM:GM MK:??BABL0ABL FB@AM;>A>EI?NE?HKMA> >FBLLBHG F:G:@>F>GMH?MK:??B:L >LI>EEB@>GM0K:GLIHKM:MBHG ):G:@>F>GM /RLM>FL %0)/ :IIEBI:I>KBL=BOB=>=BGMHMAK>>F:BGL>?BKLML>A>:=P:RG:G:ERS>=;:L>=HG?B>E=F>:LNK>F>GMLH?MK:??BK=BK>MPHKD EBGDBG *>P HK@!E K:;BMR !@RIM%GMA>L>;>>G:IIEB>=MH HNL+>FBLLBHG?:ABLBGMA>MK:??BF>:LNK>= LI>>= :G=:K:MBHG :L BGINML ?HK MA> FH=>E G:ERLBL H? HNMINML A:L ;>>G I>K?HKF>= "BG:EER BG MA> MABK= L> K>E:MBHGLABI ;>MP>>G MA> MBF> A>:=P:R H? BG=BOB=N:E O>ABL :G= LIHG=BG@ + >FBLLBHG ?: ;>>G FH=>E>= ?HK ,:LL>G@>K :KL ,L $>:OR 2>ABL $2L :G= ?HK :EE O>AB BG MA> MK:??B< 0A> MAK>> FH=>EL A:O> ;>>G LM:MBLMBLL>=MH>O:EN:M>FH=>ELI>K?HKF:G %!' (!.0-!(!)/. "B>E=F>:LNK>F>GMLH?MK:??B;>LI>K=BK>=B:G :G=E:G>PB=MAH?FI>K>:?BKLMBG=NLMKB:ESHG>H?*>PHK@!E K:;BMRPABKO>= O:EN>L BG MA> LMN=R :K>:
Ahmed Elkafoury et al. / Procedia Technology 19 (2015) 341 – 348
-!,0!)3
O>ABL K>IK>L>GMBG@ :;HNMH?,L:G=O>ABLK>IK>L>GMBG@:;HNMH?$2LA:O>MBF>A>:=P:RE>LL MA:GL><0ABLBG=BLMA:MMA>=HFBG:MBG@ H?,L:G=$2L=KBO>KLBGMA>LMN=R:K>:BLMH ?EHP PBMA LF:EE A>:=P:RL %G MA> L>ABL K>IK>L>GMBG@ :;HNM H? ,L :G= O>ABL K>IK>L>GMBG@:;HNMH?$2LA:O>MBF>A>:=P:R;>MP>>GL><%GMA>MABK=K:GD :;HNM:G=H? ,L:G=$2LK>LI>ERA:O>MBF>A>:=P:R;>MP>>G L><+GERO>ABLK>IK>L>GMBG@:;HNM H? ,L :G= O>ABL K>IK>L>GMBG@ :;HNM H? $2L A:O> MBF> A>:=P:R FHK> MA:G L>< 0ABL F:M
L MA> A>:=P:R=BLMKB;NMBHG>QIE:BG>=;R$B@AP:R:I:G A>:=P:R;>MP>>G MHL>< :G=E>LL?K>JN>GA>:=P:RFHK>MA:GL><"B@ K>IK>L>GMLMA>=BLMKB;NMBHG H? H;L>KO>= GNF;>K H? O>AB BG =B??>K>GM A>:=P:R @HKR "B@ BEENLMK:M>L I>KGM:@> H? ,L :G= $2L BG =B??>K>GMA>:=P:R@HKB>L
,L $2L EE2>ABL
(>LLMA:G MH MH MH )HK>MA:G L>< O>A L>< O>A L>< O>A L>< O>A L>< O>A $! 23%)/!-1'
"B@*NF;>KH?H;L>KO>=O>ABLBG=B??>K>GMMBF>A>:=P:R@HKB>L
(>LLMA:GL>< O>A MH L>< O>A MHL>< O>A MH L>< O>A
.
.
)HK>MA:G L>< O>A
"B@ K>:D=HPGH?MBF>A>:=P:RBGM>KO:EL;RMRI>H?O>ABL
)*-+*-/%)#(%-*!(%..%*) (* !' 20 )BHNL>FBLLBHGFH=>E=>O>EHI>=BG2BK@BGB:0>
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
343
344
Ahmed Elkafoury et al. / Procedia Technology 19 (2015) 341 – 348
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
@F L>QIE:BG>= ;R MA:M A>:OR O>ABL BG MA> LMN=R :K>: :K> =B>L>E IHP>K>= %G PAB
>=L : M> K M>FI>K:MNK>L HKR EHP ?HK =B>L>E IHP>K>= >G@BG>L :L + >FBLLBHG IKH=N=:MEHP>KFI>K:MNK>78 "HK :EE MRI>L H? O>ABL MA> HO>K:EE MK>G= H? MA> FBQ>= MK:??BKR LEB@AM BG:L> H? :O>K:@>+ >FBLLBHG ?:BG:L>H?MBF>A>:=P:R:MEHPMBF>A>:=P:RO:EN>LE>LLMA:G L>< O>A 0A>G : LB@GB?B H? :O>K:@> + >FBLLBHG ?:A>:=P:RBGM>KO:E L>< O>AMHMA>MBF>A>:=P:RBGM>KO:E L>< O>A0A>BG:L> H? MBF> A>:=P:R BL :EP:RL :LLH= PBMA MA> O>AB =KBO>K :MMBMN=> MH :K:M> PAB:= MH :G BG:L> H? O>ABL+>FBLLBHG?:G +>FBLLBHG?:L:MAB@AO:EN>LH?MBF>A>:=P:RL:LLI>>=H?MK:??B< BG:L>L"B@ LAHPLMA>=BLMKB;NMBHGH?:O>K:@>BGLM:GM:G>HNL+>FBLLBHG?:K>GMO>ABLMRI>LBG =B??>K>GMMBF>A>:=P:R@HKB>L * !'%)#/$!-!'/%*).$%+!/2!!)/%(!$! 23) !(%..%*)"/*-. %GMABLL>@K>LLBHG :G:ERLBLNLBG@)0(. :?BMMBG@MHHE P:L=HNMMHIKHOB=>K>:E U MBF> LM:MBLMBEL =>L K>E:MBHGLABI ;>MP>>G MBF> A>:=P:R H? O>ABL =NKBG@ MK:??BL O:KB:;E>:G=BGLM:GM:G>HNL+>FBLLBHG?:ABL0ABL:BFLMH>OHEO>K>@K>LLBHG
Ahmed Elkafoury et al. / Procedia Technology 19 (2015) 341 – 348
E>LLMA:G @F L>MA:G @F L>KGM:@>LA:K>H?O>ABLBG=B??>K>GMBGLM:GM:G>HNL+>FBLLBHG?:L
(>LLMA:G MH L>< O>A L>< O>A
MH L>< O>A
MH L>< O>A
MH FHK>MA:G L>< O>A L>< O>A
%(!! 23)/!-1' "B@ O>K:@>BGLM:GM:G>HNL+>FBLLBHG?:K>GMMBF> A>:=P:R @HKB>L ?HK=B??>K>GMO>ABLMRI>L
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
@F L>+>FBLLBHG?:ELH?,L $2L :G=:EEMRI>LH?O>ABLK>LI>ER)HK>HO>K MA> LF:EEO:EN>LH? :O>K:@>H?>KKHKLBG=BMA:MMA>>KKHKL:K>>JN:EER=BLMKB;NM>=;>MP>>GIHLBMBO>:G=G>@:MBO>>KKHKL:KHNG=S>KH >KKHK 0A>I>KGM:@>>KKHKLH?MA>:O>K:@>O:EN>H?+>FBLLBHG?:K>E:MBO>ER: 0:;E> .>:E MBF>.>@K>LLBHGFH=>ELH?MA>K>E:MBHGLABI;>MP>>GMBF>A>:=P:R:G=+>FBLLBHG?:K>GMO>ABL@HKB>L
345
346
Ahmed Elkafoury et al. / Procedia Technology 19 (2015) 341 – 348
0RI>H?O>AB
0BF>A>:=P:RK>@K>LLBHGFH=>E
.
.)/!
,L
+
EH@$
$2L
+
EH@$
EEMRI>LH?O>ABL
+
EH@$
:G=?HKMA>FH=>ELH?,L $2L :G=:EEMRI>LH?O>ABLK>LI>ER 2:EN>LH?MA>LM:G=:K==>OB:MBHGH? >KKHKL A:O> LF:EE O:EN>L @F L> FH=>E ,L $2L :G= :EE MRI>L H? O>ABLK>LI>ER0ABLBG=BLMA:MMA>FH=>ELLMA>K>E:MBHGLABI;>MP>>G+>FBLLBHG?:ABLMBF>A>:=P:R%M:ELHBG=BLMA:MMA>FH=>EIKH=NL=:M:MHF>:LNK>==:M: 0A>FH=>ELA:O>"KBL"O:EN>LH? @F L>+ >FBLLBHG ?:ELH?,L $2L :G=:EEMRI>LH?O>ABLK>LI>ER0A>O:EN>H?"BG=BL:LF:EEHO>K:EE HO>K>LMBF:MBHG ?HK ,L :G= :EE MRI>L H? O>ABL + >FBLLBHG ?:EL :G= LF:EE HO>K:EE NG=>K>LMBF:MBHG H? $2L+>FBLLBHG?:E0A>L>O:EN>LH?":K>K>=::LBMK:G@>L;>MP>>G
:G= 78 +G MA> HMA>K A:G= MA> *HKF:EBS>= )>:G /JN:K> H? !KKHKL *)/! ?HK MA> BGO>LMB@:M>= FH=>EL >JN:EL
:G= ?HK+>FBLLBHG?:ELH?,L $2L :G=:EEMRI>LH?O>ABLK>LI>ER/H MA> I>K?HKF:GH?MA>FH=>EBLK>=::G=LLMA>IKHLL>LLBG *)/!BLE>LLMA:G 7 8 0:;E> )H=>EI>K?HKF:GLM:MBLMBELH?=B??>K>GMO>ABL@HKB>LBGMA>LMN=R:K>:
-*+*.!
/M:MBLMBE
EEMRI>LH?O>ABLFH=>E
O>K:@>H?:EE>KKHKL@F L>:O>K:@>
/ @F L>P K>L>:K>G = HNM MH NMBEBS> MA> %0/ MK:??B:E MBF> >FBLLBHGL78 %0)/ @>G>K:M>L LMK:M>@B>L;:L>=HGMK:??BMAH=HEH@B>L :G=MA>HKB>L%GPAB
=>GBGMA>MK:??BF>GM >GMK> 0);:L>=HGLRLM>F:E MBF>MK:??BL 0A> HIMBFBS>= LMK:M>@B>L :K> :M>= :G= MA>G =BLMKB;NM>= MH K>E>O:GM MK:??BGML F:G:@>KL KH:=NL>KL;RKM:BGBG?HKF:MBHGK>E>:LBG@F>MAH=L%GMABL P:R MA>PAHE>MK:??BFI>K?HKFLPBMA MA>AB@A>LM>??BG I:I>K : IKHIHLBMBHG H? K>:E MBF> + >FBLLBHG MK:??BF>GM LRLM>F BL IK>L>GM>= 0A> LRLM>FBL;NBEMNIHGK>:E MBF>MK:??BABMRI>, HK$2:G=MA>BGLM:GM:G>HNLMBF>A>:=P:RH? MA>O>AB0ABL=:M:BLFHGBMHKBG@NLBG@MK:??BM>KMA>NF;K>EE:H?%0/0A> %0)/ LRLM>FF>GM:MBHGL 0K:??BM>MRI>LH?BGM>EEB@>GMMK:GLIHKM:MBHG=:M:M>GLKN;;>KMN;> =>M>M>IKHIHL>=LRLM>F MA>MK:??BM>LM>=BLMA>>F;>==>=EHHI=>M>O>ELI>KBH=L )HG>REEBG@ HGLI>O>ELI>KBH=L *)'0.%*) 0ABLI:I>K?HK>E:MBHGLABI;>MP>>G+>FBLLBHG?:ABL BGMK:??B A>:=P:R +>FBLLBHG ?:K>K>==N>MHMA>@K>:M A:KFH?+>FBLLBHGLHG;HMA>GOBKHGF>GM :G=ANF:G A>:EMA"B>E=F>:LNK>F>GMLH? MBF>A>:=P:RL A:O>;>>GMPHKDEBGDBG*>PHK@ !E K:; BMR :M MA> *HKMA !:LM H? !@RIM 0A> :G:ERLBL H? MBF> A>:=P:R =:M: KL @KHNIL ,:LL>G@>K :KL ,L $>:OR2>ABL$2L :G=EEMRI>LH?O>ABLBG MK:??B<0A>=BLMKB;NMBHGH?MBF>A>:=P:RBG=B=MA:M F:CHKIHKMBHGH?O>ABL:;HNM H?$2L:G=H?,LM>G=MH?EHPPBMAMBF> A>:=P:R E>LLMA:GL>< O>A 0HBGO>LMB@:M>MA>BGLM:GM:G>HNL>FBLLBHG +?:ABL 20 )BE A:L;>>G:IIEB>=?HKMA>LMN=R :K>:MHBGLM:GM:G>HNL+>FBLLBHG?:ABLNLBG@O>ABLI>>=:G=:K:MBHG:L BGINML0A>:G:ERLBLBG=BLMA:M H?:EEO>ABLA:O> EHPBGLM:GM:G>HNL+>FBLLBHG?:LLMA:G @F L>K H? O>ABL =NKBG@ F>:LNK>F>GML A:O> + >FBLLBHG ?:MP>>G
@F L>KO>=O>ABL A:L>FBLLBHG?:KMA:G @F L>KBG@MBF> A>:=P:R>??>:G:ERLBLLAHPLMA:M?HK,L :MEHP>KMBF>A>:=P:R :GBG:L>H?+>FBLLBHG?: H? MBF> A>:=P:R 0A> K>:LHG BL MA:M :M EHP>K MBF> A>:=P:R MA> A:OBHK BL =HFBG:MBG@ PBMA:G:K:MBHG:G==>E>K:MBHG:MMBMN=> M EHP>KMBF>A>:=P:RBGM>KO:EL MA>+>FBLLBHG?:FBLLBHG?:O>KREHP 3A>G MBF>A>:=P:RO:EN>L BG:L> MH @F L>GMA>,LLM:KMMH:K:M> :GBG:L>H?+>FBLLBHG?:GOBKHGF>GM:E F:G:@>F>GM H? MK:??B< MA> K>:E MBF> K>E:MBHGLABI ;>MP>>G + >FBLLBHG ?: A>:=P:R A:O> ;>>G FH=>E>= /M:MBLMB@K>LLBHG FH=>EL ?HK MA> MAK>> @KHNIL A:O> ;>>G K>= )H=>ELA:O>;>>GLM:MBLMBLL>= NLBG@ =B??>K>GM LM:MBLMBG>K@RHNMEHHD
,:KBL%GM>KG:MBHG:E!G>K@R@>GRA:PG: LBF'NF:K,:E #NK=>>I/BG@A LL>LLF>GMH?2>AB)H=>E%GM>KG:MBHG:E &HNKG:EH?#>HEH@R !:KMA:G=!GOBKHGF>GM:E/GL 78 1GBM>=*:MBHGL3HKE=NK;:GBS:MBHGIKHLI>L:NGHK@ NGI= PNI I=? 31, 9$B@AEB@AMLI=? 78 ,:G=B:G/NK>LA /A:K:=#HDA:E> :G=EHD>'NF:K#AHLA:E!O:EN:MBG@>??>L>:KGM
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
78 A:G@ 4B:HF>G@ A>G B5N -BG@JN:G(B 4B:HANBNB (NEB:G@0:G@ A>G@(BN!LMBF:MBG@.>:E 0BF>0K:??B !FBLLBHGL:L>=HG%GM>EEB@>GM0K:GLIHKM:MBHG/RLM>F0>L %!!!0K:GL%GM>EE0K:GLI/RLM U 78 3>B 6 6A:H , B /!??BGBCBG@%GM>EEB@>GM0K:??BF>GM/RLM>F:L>=HGLNI>K !&HNKG:E+? 0K:GLIHKM:MBHG/RLM>FL!G@BG>>KBG@G= %G?HKF:MBHG0>
×
Report "Modeling Vehicular CO Emissions for Time Headway ... - Science Direct"
Your name
Email
Reason
-Select Reason-
Pornographic
Defamatory
Illegal/Unlawful
Spam
Other Terms Of Service Violation
File a copyright complaint
Description
×
Sign In
Email
Password
Remember me
Forgot password?
Sign In
Our partners will collect data and use cookies for ad personalization and measurement.
Learn how we and our ad partner Google, collect and use data
.
Agree & close