Constancy models vs. goal-âdirected models. (to manage the diseased stock). ⢠Disease is included in the mortality rate: thus Z = M + (D + F). ⢠Cri cal concept: ...
Models, Reference Points, and Restora2on: the Challenge of Oyster (and other marine) Diseases Eric Powell1, Gorka Bidegain1, Daphne Munroe2, John Klinck3 , Eileen Hofmann3
1 University of Southern Mississippi 2 Rutgers University
3 Old Dominion University
The Four Model Types • Prolifera2on Models v Pandemic diseases v Transmission is not limi2ng
• Transmission Models v Transmission is the limi2ng step
• Disease-‐resistance Models v Gene-‐based popula2on dynamics
• Sustainable Management Models v Constancy models v Goal-‐directed models
Models that “do not yield” reference points
Prolifera2on Models (pathogen centric)
Ø Typically require environmental 2me series such as temperature and salinity Ø Popula2ons developed by means of standard metabolic energe2cs and popula2on dynamics processes such as inges2on, assimila2on, growth, etc.
Disease-‐resistance Models (host centric)
Ø Explicit gene2c basis for selec2on and fitness Ø Individuals iden2fied by genotype; phenotype inferred from genotype; life-‐history dynamics inferred from phenotype
Note that these models DO permit evalua2on of long-‐ term sensi2vity to management and environment
Can reefs accrete with Dermo? Not likely! Abundance declines! Shell input declines! Reef recession occurs!
TAZ shell rich Gene2c adapta2on
TAZ shell poor Stasis
Recessio
Dermo onset
n
Models that do yield reference points
Do we manage the disease or the diseased stock? Transmission Models (to manage the disease) Ø OYen analy2cal Ø OYen SI in construc2on (Kermack-‐McKendrick) Ø Yield es2mate of basic reproduc2on number: v R0 < 1 – disease may go locally ex2nct v R0 > 1 – disease likely to generate epizoo2c v R0 = 1 – one infected individual infects one suscep2ble individual
Ø Management objec2ve: N to provide R0 < 1 R0 = β N/m or at R0 = 1: m/β = N
Constancy models vs. goal-‐directed models (to manage the diseased stock) • Disease is included in the mortality rate: thus Z = M + (D + F) • CriJcal concept: disease competes with the fishery for deaths • Classic Cases: Ø Rule of Thumb F Ø Klinck et al. model Ø Soniat et al. model
Fishing Mortality Rate • Rule of thumb: F = M if no disease • For oysters in the Mid-‐Atlan2c, M ~ 0.1 (about 10% per year) without disease • Thus 0.1 is an upper bound for F Note that at low mortality rates, 1. -‐ e-‐M ~ M; that is, 10% of the stock dying each year is about the same as M = 0.1
Example: Delaware Bay • M without disease ~ 10-‐12% • Assume F without disease ~ 10-‐12% • Z = M + F without disease ~ 20-‐24% • Dermo mortality rate D (circa 2010) ~ 7-‐15%: note that this is a total adult mortality of 17-‐25% • F with Dermo = Z-‐M-‐D = 22-‐11-‐7(or 15) = ≤4% Thus, Dermo requires a de minimus fishery
The Klinck et al. Model • Objec2ve: no net change in market-‐size abundance. dN/dt = -‐(M(t) + D(t) + F(t))N + R(N)
Where dN/dt is a balance between natural mortality M, disease mortality D, fishing mortality F, and recruitment R (R is recruitment into the fishery)
• Thus:
Markt+1 = Markt e-‐(M+D)t + SMarkt e-‐(M+D)t – C = Markt – Where C = catch and SMark is the number of animals that will grow to market size in one year – To limit overfishing, assume D at epizoo2c levels (75% percen2le mortality rate) – Requires good knowledge of growth rate and mortality rate
The Soniat et al. Model OYSTERS MAKE THE SUBSTRATE UPON WHICH THEY DEPEND dS/dt = (b-‐λ)S where dS/dt is a balance between shell addi2on b and shell loss λ: note that b = f(M,D,N) Under the reference point constraints! dN/dt ≥ 0 where N=market-‐size abundance (see Klinck et al. model) dS/dt ≥ 0 where S=surficial shell St+1 = [1-‐e-‐(M+D)t(N-‐C)]ξ + e-‐λtSt = St Note the dependency on M, D, F, R, N, S and implicitly on growth rate Cri2cal concept: Disease increases the number of deaths under a given N, but also decreases shell input because N declines
Goal-‐directed models for restora2on Models with rebuilding plans • Surplus produc2on es2mate of Bmsy – Establishes desired abundance – Provides F es2mates – Requires extensive 2me series of popula2on characteris2cs
Surplus Produc2on -‐ Schaefer Style
Schaefer Model
High abundance-‐no disease Carrying capacity •
Two carrying capacities
•
A minor and a major point of maximum surplus production
•
A single surplus production minimum
•
A possible pointof-no-return
Point-‐of-‐no-‐return msy
Surplus produc2on minimum
Surplus Produc2on Trajectory Comparison
What is certain: Abundance is stable regardless of assump2ons What is uncertain: Surplus produc2on is uncertain -‐-‐ assump2on-‐dependent Type II
F ~ 0.17 Type II Type III
F ~ 0.055
The Danger of “Modern” Magnuson-‐ Stevens Reference Points The surplus produc2on model dB/dt = (αB/(1+βB)) – (M+F)B This is Beverton-‐Holt recruitment and a constant rate of mortality Here is the first part of the problem! K=1/β (α/M – 1) That is: carrying capacity and by extension surplus produc2on are in2mately related to M and the Beverton-‐Holt parameters
And Fmsy/M = (α/M).5 – 1 Note that: Fmsy = M.5 (α.5 – M.5) Cri2cal concept: Fmsy scales posi2vely with M This is inherent in the Schaefer model which implicitly assumes that as M increases, the intrinsic rate of natural increase (implicit in the Beverton-‐Holt α) increases for a given K
Here is the danger First, introduce steepness: a surrogate for the intrinsic rate of natural increase Steepness (h) is defined as the recruitment (as a frac2on of the recruitment at K) that results when SSB is 20% of its unexploited level Steepness h = (α/M)/(4 + α/M) or Fmsy/M = (4h/(1-‐h)).5 -‐1
Broodstock-‐Recruitment: Delaware Bay h ~ 0.5
Take Home Message Cri2cal concept: Disease changes mortality rate, but not steepness! Note that M=Fmsy=0.1 implies h ~ 0.55 For oysters: with M = 0.10; Fmsy = .246 (But with epizoo2c M = 0.25; Fmsy = .616) Cri2cal concept: An unrecognized disease event would easily provide the basis for a stock collapse under present-‐day Magnuson-‐style reference points
Conclusions • Oysters are like west-‐coast rockfish they have a low value of h. That is, they have low resiliency to increased mortality. • Increased mortality from Dermo rapidly reduces biomass: liple surplus produc2on remains in the stock to absorb a higher mortality rate from fishing • Magnuson-‐Stevens reference points WILL fail for oysters (and other species heavily influenced by disease) • Sustainable abundance can only occur at low F • For oysters, sustainable shell is the challenge of our 2mes • Models to address these issues are formulated; their use is limited only by survey designs